EP2831217A1 - Système de production d'électricité à partir d'une huile végétale combustible autoproduite par la croissance d'algues - Google Patents

Système de production d'électricité à partir d'une huile végétale combustible autoproduite par la croissance d'algues

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Publication number
EP2831217A1
EP2831217A1 EP13724384.6A EP13724384A EP2831217A1 EP 2831217 A1 EP2831217 A1 EP 2831217A1 EP 13724384 A EP13724384 A EP 13724384A EP 2831217 A1 EP2831217 A1 EP 2831217A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
algae
reactor
extraction
fuel oil
water contained
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP13724384.6A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Andrea Andreucci
Luca SEBASTIANI
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Romea Import - Export Srl
Original Assignee
Romea Import - Export Srl
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Romea Import - Export Srl filed Critical Romea Import - Export Srl
Publication of EP2831217A1 publication Critical patent/EP2831217A1/fr
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Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12M—APPARATUS FOR ENZYMOLOGY OR MICROBIOLOGY; APPARATUS FOR CULTURING MICROORGANISMS FOR PRODUCING BIOMASS, FOR GROWING CELLS OR FOR OBTAINING FERMENTATION OR METABOLIC PRODUCTS, i.e. BIOREACTORS OR FERMENTERS
    • C12M21/00—Bioreactors or fermenters specially adapted for specific uses
    • C12M21/02—Photobioreactors
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12M—APPARATUS FOR ENZYMOLOGY OR MICROBIOLOGY; APPARATUS FOR CULTURING MICROORGANISMS FOR PRODUCING BIOMASS, FOR GROWING CELLS OR FOR OBTAINING FERMENTATION OR METABOLIC PRODUCTS, i.e. BIOREACTORS OR FERMENTERS
    • C12M43/00—Combinations of bioreactors or fermenters with other apparatus
    • C12M43/08—Bioreactors or fermenters combined with devices or plants for production of electricity

Definitions

  • the invention of the present application relates to the alternative energy sector, in particular to the technical sector relating to the production of combustible obtained from vegetable oils.
  • the fuel is produced starting from high lipid content microalgae grown in suitable systems.
  • Combustible vegetable oil has been available on the market for years and is substantially a type of diesel with characteristics similar to that obtained by fractional distillation of petroleum, but with important distinctive features:
  • combustible vegetable oil is industrially obtained from oil seeds with a high fat content.
  • sunflower, colza, corn seeds and the seeds of other plants and, partially, recovered vegetable oils are used.
  • the high fat content is essential for the production of fuel as this is obtained by means of mechanical and chemical procedures intrinsic to this component, which in the seeds is oleic.
  • the glycerol is separated due precisely on account of its viscosity and tendency to deposit waxes, which are incompatible with the operation of an engine.
  • the fatty acids are the combustible part, following a chemical transformation, as they contain numerous carbon atoms. Most of the animal and plant fatty acids have molecules comprising a number of carbon atoms ranging between 10 and 24.
  • oleic acid and linoleic acid both contained in oilseeds, are particularly important; acid molecules with a greater number of C atoms indeed worsen combustion and tend to generate unwanted deposits.
  • the combustible vegetable oil is substantially analogous to diesel obtained by fractional distillation of petroleum. Albeit having a slightly inferior yield, it also has a higher density therefore the actual consumption is equivalent as demonstrated by the fact that the calorific value is the same.
  • the cetane rating i.e. the parameter that evaluates the self-ignition capacity of a fuel to be used in a diesel cycle engine, is indeed better than "fossil" diesel therefore an engine powered by combustible vegetable oil is less noisy and more efficient.
  • the combustible vegetable oil currently produced from vegetable raw material involves the exploitation of large agricultural areas for the cultivation of oily plants; this has important consequences on both the cost of production and on social impact:
  • Another immediately comprehensible parameter is that the average weekly productivity is less than 20 I of combustible vegetable oil per hectare (about 1000 I/ hectare per year).
  • Soil and atmospheric emissions and energy consumption due to the production cycle including agricultural machinery, fertilisers and pesticides.
  • Microalgae are organisms that live in salt or fresh water; they do not feed on other organisms, but essentially grow through the chlorophyll photosynthesis mechanism, i.e., they use the CO 2 contained in the water in the presence of light as nourishment, thus growing and releasing oxygen. In practice, the same mechanism as trees, but in water. Algae are thus autotrophic organisms.
  • microalgae began in the 1980s since they are the food base of molluscs and fish species for aquaculture. Systems were then also developed for the production of food supplements for humans and animals or for the cosmetics and pharmaceutical industry. In particular, the Spirulina, Chlorella and Dunaliella microalgae were cultivated.
  • the major production sites are located in the tropical area, in southern California, in China, in India, in the Hawaiian islands due to climatic factors and to the temperature of the water, which is an essential parameter in the growth rate of the microalgae.
  • the typical structure of the microalgae cultivation system generally comprises suitable tanks or pools or specially created outdoor water channels (raceways). If produced in a closed environment, said cultivation systems cultivation generally use transparent tube bundles (PVC, for example) to allow the light to penetrate inside and start photosynthesis, with forced circulation of the fluid containing the microalgae.
  • PVC transparent tube bundles
  • the overall yield limited by the low concentration of CO 2 in the atmosphere and thus by the slowness of the growth process, also on account of the the low availability of light.
  • the latter is limited by the alternation of day / night, by the seasonality and by the low penetration in water on account of which only a few cm of surface water can be counted for the activation of photosynthesis.
  • the microalgae can produce between 15 and 300 times more combustible vegetable oil per unit of cultivated surface area than for traditional cultures.
  • the harvesting cycle is much more rapid and and about equal to a harvest every 10 days at most instead of two harvests a year as in traditional crops.
  • the first object of the present invention is to produce an integrated system that overcomes the problems that currently prevent, in fact, the large-scale use of microalgae for the production of combustible oil.
  • problems can be summarised in the following points: a) reduced productivity linked to the use of systems having a large surface area arranged outdoors;
  • FIG. 1 illustrates the block diagram of the system according to the present invention.
  • the present invention relates to the field of biofuel production systems, in particular the system according to the present invention produces combustible vegetable oil obtained by pressing microalgae grown in controlled environmental conditions in a closed system.
  • the invention according to the present patent application concerns a system for producing electricity from combustible vegetable oil that uses, as the growth environment of the microalgae, bags - referred to as containers or reactors - made of a suitable transparent material, preferably of transparent and partially permeable plastic materials that are adapted to being positioned inside suitable industrial facilities.
  • reactors made of transparent material shaped like tube bundles, can be arranged.
  • the oil produced by pressing microalgae grown in the system according to the present invention is burned in motor alternators consisting of a diesel traction unit coupled to an alternator.
  • the exhaust gases are rich in CO 2 , which, in a preferred embodiment of the present invention, is separated and in part allowed to flow within the bags in order to constitute the nourishment of the algae.
  • the water in the engine cooling system is used, through a special separate system, to heat the culture water and keep it in the envisaged temperature range without contamination.
  • a') microalgae production takes place indoors in a controlled environment
  • the liquid mass can be easily recirculated with the assistance of simple pumps.
  • the system according to the present invention is thus substantially autonomous and allows significant amounts of microalga to be continuously produced in special industrial facilities without consumption of land and natural resources.
  • the system of the present invention essentially comprises three separate modules that interacting with each other: i) An algae growing module A.
  • thermoelectric energy production module C A thermoelectric energy production module C.
  • Said alga growing module A comprises:
  • Said oil extraction and treatment module B comprises: Separation means of the algae harvested from undesired foreign material and impurities; drying means of said algae; extraction and collecting means of combustible oil from said algae; treatment means of the residual waste of said extraction of combustible oil from said algae;
  • thermoelectric energy production module C comprises:
  • An internal combustion engine of the diesel type compatible to be fed with combustible vegetable oil, preferably of the multi-fractionated type; an alternator associated to said internal combustion engine of the diesel type; feeding means of said internal combustion engine associated to said extraction and collecting means of the combustion oil from said algae; extraction and collecting means of CO2 from the exhaust fumes of said internal combustion engine, associated to said control means of the amount of C02 dissolved in the water contained in said reactor;
  • said control means of the amount and of the temperature of the water contained in said reactor 10 comprise a water tank 1 associated to a possible make-up cistern 2; a first hydraulic circuit comprising a first supply pump 3 of the water contained in said tank 1 - and in said possible make-up cistern 2 - toward a process cistern 6, a valve 5 and a heat exchanger 4; A second hydraulic circuit comprising said process cistern 6, a second recirculation pump 9 of the water contained in said process cistern 6, an agitator 7 and a heater 8 associated to the water contained in said process cistern 6;
  • Said algae growing module A further comprises illumination means 1 1 associated to said reactor 10 and adapted to irradiate the algae contained in said reactor; bleeding means 12 associated to said reactor 10 is to said process cistern 6; extraction means 12bis of the oxygen in excess from said reactor 10;
  • the main functions of said alga growing system A are the following: to promote the circulation of the algae culture fluid and controlled flow rate, to promote the passage of light in the fluid for the activation of photosynthesis, to eliminate the excess 0 2 which forms in the photosynthesis reaction inside said reactor and, lastly, to harvest the algal production.
  • the above-mentioned steps are essential for the yield of the system, which, according to the present invention, is in this sense innovative in that it is entirely produced inside and with a substantially closed loop, while maintaining under complete control the physicochemical parameters involved.
  • the starting substances are thus water and carbon dioxide and the substances obtained are glucose (which the organism of the microalgae accumulates, substantially in lipid form, as energy reserve) and oxygen to be released, as well as to prevent the presence of pressurised gas, also because an accumulation thereof would slow down the reaction.
  • the fundamental parameters that determine the amount of biomass are: the lipid content of the microalga, the temperature of the culture water, the light and the agitation of the culture water.
  • the lipid content of the microalga is in reality a parameter that envisages an almost mandatory choice in that it is more convenient to cultivate microalgae having high lipid content.
  • the average composition of the so-called spirulina alga is as follows: 40% lipids, 25% cellulose, 20% proteins / lignin, 10% starch and 5% carbohydrates.
  • the percentage of lipids (fats) is directly proportional to the production of oil with an average yield factor of about 50% by weight.
  • the residual part does not constitute waste as it is commonly used, as previously mentioned, by the cosmetics and feed/food supplements industry.
  • part of the residue can also be used as solid fuel.
  • the temperature of the culture water is a fundamental physical parameter therefore it is extremely important to be able to maintain the value constant inside the system, something that is extremely difficult in outdoor systems, which, for this reason, are generally produced in the tropical area.
  • the optimal temperature is between 15 °C and 35 °C; temperatures outside this range do not allow growth of the microalga if not in a very slow manner.
  • the light is the source of energy necessary for activation of the photosynthesis process, which in nature is, for all purposes, a reaction based on solar energy.
  • the system according to the present invention optimises this parameter with the use of artificial light optimised on the necessary wavelength using low voltage LED that have various advantages in terms of duration, efficiency, controllability and energy saving or suitable fluorescent lamps, each having having wavelengths between 380 and 750 nanometres.
  • the maximum peaks of the photosynthesis activity are at 430 and 662 nanometres but this is the apical point of the curve.
  • the power demand is 150 W/m 2 at most.
  • Agitation of the culture water is the most important parameter for production efficiency since it: prevents the algae from settling on the bottom of the container on account of the weight; minimises reciprocal shading; maximises contact with the nutrients and the C0 2 and, lastly, removes the oxygen produced in the reaction.
  • the system object of the invention has a layout and devices that optimise these needs in a contained environment and indoors by producing, inside a facility, a continuous and complete production, treatment and combustion process of combustible vegetable oil for producing electricity.
  • the algae growing system can be based on reactors of a known type, and preferably on vertical module reactors - of the so-called "bag” type - or single-hose or transparent tube bundle type, that is mechanically hung and supported, wherein the water is forcibly circulated by means of suitable pumps within labyrinth drop paths.
  • the circulation pumps are sized and appropriately made so as to prevent the physical or mechanical degradation of the microalgae.
  • the temperature of the culture water is maintained within the envisaged range thanks to a heat exchanger that directly or indirectly exploits the heat of the exhaust fumes to heat the water in a circulation.
  • the illumination is controlled by suitable lamps interposed between the reactors so as to allow the photosynthetic reaction even in the absence of natural light.
  • the lamps are automatically controlled by a detection system and emit light in a specific wavelength range.
  • Each individual module is connected to the others in a closed circuit and is made of transparent and gas "permeable" plastic material (e.g. PVC) so as to allow the release of the O 2 and of any excess C0 2 .
  • the reactor is resistant to chemical compounds, to UV rays, is non-toxic, is easy to work mechanically (in terms of sealing, perforating, welding) and is resistant to mechanical stresses and to heat.
  • suitable reactors are bags made of transparent plastic material or PVC tubes as produced in some of the existing systems.
  • Harvesting of the algae takes place by gravity by tilting the bag and collecting the saturated fluid, then utilising mechanical filters with controlled porosity for the primary separation of the algal part from the water.
  • the nourishment that could possibly become necessary can be added to the fluid by suitable make-up cisterns inserted in the hydraulic system.
  • the necessary C0 2 is blown directly into the system bleeding it from the exhaust fumes of the system for producing electricity (motor alternator).
  • the necessary water is in a closed loop, and can thus be preventively checked in order to prevent the presence of microorganisms and chemical pollution that could reduce plant productivity and prevent the sale of the waste to the cosmetics and feedstuff industry.
  • the system according to the present invention also has a draindown system for the envisaged full replacement of the water that must be envisaged on an established and regular basis to prevent pollution from slag and metabolites that accumulate during the microalgae growth phases.
  • the water is completely immune from chemical and biological contaminations, something which does not occur in the prior art systems that are located outdoors or that operated on an open loop basis.
  • the illumination is optimal and is guaranteed by suitable rows of LEDs or fluorescent lamps interposed between the parallel rows of bags in battery.
  • the light inside of the bags is thus constant over the entire surface of the reactor thus maximising growth in any position of the alga.
  • the water in circulation is kept at the correct temperature by means of heat exchangers that use either the engine cooling water or the heat exchange with the exhaust fumes.
  • the system is additionally free of chemical agents and and presents no explosion or fire risk, thus it is economical to operate and can be kept running in a continuous loop with just oversight staff.
  • said means for separating the harvested algae from undesired foreign materials and impurities comprise: a filtering device 13, adapted to perform a first filtering of the harvested algal material; a centrifuge separator 14 associated to said tank 1 and adapted to separate undesired impurities from said algae harvested from said reactor 10; furthermore, said extraction and collecting means of the combustible oil from said algae comprise apparatuses selected from the group comprising ultrasound sonicators 18 and drying 16 and pressing 17 apparatuses arranged in cascade.
  • the filtering devices used can be advantageously of the mechanical type possibly associated to filters with controlled porosity (about 2-120 ⁇ ). The remaining part of filtering process can be reinserted into the reactor for growth.
  • the extraction steps of the oil at this point of the process are as follows: drying, oil extraction and possible treatment of the waste.
  • the extraction is carried out in mechanical systems and allows separation of the oleic part from the residue which, when treated, is intended for the industry as a base for the production of feed or cosmetics. Hence the importance of using uncontaminated water in algal production.
  • Oil extraction can take place with several methods that are selected from the group comprising pressing, enzyme treatment, extraction by means of chemical solvents and ultrasound sonication.
  • extraction is carried out by sonication, which is a method that not only allows extraction of the oleic part, but the simultaneous separation from glycerol, which, as previously mentioned, must not be part of the fuel.
  • the oil thus produced is, if necessary, subjected to a further filtering by means of suitable filtering means of the raw oil 19 and is ready to be used as fuel by a diesel cycle engine - for example the diesel engine of said thermoelectric energy production system - with characteristics similar to the diesel obtained from petroleum.
  • a diesel cycle engine for example the diesel engine of said thermoelectric energy production system - with characteristics similar to the diesel obtained from petroleum.
  • the treatment of waste envisages that the waste be collected as dry residue and treated so as to promote the subsequent use thereof, as a fuel for example.
  • said thermoelectric energy production system comprises an internal combustion engine 20 of the diesel type compatible to be fed with combustible vegetable oil; an alternator 21 associated to said internal combustion engine; feeding means of said internal combustion engine 20 associated to said extraction and collecting means B of the combustion oil from said algae; extraction and collecting means of CO 2 22 from the exhaust fumes of said internal combustion engine 20 associated to said control means of the amount of CO 2 dissolved in the water contained in said reactor 10 and adapted to channel the C0 2 collected in said process cistern 6 so as to feed the chlorophyll synthesis carried out by the algae contained in said reactor 10.
  • the system according to the present invention can operate correctly even with external sources of C0 2 , if located in sites where said C0 2 is already available. Furthermore, advantageously, the heat produced by said engine 20 of the diesel type can be employed to heat a fluid 23 that is sent to said exchanger 4 of said first hydraulic circuit so as to carry out a preheating of the water sent to said process cistern 6.

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  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Bioinformatics & Cheminformatics (AREA)
  • Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
  • Zoology (AREA)
  • Biotechnology (AREA)
  • Genetics & Genomics (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Biochemistry (AREA)
  • Biomedical Technology (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Sustainable Development (AREA)
  • Microbiology (AREA)
  • Molecular Biology (AREA)
  • Preparation Of Compounds By Using Micro-Organisms (AREA)
  • Liquid Carbonaceous Fuels (AREA)
  • Micro-Organisms Or Cultivation Processes Thereof (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne un système permettant de repousser les limites de productivité et du coût de production d'une huile combustible à partir de micro-algues, au moyen d'un système entièrement modulaire en boucle fermée comprenant des systèmes de régulation de la température et de la quantité de lumière indépendants de l'environnement. Ledit système peut être entièrement installé à l'intérieur de locaux industriels exsitants, est conçu en vue d'une autoproduction avec une régulation de la température et de la quantité de lumière indépendante de l'environnement, du CO2 et de l'eau chaude, permet d'intégrer le procédé créé afin de produire de l'énergie à flux constant, de mettre en oeuvre un traitement efficace des déchets et de gérer l'émission régulée d'O2, et est en outre conçu pour être installé rapidement dans des sites dépourvus de caractéristiques spécifiques, par exemple dans des situations d'urgence telles que des tremblements de terre et des conflits. Le système de la présente invention est en outre caractérisé par des émissions atmosphériques extrêmement faibles, par l'utilisation de quantités limitées d'eau, par une réduction nette de la quantité d'engrais par rapport à des cultures agricoles ordinaires, par la production d'oxygène et la réutilisation complète des déchets, qui sont également biodégradables.
EP13724384.6A 2012-03-30 2013-03-29 Système de production d'électricité à partir d'une huile végétale combustible autoproduite par la croissance d'algues Withdrawn EP2831217A1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
IT000067A ITFI20120067A1 (it) 2012-03-30 2012-03-30 Impianto per la produzione di energia elettrica da olio vegetale combustibile autoprodotto mediante crescita di alghe
PCT/IB2013/052543 WO2013144915A1 (fr) 2012-03-30 2013-03-29 Système de production d'électricité à partir d'une huile végétale combustible autoproduite par la croissance d'algues

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP2831217A1 true EP2831217A1 (fr) 2015-02-04

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EP13724384.6A Withdrawn EP2831217A1 (fr) 2012-03-30 2013-03-29 Système de production d'électricité à partir d'une huile végétale combustible autoproduite par la croissance d'algues

Country Status (3)

Country Link
EP (1) EP2831217A1 (fr)
IT (1) ITFI20120067A1 (fr)
WO (1) WO2013144915A1 (fr)

Families Citing this family (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN109970840A (zh) * 2019-02-26 2019-07-05 浙江海洋大学 新型超声波提取反应罐
GB2614561B (en) * 2022-01-07 2024-03-27 Nature Based Solutions Global Ltd Algae-cultivation method and system

Family Cites Families (5)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US8003379B2 (en) * 2006-08-01 2011-08-23 Brightsource Energy, Inc. High density bioreactor system, devices, and methods
US8476060B2 (en) * 2009-04-13 2013-07-02 Board Of Regents, The University Of Texas System Process for separating lipids from a biomass
US20120178123A1 (en) * 2009-09-16 2012-07-12 Barry Rosen Enhanced lipid production from algae
EP2371940A1 (fr) * 2010-03-31 2011-10-05 B.T.Biochemical Tissues S.R.L. Procédé de production de bio-huiles impliquant l'utilisation de CO2
WO2012050608A1 (fr) * 2010-10-12 2012-04-19 Florida State University Research Foundation Système photo-bioréacteur

Non-Patent Citations (1)

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Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
WO2013144915A1 (fr) 2013-10-03
ITFI20120067A1 (it) 2013-10-01

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