EP2700106A1 - Verfahren zur herstellung einer metallischen kontaktstruktur einer halbleiterstruktur mit durchkontaktierung und photovoltaische solarzelle - Google Patents
Verfahren zur herstellung einer metallischen kontaktstruktur einer halbleiterstruktur mit durchkontaktierung und photovoltaische solarzelleInfo
- Publication number
- EP2700106A1 EP2700106A1 EP12717656.8A EP12717656A EP2700106A1 EP 2700106 A1 EP2700106 A1 EP 2700106A1 EP 12717656 A EP12717656 A EP 12717656A EP 2700106 A1 EP2700106 A1 EP 2700106A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- recess
- additional opening
- layer
- solar cell
- metallic
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
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Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10F—INORGANIC SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES SENSITIVE TO INFRARED RADIATION, LIGHT, ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION OF SHORTER WAVELENGTH OR CORPUSCULAR RADIATION
- H10F71/00—Manufacture or treatment of devices covered by this subclass
- H10F71/121—The active layers comprising only Group IV materials
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10F—INORGANIC SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES SENSITIVE TO INFRARED RADIATION, LIGHT, ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION OF SHORTER WAVELENGTH OR CORPUSCULAR RADIATION
- H10F77/00—Constructional details of devices covered by this subclass
- H10F77/20—Electrodes
- H10F77/206—Electrodes for devices having potential barriers
- H10F77/211—Electrodes for devices having potential barriers for photovoltaic cells
- H10F77/219—Arrangements for electrodes of back-contact photovoltaic cells
- H10F77/223—Arrangements for electrodes of back-contact photovoltaic cells for metallisation wrap-through [MWT] photovoltaic cells
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
- Y02E10/547—Monocrystalline silicon PV cells
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P70/00—Climate change mitigation technologies in the production process for final industrial or consumer products
- Y02P70/50—Manufacturing or production processes characterised by the final manufactured product
Definitions
- the invention relates to a method for the production of a metallic contact structure of a semiconductor structure having a plated through hole according to the preamble of claim 1 and a photovoltaic solar cell according to the preamble of claim.
- Photovoltaic solar cells typically consist of a semiconductor structure having a base and an emitter region, wherein the semiconductor structure is typically formed substantially as a semiconductor substrate, such as a silicon substrate.
- the semiconductor structure is typically coupled to light via the front side of the solar cell, so that after absorption of the coupled-in light in the solar cell, a generation of electron hole pairs takes place.
- a pn junction forms, at which the generated pairs of charge carriers are separated.
- a metallic emitter and a metallic base contact ie, each of which is electrically connected to the emitter or to the base.
- Liche solar cell structures which d the present invention relates to the production of such solar cell structure ren, in which both arranged for external wiring r electrical contacts of the solar cell are arranged on the back, wherein the base of the solar cell via a rear side arranged metallic Basis contact stru ctu r and the emitter of the solar cell via a rear side arranged metallic rear contact struc ture is electrically contacted.
- This is in contrast to standard larzellen, where typically the metallic emitter contact on the front and the metallic base contact on the back of the solar cell.
- the invention relates in this case to the production of a special embodiment of a back-contactable solar cell, the metal wrap-Th rough solar cell (MWT solar cell).
- MTT solar cell metal wrap-Th rough solar cell
- MWT-PE RC solar cell is additionally known as a further development of a MWT structure, which additionally has a passivated rear side on and, for example, in B. Thaid igsmann, A.
- the MWT structure has the advantage that the shadowing of the semiconductor substrate is reduced by metallic contacts on the front side, since the external contacts are placed on the backside of this structure, resulting in higher light capture.
- the charge carriers from the emitter on the front side are collected via the front sides by contact.
- a fundamentally simpler interconnection of the MWT solar cells in the module compared to standard solar cells results, because no connector elements must be routed from the back of a solar cell to the front of the next solar cell for series connection.
- the screen printing process is typically used in the prior art.
- a silver-containing paste is introduced into the recesses, which produces the electrical contact between the front and back in the form of a metallic through-contact.
- galvanic metal deposition An alternative possibility for producing a metallic via contact is the galvanic metal deposition.
- the galvanic metallization using, for example, nickel, copper, silver or zinc is based on the principle of deposition (reduction) of metal ions from a chemical solution. This is preferably accomplished by a reducing agent on a catalytically active surface (electroless deposition) or by electrons provided on the surface of a conductive or semiconductive substrate (electroplating).
- the invention is based on the object in the production process of a photovoltaic solar cell to improve the production of a metallic via by electrodeposition and / or simplify and thus cheaper to design, in particular, to reduce the risk of faulty metal vias and / or the series resistance of generated metallic via with respect to the charge carrier to reduce transport from one side of the solar cell to the opposite side of the solar cell.
- the method according to the invention is designed to produce a metallic contact structure comprising a through-connection of a semiconductor structure.
- the semiconductor structure is a photovoltaic solar cell or a preliminary stage in the production process of the photovoltaic solar cell. It is within the scope of the invention that the semiconductor structure is a semiconductor wafer, in particular a silicon wafer, optionally with additionally applied layers. It is likewise within the scope of the invention that the semiconductor structure represents a complex structure, for example in which a semiconductor layer is applied to a carrier substrate, optionally with the interposition and / or addition of further layers.
- the method according to the invention comprises the following method steps:
- a dielectric layer is applied to a first surface of the semiconductor structure.
- the first surface is typically the front of the solar cell facing the incoming electromagnetic radiation during operation of the solar cell. It is also within the scope of the invention that the first surface is the back of the solar cell.
- a method step c at least one recess penetrating the semiconductor structure is produced.
- a through-connection is produced in the recess by means of galvanic deposition of at least one metal layer.
- electrodeposition here and hereinafter refers to the chemical and / or electrochemical deposition of a metallic layer.
- the dielectric layer is formed with at least one line-like contacting line opening region leading in the direction of the recess. In this case, it is within the scope of the invention that the dielectric layer is removed again after application at the contacting line opening area and / or that the dielectric layer is applied in a manner which saves this contacting finger opening area.
- Such line-like contacting line opening areas are known per se for forming metallic contacting structures, in particular so-called “contact fingers”, in particular in order to form metallization structures known per se, for example comb or double-comb-like contacting gratings.
- the dielectric layer is removed in a adjacent to a Ausappelungshuntline the opening of the recess on the first surface or at least a distance of less than 30 m adjacent to the Ausappelungshuntline local beauticians Society and / or applied this additional local opening area ausquaintd becomes.
- the recess circumference line thus represents the boundary of the recess on the first surface.
- Immediately adjacent thereto or at least at a distance of less than 30 m (wherein the distance to the circumferential line is here and hereinafter defined to be perpendicular to the circumferential line) is in contrast to the known prior art, at least one local additional opening area formed as previously described.
- the local additional opening area is formed so as to extend over a larger area of the recessed peripheral line than the projection of the line-type contacting line opening area onto the recessed peripheral line.
- a metallic layer is additionally galvanically deposited at least on the additional opening region, which metallic layer is electrically conductively connected to the metallic layer of the plated through-hole.
- a metallic layer is thus electrodeposited in method step d on the additional opening region adjacent at least to the recess circumferential line, this metallic deposition taking place over a larger part of the circumferential line, compared with the case known from the prior art in that only the line-type contacting line opening area extends up to the recess, and thus only a portion of the width of the line-type contacting line opening area on the first surface is covered with a metallic layer during the electrodeposition.
- the method according to the invention thus differs in particular from the previously known methods in that a dielectric layer is applied to at least the first surface of the semiconductor structure prior to forming the via, but is not applied in the local additional opening region or recess so that during the galvanic process Deposition simultaneously both a metallic layer in the recess and on the additional opening area is deposited and these are electrically connected.
- the method according to the invention is based on the Applicant's finding that in the industrial production of photovoltaic MWT solar cells the formation of the metallic via represents a critical process step and often leads to errors which reduce the efficiency of the solar cell, in particular due to increased series resistances.
- Series of experiments, tests and analyzes of various MWT manufacturing processes led to the realization that when forming the via by means of electrodeposition is often an insufficient metallization in the recess is a cause of failure, which leads in particular to increased series resistance and thus loss of efficiency and / or insufficient electrical connection between a metallic contact structure attached to the first surface of the semiconductor structure, such as For example, of Griffin istsfingern and the via, also leads to an increased series resistance and thus loss of efficiency.
- a MWT solar cell comprising the known per se application of a dielectric layer, wherein a metallic layer is applied in the through-connection by means of electrodeposition and reliably the formation of a sufficient metallization in the recess and / or the reliable electrical connection is ensured without faulty high series resistances of the metallic via with a contacting structure arranged on the first surface, such as, for example, a contacting finger or a contacting grid.
- the inventive method thus opens the way for the first time the industrial production of MWT solar cells with galvanic deposition of a Metallsch in the Ausneh determination.
- a metallic layer is deposited indirectly adjacent to the recess. Therefore, a surface suitable for r galvanic metal deposition is preferably formed at the local additional opening region, which surface preferably has at least one of the following properties: a catalytically active surface and / or an electrically conductive surface and / or a semiconductor surface, particularly the electroless metal deposition. It is possible to apply a layer of metal to the additional opening area using galvanic methods known per se.
- the lin ien shame Kunststoffleiterslinienö Anlagen Anlagens Symposium is guided centrally to the opening of Ausneh insulation on the first surface.
- the aforementioned projection preferably takes place parallel to a longitudinal extent of the linear contact-type opening region.
- the linear contact-type opening areas typically have an approximately constant width (perpendicular to the longitudinal extent).
- a projection of the average width in particular of the width of the contacting line opening regions averaged over the entire first surface, is applied to the recessed line and the additional opening region extends over a larger area compared to the projection
- the contact-line opening areas assigned to the "contacting fingers” are taken into account and not opening areas which are assigned to "busbars”.
- the additional opening region is preferably at least of a width in the range from 1 m to 500 m, preferably from 1 pm to 1 m 00 ⁇ , continue to preferably 20 ⁇ to 80 ⁇ trained.
- the width is defined starting from the edge which forms the recess with the first surface of the semiconductor structure, or at spacing from the edge of the additional opening region facing the recess and approximately perpendicular to the circumferential line of the opening of the recess on the first surface.
- Typical methods for producing the recesses for example by means of a laser, lead to approximately cylindrical or approximately frusto-conical recesses, so that the opening which forms the recess with the first surface of the semiconductor structure is approximately circular.
- any other methods for producing the recesses and thus also any other shapes and in particular cross-sectional shapes of the recess are within the scope of the invention.
- the generation of the recess can also be effected by wet-chemical or plasma-chemical etching.
- the additional opening area at least 30%, preferably at least 60%, more preferably at least 90% of Ausappelungsum - Fangsline adjacent or at least formed at a distance less than 30 pm adjacent.
- the additional opening area completely surrounds the recess, d. H. in that the circumferential line of the opening of the recess on the first surface of the semiconductor structure lies completely within the additional opening region.
- a structurally simpler embodiment which can be realized inexpensively in terms of production, provides that the additional opening region is designed as a circular ring segment, preferably as a complete circular ring, preferably in that the additional opening region is formed approximately concentrically with the opening of the recess on the first surface. This ensures that, even in the event of possible fluctuations in the production process and, if applicable, displacements or misalignments, the complete enclosure of the recess is ensured as far as possible through the additional opening region.
- this preferably has a center angle greater than 30 °, on preferably greater than 90 °, more preferably greater than 120 °, more preferably greater than 1 80 °, in particular greater than 270 °.
- a cost-effective embodiment of the method according to the invention is obtained by initially applying the dielectric layer over the entire surface and, after application, removing it again to at least the additional opening region.
- no masking and corresponding application of masking steps upon application of the dielectric layer is necessary, and known, workable methods for local removal of a dielectric layer are available, particularly laser ablation, as in A. Knorz, M.H. Peters, A. Grohe et al. , “Selective Laser Ablation of SiN x Layers on Textured Surfaces for Low Temperature Front Side Metallizations", Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications 17, 127, 2008.
- LCP laser chemical processing
- the masking layer is removed again only after the electrodeposition of the metallic layer.
- This preferred embodiment is realized in a preferred embodiment of applying the masking layer by means of inkjet printing, in particular printing on a lacquer.
- the local removal of the dielectric layer is local application of corrosive media, or by corrosive media, ie, from the backside. te through the hole are fed to the front so that they expose the semiconductor only in a corresponding additional opening area, possible. Also applicable is a backside plasma etching process in which the plasma exposes only the additional opening area through the hole.
- the dielectric layer may be advantageous.
- dielectric layers of silicon nitride are frequently used.
- other materials or layer systems consisting of different materials in the invention for example at least one of the materials silica, alumina, titanium dioxide, silicon carbide, Sirion.
- the dielectric layer has a thickness in the range 10 nm to 1 m, preferably in the range 50 nm to 300 nm.
- the inventive method is suitable both for the production of solar cells with n-doped base and p-doped emitter, and vice versa with p-doped base and n-doped emitter. It is likewise within the scope of the invention to form a solar cell with an emitter on the front side facing the radiation when operating or on the rear side facing away from the radiation or to form an emitter both on the front side and at least partially on the rear side.
- typical MWT structures on the first surface which is typically the side facing the incident light in operation, have a metallic contacting structure typically comprising line-like metallic contact structures, so-called bonding fingers. These contacting fingers are electrically connected to the metallic plated-through holes.
- the metallic contacting structure with galvanic metallization on the first surface and for the electrically conductive connection of the same to the semiconductor on the first surface of the semiconductor structure it is typically necessary to open the dielectric layer also in the regions of this contacting structure in order to establish an electrical contact.
- the removal of the dielectric layer in the local additional opening region is therefore carried out in one common method step with the removal of the dielectric layer in areas for applying the metallic contact structure for electrically contacting the semiconductor structure on the first surface.
- An alternative to the removal of the dielectric layer at least in the additional opening region is the application of the dielectric layer in such a way that the application of the dielectric layer is prevented in the local additional opening region by a masking mask or by a masking. This is also within the scope of the invention.
- the galvanic reinforcement preferably comprises the deposition of silver. It is also within the scope of the invention to realize the galvanic reinforcement with copper, tin or zinc. One of the aforementioned metals can also be used as a thin intermediate layer for diffusion inhibition.
- tempering takes place between electrodeposition of the seed layer and galvanic deposition of the reinforcing layer.
- Annealing includes subjecting the semiconductor structure to a temperature in the range of 100 ° C. to 600 ° C. for a period of time ranging from a few seconds to a few hours, and has the advantage of thereby improving the electrical contact between the seed layer and the semiconductor substrate becomes.
- the object on which the invention is based is furthermore achieved by a photovoltaic solar cell according to claim 13, which comprises a semiconductor substrate, a metal contacting structure arranged on a first side and at least one recess penetrating the semiconductor substrate, in which recess a through metallization is arranged.
- the through metallization is electrically connected to the contacting structure.
- the through metallization on the first side extends into a local, adjacent to the recess additional opening area, which additional opening area extends at least over 30%, preferably at least over 60%, more preferably, at least over 90% of the circumferential line of the recess, in particular in that the additional opening region completely encloses the recess.
- the solar cell according to the invention thus ensures a low ohmic resistance between metallic contacting structures on the first side of the semiconductor substrate, the through metallization and the contacting structures applied on the second side, which lies opposite the first side, in comparison with previously known MWT solar cells.
- the photovoltaic solar cell according to the invention is preferably produced by means of the method according to the invention or a preferred embodiment.
- the method according to the invention is preferably designed to form the solar cell according to the invention or a preferred embodiment thereof.
- the additional opening region of the solar cell according to the invention preferably has at least a width in the range from 1 m to 500 ⁇ m, preferably from 10 ⁇ m to 100 ⁇ m, more preferably from 20 ⁇ m to 80 ⁇ m.
- the solar cell according to the structure of a known MWT solar cell structure or a further development thereof, in particular a MWT-PERC solar cell structure, which solar cell structures are described and referenced in the introduction to the description.
- the galvanic deposition of a metal layer preferably the deposition of nickel, copper or silver, used in the method according to the invention is based on the principle of deposition (reduction) of metal ions from a chemical solution. This can be done by a reducing agent on one catalytically active surface (electroless deposition) or you rch electrons that are provided on the surface of a conductive or semiconductive substrate (Electroplating).
- LI P light-induced deposition methods
- the metal ions can be provided by a chemical solution called the electrolyte.
- metal ions and reducing agents are preferably continuously replenished.
- a basic amount of dissolved ions in the electrolyte is preferably present, other ions are provided as an alternative to a dosing, preferably by oxidation of an anode of the metal to be deposited.
- inert anodes in which water is oxidized to oxygen as an oxidative counter process. In this case, too, must be metered.
- the semiconductor structure for the electrodeposition is preferably immersed in the electrolyte and the semiconductor structure does not necessarily have to be electrically contacted in the abovementioned cases, in particular an n-contact need not be contacted.
- the photovoltaic effect of the solar cells has an advantageous effect: the illumination forms a negative potential at the n-contact.
- the positively charged metal ions of the electrolyte now experience an attractive force in the direction of the n-contact. They attach themselves to catalytic or current-carrying surfaces at which the dielectric layers have local openings or a metallic seed layer is already present and are reduced to metal atoms.
- the process of electrodeposition is known per se and described, for example, in D.
- Table 1 below shows measurement results for electrical contact resistance resistors which have been achieved at the via for the opening of the dielectric layer by means of laser ablation or masked etching back, each with and without additionally opened local additional opening area.
- conductive adhesive can be introduced into the recesses by means of screen printing.
- Table 1 Summary of the electrical contact resistances measured with and without additional removal of the dielectric layer in the region of the recess. The opening of the dielectric layer took place with laser ablation or masked re-etching.
- the proportion of the recess circumference line over which the additional opening area extends or at least is adjacent at a distance of less than 30 ⁇ m is also referred to as the contact portion.
- the contact component in MWT structures known from the prior art corresponds to the width of a contacting finger guided on or over the recess or, in the case of a plurality of contacting fingers guided to the recess, the average of the average width of the openings in the dielectric layer of the recess leading to the recess. taktismesfinger.
- Typical widths of line-like contacting line opening areas are at values of less than 50 m, preferably less than 30 ⁇ m, particularly preferably less than 20 m.
- the Ausneh rules preferably have an opening radius in the range 1 0 pm to 200 pm, preferably 20 pm to 1 00 pm, more preferably 20 pm to 60 pm.
- the contact component known from the prior art as defined above is typically in the range of 10% to 20%.
- the contact ratio increases.
- a contact content greater than 30%, preferably greater than 60%, more preferably greater than 90% is advantageous.
- the first surface of the semiconductor device is preferably substantially planar so that the contacting line regions and the additional opening regions lie substantially in one plane.
- the first surface has texturing for improving optical properties, such as a pyramidal texturing
- the additional opening regions can thus have a smaller height offset sen perpendicular to the first surface, preferably less than 20 ⁇ m, in particular less than 1.5 ⁇ m, preferably less than 10 ⁇ m, in particular preferably less than 5 ⁇ m, owing to the mentioned texturing.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of a partial section of an embodiment of a solar cell according to the invention, which was manufactured using an exemplary embodiment of the method according to the invention;
- FIG. 2 shows a process flow diagram of a first and second exemplary embodiment of the method according to the invention with opening of the dielectric layer by means of laser ablation (variant a) or inkjet masking (variant b);
- Figure 3 is a plan view from above on the front side of the solar cell according to Figure 1 and
- Figure 4 is a plan view from above of a second embodiment of a solar cell according to the invention.
- FIG. 1 The exemplary embodiment of a solar cell according to the invention shown in FIG. 1 was produced by means of the process (variant a) explained in FIG. 2 below.
- the solar cell according to the invention in FIG. 1 comprises a p-doped semiconductor substrate 1, which is designed as a monocrystalline or multicrystalline silicon wafer with a base resistance of 0.1 ohm * cm to 10 ohm * cm.
- a front emitter region 2 is formed on the front side shown in Figure 1 above.
- the front side has a texturing to increase the light coupling and in addition to increase the light coupling on the front side of the semiconductor substrate 1 designed as a silicon nitride anti-reflection layer 3, thus a dielectric layer, arranged with a thickness of about 70 nm.
- Figure 1 shows only a partial section of the solar cell according to the invention with only one recess 4.
- the solar cell is mirror images to the right and left and has a plurality of recesses.
- the recess 4 extends from the front to the back of the solar cell and is formed in cylindrical or conical.
- a passage emitter region 5 extending from the front side to the rear side is formed. Furthermore, in each case a rear side emitter region 5a and 5b is formed on the rear side over the regions marked A.
- the back side of the semiconductor substrate 1 is formed by an insulation layer formed as a layer system comprising a silicon dioxide layer and a silicon nitride layer with a total thickness of the layer system of approximately 200 nm Passivation layer 6 covered.
- the layer 6 covers the backside of the semiconductor substrate over the entire surface and is in turn covered by both a metal back contact structure 7 and a plurality of metal base contact structures 8, 8 ', wherein the base contact structures 8, 8' penetrate the insulation layer 6 locally at a plurality of point-like contacting regions in that electrical contact between the base contact structures 8, 8 'and the semiconductor substrate 1 is in the region of the base doping.
- a metallic front-side contact structure 9 is formed, which is connected directly to the emitter region 2 in an electrically conductive manner, ie. H. between front side contact structure 9 and emitter region 2, no antireflection layer 3 is arranged.
- a metallic passage structure 10 is formed in the recess 4.
- Front side contact structure 9, transmission structure 10 and back contact structure / are integrally formed and accordingly electrically conductively connected to each other.
- the antireflection layer 3 was removed by laser ablation during the manufacturing process, wherein the additional opening area B extends annularly around the opening of the recess 4 on the upper surface of the semiconductor substrate 1 and starting from the boundary line of the opening Recess at the surface has a width of 50 m.
- the formation of the additional opening region ensures sufficient metallization in the recess 4 and a sufficient electrically conductive connection with the front-side contact structure 9 during the electrodeposition.
- FIG. 2 schematically shows two exemplary embodiments of the method according to the invention, which differ only with respect to the opening of the dielectric layer after its deposition:
- a raw wafer is provided, in this embodiment a monocrystalline silicon wafer having a base resistance in the range of 0.1 ohm * cm to 10 ohm * cm.
- the recesses are produced in a method step c) with a laser system.
- the recesses produced in this case have on both sides hole diameter between 30 - 50 pm.
- Wet-chemical processes x1) remove near-surface damage and clean the surface. Due to the material removal from the silicon wafer, the hole diameters of the recesses increase to 45-70 pm.
- a subsequent thermal oxidation x2) forms a 350 nm thick thermal silicon dioxide layer on all exposed surfaces of the silicon wafer.
- the application of a structured masking layer consisting of etch-resistant lacquer on the underside of the silicon wafer takes place.
- the application is carried out so that the areas where the silicon dioxide layer is to be removed locally are not covered by the mask, the masking layer has local openings there.
- the structuring of the oxide x4) takes place by means of wet-chemical processes. First, the silicon dioxide on the structures opened in the mask is etched off and the masking removed. The alkaline texture x5) produces texturing on exposed surfaces of the silicon wafer that are not covered by the silicon oxide layer.
- the emitter is generated by a POCI 3 diffusion x6), again it is true that the emitter forms only on exposed surfaces of the silicon wafer, which are not covered by a silicon dioxide layer.
- the phosphosilicate glass (PSG) forming in the POCl 3 diffusion x6) is removed via a wet-chemical PSG etch x7).
- the desired final layer thickness of the structured silicon dioxide layer is set.
- process step x8 The coating of the top and bottom of the silicon wafer with silicon nitride takes place in process step x8) (corresponds to process step b).
- the deposition takes place by plasma assisted chemical vapor deposition (PECVD).
- PECVD plasma assisted chemical vapor deposition
- a local opening of the silicon nitride layer deposited in process step x8) on the front and rear side takes place by means of laser ablation.
- the silicon nitride layer is locally opened both in additional annular regions around the holes (recesses) arranged on the front side, as well as on the areas where an application of a metallic contact structure on the front and back should take place.
- a method step x9b1 masking is applied by means of inkjet printing on both sides, the masking consisting of an etching-resistant lacquer.
- the masking is applied in such a way that the areas are omitted from the masking in which a surgeonnmateriali- sations Scheme annular as described in variant a, around the recesses to be formed and in the areas in which as described in a variant of a metallic contacting structure the front and on the back of the solar cell to be applied.
- the silicon nitride layer is subsequently removed in a wet-chemical etching process on the regions not covered by the masking.
- an aluminum-containing paste is applied in a structured manner by means of screen printing process x10).
- the contact firing x11 at 800 ° C - 950 ° C.
- no electrical contact between the silicon base and the applied metal contact structure is generated, but this step merely serves to form a robust metal layer.
- the underside-deposited aluminum layer is not electrically connected to the silicon base. This is accomplished by local laser fired contacts (LFC) x12).
- LFC local laser fired contacts
- a subsequent tempering process x13) contributes to the formation of a good conductive electrical contact between substrate base and the aluminum-containing layer applied in x10).
- the structures in the silicon nitride layer which have been opened by means of laser ablation x9a) and inkjet masking x9b) are metallized in process step d1) with a galvanically deposited nickel seed layer.
- process step d1 To form a low-resistance electrical contact between nickel seed layer and the emitter layer below, another annealing process d 2) takes place.
- the thickening and thus strengthening of the seed layer by means of galvanic silver deposition d3) takes place.
- the front-side contact structure is formed as in previously known MWT solar cells, represented for example in "Processing and comprehensive characterization of screen-printed mc-Si metal wrap-through (mwt) solar cells", Clement et al., Proceedings of the 22nd European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, Milan, 2007.
- the solar cell has recesses with a diameter of about 100 m, wherein the recesses are arranged on lines, an average of 1 hole per 1 cm 2 solar cell surface is formed.
- FIG. 3 shows a plan view from above of the first exemplary embodiment of a solar cell according to the invention shown in FIG. 1 likewise in a schematic representation, wherein the metallic layers are not shown for the sake of simplicity, but rather the associated openings in the dielectric layer formed as antireflection layer 3.
- Line-like contacting line opening areas 11a and 11b lead to the recess 4 from two opposite sides.
- the projection of this line Nienartigen Kunststofftechnik istso réelles Symposiume on the recess circumference line is denoted by 11c and 11 d.
- the additional opening area B extends in this embodiment around the circumferential line of the recess 4 around, so that is ensured in the manufacturing process of the solar cell in the electrodeposition, on the one hand, a sufficient metallization in the recess and beyond a sufficient electrical contact between the metallic layer deposited on the regions 11a and 11b and the metallic layer in the recess 4 are generated via the metallic layer deposited on the additional opening region B.
- the additional opening area in the direction of the linear extent of the contacting line opening areas has a total length in the range from 100 m to 300 m, in the present case approximately 250 m.
- FIG. 4 shows, analogously to FIG. 3, a second exemplary embodiment of a solar cell according to the invention, which basically has the construction shown in FIG.
- the additional opening region B does not extend annularly around the recess 4 and also does not directly adjoin it, but has a distance D of approximately 20 ⁇ m from the circumferential line of the recess 4.
- the local additional opening area B extends in projection on the peripheral line over a much larger portion thereof (indicated by Ba and Bb in FIG. 4) as compared with the portions 11c and 11d which project the line-like contacting line opening areas 11a and 11b onto the peripheral line the recess 4 correspond.
- the contacting portion of the two additional opening areas B is about 50% in the embodiment shown in Figure 4.
- the distance D in FIG. 4 is unobjectionable since, when the metallization is formed, it generally extends over a small area over the dielectric layer, ie. H. formed on this exposed and thus a distance up to 30 ⁇ easily covered in the manufacturing process with a metallic layer, so that it is not absolutely necessary - albeit advantageous - is that the additional opening area B extends directly to the perimeter of the recess.
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Abstract
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Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE102011018374A DE102011018374A1 (de) | 2011-04-20 | 2011-04-20 | Verfahren zur Herstellung einer metallischen Kontaktstruktur einer Halbleiterstruktur mit Durchkontaktierung und photovoltaische Solarzelle |
| PCT/EP2012/057272 WO2012143512A1 (de) | 2011-04-20 | 2012-04-20 | Verfahren zur herstellung einer metallischen kontaktstruktur einer halbleiterstruktur mit durchkontaktierung und photovoltaische solarzelle |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP2700106A1 true EP2700106A1 (de) | 2014-02-26 |
Family
ID=46022201
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP12717656.8A Withdrawn EP2700106A1 (de) | 2011-04-20 | 2012-04-20 | Verfahren zur herstellung einer metallischen kontaktstruktur einer halbleiterstruktur mit durchkontaktierung und photovoltaische solarzelle |
Country Status (3)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP2700106A1 (de) |
| DE (1) | DE102011018374A1 (de) |
| WO (1) | WO2012143512A1 (de) |
Families Citing this family (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US9687063B2 (en) | 2015-06-04 | 2017-06-27 | The North Face Apparel Corp. | Automatic opening for a compartment in a pack |
Family Cites Families (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4610077A (en) * | 1984-04-30 | 1986-09-09 | Hughes Aircraft Company | Process for fabricating a wraparound contact solar cell |
| EP0881694A1 (de) | 1997-05-30 | 1998-12-02 | Interuniversitair Micro-Elektronica Centrum Vzw | Solarzelle und Verfahren zu ihrer Herstellung |
| US7144751B2 (en) * | 2004-02-05 | 2006-12-05 | Advent Solar, Inc. | Back-contact solar cells and methods for fabrication |
| JP5285880B2 (ja) * | 2007-08-31 | 2013-09-11 | シャープ株式会社 | 光電変換素子、光電変換素子接続体および光電変換モジュール |
| JP2009158575A (ja) * | 2007-12-25 | 2009-07-16 | Sharp Corp | 光電変換装置および光電変換装置の製造方法 |
| DE102009005168A1 (de) * | 2009-01-14 | 2010-07-22 | Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e.V. | Solarzelle und Verfahren zur Herstellung einer Solarzelle aus einem Siliziumsubstrat |
-
2011
- 2011-04-20 DE DE102011018374A patent/DE102011018374A1/de not_active Withdrawn
-
2012
- 2012-04-20 WO PCT/EP2012/057272 patent/WO2012143512A1/de not_active Ceased
- 2012-04-20 EP EP12717656.8A patent/EP2700106A1/de not_active Withdrawn
Non-Patent Citations (1)
| Title |
|---|
| See references of WO2012143512A1 * |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| DE102011018374A1 (de) | 2012-10-25 |
| WO2012143512A1 (de) | 2012-10-26 |
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