EP2923049A1 - Méthode et système pour le contrôle du fonctionnement d'un système de stockage et d'injection d'additif dans les gaz d'échappement d'un moteur - Google Patents
Méthode et système pour le contrôle du fonctionnement d'un système de stockage et d'injection d'additif dans les gaz d'échappement d'un moteurInfo
- Publication number
- EP2923049A1 EP2923049A1 EP13799112.1A EP13799112A EP2923049A1 EP 2923049 A1 EP2923049 A1 EP 2923049A1 EP 13799112 A EP13799112 A EP 13799112A EP 2923049 A1 EP2923049 A1 EP 2923049A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- additive
- instantaneous measurement
- reducing power
- reservoir
- alkalinity
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Ceased
Links
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
- F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
- F01N3/10—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
- F01N3/18—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control
- F01N3/20—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control specially adapted for catalytic conversion
- F01N3/206—Adding periodically or continuously substances to exhaust gases for promoting purification, e.g. catalytic material in liquid form, NOx reducing agents
- F01N3/208—Control of selective catalytic reduction [SCR], e.g. by adjusting the dosing of reducing agent
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
- F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
- F01N3/10—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
- F01N3/18—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control
- F01N3/20—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control specially adapted for catalytic conversion
- F01N3/206—Adding periodically or continuously substances to exhaust gases for promoting purification, e.g. catalytic material in liquid form, NOx reducing agents
- F01N3/2066—Selective catalytic reduction [SCR]
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N11/00—Monitoring or diagnostic devices for exhaust-gas treatment apparatus
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
- F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
- F01N3/0807—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by using absorbents or adsorbents
- F01N3/0828—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by using absorbents or adsorbents characterised by the absorbed or adsorbed substances
- F01N3/0842—Nitrogen oxides
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N2550/00—Monitoring or diagnosing the deterioration of exhaust systems
- F01N2550/05—Systems for adding substances into exhaust
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N2570/00—Exhaust treating apparatus eliminating, absorbing or adsorbing specific elements or compounds
- F01N2570/14—Nitrogen oxides
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N2610/00—Adding substances to exhaust gases
- F01N2610/02—Adding substances to exhaust gases the substance being ammonia or urea
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N2610/00—Adding substances to exhaust gases
- F01N2610/10—Adding substances to exhaust gases the substance being heated, e.g. by heating tank or supply line of the added substance
- F01N2610/105—Control thereof
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N2610/00—Adding substances to exhaust gases
- F01N2610/14—Arrangements for the supply of substances, e.g. conduits
- F01N2610/1406—Storage means for substances, e.g. tanks or reservoirs
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N2610/00—Adding substances to exhaust gases
- F01N2610/14—Arrangements for the supply of substances, e.g. conduits
- F01N2610/1453—Sprayers or atomisers; Arrangement thereof in the exhaust apparatus
- F01N2610/146—Control thereof, e.g. control of injectors or injection valves
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N2610/00—Adding substances to exhaust gases
- F01N2610/14—Arrangements for the supply of substances, e.g. conduits
- F01N2610/148—Arrangement of sensors
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N2900/00—Details of electrical control or of the monitoring of the exhaust gas treating apparatus
- F01N2900/06—Parameters used for exhaust control or diagnosing
- F01N2900/18—Parameters used for exhaust control or diagnosing said parameters being related to the system for adding a substance into the exhaust
- F01N2900/1806—Properties of reducing agent or dosing system
- F01N2900/1811—Temperature
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N2900/00—Details of electrical control or of the monitoring of the exhaust gas treating apparatus
- F01N2900/06—Parameters used for exhaust control or diagnosing
- F01N2900/18—Parameters used for exhaust control or diagnosing said parameters being related to the system for adding a substance into the exhaust
- F01N2900/1806—Properties of reducing agent or dosing system
- F01N2900/1818—Concentration of the reducing agent
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
- Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
- Y02T10/10—Internal combustion engine [ICE] based vehicles
- Y02T10/12—Improving ICE efficiencies
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
- Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
- Y02T10/10—Internal combustion engine [ICE] based vehicles
- Y02T10/40—Engine management systems
Definitions
- the present application relates to a method for controlling the operation of a component (such as, for example, an injector or a driver) of an SCR system.
- a component such as, for example, an injector or a driver
- the legislation on emissions from vehicles and heavy vehicles includes a reduction of NO x nitrogen oxides in the atmosphere.
- SCR process Selective Catalytic Reduction
- ammonia can come from the decomposition by thermolysis of a solution of an ammonia precursor whose concentration can be that of the eutectic.
- an ammonia precursor is generally a urea solution.
- an injector a device for metering and injecting the desired amount of additive into the exhaust line.
- an injector a device for metering and injecting the desired amount of additive into the exhaust line.
- the heating device whose function is to liquefy the additive solution so that it can be injected into the exhaust line when starting under freezing conditions.
- the aqueous solution of urea generally used for this purpose eutectic 32.5% by weight of urea
- freezes at -11 ° C it is necessary to provide such a heating device.
- a known method relies on the use of engine mapping to estimate the amount of NOx that will be generated, and a feedback loop based on the lambda probe placed at the output of the catalytic converter SCR.
- the disadvantage of this known method is that it does not take into account the fluid entering the exhaust and that therefore the control of the efficiency is purely dependent on the lambda probe which is not able to diagnose the origin a bad or over-reduction of NOx.
- urea undergoes aging over time. This aging is caused in particular by thermal cycles. Thus, a part of the urea is transformed into dissolved NH3 which modifies the concentration of the solution.
- the present invention aims to provide a method of controlling the operation of a component of a SCR system that is accurate and simple, and that allows to take into account the aging of the solution.
- the present invention relates to a method of managing the operation of at least one component of a system for the storage and injection of an additive in the exhaust gas of an internal combustion engine, said system comprising a reservoir for storing the additive, said method comprising the following steps:
- the present invention proposes to control the operation of one or more components of an SCR system, according to an estimation of the reducing power of the additive.
- this reducing power information can be used to correct the quantity of additive to be injected into the exhaust gases and / or to adjust the temperature thresholds for the heating strategy (FIG. that is, adjust the activation / deactivation phases of the heater).
- control signal for controlling the operation of the component is generated according to at least one of the following measures or their combinations:
- the component of the SCR system to be controlled is the injector.
- the amount of additive (urea for example) to be injected into the exhaust gas depends on the reducing power of the additive.
- the component of the SCR system to be controlled is the heating device.
- the heating strategy is adapted according to the reducing power of the additive.
- said sensor is a capacitive (or multi-capacitive) sensor.
- Capacitive sensors for measuring a concentration of additive are well known and are commercially available. They are therefore not described in detail in this document.
- the reducing power information is used to determine the need or not to renew the additive contained in the tank. For example, if it is necessary to renew the additive, activate a corresponding indicator light (indicator light) on the dashboard of the vehicle.
- a display screen can be activated (in the direction to be controlled) so that it returns a renewal request message for the additive to the attention of the user.
- any precursor of ammonia (additive) in aqueous solution may be suitable within the scope of the invention.
- the invention gives good results with eutectic solutions of urea for which there is a quality standard: for example, according to DIN 70070, in the case of the solution of AdBlue® (registered trademark) (commercial solution of urea), the urea content is between 31.8% and 33.2% (by weight) (ie 32.5 +/- 0.7% by weight), from which a quantity of available ammonia of between 18.0% and 18.8%.
- the present invention can be applied to any internal combustion engine capable of generating NOx in its exhaust gas. It is advantageously applied to diesel engines and in particular to diesel engines of vehicles.
- the present invention also relates to a control system for managing the operation of at least one component of a system for storing and injecting an additive in the exhaust gases of a fuel. internal combustion engine, said storage and injection system comprising a reservoir for the storage of the additive, characterized in that the control system comprises a control unit adapted to:
- a signal conveying information for instantaneous measurement of the additive concentration and / or instantaneous measurement of the alkalinity of the additive and / or instantaneous measurement of the temperature within the tank;
- control unit can be integrated into the electronic computer of the vehicle.
- control unit can be integrated in the control unit of the fuel system (sometimes called FSCU or Fuel System Control Unit).
- the present invention advantageously makes it possible to modify the estimate of the quantity of additive to be injected by incorporating at least one of the following information: alkalinity, concentration, temperature.
- the reducing power per unit volume of the solution is expressed below according to a formula depending on at least three parameters:
- PR f (Al, C, T) where Al is a measure of the alkalinity, C the concentration of urea, and T is the temperature and PR the reducing power per unit volume
- this function will be a linear combination of parameters in the form
- Q Q0 * g (PR), where Q0 is the quantity injected taking into account the engine mapping, g is the correction function relating to the real reducing power of Adblue and Q is the quantity actually injected.
- a minimum value of the reducing power PRmin also called threshold
- PRmin also called threshold
- the reducing power PR (obtained with the formula cited above) and the threshold PRmin are compared. If the reducing power PR is less than or equal to the threshold PRmin, then one activates (ie transmission of an activation signal), for example, an indicator of the dashboard ("MIL” for "malfunction indicator lamp”) indicating to the user that the additive contained in the tank should be renewed.
- MIL indicator of the dashboard
- This alert may also be accompanied after a certain time or a number of kilometers of a limitation of the performance of the vehicle or even prevent engine start ("inducement strategies" in English). 3. Management of the heating strategy
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Toxicology (AREA)
- Exhaust Gas After Treatment (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR1260838A FR2997998B1 (fr) | 2012-11-14 | 2012-11-14 | Methode et systeme pour le controle du fonctionnement d'un systeme de stockage et d'injection d'additif dans les gaz d'echappement d'un moteur. |
| PCT/IB2013/060134 WO2014076654A1 (fr) | 2012-11-14 | 2013-11-14 | Méthode et système pour le contrôle du fonctionnement d'un système de stockage et d'injection d'additif dans les gaz d'échappement d'un moteur |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP2923049A1 true EP2923049A1 (fr) | 2015-09-30 |
Family
ID=48040312
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP13799112.1A Ceased EP2923049A1 (fr) | 2012-11-14 | 2013-11-14 | Méthode et système pour le contrôle du fonctionnement d'un système de stockage et d'injection d'additif dans les gaz d'échappement d'un moteur |
Country Status (5)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US9598995B2 (fr) |
| EP (1) | EP2923049A1 (fr) |
| CN (1) | CN104797791A (fr) |
| FR (1) | FR2997998B1 (fr) |
| WO (1) | WO2014076654A1 (fr) |
Families Citing this family (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP3165736A1 (fr) * | 2015-11-03 | 2017-05-10 | Plastic Omnium Advanced Innovation and Research | Procédé de surveillance de qualité d'urée d'un système scr |
Family Cites Families (12)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE19756251C1 (de) * | 1997-12-17 | 1999-07-22 | Siemens Ag | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Reduzierung der Stickoxide im Abgas einer Verbrennungsanlage |
| DE10102237A1 (de) | 2001-01-19 | 2002-08-08 | Bosch Gmbh Robert | Vorrichtung zur Dosierung einer Harnstofflösung |
| CN100465632C (zh) * | 2003-06-16 | 2009-03-04 | 西门子Vdo汽车公司 | 用于确定液体中的成分的浓度的方法和设备 |
| JP3687917B2 (ja) * | 2003-10-31 | 2005-08-24 | 日産ディーゼル工業株式会社 | 液体還元剤の濃度及び残量検出装置 |
| JP4681284B2 (ja) * | 2004-11-18 | 2011-05-11 | 日野自動車株式会社 | 排気浄化装置 |
| CN101158306A (zh) * | 2006-02-10 | 2008-04-09 | 张家口百通环保科技有限公司 | 内燃机尾气净化方法及装置 |
| JP4428445B2 (ja) * | 2007-09-05 | 2010-03-10 | トヨタ自動車株式会社 | 内燃機関の排気浄化装置 |
| US20090139318A1 (en) * | 2007-12-04 | 2009-06-04 | Caterpillar Inc. | Systems and methods for monitoring the quality of a reducing agent |
| US8116961B2 (en) * | 2009-06-03 | 2012-02-14 | Ford Global Technologies, Llc | Controlling of a vehicle responsive to reductant conditions |
| DE102009055738A1 (de) * | 2009-11-26 | 2011-06-09 | Continental Automotive Gmbh | Verfahren zur Bestimmung des Zustandes eines Reduktionsmittels in einem Reduktionsmitteltank |
| WO2011078692A1 (fr) * | 2009-12-21 | 2011-06-30 | Wema System As | Appareil détecteur de qualité |
| JP5585125B2 (ja) * | 2010-02-26 | 2014-09-10 | いすゞ自動車株式会社 | 尿素品質診断システム |
-
2012
- 2012-11-14 FR FR1260838A patent/FR2997998B1/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2013
- 2013-11-14 EP EP13799112.1A patent/EP2923049A1/fr not_active Ceased
- 2013-11-14 WO PCT/IB2013/060134 patent/WO2014076654A1/fr not_active Ceased
- 2013-11-14 US US14/442,795 patent/US9598995B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2013-11-14 CN CN201380058935.9A patent/CN104797791A/zh active Pending
Non-Patent Citations (2)
| Title |
|---|
| None * |
| See also references of WO2014076654A1 * |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| US9598995B2 (en) | 2017-03-21 |
| FR2997998B1 (fr) | 2018-07-27 |
| FR2997998A1 (fr) | 2014-05-16 |
| US20150292385A1 (en) | 2015-10-15 |
| CN104797791A (zh) | 2015-07-22 |
| WO2014076654A1 (fr) | 2014-05-22 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
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| PUAI | Public reference made under article 153(3) epc to a published international application that has entered the european phase |
Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009012 |
|
| 17P | Request for examination filed |
Effective date: 20150603 |
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