Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M169/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by containing as components a mixture of at least two types of ingredient selected from base-materials, thickeners or additives, covered by the preceding groups, each of these compounds being essential
  • C10M169/04—Mixtures of base-materials and additives
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  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M105/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the base-material being a non-macromolecular organic compound
  • C10M105/08—Lubricating compositions characterised by the base-material being a non-macromolecular organic compound containing oxygen
  • C10M105/32—Esters
  • C10M105/42—Complex esters, i.e. compounds containing at least three esterified carboxyl groups and derived from the combination of at least three different types of the following five types of compound: monohydroxy compounds, polyhydroxy compounds, monocarboxylic acids, polycarboxylic acids and hydroxy carboxylic acids
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  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M2205/00—Organic macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds or fractions, whether or not modified by oxidation as ingredients in lubricant compositions
  • C10M2205/02—Organic macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds or fractions, whether or not modified by oxidation as ingredients in lubricant compositions containing acyclic monomers
  • C10M2205/028—Organic macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds or fractions, whether or not modified by oxidation as ingredients in lubricant compositions containing acyclic monomers containing aliphatic monomers having more than four carbon atoms
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  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M2205/00—Organic macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds or fractions, whether or not modified by oxidation as ingredients in lubricant compositions
  • C10M2205/02—Organic macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds or fractions, whether or not modified by oxidation as ingredients in lubricant compositions containing acyclic monomers
  • C10M2205/028—Organic macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds or fractions, whether or not modified by oxidation as ingredients in lubricant compositions containing acyclic monomers containing aliphatic monomers having more than four carbon atoms
  • C10M2205/0285—Organic macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds or fractions, whether or not modified by oxidation as ingredients in lubricant compositions containing acyclic monomers containing aliphatic monomers having more than four carbon atoms used as base material
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M2207/00—Organic non-macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds containing hydrogen, carbon and oxygen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
  • C10M2207/02—Hydroxy compounds
  • C10M2207/023—Hydroxy compounds having hydroxy groups bound to carbon atoms of six-membered aromatic rings
  • C10M2207/026—Hydroxy compounds having hydroxy groups bound to carbon atoms of six-membered aromatic rings with tertiary alkyl groups
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M2207/00—Organic non-macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds containing hydrogen, carbon and oxygen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
  • C10M2207/28—Esters
  • C10M2207/283—Esters of polyhydroxy compounds
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M2207/00—Organic non-macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds containing hydrogen, carbon and oxygen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
  • C10M2207/28—Esters
  • C10M2207/283—Esters of polyhydroxy compounds
  • C10M2207/2835—Esters of polyhydroxy compounds used as base material
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M2207/00—Organic non-macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds containing hydrogen, carbon and oxygen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
  • C10M2207/28—Esters
  • C10M2207/287—Partial esters
  • C10M2207/289—Partial esters containing free hydroxy groups
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M2207/00—Organic non-macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds containing hydrogen, carbon and oxygen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
  • C10M2207/28—Esters
  • C10M2207/30—Complex esters, i.e. compounds containing at leasst three esterified carboxyl groups and derived from the combination of at least three different types of the following five types of compounds: monohydroxyl compounds, polyhydroxy xompounds, monocarboxylic acids, polycarboxylic acids or hydroxy carboxylic acids
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M2207/00—Organic non-macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds containing hydrogen, carbon and oxygen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
  • C10M2207/28—Esters
  • C10M2207/30—Complex esters, i.e. compounds containing at leasst three esterified carboxyl groups and derived from the combination of at least three different types of the following five types of compounds: monohydroxyl compounds, polyhydroxy xompounds, monocarboxylic acids, polycarboxylic acids or hydroxy carboxylic acids
  • C10M2207/301—Complex esters, i.e. compounds containing at leasst three esterified carboxyl groups and derived from the combination of at least three different types of the following five types of compounds: monohydroxyl compounds, polyhydroxy xompounds, monocarboxylic acids, polycarboxylic acids or hydroxy carboxylic acids used as base material
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M2215/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing nitrogen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
  • C10M2215/02—Amines, e.g. polyalkylene polyamines; Quaternary amines
  • C10M2215/06—Amines, e.g. polyalkylene polyamines; Quaternary amines having amino groups bound to carbon atoms of six-membered aromatic rings
  • C10M2215/064—Di- and triaryl amines
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M2215/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing nitrogen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
  • C10M2215/22—Heterocyclic nitrogen compounds
  • C10M2215/223—Five-membered rings containing nitrogen and carbon only
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M2219/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing sulfur, selenium or tellurium as ingredients in lubricant compositions
  • C10M2219/06—Thio-acids; Thiocyanates; Derivatives thereof
  • C10M2219/062—Thio-acids; Thiocyanates; Derivatives thereof having carbon-to-sulfur double bonds
  • C10M2219/066—Thiocarbamic type compounds
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M2223/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing phosphorus as ingredients in lubricant compositions
  • C10M2223/02—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing phosphorus as ingredients in lubricant compositions having no phosphorus-to-carbon bonds
  • C10M2223/04—Phosphate esters
  • C10M2223/043—Ammonium or amine salts thereof
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M2223/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing phosphorus as ingredients in lubricant compositions
  • C10M2223/02—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing phosphorus as ingredients in lubricant compositions having no phosphorus-to-carbon bonds
  • C10M2223/04—Phosphate esters
  • C10M2223/047—Thioderivatives not containing metallic elements
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M2229/00—Organic macromolecular compounds containing atoms of elements not provided for in groups C10M2205/00, C10M2209/00, C10M2213/00, C10M2217/00, C10M2221/00 or C10M2225/00 as ingredients in lubricant compositions
  • C10M2229/02—Unspecified siloxanes; Silicones
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
  • C10N2030/00—Specified physical or chemical properties which is improved by the additive characterising the lubricating composition, e.g. multifunctional additives
  • C10N2030/02—Pour-point; Viscosity index
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
  • C10N2030/00—Specified physical or chemical properties which is improved by the additive characterising the lubricating composition, e.g. multifunctional additives
  • C10N2030/06—Oiliness; Film-strength; Anti-wear; Resistance to extreme pressure
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
  • C10N2030/00—Specified physical or chemical properties which is improved by the additive characterising the lubricating composition, e.g. multifunctional additives
  • C10N2030/10—Inhibition of oxidation, e.g. anti-oxidants
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
  • C10N2030/00—Specified physical or chemical properties which is improved by the additive characterising the lubricating composition, e.g. multifunctional additives
  • C10N2030/64—Environmental friendly compositions
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
  • C10N2040/00—Specified use or application for which the lubricating composition is intended
  • C10N2040/02—Bearings
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
  • C10N2040/00—Specified use or application for which the lubricating composition is intended
  • C10N2040/04—Oil-bath; Gear-boxes; Automatic transmissions; Traction drives

Definitions

• the present invention relates to a lubricating oil composition. More specifically, the present invention relates to a biodegradable lubricating oil composition to be used for a step-up gear used, in particular, for wind power generation.
• a lubricating oil whose base oil is PAO polyalphaolefin
• PAO polyalphaolefin
• Patent Literatures 1 to 3 Since a lubricating oil for a step-up gear in a wind power generator needs to be biodegradable, application of a lubricating oil including an ester as a base oil is conceivable (see, for instance, Patent Literatures 1 to 3).
• Each of Patent Literatures 1 and 2 has proposed a biodegradable lubricating oil whose base oil is a complex ester obtained from a polyhydric alcohol and a polycarboxylic acid.
• Patent Literature 2 has proposed a biodegradable lubricating oil provided by blending two specific kinds of complex esters and a specific phosphate amine salt.
• biodegradable lubricating oils disclosed in Patent Literatures 1 and 2 do not have a sufficient oxidation stability, so that, when being used for a step-up gear in a wind power generator, the biodegradable lubricating oils are unlikely to continuously exhibit properties as a lubricating oil for a long time.
• the biodegradable lubricating oil disclosed in Patent Literature 3 exhibits an insufficient low-temperature fluidity, when being used for a step-up gear in a wind power generator, for instance, in cold regions, the biodegradable lubricating oil causes a large increase in torque for operating devices, thereby decreasing power generation efficiency of a wind power generator and the like.
• an object of the invention is to provide a biodegradable lubricating oil composition that is excellent in lubricity, low-temperature fluidity, oxidation stability and biodegradability and is also suitable for a step-up gear used in a wind power generator.
• biodegradable lubricating oil composition is provided according to an aspect of the invention.
• a biodegradable lubricating oil composition includes: a component (A) that is an ester obtained by reacting a linear saturated aliphatic carboxylic acid and a linear aliphatic dicarboxylic acid with a polyhydric alcohol, the ester having a kinematic viscosity at 40 degrees C in a range from 400 mm2/s to 1000 mm2/s and an acid value of 0.5 mgKOH/g or less; a component (B) that is an ester obtained by reacting a linear saturated aliphatic carboxylic acid with a polyhydric alcohol, the ester having an acid value of 0.5 mgKOH/g or less; and a component (C) that is a phosphate amine salt obtained by reacting an acidic phosphate with an alkylamine, in which the linear saturated aliphatic carboxylic acid in the component (A) is formed of a linear saturated aliphatic carboxylic acid having 8 carbon atoms and a linear saturated alipha
• the linear saturated aliphatic carboxylic acid in the component (A) is preferably formed of the linear saturated aliphatic carboxylic acid having 8 carbon atoms in a range from 60 mol% to 90 mol% and the linear saturated aliphatic carboxylic acid having 10 carbon atoms in a range from 10 mol% to 40 mol%.
• the biodegradable lubricating oil is preferably a gear oil or a bearing oil.
• the gear oil is preferably used for a step-up gear of a wind power generator.
• the biodegradable lubricating oil composition according to the above aspect of the invention is excellent in lubricity, low-temperature fluidity, oxidation stability and biodegradability, and thus is also suitable for a step-up gear used in a wind power generator.
• a biodegradable lubricating oil composition according to an exemplary embodiment of the invention (hereinafter also referred to simply as "the composition") is provided by blending a component (A) that is an ester obtained by reacting a linear saturated aliphatic carboxylic acid and a linear aliphatic dicarboxylic acid with a polyhydric alcohol, a component (B) that is an ester obtained by reacting a linear saturated aliphatic carboxylic acid with a polyhydric alcohol, and a component (C) that is a phosphate amine salt obtained by reacting an acidic phosphate with an alkylamine, in which the linear saturated aliphatic carboxylic acid of the component (A) is formed of a linear saturated aliphatic carboxylic acid having 8 carbon atoms and a linear saturated aliphatic carboxylic acid having 10 carbon atoms, and a molar amount of the linear saturated aliphatic carboxylic acid having 8 carbon atoms is larger than a molar amount of the linear
• the component (A) of the exemplary embodiment is a so-called complex ester obtained by reacting a linear saturated aliphatic carboxylic acid and a linear aliphatic dicarboxylic acid with a polyhydric alcohol.
• the linear saturated aliphatic carboxylic acid which is formed of a linear saturated aliphatic carboxylic acid having 8 carbon atoms and a linear saturated aliphatic carboxylic acid having 10 carbon atoms, is a monovalent carboxylic acid. Moreover, it is required that the molar amount of the linear saturated aliphatic carboxylic acid having 8 carbon atoms is larger than the molar amount of the linear saturated aliphatic carboxylic acid having 10 carbon atoms.
• the obtained biodegradable lubricating oil composition exhibits an insufficient oxidation stability.
• a content of the linear saturated aliphatic carboxylic acid having 8 carbon atoms in a total amount of the linear saturated aliphatic carboxylic acid is preferably in a range of 51 mol% to 99 mol% at a molar ratio, more preferably in a range of 60 mol% to 90 mol%.
• the content of the linear saturated aliphatic carboxylic acid having 8 carbon atoms falls within the above range, a secure oxidation stability of the obtained biodegradable lubricating oil composition can be ensured.
• linear saturated aliphatic carboxylic acid having 8 carbon atoms and the linear saturated aliphatic carboxylic acid having 10 carbon atoms are respectively exemplified by caprylic acid (8 carbon atoms) and capric acid (10 carbon atoms).
• linear aliphatic dicarboxylic acid examples include adipic acid, pimelic acid, suberic acid, azelaic acid, sebacic acid, undecanedioic acid, dodecanedioic acid, tridecanedioic acid, tetradecanedioic acid, pentadecanedioic acid, octadecanedioic acid, nonadecanedioic acid and eicosanedioic acid.
• one of the above examples of the linear aliphatic dicarboxylic acid may be used alone or, alternatively, two or more thereof may be used in combination.
• linear aliphatic dicarboxylic acid one having 12 carbon atoms or less is preferably used to maintain fluidity at a low temperature.
• a so-called hindered polyol is preferably used as the polyhydric alcohol used to provide the component (A).
• the hindered polyol include neopentyl glycol, 2-ethyl-2-methyl-1,3-propanediol, 2,2-diethyl-1,3-propanediol, trimethylol ethane, trimethylol propane, trimethylol butane, trimethylol pentane, trimethylol hexane, trimethylol heptane, pentaerythritol, 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-oxa-1,7-heptanediol, 2,2,6,6,10,10-hexamethyl-4,8-dioxa-1,11-undecanediol, 2,2,6,6,10,10,14,14-octamethyl-4,8,12-trioxa-1,15-pentadecanediol, 2,6-
• one of the above examples of the hindered polyol may be used alone or, alternatively, two or more thereof may be used in combination.
• the complex ester as the component (A) is obtained by reacting the above linear saturated aliphatic carboxylic acid and linear aliphatic dicarboxylic acid with polyhydric alcohol, and has a kinematic viscosity at 40 degrees C in a range from 400 mm 2 /s to 1000 mm 2 /s.
• the kinematic viscosity is less than 400 mm 2 /s, the resulting lubricating oil composition is unlikely to have a viscosity required for maintaining lubricity.
• the kinematic viscosity is more than 1000 mm 2 /s, the biodegradability of the resulting lubricating oil composition is likely to be lowered.
• the component (A) is required to have an acid value of 0.5 mgKOH/g or less.
• the acid value is more than 0.5 mgKOH/g, oxidation stability of the resulting lubricating oil composition is likely to be deteriorated.
• an ester as the component (A), two kinds of carboxylic acids and a polyhydric alcohol are generally reacted with each other as described above. However, the ester may be obtained in a different way as long as the resulting ester structure includes the above carboxylic acid residue and polyhydric alcohol residue.
• Starting materials (reactants) are not necessarily the above carboxylic acids and polyhydric alcohol, and, furthermore, the component (A) does not necessarily have to be composited based on dehydration reaction thereof.
• the component (A) may be composited from other materials in a different way. For instance, the component (A) may be produced by transesterification.
• the component (B) of the exemplary embodiment is an ester obtained by reacting a linear saturated aliphatic carboxylic acid with a polyhydric alcohol.
• a carboxylic acid having 6 to 12 carbon atoms is preferably used as the linear saturated aliphatic carboxylic acid.
• examples of such a carboxylic acid include monocarboxylic acids such as caproic acid, enanthic acid, caprylic acid, pelargonic acid, capric acid, undecane acid and lauric acid. Since using one kind of carboxylic acid alone may result in solidification, several kinds of carboxylic acids are preferably combined in use.
• a hindered polyalcohol is preferably used in the same manner as the polyhydric alcohol used to provide the component (A).
• the component (B) preferably has a kinematic viscosity at 40 degrees C in a range from 20 mm 2 /s to 40 mm 2 /s.
• the kinematic viscosity is less than 20 mm 2 /s, the lubricity of the resulting lubricating oil composition is likely to be lowered.
• the kinematic viscosity is more than 40 mm 2 /s, the low-temperature fluidity of the resulting lubricating oil composition is likely to be deteriorated.
• the component (B) is required to have an acid value of 0.5 mgKOH/g or less.
• the acid value is more than 0.5 mgKOH/g, oxidation stability of the resulting lubricating oil composition is likely to be deteriorated.
• An ester as the component (B) is generally obtained by reacting the above predetermined carboxylic acid and polyhydric alcohol with each other. However, the ester may be obtained in a different way as long as the resulting ester structure includes the above carboxylic acid residue and polyhydric alcohol residue.
• Starting materials (reactants) are not necessarily the above carboxylic acids and polyhydric alcohol, and, furthermore, the component (B) does not necessarily have to be composited based on dehydration reaction thereof.
• the component (B) may be composited from other materials in a different way. For instance, the component (B) may be produced by transesterification.
• the blend ratio of the component (B) of the exemplary embodiment is preferably 10 mass% or more of the total amount of the composition in terms of biodegradability.
• the component (C) of the exemplary embodiment is a phosphate amine salt obtained by reacting an acidic phosphate with an alkylamine.
• the acidic phosphate used to provide the component (C) is exemplified by one having the structure represented by the following formula (1).
• X 1 is a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group having 6 to 20 carbon atoms
• X 2 is an alkyl group having 6 to 20 carbon atoms.
• the above alkyl group having 6 to 20 carbon atoms may have a linear, branched, or cyclic structure.
• Examples of the alkyl group include various hexyl groups, octyl groups, decyl groups, dodecyl groups, tetradecyl groups, hexadecyl groups, octadecyl groups and icosyl groups.
• an alkyl group having 8 to 18 carbon atoms is preferable and an alkyl group having 8 to 13 carbon atoms is more preferable.
• acidic alkyl phosphates represented by the formula (1) include acidic monophosphates such as monooctyl acid phosphate, monodecyl acid phosphate, monoisodecyl acid phosphate, monolauryl acid phosphate, mono(tridecyl) acid phosphate, monomyristyl acid phosphate, monopalmityl acid phosphate and monostearyl acid phosphate; and acidic diphosphates such as dioctyl acid phosphate, didecyl acid phosphate, diisodecyl acid phosphate, dilauryl acid phosphate, di(tridecyl) acid phosphate, dipalmityl acid phosphate and distearyl acid phosphate.
• acidic monophosphates such as monooctyl acid phosphate, monodecyl acid phosphate, monoisodecyl acid phosphate, monolauryl acid phosphate, mono(tridecyl) acid
• the component (C) may be provided using one of the above examples of the acidic phosphate alone or a combination of two or more thereof.
• the content of phosphorus (P) is preferably in a range from 150 mass ppm to 500 mass ppm of the total amount of the resulting composition. If the content of P is less than 150 mass ppm, the composition is likely to exhibit an insufficient seizure resistance when used as a gear oil. On the other hand, if the content of P is more than 500 mass ppm, the fatigue resistance (FZG micropitting resistance) of the composition is likely to be lowered.
• the content of P is preferably in a range from 250 mass ppm to 450 mass ppm, more preferably in a range from 350 mass ppm to 400 mass ppm.
• the alkylamine used to provide the component (C) may be any one of primary amine, secondary amine and tertiary amine, but is preferably secondary amine and tertiary amine in terms of improvement of seizure resistance, more preferably dialkylamine or trialkylamine.
• the phosphate amine salt in a liquid phase at room temperature (25 degrees C) is preferable in terms of solubility and prevention of precipitation at a low temperature in a base oil.
• the alkylamine is preferably one having 6 to 20 carbon atoms.
• dialkylamines include dihexylamine, dicyclohexylamine, dioctylamine, dilaurylamine and distearylamine.
• trialkylamines include trihexylamine, tricyclohexylamine, trioctylamine, trilaurylamine and tristearylamine.
• the alkylamine may be used alone or, alternatively, two or more thereof may be used in combination.
• the alkylamine is favorably selected from the trialkyamines.
• a content of the component (C) is preferably in a range from 0.2 mass% to 1 mass% of the total amount of the composition.
• the content less than 0.2 mass% provides a poor effect on reducing friction.
• the content more than 1 mass% is likely to decrease the fatigue resistance (FZG micropitting resistance).
• the component (C) in a resulting form of the acidic phosphate amine salt may be blended with other components to prepare the composition.
• the acidic phosphate and the alkylamine may be independently blended with other components to prepare the composition.
• the total amount of the acidic phosphate and the alkylamine equals the content of the component (C).
• the composition may further be added with a predetermined sulfur compound as a component (D) to enhance the lubricity.
• the component (D) is preferably exemplified by a sulfur compound (D-1) that does not contain a polysulfide condensation of -S-S-S- or more in a molecule and that contains 15 mass% or more of sulfur atoms (S) in the molecule.
• the component (D-1) is additionally blended with a sulfur compound (D-2), which is preferably a trihydrocarbyl thiophosphate represented by the following formula (2).
• (RO-) 3 P S (2)
• R is a hydrocarbyl group having 6 to 20 carbon atoms.
• the sulfur compound as the component (D-1) is a compound having a polysulfide condensation of -S-S-S- or more in the molecule, generation of sludge is likely to be increased in an oxidation stability test (described below) and, furthermore, the FZG micropitting resistance is likely to be lowered.
• the content of S in the molecule is less than 15 mass%, the effect provided by adding the sulfur compound may occasionally be insufficient, resulting in a shortage of the seizure resistance.
• the sulfur compound as the component (D-1) having the above properties is exemplified by the following compounds:
• the olefin sulfide can be exemplified by a compound represented by the following formula (3).
• R 1 represents an alkenyl group having 2 to 15 carbon atoms
• R 2 represents an alkyl or alkenyl group having 2 to 15 carbon atoms
• a represents an integer of 1 or 2.
• the compound is obtained by reacting an olefin having 2 to 15 carbon atoms or any one of the dimer to tetramer thereof with a sulfurizing agent such as sulfur, sulfur chloride or the like.
• a sulfurizing agent such as sulfur, sulfur chloride or the like.
• Preferred examples of the olefin include propylene, isobutene and diisobutene.
• the dihydrocarbyl mono- or di-sulfide can be exemplified by a compound represented by the following formula (4).
• each of R 3 and R 4 represents an alkyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, a cyclic alkyl group, an aryl group having 6 to 20 carbon atoms, an alkylaryl group having 7 to 20 carbon atoms or an arylalkyl group having 7 to 20 carbon atoms.
• R 3 and R 4 may be mutually the same or different.
• b represents an integer of 1 or 2.
• dihydrocarbyl mono- or di-sulfide represented by the above formula (4) include dibenzil mono- or di-sulfides, various dinonyl mono- or di-sulfides, various didodecyl mono- or di-sulfides, various dibutyl mono- or di-sulfides, various dioctyl mono- or di-sulfides, diphenyl mono- or di-sulfides, and dicyclohexyl mono- or di-sulfides.
• Preferred examples of the thiadiazole compound include 2,5-bis(n-hexyldithio)-1,3,4-thiadiazole, 2,5-bis(n-octyldithio)-1,3,4-thiadiazole, 2,5-bis(n-nonyldithio)-1,3,4-thiadiazole, 2,5-bis(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyldithio)-1,3,4-thiadiazole, 3,5-bis(n-hexyldithio)-1,2,4-thiadiazole, 3,6-bis(n-octyldithio)-1,2,4-thiadiazole, 3,5-bis(n-nonyldithio)-1,2,4-thiadiazole, 3,5-bis(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyldithio)-1,2,4-thiadiazole, 4,5-bis(n-octyldithio)-1,2,3-thi
• the dithiocarbamate compound is exemplified by alkylene bisdialkyl dithiocarbamates, among which a preferable compound has an alkylene group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms, a linear or branched saturated or unsaturated alkyl group having 3 to 20 carbon atoms, or a cyclic alkyl group having 6 to 20 carbon atoms.
• Examples of the dithiocarbamate compound include methylene bisdibutyldithiocarbamate, methylene bisdioctyldithiocarbamate and methylene bistridecyldithiocarbamate.
• ester compound having a disulfide structure examples include a disulfide compound represented by the following formula (5) and a compound represented by the following formula (6).
• R 5 OOC-A 1 -S-S-A 2 -COOR 6 (5)
• R 11 OOC-CR 13
• R 14 -CR 15 (COOR 12 )-S-S-CR 20 (COOR 17 )-CR 18
• R 5 and R 6 each independently represent a hydrocarbyl group having 1 to 30 carbon atoms, preferably 1 to 20 carbon atoms, more preferably 2 to 18 carbon atoms, particularly preferably 3 to 18 carbon atoms.
• the hydrocarbyl group may have a linear, branched or cyclic structure and may contain an oxygen atom, sulfur atom or nitrogen atom.
• R 5 and R 6 may be mutually the same or different, but are preferably the same in terms of manufacturing reasons.
• a 1 and A 2 each independently represent a group represented by CR 7 R 8 or CR 7 R 8 -CR 9 R 10 , in which R 7 to R 10 each independently represent a hydrogen atom or a hydrocarbyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms.
• the hydrocarbyl group is preferably one having 1 to 12 carbon atoms, more preferably one having 1 to 8 carbon atoms.
• a 1 and A 2 may be mutually the same or different, but are preferably the same in terms of manufacturing reasons.
• R 11 , R 12 , R 16 and R 17 each independently represent a hydrocarbyl group having 1 to 30 carbon atoms, preferably 1 to 20 carbon atoms, more preferably 2 to 18 carbon atoms, particularly preferably 3 to 18 carbon atoms.
• the hydrocarbyl group may have a linear, branched or cyclic structure and may contain an oxygen atom, sulfur atom or nitrogen atom.
• R 11 , R 12 , R 16 and R 17 may be mutually the same or different, but are preferably the same in terms of manufacturing reasons.
• R 13 to R 15 and R 18 to R 20 each independently represent a hydrogen atom or a hydrocarbyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms.
• a hydrogen atom is preferable because materials are easily available.
• Examples of the disulfide compound represented by the formula (5) include bis(methoxycarbonyl-methyl)disulfide, bis(ethoxycarbonylmethyl)disulfide, bis(n-propoxycarbonylmethyl)disulfide, bis(isopropoxycarbonylmethyl)disulfide, bis(cyclopropoxycarbonylmethyl)disulfide, 1,1-bis(1-methoxycarbonylethyl)disulfide, 1,1-bis(1-methoxycarbonyl-n-propyl)disulfide, 1,1-bis(1-methoxycarbonyl-n-butyl)disulfide, 1,1-bis(1-methoxycarbonyl-n-hexyl)disulfide, 1,1-bis(1-methoxycarbonyl-n-octyl)disulfide, 2,2-bis(2-methoxycarbonyl-n-propyl)disulfide, al
• Examples of the disulfide compound represented by the formula (6) include dimercaptosuccinic acid tetramethyl, dimercaptosuccinic acid tetraethyl, dimercaptosuccinic acid tetra-1-propyl, dimercaptosuccinic acid tetra-2-propyl, dimercaptosuccinic acid tetra-1-butyl, dimercaptosuccinic acid tetra-2-buhyl, dimercaptosuccinic acid tetraisobutyl, dimercaptosuccinic acid tetra-1-hexyl, dimercaptosuccinic acid tetra-1-octyl, dimercaptosuccinic acid tetra-1-(2-ethyl)hexyl, dimercaptosuccinic acid tetra-1-(3,5,5-trymethyl)hexyl, dimercaptosuccinic acid tetra-1
• sulfur compounds examples include sulfurized fats and oils such as sulfurized lard, sulfurized rape seed oil, sulfurized castor oil, sulfurized soybean oil and sulfurized rice bran oil; sulfurized fatty acids such as thioglycolic acid and sulfurized oleic acid; dialkyl thiodipropionate compounds such as dilauryl thiodipropionate, distearyl thiodipropionate and dimyristyl thiodipropionate; and thioterpene compounds obtained by reacting phosphorus pentasulfide with pinene.
• sulfurized fats and oils such as sulfurized lard, sulfurized rape seed oil, sulfurized castor oil, sulfurized soybean oil and sulfurized rice bran oil
• sulfurized fatty acids such as thioglycolic acid and sulfurized oleic acid
• dialkyl thiodipropionate compounds such as dilauryl thiodipropionate, distearyl thio
• the above component (D-1) may be provided using one of the above sulfur compounds alone or using a combination of two or more thereof.
• the content of the component (D-1) is preferably in a range from 0.2 mass% to 0.6 mass% of the total amount of the composition in terms of the amount of sulfur.
• the content less than 0.2 mass% is likely to provide an insufficient seizure resistance.
• the content more than 0.6 mass% is likely to not only deteriorate fatigue resistance such as FZG micropitting resistance but also generate a lot of sludge in the oxidation stability test (in accordance with ASTM D 2893).
• the content of the component (D-1) is preferably in a range from 0.3 mass% to 0.5 mass%.
• the trihydrocarbyl thiophosphate represented by the formula (2) is also blended as the component (D-2) as desired.
• R represents a hydrocarbyl group having 6 to 20 carbon atoms.
• the hydrocarbyl group is a linear, branched or cyclic alkyl group or alkenyl group having 6 to 20 carbon atoms, an aryl group having 6 to 20 carbon atoms, or an aralkyl group having 7 to 20 carbon atoms.
• one or more alkyl group(s) may be introduced into an aromatic ring.
• the three RO groups may be mutually the same or different.
• alkyl group and alkenyl group each having 6 to 20 carbon atoms include various hexyl groups, various octyl groups, various decyl groups, various dodecyl groups, various tetradecyl groups, various hexadecyl groups, various octadecyl groups, cyclohexyl group, various hexenyl groups, various octenyl groups, various decenyl groups, various dodecenyl groups, various tetradecenyl groups, various hexadecenyl groups, various octadecenyl groups and cyclohexenyl group.
• Examples of the aryl group having 6 to 20 carbon atoms include phenyl group, tolyl group, xylyl group, decylphenyl group, 2,4-didecylphenyl group and naphthyl group.
• Examples of the aralkyl group having 7 to 20 carbon atoms include benzyl group, phenethyl group, naphthylmethyl group, methylbenzyl group, methylphenethyl group and methylnaphthylmethyl group.
• Examples of the trihydrocarbyl thiophosphate represented by the above formula (2) include trihexyl thiophosphate, tri2-ethylhexyl thiophosphate, tris(decyl) thiophosphate, trilauryl thiophosphate, trimyristyl thiophosphate, tripalmityl thiophosphate, tristearyl thiophosphate, trioleyl thiophosphate, tricresyl thiophosphate, trixylyl thiophosphate, tris(decylphenyl) thiophosphate and tris[2,4-isoalkyl(C9, C10)phenyl]thiophosphate.
• One of the above examples of the trihydrocarbyl thiophosphate may be used alone or, alternatively, two or more thereof may be used in combination.
• the trihydrocarbyl thiophosphate as the component (D-2) is blended as desired in order to enhance the effect provided by adding the sulfur compound of the above component (D-1).
• the content of the trihydrocarbyl thiophosphate is preferably in a range from 0.1 mass% to 1 mass% of the total amount of the composition in terms of the amount of sulfur, more preferably in a range from 0.2 mass% to 0.5 mass%.
• the composition may contain, as required, at least one additive selected from various additives such as an ashless detergent dispersant, antioxidant, rust inhibitor, metal deactivator, viscosity index improver, pour point depressant and antifoaming agent.
• additives such as an ashless detergent dispersant, antioxidant, rust inhibitor, metal deactivator, viscosity index improver, pour point depressant and antifoaming agent.
• Examples of the ashless detergent dispersant include succinimides, boron-containing succinimides, benzylamines, boron-containing benzylamines, succinic acid esters, and mono- or di-carboxylic acid amides respectively represented by a fatty acid or succinic acid.
• a content of the ashless detergent dispersant is approximately in a range from 0.01 mass% to 5 mass% of the total amount of the composition in view of a balance between the resulting effect and economic efficiency and the like.
• an aminic antioxidant As the antioxidant, an aminic antioxidant, phenolic antioxidant and sulfuric antioxidant, which are typically used in a lubricating oil, are usable.
• One of the above antioxidants may be used alone or, alternatively, two or more thereof may be used in combination.
• Examples of the aminic antioxidant include monoalkyldiphenylamine compounds such as monooctyldiphenylamine and monononyldiphenylamine; dialkyldiphenylamine compounds such as 4,4'-dibutyldiphenylamine, 4,4'-dibenzyldiphenylamine, 4,4'-dihexyldiphenylamine, 4,4'-diheptyldiphenylamine, 4,4'-dioctyldiphenylamine and 4,4'-dinonyldiphenylamine; polyalkyldiphenylamine compounds such as tetrabutyldiphenylamine, tetrahexyldiphenyl
• phenolic antioxidant examples include: monophenol compounds such as 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenyl, 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-ethylphenyl and octadecyl-3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate; and diphenol compounds such as 4,4'-methylenebis(2,6-di-tert-butylphenol) and 2,2'-methylenebis(4-ethyl-6-tert-butylphenol).
• sulfuric antioxidant examples include: 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-(4,6-bis(octylthio)-1,3,5-triazine-2-ylamino)phenol; thioterpene compounds such as a reactant of phosphorus pentasulfide and pinene; and dialkyl thiodipropionates such as dilauryl thiodipropionate and distearyl thiodipropionate.
• a content of the antioxidant is approximately in a range from 0.3 mass% to 2 mass% of the total amount of the composition in view of a balance between the resulting effect and economic efficiency and the like.
• Examples of the rust inhibitor include metal sulfonate and alkenyl succinic acid ester.
• a content of the rust inhibitor is approximately in a range from 0.01 mass% to 0.5 mass% in view of the blending effect thereof.
• metal deactivator copper corrosion inhibitor
• benzotriazole compounds tolyltriazole compounds, thiadiazole compounds, imidazole compounds and pyrimidine compounds.
• benzotriazole compounds are preferable.
• a content of the metal deactivator is approximately in a range from 0.01 mass% to 0.1 mass% in view of the blending effect thereof.
• viscosity index improver examples include polymethacrylate, dispersed polymethacrylate, olefin copolymer (e.g. ethylene-propylene copolymer), dispersed olefin copolymer and styrene copolymer (e.g. styrene-diene copolymer and styrene-isoprene copolymer).
• a content of the viscosity index improver is approximately in a range from 0.5 mass% to 15 mass% in view of the blending effect thereof.
• pour point depressant examples include an ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, condensate of chlorinated paraffin and naphthalene, condensate of chlorinated paraffin and phenol, polymethacrylate and polyalkylstyrene, among which polymethacrylate having a mass average molecular weight of approximately 50000 to 150000 is preferably used.
• a content of the pour point depressant is approximately in a range from 0.1 mass% to 5 mass% of the total amount of the composition.
• the antifoaming agent is preferably a silicone polymer antifoaming agent and a polyacrylate antifoaming agent.
• silicone polymer antifoaming agent include organopolysiloxanes, among which, in particular, a fluorine-containing organopolysiloxane such as trifluoropropylmethyl silicone oil is suitable.
• a content of the antifoaming agent is approximately in a range from 0.005 mass% to 0.1 mass% of the total amount of the composition in view of a balance between the resulting antifoaming effect and economic efficiency and the like.
• the biodegradable lubricating oil composition according to the exemplary embodiment is excellent in lubricity, low-temperature fluidity, oxidation stability and biodegradability, and thus can be suitably used as various lubricating oils such as a gear oil and a bearing oil.
• the composition is suitable as a lubricating oil used for a power transmission device with a planet gear (i.e., step-up gear) disposed in a wind power generator, which is intended to be continuously used outside for a long time.
• the composition is particularly suitable as a lubricating oil used for a step-up gear disposed in the wind power generator.
• An ester A was provided by a complex ester (KAOLUBE 150-28 manufactured by Kao Corporation) that was formed from caprylic acid, capric acid, adipic acid and trimethylolpropane at 6:4 of a molar ratio (C8:C10) between the caprylic acid (C8) and capric acid (C10).
• KOLUBE 150-28 manufactured by Kao Corporation
• An ester B was provided by a complex ester (KAOLUBE 150-30 manufactured by Kao Corporation) that was formed from caprylic acid, capric acid, adipic acid and trimethylolpropane at 8:2 of a molar ratio (C8:C10) between the caprylic acid (C8) and capric acid (C10).
• KOLUBE 150-30 manufactured by Kao Corporation
• An ester C was provided by a complex ester (KAOLUBE 150-31 manufactured by Kao Corporation) that was formed from caprylic acid, capric acid, adipic acid and trimethylolpropane at 9:1 of a molar ratio (C8:C10) between the caprylic acid (C8) and capric acid (C10).
• KAOLUBE 150-31 manufactured by Kao Corporation
• An ester D was provided by a complex ester (KAOLUBE 150-29 manufactured by Kao Corporation) that was formed from caprylic acid, capric acid, adipic acid and trimethylolpropane at 5:5 of a molar ratio (C8:C10) between the caprylic acid (C8) and capric acid (C10).
• KOLUBE 150-29 manufactured by Kao Corporation
• An ester E was provided by a complex ester (PRIOLUBE 1851 manufactured by Uniqema Ltd.) that was formed from pentaerythritol, sebacic acid and isostearic acid.
• An ester F was provided by an ester formed from pentaerythritol and saturated fatty acid (KAOLUBE 262 manufactured by Kao Corporation).
• An ester G was provided by trimethylolpropane diisostearate.
• PAO was provided by poly- ⁇ -olefin (PA040 manufactured by INEOS U.S.A. LLC).
• Tridecyl acid phosphate and trioctylamine were used.
• Methylene bisdibutyldithiocarbamate and tris(2,4-C9-C10 isoalkylphenol)thiophosphate were used.
• IRGANOX L 107 manufactured by Ciba Specialty Chemicals Inc. was used as a phenolic antioxidant.
• IRGANOX L57 manufactured by Ciba Specialty Chemicals Inc. was used as an aminic antioxidant.
• IRGAMET39 (a benzotriazole derivative) manufactured by Ciba Japan K.K. was used.
• a silicone antifoaming agent (KF96H12500CS manufactured by Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd.) was used.
• LUBRIZOL 5957 (PAG-based) manufactured by Lubrizol Co., Ltd. was used.
• a kinematic viscosity was measured by a method in accordance with JIS K 2283.
• a saponification value was measured by a method in accordance with JIS K 2503.
• a sulfur content was measured by a method in accordance with JIS K 2541.
• a phosphorus content was measured by a method in accordance with ASTM D 5185.
• a biodegradation rate was measured in accordance with a modified MITI test method (OECD301C). According to the authorized standard of ECOMARK revised in July, 1998, a biodegradation rate is required to be 60% or more.
• each of the sample oils was oxidized with air under predetermined conditions (121 degrees C, 312 hours), and then an increasing rate of a kinematic viscosity at 100 degrees C, an increasing amount of an acid value, and an amount of sludge after filtration by a millipore filter were measured.
• a pour point was measured by a method in accordance with JIS K2269.
• the sample oils of Examples 1 to 3 which satisfy the conditions of the invention, are excellent in all of lubricity, low-temperature fluidity, oxidation stability and biodegradability. Thus, it is understandable that these sample oils exhibit excellent properties as, for instance, an oil for a step-up gear used in a wind power generator.
• the ester D (base oil) for the sample oil of Comparative 1 is formed at 5:5 of a molar ratio (C8:C10) between caprylic acid (C8) and capric acid (C10), the sample oil of Comparative 1 exhibits a poor oxidation stability.
• the ester E (base oil) for the sample oil of Comparative 2 has a structure having a fatty acid different from that of the ester A, the sample oil of Comparative 2 exhibits a poor low-temperature fluidity.
• the sample oil of Comparative 3 is provided by blending PAO (base oil) and, further, 10 mass% of the ester G (branched aliphatic carboxylic acid polyhydric alcohol ester). The sample oil of Comparative 3 exhibits a poor biodegradability.

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