EP2766513A2 - Cellule électrochimique a conduction protonique et procédé de fabrication d'une telle cellule - Google Patents
Cellule électrochimique a conduction protonique et procédé de fabrication d'une telle celluleInfo
- Publication number
- EP2766513A2 EP2766513A2 EP12780233.8A EP12780233A EP2766513A2 EP 2766513 A2 EP2766513 A2 EP 2766513A2 EP 12780233 A EP12780233 A EP 12780233A EP 2766513 A2 EP2766513 A2 EP 2766513A2
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- ceramic
- electrochemical cell
- alloy
- cermet
- sintering
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
- H01M8/12—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes operating at high temperature, e.g. with stabilised ZrO2 electrolyte
- H01M8/124—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes operating at high temperature, e.g. with stabilised ZrO2 electrolyte characterised by the process of manufacturing or by the material of the electrolyte
- H01M8/1246—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes operating at high temperature, e.g. with stabilised ZrO2 electrolyte characterised by the process of manufacturing or by the material of the electrolyte the electrolyte consisting of oxides
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B1/00—Electrolytic production of inorganic compounds or non-metals
- C25B1/01—Products
- C25B1/02—Hydrogen or oxygen
- C25B1/04—Hydrogen or oxygen by electrolysis of water
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B11/00—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for
- C25B11/04—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for characterised by the material
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B11/00—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for
- C25B11/04—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for characterised by the material
- C25B11/042—Electrodes formed of a single material
- C25B11/046—Alloys
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B9/00—Cells or assemblies of cells; Constructional parts of cells; Assemblies of constructional parts, e.g. electrode-diaphragm assemblies; Process-related cell features
- C25B9/17—Cells comprising dimensionally-stable non-movable electrodes; Assemblies of constructional parts thereof
- C25B9/19—Cells comprising dimensionally-stable non-movable electrodes; Assemblies of constructional parts thereof with diaphragms
- C25B9/23—Cells comprising dimensionally-stable non-movable electrodes; Assemblies of constructional parts thereof with diaphragms comprising ion-exchange membranes in or on which electrode material is embedded
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/88—Processes of manufacture
- H01M4/8803—Supports for the deposition of the catalytic active composition
- H01M4/881—Electrolytic membranes
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/88—Processes of manufacture
- H01M4/8878—Treatment steps after deposition of the catalytic active composition or after shaping of the electrode being free-standing body
- H01M4/8882—Heat treatment, e.g. drying, baking
- H01M4/8885—Sintering or firing
- H01M4/8889—Cosintering or cofiring of a catalytic active layer with another type of layer
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/90—Selection of catalytic material
- H01M4/9016—Oxides, hydroxides or oxygenated metallic salts
- H01M4/9025—Oxides specially used in fuel cell operating at high temperature, e.g. SOFC
- H01M4/9033—Complex oxides, optionally doped, of the type M1MeO3, M1 being an alkaline earth metal or a rare earth, Me being a metal, e.g. perovskites
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
- H01M8/12—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes operating at high temperature, e.g. with stabilised ZrO2 electrolyte
- H01M8/1213—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes operating at high temperature, e.g. with stabilised ZrO2 electrolyte characterised by the electrode/electrolyte combination or the supporting material
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/36—Hydrogen production from non-carbon containing sources, e.g. by water electrolysis
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P70/00—Climate change mitigation technologies in the production process for final industrial or consumer products
- Y02P70/50—Manufacturing or production processes characterised by the final manufactured product
Definitions
- the field of the invention is that of electrolysis devices such as high temperature electrolysers comprising a proton conduction membrane.
- the invention relates more particularly to electrochemical cells comprising electronically conductive electrodes (anode and cathode) adhering by compaction and sintering to a proton conduction membrane.
- the invention may also relate to fuel cells, to which are directly applicable technological developments of high temperature electrolysers. STATE OF THE ART
- the cathode is formed by a cermet for example of the Zirconia-Nickel or Zirconia-Cobalt type.
- metal oxide compounds generally of perovskite structure.
- noble metals such as gold, silver or platinum which are metals resistant to corrosion and oxidation.
- cermets for producing the anode and the cathode which are resistant to oxidation under an oxidizing atmosphere.
- These cermets are advantageously formed by mixing an ionically conductive ceramic (identical to that used for producing the electrolyte) and a transition metal such as chromium (Cr) iron (Fe) or copper (Cu).
- the invention aims to provide a proton-conductive electrochemical cell capable of solving the problems mentioned above and whose properties make it possible to improve the densification of the electrolytic membrane.
- the invention proposes a proton-conductive electrochemical cell comprising an electrolytic membrane formed by a ceramic and an electrode formed by a cermet; said electrochemical cell being directly obtained by a process of co-sintering a ceramic layer capable of forming the electrolytic membrane and of a cermet layer capable of forming the electrode, in a sintering tool at a sintering temperature of the ceramic making it possible to render gas-tight said ceramic layer capable of forming the electrolyte, said cell being characterized in that said cermet is constituted by the mixture of a ceramic and a conductive passivable alloy comprising at least 40% in mol of chromium capable of forming a passive layer, the nature and the chromium content of said passivable alloy making it possible to co-sinter said electrochemical cell with a densification of the membrane greater than 90% without melting said alloy.
- Passivation or passivity represents a state of metals or alloys in which their rate of corrosion is significantly slowed by the presence of a passive film, or passive layer, which corresponds to the adsorption of oxygen on the surface of the metal.
- Passive layers are passive thin layers (ie the thickness of a few layers atomic) often chromium-based as are the stainless alloys of chromium-containing transition metals, CrN, CrMo, CrTa, CrTi, CrW, CrNi, CrCo.
- the melting temperature of the alloy can be modified so as to remain higher than the sintering temperature, under a non-oxidizing atmosphere (advantageously reducing agent), the ceramic of the electrolytic membrane (so as to be gas-tight).
- This co-sintering thus makes it possible to obtain a very good cohesion between the various layers constituting the electrochemical cell while guaranteeing densification of the membrane greater than 90%, preferably greater than 94%.
- the metal element of the alloy must not degrade by diffusion the ionic conduction of the ceramic.
- said passivable alloy must, depending on the atmosphere of the compartment (anode or cathode) remain electronically conductive and keep a good mechanical strength.
- the electrochemical cell with proton conduction according to the invention may also have one or more of the following characteristics, considered individually or in any technically possible combination:
- said passive protection layer is electronically conductive
- said passivable electronically conductive alloy constituting the cermet of said electrode is an alloy comprising chromium and a metal of transition ;
- the melting temperature of said alloy is greater than the sintering temperature of said electrolytic membrane under a non-oxidizing atmosphere
- the ceramic constituting said cermet is of the same nature as the ceramic constituting said electrolytic membrane;
- said ceramic constituting said cermet of said electrode and said ceramic constituting said electrolytic membrane are formed by a perovskite structure based on zirconate or titanate or cerate or silicate;
- the sintering temperature is greater than 1500 ° C.
- a second aspect of the invention also relates to a high temperature electrolysis device comprising a proton-conductive electrochemical cell according to the invention.
- a third aspect of the invention also relates to a method for manufacturing a proton-conductive electrochemical cell according to the invention, characterized in that the method comprises:
- a first layer of cermet consisting of a mixture of a ceramic and an electrically passivable alloy comprising at least 40 mol% of chromium and capable of forming a first electrode
- a ceramic layer capable of forming said electrolyte o a second layer of cermet constituted by the mixture of a ceramic and an electrically conductive passivable alloy comprising at least 40 mol% of chromium capable of forming a second electrode;
- a step of co-sintering the different layers in a tool of sintering at a sintering temperature of the ceramic making it possible to render the said ceramic layer, which is capable of forming the electrolyte with a densification of greater than 90%, gastight.
- said co-sintering step is carried out at a sintering temperature allowing densification of the electrolyte greater than 94%.
- FIG. 1 illustrates a schematic sectional view of an electrochemical cell according to the invention
- FIG. 2 illustrates a phase diagram of the cobalt-chromium alloy (Co-Cr);
- FIG. 3 illustrates a phase diagram of the chromium-nickel alloy (Cr-Ni);
- FIG. 4 illustrates a phase diagram of the chromium-iron alloy (Cr-Fe);
- FIG. 5 illustrates a block diagram of the method of manufacturing the electrochemical cell according to the invention.
- the electrochemical cell 10, also called elementary assembly, is illustrated in FIG.
- the electrochemical cell is formed by an electrolytic membrane 13 with proton conduction lined on either side by electrodes 11 and 12 (the anode and the cathode).
- the electrode 1 1, 12 of the electrochemical cell 10 according to the invention is formed by a cermet constituted by the mixture of a ceramic and a metal alloy based on chromium.
- the ceramic of the electrode 1 1, 12 is advantageously the same ceramic as that used for the production of the electrolytic membrane 13.
- the proton-conduction ceramics used in making the cermet is a zirconate-type perovskite of formula of general formula AZrO 3 that can advantageously be doped with an element A chosen from lanthanides.
- the use of this type of ceramic for the production of the membrane therefore requires the use of a sintering temperature greater than 1500 ° C (sintering under a reducing atmosphere) in order to obtain a densification sufficient to be gas tight.
- the sintering temperature of the membrane 13 is more particularly defined according to the nature of the ceramic but also according to the desired porosity rate. Indeed, the greater the sintering temperature, the lower the porosity of the electrolyte membrane 13 is low. In conventional manner, it is estimated that to be gas-tight, the electrolyte membrane 13 must have a porosity of less than 10% and preferably less than 6% (or a density greater than 90% and preferably greater than 94%).
- the sintering of the ceramic is carried out under a reducing atmosphere so as to avoid the oxidation of the metal at high temperature, that is to say under an atmosphere of hydrogen (H 2 ) and argon (Ar) or even carbon monoxide (CO) if there is no risk of carburation.
- a reducing atmosphere so as to avoid the oxidation of the metal at high temperature, that is to say under an atmosphere of hydrogen (H 2 ) and argon (Ar) or even carbon monoxide (CO) if there is no risk of carburation.
- the metal alloy of the cermet is an electrically conductive passivable alloy which is capable of forming a protective oxide layer so as to protect it in an oxidizing environment (i.e. at the anode of an electrolyzer)
- the passivable alloy comprises chromium so as to have a cermet having the particularity of not oxidizing temperature.
- the mole content of chromium of the alloy is determined such that the melting point of the alloy is greater than the sintering temperature of the ceramic. It is recalled that the sintering temperature means the sintering temperature necessary to sinter the electrolyte membrane so as to make it gas tight.
- the chromium alloy also comprises a transition metal so as to keep an electronic conductive character of the passive layer.
- the chromium alloy is an alloy of chromium and one of the following transition metals: cobalt, nickel, iron, titanium, niobium, molybdenum, tantalum, tungsten, etc.
- Figure 2 illustrates the phase diagram of the Cobalt-Chrome alloy.
- the chromium content in order to obtain a melting point of the alloy greater than the sintering temperature of the zirconate type ceramic (ie 1500 ° C.), it is necessary for the chromium content to be greater than 70% (in moles). and advantageously 80% (in moles).
- the chromium alloy is a chromium-nickel alloy, the chromium content must be greater than 65 mol% (FIG. 3).
- the chromium content must be greater than 40 mol% (FIG. 4). Thanks to the advantageous composition of the electrode 1 1, 12, it is possible to produce the electrochemical cell 10 with a single sintering operation in a non-oxidizing (preferably reducing) atmosphere since the composition of the electrode 1 1, 12 makes it possible to to resist the high sintering temperatures under a reducing atmosphere of the membrane 13.
- the method of manufacturing the electrochemical cell is particularly illustrated in FIG.
- the first step 1 10 of the manufacturing process of the electrochemical cell 10 is a superposition step in a matrix, for example of cylindrical shape, a layer of cermet, a layer of ceramic and a second layer of cermet .
- the cermet and the ceramic are previously synthesized conventionally either by strip casting or by powder synthesis.
- the second step 120 of the manufacturing method 100 is a step of compaction of the set of superimposed layers during the previous step 1 10.
- the third step 130 of the manufacturing method 100 is a sintering step in a reducing atmosphere of the assembly so as to densify the ceramic.
- the invention has been particularly described with a zirconate type ceramic. However, the invention is also applicable with a ceramics of titanate, cerate or silicate type, whose sintering temperatures, in particular under a reducing atmosphere, are greater than 1500 ° C.
- the invention has been mainly described for a high temperature electrolyser comprising a proton conduction membrane; however, the invention is also applicable to fuel cells, typically of the SOFC type, to which the technological developments of high temperature electrolysers are directly applicable.
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Sustainable Development (AREA)
- Sustainable Energy (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Fuel Cell (AREA)
- Inert Electrodes (AREA)
- Conductive Materials (AREA)
- Electrolytic Production Of Non-Metals, Compounds, Apparatuses Therefor (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR1159220A FR2981370B1 (fr) | 2011-10-12 | 2011-10-12 | Cellule electrochimique a conduction protonique et procede de fabrication d'une telle cellule |
| PCT/FR2012/052305 WO2013054044A2 (fr) | 2011-10-12 | 2012-10-11 | Cellule électrochimique a conduction protonique et procédé de fabrication d'une telle cellule |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP2766513A2 true EP2766513A2 (fr) | 2014-08-20 |
Family
ID=47116063
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP12780233.8A Withdrawn EP2766513A2 (fr) | 2011-10-12 | 2012-10-11 | Cellule électrochimique a conduction protonique et procédé de fabrication d'une telle cellule |
Country Status (8)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US20140227626A1 (fr) |
| EP (1) | EP2766513A2 (fr) |
| JP (1) | JP2014530471A (fr) |
| CN (1) | CN104011262A (fr) |
| BR (1) | BR112014008683A2 (fr) |
| FR (1) | FR2981370B1 (fr) |
| RU (1) | RU2014117974A (fr) |
| WO (1) | WO2013054044A2 (fr) |
Family Cites Families (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US5035962A (en) * | 1990-03-21 | 1991-07-30 | Westinghouse Electric Corp. | Layered method of electrode for solid oxide electrochemical cells |
| US6605316B1 (en) * | 1999-07-31 | 2003-08-12 | The Regents Of The University Of California | Structures and fabrication techniques for solid state electrochemical devices |
| US6893762B2 (en) * | 2002-01-16 | 2005-05-17 | Alberta Research Council, Inc. | Metal-supported tubular micro-fuel cell |
| FR2948821B1 (fr) * | 2009-08-03 | 2011-12-09 | Commissariat Energie Atomique | Cellule electrochimique a metal support et son procede de fabrication |
-
2011
- 2011-10-12 FR FR1159220A patent/FR2981370B1/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2012
- 2012-10-11 BR BR112014008683A patent/BR112014008683A2/pt not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2012-10-11 CN CN201280049947.0A patent/CN104011262A/zh active Pending
- 2012-10-11 RU RU2014117974/04A patent/RU2014117974A/ru not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2012-10-11 EP EP12780233.8A patent/EP2766513A2/fr not_active Withdrawn
- 2012-10-11 JP JP2014535144A patent/JP2014530471A/ja active Pending
- 2012-10-11 WO PCT/FR2012/052305 patent/WO2013054044A2/fr not_active Ceased
- 2012-10-11 US US14/350,777 patent/US20140227626A1/en not_active Abandoned
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CN104011262A (zh) | 2014-08-27 |
| RU2014117974A (ru) | 2015-11-20 |
| WO2013054044A2 (fr) | 2013-04-18 |
| WO2013054044A3 (fr) | 2013-06-13 |
| BR112014008683A2 (pt) | 2017-04-25 |
| FR2981370A1 (fr) | 2013-04-19 |
| JP2014530471A (ja) | 2014-11-17 |
| US20140227626A1 (en) | 2014-08-14 |
| FR2981370B1 (fr) | 2014-09-12 |
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