EP2700141A1 - Système et procédé d'équilibrage de dispositifs de stockage d'énergie - Google Patents

Système et procédé d'équilibrage de dispositifs de stockage d'énergie

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Publication number
EP2700141A1
EP2700141A1 EP12714333.7A EP12714333A EP2700141A1 EP 2700141 A1 EP2700141 A1 EP 2700141A1 EP 12714333 A EP12714333 A EP 12714333A EP 2700141 A1 EP2700141 A1 EP 2700141A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
energy storage
storage devices
series connection
level
unbalance
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP12714333.7A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Rudolf Vidael
Eric Verhaeven
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
4Esys
Original Assignee
4Esys
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by 4Esys filed Critical 4Esys
Priority to EP12714333.7A priority Critical patent/EP2700141A1/fr
Publication of EP2700141A1 publication Critical patent/EP2700141A1/fr
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/0013—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries acting upon several batteries simultaneously or sequentially
    • H02J7/0014—Circuits for equalisation of charge between batteries
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
    • H01M10/44—Methods for charging or discharging
    • H01M10/441—Methods for charging or discharging for several batteries or cells simultaneously or sequentially
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
    • H01M10/425—Structural combination with electronic components, e.g. electronic circuits integrated to the outside of the casing
    • H01M2010/4278—Systems for data transfer from batteries, e.g. transfer of battery parameters to a controller, data transferred between battery controller and main controller
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/0013—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries acting upon several batteries simultaneously or sequentially
    • H02J7/0014—Circuits for equalisation of charge between batteries
    • H02J7/0019—Circuits for equalisation of charge between batteries using switched or multiplexed charge circuits
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
    • Y02T10/60—Other road transportation technologies with climate change mitigation effect
    • Y02T10/70—Energy storage systems for electromobility, e.g. batteries

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a method and system for balancing energy storage devices, more specifically a series connection of energy storage devices. Further, it relates to an assembly comprising a series connection of energy storage devices and such balancing system. Additionally, the invention relates to the use of such system or method for balancing a series connection of electric double-layer capacitors, lithium capacitors, electrochemical battery devices and battery packs like lead-acid or NiMH, and lithium battery devices like lithium-polymer and lithium-ion battery devices, and blended combinations thereof.
  • a series connection of energy storage devices for medium and high voltage applications comprises a large number of energy storage devices.
  • the maximum voltage of an energy storage device is limited to for example about 2.5V to 3.0V in case of a double layer capacitor, a number in the range of 20 to 25 energy storage devices need to be serially connected to form an energy storage device stack delivering a voltage of for example 60V.
  • a general problem of series connections of energy storing devices is that varying characteristics of each individual energy storage device such as for example differences in self-discharge, capacitance and internal resistance or differences due to environmental conditions such as temperature, causes energy storage devices to carry unequal voltages, resulting into a stack in a so-called unbalanced condition.
  • the total stack capacity and current is limited by the single energy storage device operating at its voltage limit (minimum or maximum), resulting in poorly utilized energy storage devices, unless charge equalization is performed.
  • CAM controlled adaption management
  • Another object of the present invention is to provide a low-cost system and method for balancing a series connection of energy storage devices, which is easily scalable to large numbers of energy storage devices.
  • a further object of the present invention is to provide a system and method for balancing a series connection of energy storage devices, which is easily scalable to different types of energy storage devices.
  • the invention meets the above objectives by measuring, calculating or learning an unbalance parameter in a series connection of energy storage devices, determining a type, and/or a status, and/or a value, and/or a deviation of the unbalance parameter, and restricting, generating or adapting an energy flow in the series connection of energy storage devices.
  • the present invention is directed to a method for balancing a series connection of energy storage devices comprising:
  • the present invention is further directed to a system for balancing a series connection of energy storage devices comprising:
  • the invention is also directed to the use of the above system or method for balancing a series connection of electric double-layer capacitors, lithium capacitors, electrochemical battery devices and battery packs, and lithium battery devices like lithium-polymer and lithium-ion battery devices, and blended combinations thereof.
  • FIG 2, 3a and 3b illustrate prior art systems or methods.
  • FIG 1 and 4 to 13 illustrate several embodiments of a system or method in accordance with the present invention.
  • a method for balancing a series connection of energy storage devices comprising:
  • the method may comprise the step of determining the assembly level to which the unbalance parameter relates.
  • assembly levels are understood as considerable topology levels in a series connection of energy storage devices, such as individual energy storage device level, substring of energy storage devices level, multi-substring of energy storage devices level, section level, total series connection level, system level or application level or a combination thereof.
  • the unbalance parameter may be measured, calculated, or learned, as well as its type, status, value or deviation determined, on individual energy storage device level, substring of energy storage devices level, multi-substring of energy storage devices level, on section level, on total series connection level, on system level or on application level or a combination thereof.
  • the energy flow(s) may be restricted, generated or adapted on individual energy storage device level, substring of energy storage devices level, multi-substring of energy storage devices level, on section level, on total series connection level, on system level or on application level or a combination thereof.
  • Restricting, generating or adapting an energy flow in, over, or to the series connection of energy storage devices includes restricting, generating or adapting any energy flow or charge transfer in, to, or over the series connection of energy storage devices at any assembly level, or any current flow or charge transfer in, over, to an intermediate storage element (capacitor, inductor, etc), a (precharge) contactor, a switch, an electric connection, a controller, a fuse or a peripheral element in an assembly including the series connection.
  • an intermediate storage element capacitor, inductor, etc
  • a (precharge) contactor a switch, an electric connection, a controller, a fuse or a peripheral element in an assembly including the series connection.
  • said unbalance parameter is understood as any parameter of which the status, value, or deviation differs from the status, value, or deviation of said parameter corresponding to the majority of the energy storage devices.
  • said measuring may be performed by capturing voltage or current.
  • said calculating may be performed by mathematical operations and filtering techniques.
  • said learning may be performed by capturing the history of the status, the value or the deviation of an unbalance parameter, and predicting said status, value or deviation.
  • a system for balancing a series connection of energy storage devices comprising:
  • the means for determining a measured, calculated or learned unbalance parameter in a series connection of energy storage devices may comprise a switching means receiving a control signal wherein said control signal has attribute settings adapted as a function of said unbalance parameter or set of said unbalance parameters.
  • the method may comprise the step of determining the assembly level to which the unbalance parameter relates.
  • assembly levels are understood as considerable topology levels in a series connection of energy storage devices, such as individual energy storage device level, substring of energy storage devices level, multi-substring of energy storage devices level, section level, total series connection level, system level or application level or a combination thereof.
  • Determining the assembly level or condition related to the unbalance parameter can be done by identification of substring location.
  • Substrings are preferably connected through a backplane configuration using connectors of a quick-disconnect or slide-in type for modularity.
  • the lock-unlock fastening of these substring connectors is preferably remote.
  • an automatic assembly configuration system and method identifies the number of required substrings for the provided application. Depending of the applications, an assembly consists of several substrings configured into one or more modules. By applying the available information (number of CAN Id's, Current Loop Status, available temperature sensors) the application software, located in the main assembly controller, automatically determines the required or available substrings or modules that makes the assembly complete.
  • an embodiment in accordance with the present invention may be based on intermediate energy storage regulation as explained below, because this approach offers the best sizing possibilities, interference characteristics and cost- effectiveness with commercially readily available low-cost components for circuit design and regulation of the balancing system.
  • a system for balancing a series connection of energy storage devices comprising:
  • an intermediate storage element coupled between a pair of non-adjacent sections (d) of one or a number of adjacent energy storage devices (a1 , a2, a3) of a series connection of energy storage devices, said sections each having a more positive terminal (A) at one end and a more negative terminal (B) at its other end;
  • control signal has attribute settings adapted as a function of an unbalance parameter or set of parameters
  • these sections contain a nominally equal amount of energy storage capacity.
  • terminal (A) and terminal (B) are to be understood as respectively the more positive terminal at one end and the more negative terminal at the other end of each section of one or a number of adjacent energy storage devices.
  • FIG 2 a prior art system is shown in FIG 2, FIG 3a and FIG 3b as described in US2004/0246635, wherein switch series S1 and S2 are switched alternatingly, placing the capacitors (37) and (38) subsequently in parallel to (B1 ) and (B2), and (B2) and (B3) respectively.
  • a major disadvantage of this method is its inability to efficiently redistribute charge between non-adjacent energy storage devices in a series connection. All such charge redistribution requires multiple, sequential transfer operations making the process slow and lossy.
  • the voltage V(a2) of storage device (a2) remains essentially unaffected, while the voltage V(a1 ) of storage device (a1 ) becomes equal to the voltage V(a3) of storage device (a3).
  • Another advantage is that such system performs with improved efficiency and requires less time to achieve balancing, even upon extending the series connection to large numbers of energy storage devices or heavy-duty applications requiring repeated energy delivery and storage in rapid succession.
  • a balancing system and method according to the invention is able to convey electrical energy between non-adjacent energy storage devices or groups of non- adjacent energy storage devices, and as the speed of energy charge transfer is proportional to the electric potential difference between those energy storage devices or groups, the use of such system results in a generally faster charge redistribution in the series connection of energy storage devices than can be attained with systems allowing only charge to be transferred between adjacent energy storage devices or groups of energy storage devices.
  • switching means may be more efficiently controlled in order to allow dedicated compensation of charge unbalance originating from parasitic effects, internal resistance deviations, capacity mismatch, aging effects and temperature effects.
  • the performances, efficiencies, and lifetime of energy storage devices may be improved if such compensations or adaptations can be made online on deviations from external or internal origin.
  • a control signal attribute setting is understood as any type of attribute setting pertaining to controlling switching means, such as for example interrupt, on-time, off-time, frequency, phase, amplitude, waveform, skewness, duty cycle, or slew rate. They may be continuous or discrete, and may be applied to all switching means or selectively to individual or a selection of switching means.
  • the unbalance parameter is understood as any type of parameter measurable in the energy storage system and usable as a basis for adapting a control signal attribute setting (see further below).
  • the balancing system may comprise a measurement means for measuring the unbalance parameter or set of parameters, and may comprise additionally a processor for processing the measured unbalance parameters to obtain calculated or learned unbalance parameters.
  • a system in accordance with the present invention allows a dedicated structure while automatically controlled balancing which can be activated and deactivated at any time is still possible.
  • an energy storage device may be any device adapted to store electrical charge, for example electric double-layer capacitors (EDLCs or so-called ultracapacitors or supercaps), lead acid or NiMH batteries, lithium capacitors, electrochemical battery devices and battery packs, and lithium battery devices like lithium-polymer and lithium-ion battery devices, and blended combinations thereof.
  • EDLCs electric double-layer capacitors
  • ultracapacitors or supercaps lead acid or NiMH batteries
  • lithium capacitors lithium capacitors
  • electrochemical battery devices and battery packs electrochemical battery devices and battery packs
  • lithium battery devices like lithium-polymer and lithium-ion battery devices, and blended combinations thereof.
  • the energy storage device may be not only an individual or single cell, but also a unit (called multicell) comprising a specific combination of cells connected in parallel and/or in series.
  • Such multicell may combine cells with the same chemistry, e.g. two lithium cells connected in parallel to increase capacity, or may combine cells with different chemistry (also referred to as blended combination), e.g. a lead-acid cell connected in parallel with an ultracapacitor cell, a lithium cell connected in parallel with two series-connected ultracapacitors, or an ultracapacitor cell connected in parallel with two series-connected NiMH cells.
  • a 24V battery for forklifts comprises one string composed of 12 multicells in series connection, where each multicell consists of a lead acid cell in parallel with an ultracapacitor.
  • said non-adjacent sections of a one or a number of adjacent energy storage devices may comprise one or an equal number of nominally equally sized energy storage devices.
  • nominally equally sized means that an acceptable deviation between the characteristics of the energy storage devices may be allowed.
  • a system for balancing a series connection of energy storage devices comprising a plurality of a pair of non-adjacent sections of one or a number of adjacent energy storage devices and a plurality of respective intermediate storage elements.
  • the plurality of respective intermediate storage elements may constitute one or a plurality of serial strings of intermediate storage elements (e).
  • the manufacturing of the strings and consequently of the complete system may be significantly simplified.
  • two or more pairs of non-adjacent sections of a one or a number of adjacent energy storage devices may comprise overlapping energy storage devices.
  • the switching means may concurrently couple all terminals (A) and concurrently couple all terminals (B) with a number of intermediate storage elements equal to the number of respective coupled terminals minus one.
  • the intermediate storage element may be any electrical component adapted to intermediately store electrical charge between being coupled to terminals (A) and being coupled to terminals (B), for example capacitors, inductors and transformers.
  • Using charge shuttling with energy storage elements such as capacitors has the advantage that balancing can be executed during all possible operation modes of the series connecting of energy storage devices, i.e. not only while charging but also while discharging or in idle mode operation.
  • the intermediate storage element may be a capacitor.
  • the capacitor used as intermediate storage element may have any capacitance, but preferably between 1 nanofarad and 1 millifarad, more preferably between 10 nanofarad and 100 microfarad, and most preferably around 10 microfarad.
  • the applied capacitors may be low-cost components defined for low voltage, usually in the order of maximum energy storage device voltages.
  • the switching means may comprise any electrical component adapted to obtain sequential coupling of the intermediate storage element to terminals (A) and to terminals (B).
  • the switching means may comprise a Field Effect Transistor (FET) to couple each energy storage device via terminal (A) to an intermediate storage element and a FET to couple each energy storage device via terminal (B) to an intermediate storage element.
  • FET Field Effect Transistor
  • the above FETs may be replaced by a combination of a diode and a FET.
  • the switching means may comprise an alternating configuration of p-channel Metal Oxide Silicon Field Effect Transistors (MOSFETs) and n-channel MOSFETs.
  • MOSFETs Metal Oxide Silicon Field Effect Transistors
  • the positive and negative electrodes of the intermediate storage element are connected to the drain electrodes of two p-channel MOSFETs, their source electrodes being connected to the terminals (A) of the respective non-adjacent sections of one or a group of energy storage devices, and the positive and negative electrodes of the intermediate storage element are connected to the drain electrodes of two n-channel MOSFETs, their source electrodes being connected to the terminals (B) of the respective sections.
  • the electric potentials of the terminals (A) are generally higher than the potentials of the respective terminals (B).
  • the gate electrodes of the MOSFETs are connected using a resistance to their respective source terminals (A) and capacitively coupled to a control signal source.
  • the gate terminal itself may function as a control signal source for other MOSFETs as well.
  • the positive and negative electrodes of the intermediate storage element are connected to the source electrodes of two n-channel MOSFETs, their drain electrodes being connected to the terminals (A) of the respective non-adjacent sections of one or a group of energy storage devices, and the positive and negative electrodes of the intermediate storage element are connected to the source electrodes of two p-channel MOSFETs, their drain electrodes being connected to the terminals (B) of the respective sections.
  • the electric potentials of the terminals (A) are generally higher than the potentials of the respective terminals (B).
  • the gate electrodes of the MOSFETs are connected using a resistance to their respective source terminals and are capacitively coupled to a control signal source. The gate terminal itself may function as a control signal source for other MOSFETs as well.
  • the switching means may also comprise a multiplexer system.
  • Individual energy storage devices and/or groups of energy storage devices may be brought towards a desired charge or energy levels by introducing additional or external energy source(s) allowing balancing over a larger dynamic range of the individual energy storage device voltages.
  • said series connection of energy storage devices (also called string of energy storage devices), fully or partially balanced by methods according to the invention, may be organized as a plurality of substrings and/or as a plurality of modules including one or more substrings. Between these substrings of energy storage devices or between these modules an intersubstring balancing system may be implemented.
  • Such intersubstring balancing system may comprise a capacitor. As illustrated in FIG 5a and 5b, capacitive intersubstring balancing may be performed by selecting from each string a section of one or more energy-storage devices, these sections being non-adjacent, and by using a capacitor (Cbal) coupled between said non-adjacent sections and a switching means alternating between closed switches SAI and SA2 and closed switches SBI and SB2- This way of intersubstring balancing may perform with improved efficiency and requires less time to achieve balancing, even upon extending the series connection to large numbers of energy storage devices or heavy-duty applications requiring repeated energy delivery and storage in rapid succession.
  • such intersubstring balancing system may comprise an inductor providing theoretically lossless charge transfer between the substrings of energy storage devices.
  • non-adjacent sections of more than three energy storage devices of each substring may be balanced to each other.
  • a combination of a capacitor (Cbal) and a controllable inductive coupling may be used.
  • Another advantage of this intersubstring balancing system may be that less 'local' effects can occur within an individual substring, and that fast active balancing throughout a plurality of substrings or a plurality of modules may be achieved.
  • the present invention provides an assembly comprising a series connection of energy storage devices and balancing system in accordance with the embodiments as described above.
  • a method for balancing a series connecting of energy storage devices may be provided wherein measuring, calculating or learning an unbalance parameter in a series connection of energy storage devices, determining a type, a status, and a value or a deviation of the unbalance parameter, and restricting, generating or adapting an energy flow in, over, or to the series connection of energy storage devices may comprise controlling a switching means by means of a control signal having attribute settings wherein said attribute settings are adapted as a function of said unbalance parameter or a set of said unbalance parameters.
  • these sections contain a nominally equal amount of energy storage capacity. For example, one seeks to balance energy storage device (a1 ) with energy storage device (a3):
  • a method in accordance with the embodiments described above may be used for balancing a series connection of electric double-layer capacitors (EDLCs or so-called ultracapacitors or supercaps), lead acid or NiMH batteries, lithium capacitors, electrochemical battery devices and battery packs, and lithium battery devices like lithium-polymer and lithium-ion battery devices, and blended combinations thereof.
  • EDLCs electric double-layer capacitors
  • ultracapacitors or supercaps lead acid or NiMH batteries
  • lithium capacitors lithium capacitors
  • electrochemical battery devices and battery packs electrochemical battery devices and battery packs
  • lithium battery devices like lithium-polymer and lithium-ion battery devices, and blended combinations thereof.
  • Another advantage of a method in accordance with the present invention is that large numbers of energy storage devices in a serial connection may be balanced concurrently.
  • a system in accordance with the present invention with a plurality of substrings of intermediate energy storage devices and corresponding switching means and intermediate energy storage elements may use either one single or multiple independent control signals for carefully controlling and achieving efficient energy transfer without unwanted effects.
  • a system in accordance with the present invention with a plurality of strings of intermediate energy storage elements and corresponding switching means may use either one single or multiple independent control signals for carefully controlling and achieving efficient energy transfer without unwanted effects.
  • the control signal may comprise one or a combination of different types of attribute settings, or may comprise a number of sub-signals each comprising one or a combination of different types of attribute signals.
  • Adaptive control of the attribute settings may be continuous or discrete, and may be applied synchronously or asynchronously, to all switching means or selectively to individual or a selection of switching means.
  • switching of the switching means may be controlled in synchronism for all switching means on system level, and/or while the on- or off-time may be controlled per individual switching means.
  • Useful measured unbalance parameters may be for example:
  • V Voltage (e.g. Vtotalstring the total additive voltage of a modular string or substring of serial connections of energy storage devices; Vcelldifferential: the voltage difference between energy storage devices within a string or substring; Vslope: structural increment or decrement of energy storage device voltages throughout a serial connection of devices amounting to a deviation from the horizontal)
  • Such unbalance parameter may be measured on individual energy storage device level, on section level, on total series connection level, on system level, on application level etc.
  • the unbalance parameter may be measured, but may also be achieved by calculating it from a measured unbalance parameter, or learned by comparing measured or calculated unbalance parameters with specific thresholds and stored values (also-called tracking).
  • Such calculated unbalance parameters may be for example a maximum, a minimum, an average, a delta, a Root Mean Square, a deviation, etc based on measured unbalance parameters.
  • the frequency of the control signal can be adapted to the total voltage parameter Vtotal of the serial connected cells. This allows maximizing charge transfer to maximum charging levels of the cells such that overvoltage charging of weaker cells will be minimized and even prevented.
  • the frequency of the control signal can be adapted to the parameter (Vhigh-Vlow). Higher frequency of the control signal results in faster charge transfer and therefore better balancing of charge between cells. Therefore the rate (Vhigh-Vlow) change and corresponding balance status can be adapted and optimized.
  • the differential voltage (Vhigh-Vlow) for a number of cells can be tracked versus the total voltage Vtotal in charging or discharging operation.
  • the frequency of the control signal can be adapted such that the differential voltage is minimal when Vtotal is reaching maximum with the cells fully charged.
  • control signal for the individual switching means may have attribute settings adapted such that a selection of switching means is made inactive.
  • attribute settings adapted such that a selection of switching means is made inactive.
  • This configuration exchanges charge between the energy storage devices B1 and B3 and B5.
  • gate control pulses U1 and U2 as shown in FIG 8b, a circuit exchanging charge solely between B1 and B5 is obtained. In fact, by doing so, the topology of the system is changed. Obviously, depending on the charging state of B1 and B5, the charge transfer speed between B1 and B5 may be increased.
  • a plurality of pairs of non- adjacent sections of one or a number of adjacent energy storage devices may be selected and the terminals of each pair may be coupled via respective intermediate storage elements, said respective intermediate storage elements constituting one or multiple serial strings of intermediate storage elements.
  • the step of selecting may be performed such that two or more pairs comprise overlapping energy storage devices.
  • each non-adjacent section of one or a number of adjacent energy storage devices may be selected such that it consists of one energy storage device, wherein said respective intermediate storage elements may constitute three serial strings of intermediate storage elements, wherein pairs of said sections corresponding to the first and second of said serial strings may not comprise overlapping storage devices, and wherein at least one pair corresponding to the third of said serial strings may comprise a storage device overlapping with a storage device of a pair corresponding to the first string, and a storage device overlapping with a storage device of a pair corresponding to the second string.
  • FIG 9 A balancing system in accordance with the present invention and adapted to perform the above method is illustrated schematically in FIG 9, wherein four electric energy storage elements (a1 , a2, a3, a4) are charge equalized using three charge redistribution stages. These three stages are controlled, respectively by signals (R1 ..2), (S1 ..2) and (T1 ..2), which do not need to have a relationship between each other and can be configured independently to ensure efficient energy transfer and balancing without unwanted effects.
  • signals (R1 ..2), (S1 ..2) and (T1 ..2) which do not need to have a relationship between each other and can be configured independently to ensure efficient energy transfer and balancing without unwanted effects.
  • Such system is designed for balancing a series connection of energy storage devices at the individual energy storage device level, wherein each section consists of one energy storage device, wherein said respective intermediate storage elements constitute three serial strings, wherein pairs corresponding to the first and second of said serial strings do not comprise overlapping storage devices, and wherein at least one pair corresponding to the third of said serial strings of intermediate storage elements comprise a storage device overlapping with a storage device of a pair corresponding to the first string, and a storage device overlapping with a storage device of a pair corresponding to the second string.
  • controlled variables may include for instance the switching frequency of the gate turn-off and turn-on commands (R1 /R2, S1 /S2 and T1 /T2) of the three serial strings, in particular to control the speed of the charge redistribution.
  • a phase shift between the signals of the three strings may be a useful controlled variable, in particular to mitigate the effects of charge injection through the MOSFET gates, in case MOSFETs are used.
  • the method may comprise an additional step of intersubstring balancing between a plurality of substrings or between a plurality of modules comprising one or more substrings of energy storage devices.
  • Measured_Actual_Cell_Voltage the measured voltage over a cell.
  • Measured_Actual_Substring_Voltage the measured voltage over a substring: The frequency of the control signal (Control_Output_PWM_Frequency) adapted to the Measured_Actual_Substring_Voltage of in the series connected cells.
  • Control_Output_PWM_Frequency the control signal adapted to the Measured_Actual_Substring_Voltage of in the series connected cells.
  • Control_Output_PWM_Frequency can be adapted to the parameter Calculated_Delta_Cell_Voltage.
  • Calculated_Delta_Cell_Voltage he table below shows specific defined learned unbalance parameters:
  • the differential voltage Learned_Delta_Cell_Voltage for a number of cells can be tracked versus the Calculated_Total_Substring_Voltage in charging or discharging operation.
  • the frequency of the control signal (Control_Output_PWM_Frequency) can be adapted such that the differential frequency is minimal when Calculated_Total_Substring_Voltage is reaching maximum when the cells are fully charged.
  • the measured unbalance parameter is Measured_Actual_Cell_Voltage.
  • the measurement system uses a high precision difference amplifier with a high common-mode rejection ratio (CMRR).
  • CMRR common-mode rejection ratio
  • the actual voltages of the cells are supposed to have a positive voltage. If the high precision difference amplifier uses a reference voltage R, the absolute value of the difference between the output voltage and the reference voltage is a measure for the voltage of the cell.
  • the measured unbalance parameter is Measured_Actual_Substring_Current.
  • An energy storage system as shown in FIG 1 1 with positive high voltage terminal HV+ and negative high voltage terminal HV-, is internally consisting of a serial connection of two substrings, one identified as Low Bank Multisubstring and High Bank Multisubstring.
  • the voltage over each substring is measured by Voltage Transducer 1 (over Low Bank Multisubstring) and by Voltage Transducer 2 (over High Bank Multisubstring). Following the unbalance parameters of these transducers, it is easily possible to determine the balancing behavior between both substrings in relation with the total high voltage value.
  • Learned_ Balanced_Multisubstring_High_Bank_Voltage Voltages from the individual substrings are measured by individual substring controllers and provided towards the system controller via CAN.
  • the total system voltage is measured by two separate voltage transducers (upper and lower bank).
  • the system controller determines which substring controllers are located in which bank and determines the different system and bank voltages via dual mode (sum of substring voltages, bank voltages).
  • the system determines the missing voltage per bank (backup values) and provides the missing information via CAN towards the other substring controllers and the application making the overall system more robust and reliable.
  • this information is used to determine the overall system balancing behaviour with dedicated diagnostic malfunction code in case of system unbalance detection.
  • An energy storage system with positive high voltage terminal HV+ and negative high voltage terminal HV-, is connected towards following circuitry. See FIG 12
  • a virtual point is defined with 'reference current leaks'.
  • the current leak towards ground is scaled and provided with a negative offset by the introduction of a voltage polarity inverter and fed into an operational amplifier, providing a unipolar analogue signal readable by the system controller.
  • the digital signal obtained from the analogue signal via ADC with dedicated analogue and digital filtering, is then applied with a specific algorithm that allows measurement of the deviation from the reference leak currents and detection of an isolation failure when exceeding calibratable thresholds. Similar approaches can be obtained with other topologies like 'triangle' or 'pi'.
  • the intersubstring balancing is used to balance substrings of cells with each other.
  • a balancing mechanism between these substrings is certainly necessary, however using such a balancing system to solve problems of certain substring malfunctions is not recommended.
  • intersubstring balancing can be kept active and dependent for the power supply on its own energy. Intersubstring balancing can be achieved by turning of each within-substring balancing at a predefined string voltage. By turning-off the balancing in this substring, no more power of the substring will be consumed by the switches and the voltage will remain at the turn-off voltage. If all substrings are configured like this and they can all keep balancing for a sufficient time, all substrings will eventually reach the same substring voltage and will be balanced. When this method is used additional intersubstring balancing might not be recommended.
  • a section of the M first cells of a substring can be balanced with a section of the M last except one cells of the previous substring.
  • M is chosen 3 and the substring has N cells
  • cells 1 , 2 and 3 are balanced with cells N-3, N-2 and N-1 of the previous string.
  • Another way to create the same balancing behaviour and efficiency is to take cell C1 as the cell included in the two non-adjacent sections connected to capacitor Cbal in both switch states instead of the last cell of the previous substring.
  • the control is similar as in version 1 but now the two series connection of cells are C(N-2), C(N-1 ), CN, C1 and C1 , C2, C3, C4. c) Assembly balancing
  • the assembly When deviations in current or voltage (positive or negative) are detected, the assembly is automatically protected by regulating or opening one or more contactors or fuses bringing the assembly into a safe mode by limiting or decoupling energy flow between the assembly and the application. This is determined by comparing the current or voltage dynamics versus the allowed contactor or fuse characteristics. These characteristics are located in a so-called lookup table which allows the manufacturer to program any fuse type characteristic. Deviations can be registered with specific malfunction code.
  • D/ CONTROLLED ADAPTATION MANAGEMENT WITH CELL LEARNING PARAMETER AND CELL INTEGRATION PARAMETER FUNCTIONALITY
  • Cell Learning is the long term adjustment embedded within an energy storage system.
  • Cell Integration is handling the same functionality for short term parameter adjustments. Basically, both strategies are used to make adjustments and adaptations to the ever changing loads, atmospheric and thermal conditions, and energy deviations to ensure that the application (e.g. vehicle) is providing the requiring power and energy (driveability and emissions) over a long lifetime.
  • the two-dimensional table below contains for each individual cell and specific cell characteristic a Cell Learn Parameter (CLP), which represents a long-term correction based on that cell's operating conditions over a relatively long period of time.
  • CLP Cell Learn Parameter
  • the "cell learning” (updating CLP values) is enabled when the following requirements and/or conditions are met:
  • Cell learning is a long term adjustment, which is stored permanently (e.g flash eprom) or sometimes temporary (e.g. RAM) and updated during "leaning mode".
  • the cell integrator is set at an initial value and kept there until predefined conditions are met or predefined unbalance parameters reaches certain threshold values.
  • Each CLP value is applied with a specific Cell Integrator value, which is a short term correction based on immediate operating conditions.
  • the Integrator value and CLP values represents a correction to the internal energy flow (energy recirculation or regulation) and the external energy flow (energy transfer towards or from the application) by e.g. Control_Output_PWM_Frequency.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Charge And Discharge Circuits For Batteries Or The Like (AREA)

Abstract

La présente invention concerne un procédé d'équilibrage d'une connexion en série de dispositifs de stockage d'énergie, comprenant les étapes suivantes : une étape de mesure, de calcul, ou d'apprentissage d'un paramètre de déséquilibre dans une connexion en série de dispositifs de stockage d'énergie; une étape de détermination d'un type, et/ou d'un statut, et/ou d'une valeur, et/ou d'un écart du paramètre de déséquilibre; et une étape de restriction, de génération, ou d'adaptation d'un flux d'énergie dans, sur, ou vers la connexion en série de dispositifs de stockage d'énergie. La présente invention concerne en outre un système d'équilibrage d'une connexion en série de dispositifs de stockage d'énergie, comprenant : un moyen de détermination d'un paramètre de déséquilibre mesuré, calculé, ou appris, dans une connexion en série de dispositifs de stockage d'énergie; un moyen de détermination d'un type, et/ou d'un statut, et/ou d'une valeur, et/ou d'un écart du paramètre de déséquilibre; et un moyen de restriction, de génération, ou d'adaptation d'un flux d'énergie dans, sur, ou vers la connexion en série de dispositifs de stockage d'énergie. L'invention concerne également l'utilisation du système ou du procédé susmentionnés pour équilibrer une connexion en série de condensateurs à double couche électrique, de condensateurs au lithium, de blocs de batteries et de dispositifs de batteries électrochimiques, et des dispositifs de batteries au lithium tels que des dispositifs de batteries au lithium-polymère et au lithium-ion, ainsi que des combinaisons de ces dispositifs.
EP12714333.7A 2011-04-19 2012-04-18 Système et procédé d'équilibrage de dispositifs de stockage d'énergie Withdrawn EP2700141A1 (fr)

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EP12714333.7A EP2700141A1 (fr) 2011-04-19 2012-04-18 Système et procédé d'équilibrage de dispositifs de stockage d'énergie
PCT/EP2012/057083 WO2012143396A1 (fr) 2011-04-19 2012-04-18 Système et procédé d'équilibrage de dispositifs de stockage d'énergie

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US10177580B2 (en) * 2016-04-21 2019-01-08 Linear Technology Corporation Energy storage device stack balancing using switched inductor background
CN111746347B (zh) * 2020-06-02 2022-11-29 上海理工大学 车用软包电池均衡装置及软包电池的均衡方法
US20220376518A1 (en) * 2020-08-19 2022-11-24 Microvast Gmbh Management method for parallel batteries
WO2023156754A1 (fr) * 2022-02-15 2023-08-24 Cirrus Logic International Semiconductor Limited Équilibrage de cellules

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