EP2794609A1 - Reaction products of stannyl derivatives of naphthalene diimides with rylene compounds - Google Patents
Reaction products of stannyl derivatives of naphthalene diimides with rylene compoundsInfo
- Publication number
- EP2794609A1 EP2794609A1 EP20120858811 EP12858811A EP2794609A1 EP 2794609 A1 EP2794609 A1 EP 2794609A1 EP 20120858811 EP20120858811 EP 20120858811 EP 12858811 A EP12858811 A EP 12858811A EP 2794609 A1 EP2794609 A1 EP 2794609A1
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- Prior art keywords
- alkyl
- ndi
- optionally substituted
- moiety
- compound
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D471/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with one nitrogen atom, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D463/00
- C07D471/22—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with one nitrogen atom, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D463/00 in which the condensed systems contains four or more hetero rings
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D471/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with one nitrogen atom, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D463/00
- C07D471/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with one nitrogen atom, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D463/00 in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
- C07D471/06—Peri-condensed systems
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D519/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing more than one system of two or more relevant hetero rings condensed among themselves or condensed with a common carbocyclic ring system not provided for in groups C07D453/00 or C07D455/00
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
- C09D11/00—Inks
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K85/00—Organic materials used in the body or electrodes of devices covered by this subclass
- H10K85/60—Organic compounds having low molecular weight
- H10K85/615—Polycyclic condensed aromatic hydrocarbons, e.g. anthracene
- H10K85/621—Aromatic anhydride or imide compounds, e.g. perylene tetra-carboxylic dianhydride or perylene tetracarboxylic di-imide
Definitions
- Organic electronics is an important area for commercial development including, for example, advanced transistors, displays, lighting, photovoltaic, and sensing devices.
- the broad diversity of organic compounds and materials provides advantages for organic electronics.
- tetracarboxylic diimide derivatives of rylenes, particularly of napthalene and perylene (NDIs amd PDIs, respectively) represent one of the most extensively studied classes of functional materials in the field of organic electronics.
- OFETs organic field-effect transistors
- OCVs organic photovoltaic cells
- 12 ' 16"20 They have also been widely used as acceptors in transient absorption studies of photoinduced electron-transfer, again due to their redox potentials, and to the stability and distinctive absorption spectra of the corresponding radical anions. 21 "24
- the A iV -substituents of PDIs and NDIs generally only have minimal influence on the optical and electronic properties of isolated molecules, although they can be used to control solubility, aggregation, and intermolecular packing in the solid-state.
- core substitution of these species typically has a much more significant effect on the redox potentials (enabling, in some cases, the electron affinities to be brought within a range in which air-stable OFET operation can be achieved J IJ J ) and optical spectra of these species.
- core substitution can be used as a means of constructing more elaborate architectures such as conjugated polymers 7 11 ' 20 ' 26 27 and donor or acceptor functional ized products. 13 ' 14 ' 28"32
- NDIs are most effectively obtained through the selective bromination of naphthalene-l,4:5,8-tetracarboxylic dianhydride (NDA) with dibromoisocyanuric acid (DBI) in concentrated sulfuric acid or oleum, followed by imidization with the primary amine of choice in refluxing acetic acid. 5 ' 27,32 NDA can also be brominated using Br 2 in concentrated sulfuric acid or oleum.
- DBI dibromoisocyanuric acid
- the brominated NDI can then serve as an intermediate for further functionalization through either nucleophilic substitution to afford amino, thiol or alkoxy substituted derivatives, 31 ' 32 or through palladium-catalyzed coupling reactions to yield cyano, 5 ' 29 phenyl, 28 ' 29 alkynyl 29 and thienyl 11 14 ' 28 functionalized products.
- the range of conjugated species that can be obtained by palladium-catalyzed methods is determined by the availability of appropropriate candidate coupling partners.
- metallated reagents such as stannanes can be difficult to obtain for electron-poor (acceptor) building blocks.
- monobrominated NDI which is useful for a full range of NDI derived compounds, generally can only be obtained by manipulating the equivalents of brominating reagents and/or by manipulating reaction conditions; however, a difficult to separate mixture of non-brominated, monobrominated, and dibrominated results, which makes large scale production difficult or impractical.
- metallated NDI species whether mono- or di-metallated would be valuable building blocks for new types of conjugated NDI derivatives in which acceptor groups are directly conjugated to the NDI core.
- Embodiments described herein include compositions and compounds, as well as methods of making, methods of using, inks, and devices comprising these compositions and compounds.
- One embodiment provides a composition comprising at least one naphthalene diimide (NDI) compound comprising at least one stannyl substituent bonded to the naphthalene moiety of the NDI compound.
- NDI naphthalene diimide
- Another embodiment provides for naphthalene diimide organotin compounds having the structure (IV);
- R 1 and R 1 are independently selected from a C 1 -C30 normal, branched, or cyclic alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, alkyl-aryl, or alkyl-heteroaryl group optionally substituted with one or more halide, cyano, alkyl, or alkoxy groups
- R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 are independently selected from hydrogen, halide, or a C 1 -C30 organic group independently selected from cyano, normal, branched, or cyclic alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, alkyl-aryl, and alkyl-heteroaryl groups, optionally substituted with one or more fluoro, cyano, alkyl, alkoxy groups
- R 9 is an alkyl or aryl group.
- Another embodiment provides for a method comprising: reacting at least one first naphthalene diimide (NDI) precursor compound with at least one tin reagent to form at least one first NDI compound comprising at least one stannyl substituent bonded to the naphthalene moiety of the NDI compound.
- NDI naphthalene diimide
- compositions comprising at least one compound, wherein the compound comprises at least one NDI moiety which is covalently bonded to at least one rylene moiety.
- Another embodiment is a method comprising: reacting (i) at least one naphthalene diimide (NDI) compound comprising at least one stannyl substituent bonded to the naphthalene moiety of the NDI compound, with (ii) at least one rylene compound to form at least one reaction product compound, wherein the reaction product compound comprises at least one NDI moiety which is covalently bonded to at least one rylene moiety.
- NDI naphthalene diimide
- Inks and devices also can be prepared from the compositions described herein.
- At least one advantage for at least one embodiment is that a wide variety of new compounds and materials can be made or, alternatively, existing compounds and materials can be made more easily.
- the important Stille coupling reaction can be used more expansively for the NDI system to expand the variety of organic compounds and materials which can be made. This allows one to "tune" parameters such as, for example, the ionization potential, oxidation potential, electron affinity, reduction potential, optical absorption, and fluorescence of the compound or material for a particular application so it can function well with other components.
- At least one additional advantage for at least one embodiment is that compounds and materials can be made having useful or improved properties. For example, in one embodiment, good electron mobility values can be achieved. In another embodiment, useful field-effect transistors can be prepared. In one embodiment, air, water, and thermally stable compounds can be made. Compounds with good solubility can be made.
- electrochemical potentials can be lowered below the air stability threshold.
- improved solid state packing can be achieved.
- structural motifs in which the orientation of the molecules with respect to the electrode surfaces can be varied.
- Figure 1 shows the mass spectrogram of compound 3a.
- Figure 2 shows the ⁇ -NMR.
- Figure 3 shows the absorption curve
- Figure 4 shows the electrochemistry curve.
- Figure 5 shows the mass spectrogram of compound 3b.
- Figure 6 shows the ⁇ -NMR.
- Figure 7 shows the absorption curve
- Figure 8 shows the electrochemistry curve
- Figure 9 shows the mass spectrogram of compound 4a.
- Figure 10 shows the ! H-NMR.
- Figure 1 1 shows the absorption curve
- Figure 12 shows the electrochemistry curve
- Figure 13 shows the mass spectrogram of compound 4b.
- Figure 14 shows the ⁇ -NMR.
- Figure 15 shows the absorption curve
- Figure 16 shows the electrochemistry curve
- R (with subnumerals such as Rl or Ri) shown for the formulas described herein can be, independently, substituents which can be synthesized and provide some minimal and useful product stability as known in the art.
- Protecting groups can be used as known in the art.
- the substituents can be adapted to be reactive or non-reactive.
- the R groups can be, for example, independently H, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted heteroalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted arylalkyl, or optionally substituted alkylaryl.
- halogen such as, for example, F, CI, Br, or I
- pseudohalogen such as, for example, cyano
- alkyl or alkoxy.
- Heteroatoms can be substituted in such as, for example, O, N, S, and Se.
- Optionally substituted groups refer to, for example, functional groups that may be substituted or unsubstituted by additional functional groups.
- groups that may be substituted or unsubstituted by additional functional groups.
- groups name for example alkyl or aryl.
- substituted alkyl or substituted aryl when a group is substituted with additional functional groups it may more generically be referred to as substituted alkyl or substituted aryl.
- Alkyl refers to, for example, straight chain, branched, or cyclic alkyl groups having from 1 to 30 carbon atoms, or 1 to 20 carbon atoms, or from 1 to 15 carbon atoms, or from 1 to 10, or from 1 to 5, or from 1 to 3 carbon atoms. This term is exemplified by groups such as for example methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, ethylhexyl, dodecyl, isopentyl, and the like.
- Aryl refers to, for example, an aromatic carbocyclic group of from 6 to 14 carbon atoms having a single ring (e.g., phenyl) or multiple condensed rings (e.g., naphthyl or anthryl) which condensed rings may or may not be aromatic provided that the point of attachment is at an aromatic carbon atom.
- Preferred aryls include phenyl, naphthyl, and the like.
- Heteroalkyl refers to, for example, an alkyl group wherein one or more carbon atom is substituted with a heteroatom.
- the heteroatom can be, for example, O, S, N, P, etc.
- Heteroaryl refers to, for example, an aryl group wherein one or more carbon atom is substituted with a heteroatom.
- the heteroatom can be, for example, O, S, N, P, etc.
- One example of heteroaryl is carbazole. PART IA. NDI-Sn COMPOSITIONS
- One embodiment provides, for example, a composition comprising at least one naphthalene diimide (NDI) compound comprising at least one stannyl substituent bonded to the naphthalene moiety of the NDI compound.
- NDI naphthalene diimide
- NKI naphthalene diimide
- NDI naphthalene tetracarboxylic diimide
- Other examples can be found in, for example, Hu et al., Chem.
- NDI NDI
- NBI N-napthalenetetracarboxylic acid diimide
- NDI structure is as follows, showing the core naphthalene group and the two imide groups:
- At least one of the substituents Rl , R2, R3, and/or R4 can be functionalized to be a tin (or stannyl) group wherein the tin atom is directly covalently bonded to the naphthalene core.
- R1 -R4 can be independently a hydrogen.
- the identity of the two groups, R5 and R 6 bonded to the imide, independently of each other are not particularly limited to the extent that the compounds can be synthesized.
- the R5 and R6 groups are the same groups.
- One example of the R5 and R6 group alkyl, including n-alkyl or branched alkyl, including for example, hexyl. Other examples include aryl, arylalkyl, and alkylaryl.
- NDI compounds can be prepared from precursor compounds including, for example, naphthalene anhydride (NDA).
- NDA naphthalene anhydride
- the naphthalene moiety in the NDI can be substituted on one or both of the carbocyclic aromatic rings comprising the naphthalene moiety.
- Four substitution sites are possible at the 2, 3, 6, and 7 positions of the NDI so there can be one, two, three, or four substituents.
- the one or both nitrogens of the imide groups in NDI can be also substituted. Substitution can promote solubility.
- the naphthalene moiety in the NDI can be substituted on one or both of the carbocyclic aromatic rings comprising the naphthalene moiety with at least one stannyl substituent.
- the stannyl substituent can be represented by -SnR' 3.
- the compound can have one stannyl substituent, or it can have two stannyl substituents.
- the NDI compound comprises at least one NDI moiety, whereas in another embodiment, the NDI compound comprises at least two NDI moieties, or at least three NDI moieties.
- oligomers of NDI can be derivatized with one or more stannyl moieties.
- the molecular weight of the NDI-Sn compound is about 2,000 g/mol or less, or about 1 ,000 g/mol or less, or about 750 g/mol or less.
- the NDI compound is represented by:
- X is H or a stannyl substituent; wherein each R is independently a C1-C30 normal, branched, or cyclic alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, alkyl-aryl, or alkyl-heteroaryl group optionally substituted with one or more halide, cyano, alkyl, or alkoxy groups; and wherein each of the R' moieties is independently an alkyl or aryl moiety.
- each R is independently an optionally substituted C1 -C30 alkyl moiety and each of the R' moieties is independently a C1-C20 alkyl moiety.
- the compound is represented by:
- each R is independently a C 1-C30 normal, branched, or cyclic alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, alkyl-aryl, or alkyl-heteroaryl group optionally substituted with one or more halide, cyano, alkyl, or alkoxy groups; and wherein each of the R' moieties is independently an alkyl or aryl moiety.
- each R is independently an optionally substituted C1 -C30 alkyl and each of the R' moieties is independently a C1 -C20 alkyl moiety.
- the compound is represented by:
- each R is independently a C1-C30 normal, branched, or cyclic alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, alkyl-aryl, or alkyl-heteroaryl group optionally substituted with one or more halide, cyano, alkyl, or alkoxy groups; and wherein each of the R' moieties is independently an alkyl or aryl moiety.
- each R is independently an optionally substituted C1 -C30 alkyl and each of the R' moieties is independently a C1-C20 alkyl moiety.
- NDI-tin compounds naphthalene diimide organotin compounds
- R 1 and R 1 are independently selected from a C1 -C30 normal, branched, or cyclic alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, alkyl-aryl, or alkyl-heteroaryl group optionally substituted with one or more halide, cyano, alkyl, or alkoxy groups,
- R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 are independently selected from hydrogen, halide, or a C1-C30 organic group independently selected from cyano, normal, branched, or cyclic alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, alkyl-aryl, and alkyl-heteroaryl groups, optionally substituted with one or more fluoro, cyano, alkyl, alkoxy groups; and
- R 9 is an alkyl or aryl group.
- Such novel NDI-organotin compounds are highly useful in well known palladium catalyzed coupling reactions for making novel NDI-hAr oligomers, wherein hAr is, for example, an electron withdrawing heteroaryl group.
- hAr is, for example, an electron withdrawing heteroaryl group.
- WO 2009/144205 and WO 2009/144302 to make PDI oligomers coupled to electron rich hAr groups, by coupling an electron withdrawing PDI bromide with an electron rich and nucleophilic organotin hAr precursor compound.
- Such coupling reactions typically fail if an electron withdrawing hAr group is employed.
- No starting NDI organotin compounds have (to Applicants' knowledge) been previously reported, so as to enable an "inverse" coupling method for the synthesis of NDI-hAr-NDI compounds with electron withdrawn hAr substituents.
- the R 1 , R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 groups of the NDI organotin compounds can be any of the same groups as disclosed for the NDI-hAr-NDI oligomers as described in US provisional application 61/475,888.
- R 1 and R 1 are independently a C1-C30 normal or branched alkyl or fluoroalkyl group.
- R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 are independently selected from hydrogen, fluoro and cyano.
- R 9 is a C1 -C12 alkyl group.
- NDI naphthalene diimide
- tin reagent reacting at least one first NDI compound with at least one tin reagent to form at least one first NDI compound comprising at least one stannyl substituent bonded to the naphthalene moiety of the NDI compound.
- Precursor compounds are described further below.
- Tin reagents and organotin reagents are known in the art.
- the tin reagent can be an alkyltin or aryltin reagent and preferably, an alkyltin reagent.
- the tin reagent can provide the tin moiety in the NDI compounds described in Part IA including formulas I, II, III, and IV.
- the tin reagent can comprise two tin atoms per molecule (a "ditin" compound) such as, for example, R ⁇ Sn-SnR ⁇ wherein R' is independently alkyl or aryl and preferably alkyl.
- the R' alkyl group can be, for example, a C1-C20 alkyl group including, for example, methyl or butyl (including n-butyl).
- the tin reagent is a hexabutyl ditin reagent.
- the tin reagent is not a halogen tin reagent.
- tin reagents are known which can be represented by X-SnR' 3 , wherein X is a halogen.
- X is a halogen.
- such reagents can be excluded.
- only one NDI precursor compound is reacted with the at least one tin reagent.
- mixtures of different NDI precursor compounds can be subjected to reaction with tin reagent, and this use of mixtures can provide important advantages.
- a mixture of two different NDI precursor compounds is reacted with the at least one tin reagent to form the at least one first NDI reaction product compound and also at least one second different NDI reaction product compound, wherein each of the first and second NDI compounds comprise at least one stannyl substituent bonded to the naphthalene moiety of the first and second NDI compounds.
- the first NDI compound comprises one stannyl substituent and the second NDI compound comprises two stannyl substituents.
- the reacting step produces a mixture of the first and second different NDI reaction product compounds and the mixture is subjected to a separation procedure to separate the first and second NDI reaction product compounds.
- the first NDI compound can be represented by:
- X is H or a stannyl substituent; wherein each R is independently a C 1 -C30 normal, branched, or cyclic alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, alkyl-aryl, or alkyl-heteroaryl group optionally substituted with one or more halide, cyano, alkyl, or alkoxy groups; and wherein each of the R' moieties is independently an alkyl or aryl moiety.
- each R is independently an optionally substituted C 1 -C30 alkyl moiety and each of the R' moieties is independently a C 1 -C 2 0 alkyl moiety.
- the first NDI compound is represented by:
- each R is independently a C 1 -C30 normal, branched, or cyclic alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, alkyl-aryl, or alkyl-heteroaryl group optionally substituted with one or more halide, cyano, alkyl, or alkoxy groups; and wherein each of the R' moieties is independently an alkyl or aryl moiety.
- each R is independently an optionally substituted C1 -C30 alkyl and each of the R' moieties is independently a C1-C20 alkyl moiety.
- the first NDI compound is represented by:
- each R is independently a C1-C30 normal, branched, or cyclic alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, alkyl-aryl, or alkyl-heteroaryl group optionally substituted with one or more halide, cyano, alkyl, or alkoxy groups; and wherein each of the R' moieties is independently an alkyl or aryl moiety.
- each R is independently an optionally substituted C1-C30 alkyl and each of the R' moieties is independently a C1 -C20 alkyl moiety.
- the first NDI compound is represented by:
- R 1 and R 1 are independently selected from a C1-C30 normal, branched, or cyclic alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, alkyl-aryl, or alkyl-heteroaryl group optionally substituted with one or more halide, cyano, alkyl, or alkoxy groups,
- R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 are independently selected from hydrogen, halide, or a C1 -C30 organic group independently selected from cyano, normal, branched, or cyclic alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, alkyl-aryl, and alkyl-heteroaryl groups, optionally substituted with one or more fluoro, cyano, alkyl, alkoxy groups; and
- R 9 is an alkyl or aryl group.
- the three arrows can represent schematically three reaction steps which are needed to form the desired target: (i) halogenation of one or both of the naphthalene phenyl rings in compound A to allow introduction of the tin substituents to the naphthalene core, (ii) conversion of the two anhydride moieties in compound A (NDA) to the imide, and (iii) introduction of the tin moiety to the phenyl ring (replacing the halogen or halogens introduced in (i)).
- the two tin reaction products, B and C can be produced as a mixture and then separated, as illustrated in working example 2 below.
- the imide R and tin R groups in B and C can be as described above in Parts 1A and IB, independently of each other. Purification steps can be carried out after step (iii).
- NDI-organotin compounds can be made by a method comprising the steps of (a) providing or obtaining a monomeric naphthalene diimide compound substituted with a leaving group LG, and having the structure (V);
- LG is a halogen, such as Br or I
- a catalyst typically soluble palladium compounds, such as the Stille coupling catalysts, i.e. Pd 2 dba 3 and P(o-tol)3 ligand
- nucleophilic NDI organotin compounds isolated from these unexpected reactions can however be readily coupled (in the presence of various appropriate palladium coupling catalysts well known to those of ordinary skill in the art) with other (less sterically hindered) bromide-substituted heteroaryl compounds, even if the brominated heteroaryl compounds are highly electron withdrawing, and enable the practical synthesis of NDI-hAr-NDI oligomers with electron withdrawn hAr bridging groups.
- the reacting step can be carried out under reaction conditions known in the art and illustrated by the working examples herein.
- reaction conditions known in the art and illustrated by the working examples herein.
- purification, temperature, pressure, atmosphere, solvent, reaction time, catalyst, and other reaction parameters can be controlled for a particular synthesis. Examples are provided below in the working examples.
- Reaction temperature can be, for example, 50°C to 150°C and reflux conditions can be used.
- Reaction time can be, for example, 3 h to 72 h.
- One or more organic solvents can be used such as an aromatic solvent like toluene.
- the catalyst materials can be introduced in one or more than one steps. Reaction yields can be, for example, at least 10%, at least 25%, or at least 50%.
- One important embodiment is reaction of the NDI-tin compound with a rylene compound to result in a reaction product having the NDI moiety covalently bonded to a rylene moiety.
- Dimers, trimers, oligomers, and polymers can be made.
- Rylene compounds and moieties are known in the art. See, for example, Zhan et al., Adv. Mater., 201 1 , 23, 268-284 ("Rylene and Related Diimides for Organic Electronics").
- a leading example of a rylene is the perylene group.
- NDI and perylene compound are known. See, for example, Organic Field-Effect Transistors, (Eds. : Bao, Locklin), CRC Press, 2007 including pages 194-197.
- n can be, for example, 0, 1 , 2, 3, 4, or 5.
- the compound and moiety is known as a perylene or PDI. If n is 1 , then it can be called TDI; if n is 2, it can be called QDI; if n is 3, it can be called 5DI; if n is 4, it can be called HDI.
- the Ry compound can be adapted to be a reactive compound to react with the NDI-Sn compounds, for example.
- R groups, R1 -R14, in formula (Ry) can be adapted as known in the art and can be selected independently of each other. They can be hydrogen or an organic group including a relatively non-reactive group or a reactive group.
- R5 and R10 can be substituent groups which increase the solubility of the compound such as optionally substituted CI to C50 hydrocarbyl substituents such as optionally substituted alky or aryl, whether linear or branched.
- each R can be independently a C 1 -C30 normal, branched, or cyclic alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, alkyl-aryl, or alkyl-heteroaryl group optionally substituted with one or more halide, cyano, alkyl, or alkoxy groups.
- Substituents Rl-4, R6-R9, and R1 1 -R14 can be, independently, hydrogen or a reactive group such as a halogen such as chlorine or a pseudohalogen.
- the reactive group can provide a nucleophilic or electrophilic site, but for reaction with NDI-Sn compounds, it can be an electrophilic site.
- Embodiments for (Ry) when covalently bonded to an NDI compound include the R groups are independently H, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted heteroalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted arylalkyl, or optionally substituted alkylaryl.
- Reaction can be carried out at one or both sides of the rylene moiety.
- n is zero and R3 and R6 are each adapted to be reactive so that, for example, they can be a halogen like chlorine or a pseudohalogen. In another embodiment, n is zero and R3 and R6, as well as R2 and R7, are each adapted to be reactive so that, for example, they can be halogen like chlorine.
- the PDI formula is an example of the Ry formula wherein n is zero. It can be a reactive compound for reacting with NDI-Sn compounds.
- one, two, three, or four of the R2, R3, R6, and R7 substituents can be a reactive site by being, for example, a halogen such as chlorine or a pseudohalogen. If R3 and R6 are reactive, then one side of the perylene can react. If R2 and R7 are reactive, then both sides of the perylene can react.
- the R groups can be, independently, H, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted heteroalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted arylalkyl, or optionally substituted alkylaryl.
- a rylene moiety such as, for example, a perylene moiety can be covalently bonded to an NDI structure as shown in the following representations based on the above PDI and NDI formulas:
- one or two bonds can be used to covalently bond the NDI moiety to the perylene moiety.
- the R groups can be, for example, independently H, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted heteroalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted arylalkyl, or optionally substituted alkylaryl.
- the R groups can be, for example, independently H, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted heteroalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted arylalkyl, or optionally substituted alkylaryl.
- the R groups can be, for example, independently H, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted heteroalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted arylalkyl, or optionally substituted alkylaryl.
- the optionally substituted R groups for the Ry, PDI, NDI-PDI-I, NDI-PDI-II, NDI-PDI-NDI, and PDI-NDI-PDI moieties independently can have, for example 1 to 30 carbons, or 1 to 20 carbons.
- one embodiment provides a composition comprising at least one compound, wherein the compound comprises at least one NDI moiety which is covalently bonded to at least one rylene moiety.
- the rylene moiety can be, for example, a perylene moiety.
- the ratio of the number of NDI and the number of rylene moieties can be varied.
- the compound has one NDI moiety covalently bonded to one rylene moiety.
- the compound comprises at least two NDI moieties, each one covalently bonded to the rylene moiety.
- the compound comprises two NDI moieties which and one rylene moiety, wherein each of the two NDI moieties is covalently bonded to the rylene moiety.
- the compound comprises at least two rylene moieties, each one covalently bonded to the NDI moiety.
- the compound comprises two rylene moieties and one NDI moiety, and each of the two rylene moieties is covalently bonded to the NDI moiety.
- the compound comprises at least two NDI moieties and at least two rylene moieties.
- the compound comprises two NDI moieties and two rylene moieties.
- the compound is represented by [rylene-NDI] n , wherein n is 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6, or the composition comprises a mixture of said compounds.
- the rylene moiety can be a perylene moiety.
- NDI-rylene compounds relate to methods of making NDI-rylene compounds.
- one embodiment provides a method comprising: reacting (i) at least one naphthalene diimide (NDI) compound comprising at least one stannyl substituent bonded to the naphthalene moiety of the NDI compound, with (ii) at least one rylene compound to form at least one reaction product compound, wherein the reaction product compound comprises at least one NDI moiety which is covalently bonded to at least one rylene moiety.
- NDI naphthalene diimide
- the NDI compound has one stannyl substituent. In another embodiment, the NDI compound has two stannyl substituents.
- the stannyl substituent is -SnR' 3 wherein the R' groups, independently, are alkyl or aryl.
- the NDI compound is represented by:
- X is H or a stannyl substituent; wherein each R is independently a C 1 -C30 normal, branched, or cyclic alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, alkyl-aryl, or alkyl-heteroaryl group optionally substituted with one or more halide, cyano, alkyl, or alkoxy groups; and wherein each of the R' moieties is independently an alkyl or aryl moiety.
- each R is independently an optionally substituted C 1 -C30 alkyl moiety and each of the R' moieties is independently a C 1 -C20 alkyl moiety.
- the NDI compound is represented by:
- each R is independently a C1-C30 normal, branched, or cyclic alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, alkyl-aryl, or alkyl-heteroaryl group optionally substituted with one or more halide, cyano, alkyl, or alkoxy groups; and wherein each of the R' moieties is independently an alkyl or aryl moiety.
- each R is independently an optionally substituted C 1 -C30 alkyl moiety and each of the R' moieties is independently a C 1 -C20 alkyl moiety.
- the NDI compound is represented by:
- each R is independently a C1-C30 normal, branched, or cyclic alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, alkyl-aryl, or alkyl-heteroaryl group optionally substituted with one or more halide, cyano, alkyl, or alkoxy groups; and wherein each of the R' moieties is independently an alkyl or aryl moiety.
- each R is independently an optionally substituted C 1 -C30 alkyl moiety and each of the R' moieties is independently a C 1 -C20 alkyl moiety.
- the rylene compound can be, for example, a perylene compound.
- compositions, compounds, and materials described herein can be used in a variety of organic electronic applications including, for examples, field-effect transistors, OLEDs, displays, lighting, photovoltaic cells, sensors, RFID, light-emitting transistors, and the like.
- Vacuum deposition and solution processing can be carried out. Combinations of vacuum and solution processing can be carried out.
- Inks can be formulated with use of solvents and additives. Inkjet printing can be used.
- Organic field-effect transistors are described in, for example, Organic Field-Effect Transistors, (Eds. : Bao, Locklin), CRC Press, 2007 including sections 2. 1 , 2.2, 2.3, 3. 1 , and 5.3.
- Mobility and on-off ratios can be measured.
- the electron mobility value can be, for example, at least 0. 1 , or at least 0.2, or at least 0.3 cmW .
- N-channel organic transistors can be made.
- the monobrominated perylene diimide (PDI) derivative undergoes homocoupling to yield the bi-PDI product and the stannyl PDI intermediate could not be isolated.
- the ability to isolate and thoroughly purify the distannyl derivative is important for applications in conjugated-polymer syntheses, where the ability to obtain high-molecular-weight material is critically dependent on precise control of monomer stoichiometry.
- EXAMPLE A-2 ALTERNATIVE PREPARATION METHOD; SYNTHESIS OF 5 AND 6 Scheme 2. Preparation of stannyl NDI derivatives from commercially available NDA.
- N,N'-Di( «-hexyl)naphthalene-l ,4,5,8-bis(dicarboximide), 9, was synthesized according to the literature: ( 1 ) Rademacher, A. ; Markle, S.; Langhals, H. Chem. Ber. 1982, 115, 2927. (2) G. Hamilton, D.; Prodi, L.; Feeder, N.; K. M. Sanders, J. J. Chem. Soc, Perkin Trans. 1 1999, 1057. (3) Reczek, J. J.; Villazor, K. R. ; Lynch, V.; Swager, T. ML; Iverson, B. L. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2006, 128, 7995.
- Hexabutyltin was obtained from Sigma-Aldrich. Characterization. Chromatographic separations were performed using standard flash column chromatography methods using silica gel purchased from Sorbent Technologies (60 A, 32-63 ⁇ ). ! H and u C ⁇ l H ⁇ NMR spectra were obtained on a Bruker AMX 400 MHz Spectrometer with chemical shifts referenced using the ! H resonance of residual CHCI3 or the 13 C resonance of CDCI3 unless otherwise indicated.
- Electrochemical measurements were carried out under nitrogen in dry deoxygenated 0.1 M tetra- «-butylammonium hexafluorophosphate in dichloromethane using a conventional three-electrode cell with a glassy carbon working electrode, platinum wire counter electrode, and a Ag wire coated with AgCl as pseudo-reference electrode. Potentials were referenced to ferrocenium/ferrocene by using decamethylferrocene (-0.55 V vs. ferrocenium / ferrocene) as an internal reference. Cyclic voltammograms were recorded at a scan rate of 50 mVs ⁇ .
- UV-vis-NIR spectra were recorded in 1 cm cells using a Varian Cary 5E spectrometer. Mass spectra were recorded on a Applied Biosystems 4700 Proteomics Analyzer by the Georgia Tech Mass Spectrometry Facility. Elemental analyses were performed by Atlantic Microlabs.
- OFETs with bottom contact and top gate structure were fabricated on glass substrates (Eagle 2000 Corning).
- Au (50 nm) bottom contact source / drain electrodes were deposited by thermal evaporation through a shadow mask.
- the organic semiconductor layer was formed on the substrates by spin coating a solution prepared from l , l ',2,2'-tetrachloroethane ( 15 mg / mL) at 500 rpm for 10 sec and at 2000 rpm for 20 sec.
- a CYTOP (45 nm) / A1 2 0 3 (50 nm) bi-layer was used as top gate dielectric.
- the CYTOP solution (CTL-809M) was purchased from Asahi Glass with a concentration of 9 wt.%. To deposit the 45-nm-thick fluoropolymer layer, the original solution was diluted with solvent (CT-solv.180) to have solution: solvent ratios of 1 :3.5. The CYTOP layers were then deposited by spin coating at 3000 rpm for 60 sec. AI2O3 (50 nm) films were deposited on CYTOP layers by atomic layer deposition (ALD) at 1 10 °C using alternating exposures of trimethyl aluminum and H2O vapor at a deposition rate of approximately 0.1 nm per cycle. All spin coating and annealing processes were carried out in a N 2 -filled dry box.
- ALD atomic layer deposition
- the reaction mixture was refluxed for 20 min, allowed to cool overnight, and poured into methanol (1.5 L). The resulting precipitate was collected by filtration, washed with methanol, and dried under vacuum.
- the crude product was purified by column chromatography (silica, 3 :2 dichloromethane / hexanes). During column packing, a portion of a poorly soluble yellow solid was isolated and found to be 2 (3.91 g, 6.60 mmol, 18%). The first band from the column afforded additional 2 as a yellow solid (0.650 g, 1. 10 mmol, 21 % overall yield). The second band gave 1 as a white solid (1.35 g, 2.63 mmol, 7%).
- Tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium (0.039 g, 0.042 mmol) was added and the reaction was heated to 90 °C for 24 h. Additional portions of tri-o-tolylphosphine (0.051 g, 0.169 mmol) and tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium (0.039 g, 0.042 mmol) were added and the reaction was stirred at 90 °C for an additional 2 d. After cooling, the reaction mixture was filtered through a plug of silica gel eluting with chloroform / hexanes ( 1 : 1) and the solvent was removed under reduced pressure.
- X 2 SnBu 3 3 and 4 from naphthalene- 1 ,4, 5, 8 -tetracarboxydi anhydride.
- naphthalene- 1 ,4, 5, 8-tetracarboxydianhydride (5.00 g, 18.6 mmol) in concentrated sulfuric acid ( 180 mL) was heated to 55 °C.
- potassium dibromoisocyanurate (6.06 g, 18.6 mmol) was dissolved in concentrated sulfuric acid (90 mL) while stirring at room temperature for 1 h. Once dissolved, the solution was added to the reaction flask and the mixture was allowed to stir at 85 °C for 48 h. The mixture was poured into ice water (1 L) and allowed to stir for 2 h, while warming to room temperature.
- the resulting yellow precipitate was collected by filtration, washed with methanol, and dried under vacuum (4.51 g).
- the yellow solid was transferred to a flask with glacial acetic acid (100 mL) and «-hexylamine (7.2 g, 71. 1 mmol).
- the reaction mixture was refluxed for 2 h, allowed to cool overnight, and poured into methanol (1 L).
- the resulting precipitate was collected by filtration, washed with methanol, and dried under vacuum (5.51 g).
- the orange solid was transferred to a dry Schlenk flask with 1 , 1 , 1 ,2,2,2-hexabutyldistannane ( 1 1.3 g, 19.5 mmol), tri-o-tolylphosphine ( 1. 13 g, 3.71 mmol) and tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium (0.850 g, 0.930 mmol).
- the flask was pump-filled three times with nitrogen.
- Anhydrous toluene (80 mL) was added and the reaction was heated to 100 °C for 18 h.
- X 2 SnBu 3 jV,jV'-Di( «-dodecyl)-2-tri( «-butyl)stannylnaphthalene- l ,4,5,8-bis(dicar boximide), 5, and V,N'-di( «-dodecyl)-2,6-bis(tri( «-butyl)stannyl)naphthalene-l ,4,5,8-bis(dic arboximide), 6, from naphthalene- 1 ,4, 5, 8-tetracarboxydianhydride.
- NDA 5.00 g, 1 8.6 mmol
- concentrated sulfuric acid 180 mL
- potassium dibromoisocyanurate (6.06 g, 18.6 mmol) was dissolved in concentrated sulfuric acid (90 mL) while stirring at room temperature for 1 h. Once dissolved, the solution was added to the reaction flask and the mixture was allowed to stir at 85 °C for 48 h. The mixture was poured into ice water (1 L) and stirred for 2 h, while allowing to warm to room temperature. The resulting yellow precipitate was collected by filtration, washed with methanol, and dried under vacuum (8.33 g). The yellow solid was transferred to a flask with glacial acetic acid ( 190 mL) and ft-dodecylamine ( 14.2 g, 76.4 mmol).
- the reaction mixture was refluxed for 2 h, allowed to cool overnight, and poured into methanol (1 L). The resulting precipitate was collected by filtration, washed with methanol, and dried under vacuum.
- the resultant orange solid (10.0 g) was transferred to a dry schlenk flask with 1 , 1 , 1 ,2,2,2-hexabutyldistannane ( 16.0 g, 27.6 mmol), tri-o-tolylphosphine ( 1.60 g, 5.26 mmol) and tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium ( 1.20 g, 1.31 mmol).
- the flask was pump-filled three times with nitrogen.
- Figures 1 -4 show characterization of compound 3a.
- Figures 5-8 show characterization of the compound 3b.
- Figures 9-12 show characterization of compound 4a.
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