EP2668706A2 - Gestion de l'alimentation en energie d'un reseau local de transport d'energie - Google Patents
Gestion de l'alimentation en energie d'un reseau local de transport d'energieInfo
- Publication number
- EP2668706A2 EP2668706A2 EP12706203.2A EP12706203A EP2668706A2 EP 2668706 A2 EP2668706 A2 EP 2668706A2 EP 12706203 A EP12706203 A EP 12706203A EP 2668706 A2 EP2668706 A2 EP 2668706A2
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- energy
- operator
- qtl
- pso
- psd
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
Classifications
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
- B60L55/00—Arrangements for supplying energy stored within a vehicle to a power network, i.e. vehicle-to-grid [V2G] arrangements
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02J—ELECTRIC POWER NETWORKS; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
- H02J3/00—Circuit arrangements for AC mains or AC distribution networks
- H02J3/007—Arrangements for selectively connecting one or more loads to one or more power sources or power lines
- H02J3/0075—Arrangements for selectively connecting one or more loads to one or more power sources or power lines for providing alternative feeding paths between load and source according to economic or energy efficiency considerations, e.g. economic dispatch
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING OR CALCULATING; COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F1/00—Details not covered by groups G06F3/00 - G06F13/00 and G06F21/00
- G06F1/26—Power supply means, e.g. regulation thereof
- G06F1/32—Means for saving power
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02J—ELECTRIC POWER NETWORKS; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
- H02J3/00—Circuit arrangements for AC mains or AC distribution networks
- H02J3/008—Circuit arrangements for power supply or distribution technologies responsive to energy trading
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02J—ELECTRIC POWER NETWORKS; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
- H02J3/00—Circuit arrangements for AC mains or AC distribution networks
- H02J3/28—Arrangements for balancing of the load in networks by storage of energy
- H02J3/32—Arrangements for balancing of the load in networks by storage of energy using batteries or super capacitors with converting means
- H02J3/322—Arrangements for balancing of the load in networks by storage of energy using batteries or super capacitors with converting means the battery being on-board an electric or hybrid vehicle, e.g. vehicle to grid arrangements [V2G], power aggregation, use of the battery for network load balancing, coordinated or cooperative battery charging
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02J—ELECTRIC POWER NETWORKS; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
- H02J9/00—Circuit arrangements for emergency or stand-by power supply, e.g. for emergency lighting
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
- Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
- Y02T10/60—Other road transportation technologies with climate change mitigation effect
- Y02T10/70—Energy storage systems for electromobility, e.g. batteries
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
- Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
- Y02T10/60—Other road transportation technologies with climate change mitigation effect
- Y02T10/7072—Electromobility specific charging systems or methods for batteries, ultracapacitors, supercapacitors or double-layer capacitors
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
- Y02T90/00—Enabling technologies or technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02T90/10—Technologies relating to charging of electric vehicles
- Y02T90/12—Electric charging stations
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
- Y02T90/00—Enabling technologies or technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02T90/10—Technologies relating to charging of electric vehicles
- Y02T90/14—Plug-in electric vehicles
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
- Y02T90/00—Enabling technologies or technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02T90/10—Technologies relating to charging of electric vehicles
- Y02T90/16—Information or communication technologies improving the operation of electric vehicles
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
- Y02T90/00—Enabling technologies or technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02T90/10—Technologies relating to charging of electric vehicles
- Y02T90/16—Information or communication technologies improving the operation of electric vehicles
- Y02T90/167—Systems integrating technologies related to power network operation and communication or information technologies for supporting the interoperability of electric or hybrid vehicles, i.e. smartgrids as interface for battery charging of electric vehicles [EV] or hybrid vehicles [HEV]
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y04—INFORMATION OR COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES HAVING AN IMPACT ON OTHER TECHNOLOGY AREAS
- Y04S—SYSTEMS INTEGRATING TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO POWER NETWORK OPERATION, COMMUNICATION OR INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES FOR IMPROVING THE ELECTRICAL POWER GENERATION, TRANSMISSION, DISTRIBUTION, MANAGEMENT OR USAGE, i.e. SMART GRIDS
- Y04S10/00—Systems supporting electrical power generation, transmission or distribution
- Y04S10/12—Monitoring or controlling equipment for energy generation units, e.g. distributed energy generation [DER] or load-side generation
- Y04S10/126—Monitoring or controlling equipment for energy generation units, e.g. distributed energy generation [DER] or load-side generation the energy generation units being or involving electric vehicles [EV] or hybrid vehicles [HEV], i.e. power aggregation of EV or HEV, vehicle to grid arrangements [V2G]
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y04—INFORMATION OR COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES HAVING AN IMPACT ON OTHER TECHNOLOGY AREAS
- Y04S—SYSTEMS INTEGRATING TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO POWER NETWORK OPERATION, COMMUNICATION OR INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES FOR IMPROVING THE ELECTRICAL POWER GENERATION, TRANSMISSION, DISTRIBUTION, MANAGEMENT OR USAGE, i.e. SMART GRIDS
- Y04S30/00—Systems supporting specific end-user applications in the sector of transportation
- Y04S30/10—Systems supporting the interoperability of electric or hybrid vehicles
- Y04S30/14—Details associated with the interoperability, e.g. vehicle recognition, authentication, identification or billing
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y04—INFORMATION OR COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES HAVING AN IMPACT ON OTHER TECHNOLOGY AREAS
- Y04S—SYSTEMS INTEGRATING TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO POWER NETWORK OPERATION, COMMUNICATION OR INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES FOR IMPROVING THE ELECTRICAL POWER GENERATION, TRANSMISSION, DISTRIBUTION, MANAGEMENT OR USAGE, i.e. SMART GRIDS
- Y04S50/00—Market activities related to the operation of systems integrating technologies related to power network operation or related to communication or information technologies
- Y04S50/10—Energy trading, including energy flowing from end-user application to grid
Definitions
- the invention relates to the management of the power supply of a local energy transmission network.
- the invention relates more precisely to a method and a system for managing the power supply of such a network and a device for controlling said system.
- the tariff grid of the Electricity of France includes a first price called “HC Hollow Hours” and a second price called “Full Hours HP”.
- the price per kilowatt hour in “off-peak hours” is lower than the price per kilowatt hour in "peak hours”.
- the "Off-peak hours” correspond to the periods of the day when EDF found that the overall demand for electricity in the French territory (individual and industrial consumption) is lower: for example from 10 pm to 6 am, and the "Hours""full” are placed from 6 am to 10 pm
- This tariff schedule has the dual benefit of allowing EDF to reduce the use of backup energy sources (thermal power plants) to offset peaks in energy demand by distributing energy demand and allowing consumers reduce their electricity bill if they switch on their electrical equipment during the time periods when the energy is cheaper, for example during the "Hollow Hours".
- supplementary energy sources are considered to be more expensive and more harmful to the environment than conventional energy sources such as nuclear power plants.
- simple incentive rate schedules have the advantage of being easily taken into account by consumers who can choose at night, for example, to switch on their energy-intensive equipment (washing machine, etc.).
- the object of the present invention is to reduce the bill of energy supply of a domestic electricity network by taking advantage of new energy storage means available in individual homes while avoiding the increasing complexity of energy tariff schedules adapted by the energy provider operator.
- the present invention provides an automatic and adaptive power supply management method and system for reducing the energy bill provided based on the above finding.
- Adaptive means here that the proposed method and system evaluate the energy bill continuously over time according to the total level of energy supplied (including the level of energy consumed directly by the client device plus if there is the level energy stored in the storage medium) and the time of supply of this energy level.
- the subject of the invention is a system for managing the power supply of a client device connected to a local energy transport network, said system comprising a connected switching device. network audit, the client device being able to supply energy through the switching device,
- said system comprising energy storage means connected to said network through the switching device,
- the switching device is able to be configured according to:
- Said system further comprises a control device comprising means for comparing an instantaneous level of energy stored in the storage means with a local load threshold of the storage means associated with each time period and means for determining and assigning to the switching device a configuration mode among the first, second and third configuration modes according to the result of said comparison.
- control device comprises means of comparison between the instantaneous level of energy stored in the storage means at the start of the time period and a first and a second current load thresholds of the storage means associated with each time period and means for determining the local threshold from the result of said comparison.
- determination and assignment means are able to determine and assign to the switching device when the client device (DCL) requires energy:
- the third mode when the instantaneous level of energy is equal to the local threshold.
- the switching device is able to deliver to the control device at the end of each time period a first level of energy supplied by the operator to the client device and a second level of energy provided by the operator by means of storing energy during said time period.
- control device is adapted to determine a first vector of n elements ( ⁇ ⁇ ..., p ,, p n ) which correspond to the energy prices of the tariff grid classified in ascending order, and two second vectors n elements which are load thresholds of the storage means associated with the prices ( ⁇ ⁇ ..., p ,, p n ) where i is an integer between 1 and n, the control device being further adapted to determining the first and second current thresholds from the first and second vectors and said tariff grid.
- control device comprises means for updating, at the end of each time cycle, the value of the elements of the two second vectors from a result of comparison between a real cost of the supply by the operator of a total energy level and 2n fictitious costs, where the total level is equal to the sum of the first energy level and the second energy level during said time periods and where the fictitious costs result from 2n simulations performed by the device of the cost of a supply of energy by the operator to said system, considering a level of energy provided by the operator to the client device during said time periods equal to the first energy level and considering successively 2n associations composed of the first vector and a second fictitious vector where the second imaginary vector comprises n elements (LTLL ..., LTLi + ⁇ , ..., LTL N ) and the second fictitious vector has n elements (HTL HTLi + ⁇ , HTI_n), where ⁇ is a positive integer stored in the control device (GWY ).
- the switching device is furthermore capable of being configured according to:
- the means for determining and assigning the control device are able to determine and assign to the switching device:
- the fourth mode if the instantaneous level of energy is strictly lower than the local threshold
- the fifth mode if the instantaneous level of energy is greater than or equal to the local threshold.
- the object of the invention is, according to a second aspect, a control device for a system for managing the power supply of a client device connected to a local energy transport network, the client device being able to be powered by energy through a switching device connected to said network, an operator supplying energy to said network according to a tariff schedule according to which the time is decomposed into successive time cycles, each time cycle being divided into a number m greater than or equal to 2 of successive periods of time during which said energy is billed at a price corresponding to said period.
- the control device comprises:
- a second means comprising an association of a first vector of n elements ( ⁇ ⁇ ..., p ,, p n ) corresponding to the energy prices of the tariff grid classified in ascending order and of two second vectors comprising each n elements which are load thresholds of the storage means associated with the prices (Pi, p., p n ), where i is an integer between 1 and n, said second means being further configured to determine a first and a second current load thresholds from said association and said tariff grid, said means being further adapted to determine a local load threshold of the storage means from a comparison between an instantaneous level of energy stored in the medium at the start of time period and said first and second current thresholds associated with said time period;
- a third means for determining and assigning in real time a configuration mode to the switching device on the basis of a comparison between: the instantaneous level that said third means is able to receive in real time from said storage means;
- the object of the invention is, according to a third aspect, a method of managing the power supply of a client device connected to a local energy transport network, the device being able to require energy through a device switching device connected to said network, an operator supplying energy to said network through said device according to a tariff schedule according to which the time is decomposed into successive time cycles, each time cycle being divided into a number m greater than or equal to 2 periods successive time periods during which said energy is billed at a price corresponding to said period, energy storage means being connected to said network through the switching device configured according to a first mode in which the means supplies energy to the device client or a second mode in which the operator provides energy simultaneously to the device clien and energy storage means, or a third mode in which the operator provides power exclusively to the client device.
- the method comprises the steps of:
- PSD local load level of the storage means
- the method comprises the steps of:
- FIG. 1 represents a system for managing the power supply of a local energy transport network according to one embodiment of the invention
- FIGS. 2a, 2b, 2c, 2d, 2e represent the energy flows in said management system when the COM switching device that it comprises is respectively configured according to a first, a second, a third and a fourth mode;
- FIG. 3 represents the temporal evolution over a duration of a time cycle C1 of the instantaneous level SEL of energy stored in the PSD energy storage means of the system according to the embodiment of the invention
- FIG. 4 represents the time evolution of the thresholds of current charges QTL.T1, QTL T2 , QTL13 , QTL T4 , QTL Tr , QTL T2 ', QTL T3 ', QTL T4 ', over a duration corresponding to two successive time cycles.
- FIG. 5 schematically represents an exemplary architecture of a GWY control device according to one embodiment of the invention
- FIG. 6a illustrates the local threshold value QTLn of charge determined by the device GWY for a particular embodiment of the invention where a single threshold TL T i is associated with the price q T1 of the energy supplied during the time period
- FIG. 6b shows the local load threshold values QTLn determined by the device GWY as a function of the instantaneous level SEL
- FIG. 7 represents a flow chart of a method according to the embodiment of the invention where two thresholds LTLn, HTLn are associated with the price q T1 of the energy supplied during the time period T
- FIG. 1 represents a local energy transport network DEN comprising at least one client device DCL configured to consume the energy conveyed on said network DEN.
- local power transmission network is meant a power transmission network in which energy access is centralized on a particular node where a switching device COM can be placed. This switching device COM is configured to control the power supply of the entire local network DEN.
- the DEN network equips an individual dwelling unit: this is called a home network.
- the local energy transmission networks DEN are not limited to domestic networks only and can also equip industrial production units: for example a building with industrial equipment operating from energy provided by a source of energy external to the DEN network.
- the DEN network is a local electricity transmission network. But it goes without saying that the embodiment of the invention is not limited to the management of the power supply of local electricity transmission networks.
- a PSD energy storage means is connected to the network DEN via the device COM.
- the DCL client device that is connected to the electrical network DEN can be supplied with electrical energy either by electricity stored in the PSD energy storage means or by electricity directly supplied by a power provider operator.
- PSO for example electricity from a source of electrical energy external to the DEN network.
- the origin of the electricity consumed by the DCL device is defined by the configuration mode of the COM device. For example, placed in a particular configuration mode, the switching device COM may allow a PSO operator to supply power to the client devices connected to the network DEN by a source of energy outside the local network. Placed in another particular configuration mode, the switching device COM can also block the power supply of the DEN network by the operator PSO and transform the energy storage means into a source of energy for the client devices connected to the DEN network.
- the PSD storage means is preferably a fixed means related to the dwelling unit. But it can also include moving parts such as for example an electric battery of a motor vehicle with a capacity of energy storage only when the vehicle is stored close to the dwelling and the vehicle battery is connected to the local network via the COM device.
- the operator PSO is the sole electricity supplier of the network and that it supplies electricity from a single source external to the network DEN.
- the energy produced by said source is conveyed to the network by the operator PSO.
- the energy stored in the PSD storage means may also be provided previously by the PSO operator and also comes from said EPS source.
- the energy source is for example a nuclear power plant, it goes without saying that the energy provided by the PSO operator can be produced by several sources simultaneously.
- the operator PSO has an infinite capacity to supply electrical energy: that is to say that the operator PSO can without limitation arrive to supply as much energy as the (or the DCL client device (s) DCN required and (if necessary) simultaneously charge energy also PSD energy storage means.
- the PSD storage means has a finite and determined CAP storage capacity.
- the PSD storage means can continue to store energy until the instantaneous energy level SEL contained therein does not exceed CAP.
- the PSD storage means constitutes a power source for supplying the DEN network as long as the instantaneous level SEL of energy it contains is greater than 0.
- the power source and the PSD storage means are both connected to the DEN network through the COM switching device which can be configured as follows:
- a first mode shown diagrammatically in FIG. 2a, in which the PSD energy storage means supplies the DCL client device alone with the energy it contains through the switching device COM; or
- a second mode shown diagrammatically in FIG. 2b, in which the operator PSO supplies energy to the client device DCL and simultaneously charges energy (that is to say supplies power) to the PSD storage means through the COM switching device; or
- a third mode shown schematically in FIG. 2c, in which the operator PSO supplies energy exclusively to the client device DCL; or
- a fourth mode shown diagrammatically in FIG. 2d, in which only the energy storage means PSD is charged with energy by the external source through the switching device COM; or
- FIG. 2e A fifth mode, shown schematically in FIG. 2e, in which the DCL client device is not powered and the PSD energy storage means is not charged with energy by the EPS source.
- the arrows in fine lines represent the information flows
- the arrows in thick lines represent a flow of energy.
- a flash represents the source of power supplying the DCL client device.
- a control device GWY determines the configuration mode among the first, second, third, fourth or fifth mode from information on the current load level SEL of the storage means PSD (which may also be described further as the value of the instantaneous energy level SEL stored in the storage means PSD) and a local load threshold information which corresponds to a charging objective of the PSD storage means.
- the control device GWY assigns to the switching device COM the configuration mode that it determines. This determination and assignment are performed in real time, that is, at the rate at which the GWY device receives the information on the current load level SEL of the PSD storage means.
- control device More specifically, as shown in FIG. 5, the control device
- GWY comprises means M3 which determines the configuration mode MOD of the switching device COM so that the instantaneous level SEL of the energy stored in the storage means is greater than or equal to a local load threshold which corresponds to a energy level stored in the storage means which is a target level. It will be specified later in the description, the way in which the configuration modes of the device COM are determined by the control device GWY.
- a particular aspect of the invention is that the local load threshold of the PSD energy storage means is not constant over time and takes a value that is related to the price of energy that can be provided by the PSO operator at this time.
- a first part describes a first embodiment of the invention in which a single threshold is associated with each energy price provided by the PSO operator.
- the first embodiment described is obviously a special case of the second embodiment and corresponds to a situation where the two thresholds have equal values. It seems simpler to explain in detail the first embodiment before starting that of the second embodiment. This is all the more justified since it should be noted that the fictitious cost calculation step of the second embodiment of the invention is identical to the similar step of the first embodiment as will be shown later. .
- time cycles C1, C2 are divided into a number m of successive time periods ⁇ , .., T j , ..., T m during which the energy provided by the PSO operator supplied is billed at the price q T i, ..., q-rj, ⁇ , q-rm-
- time cycles C1
- This fee schedule applies to all successive time cycles.
- the variation of the amount invoiced from one time cycle to the other is solely a function of the energy level provided by the operator PSO and the time period during Ti, T 2 , T 3 , T 4 which this supply has location.
- the proposed method and system can operate with a cycle time different from the 24 hours and a number m of periods also different from 4 provided that it is greater than 2.
- the duration of the time periods has not effect.
- a first vector V1 is constituted.
- the first vector V1 has n elements ⁇ ⁇ ..., p ,, p n which correspond to the energy prices appearing in the tariff grid.
- the elements p are ranked in ascending order.
- n is an integer greater than or equal to 2, that is, the tariff grid includes at least two different prices, n is naturally a number less than or equal to m because a price may be used for two different time periods and for i between 1 and n-1, it is less than p i + 1 .
- the first vector V1 is stored in a means M2 of the control device GWY shown in FIG.
- n 3 because there are 3 different prices in the tariff grid q T1 , q T2 , q, q TM and, the first vector V1 is worth (1, 10, 50).
- the value of the elements of the first vector V1 is not modified.
- This load threshold constitutes a target value, that is to say that regardless of its initial value, the instantaneous level SEL must aim to rally the value of the load threshold TL ,.
- the values TLi, TL 2 , TL 3 are initialized arbitrarily by the means M2.
- the initialization of the values of the elements of the second vector V2 is performed in such a way that the value of the i-th element TL, of the second vector V2 is greater than that of the i + 1-th element TL i + 1 of the second vector V2 for any number i (in example i is between 1 and 2). It will be seen later that the value of the elements TL, is modified over time, nevertheless it has already been pointed out that it is economically more favorable to charge the PSD storage means to a higher level when the price of energy is low only when it is high.
- the means M2 assigns to the value of the i-th element TL, of the second vector V2 the value of the element TL M of the second vector V2 for the temporal cycle next. For example, if the value of p 2 is modified, the value of Tl_i is assigned to the second element TL 2 of the second vector V2.
- the means M2 thus comprises an association of a first vector V1 comprising 3 elements p ⁇ p 2 , P3 which are energy prices supplied by the source and a second vector V2 also comprising 3 elements Tl_i, TL 2 , TL 3 which are load thresholds of the PSD storage means associated with the prices p ⁇ p 2 , p 3 .
- the means M2 also determines a current load threshold QTLn, QTL T2 , QTL T 3, QTL.T4 from said association of the first and second vectors V1, V2 and the tariff grid indicating the price q T1 , q T2 , qT3, qT4 of the energy supplied by the source during the current period ⁇ , T 2 , T 3, T 4 .
- the average M2 assigns to the current load threshold QTL- ⁇ the value of the element Tl_i, TL 2 , TL 3 of the second vector V2 which corresponds (that is to say that it bears the same index i) to the element p ⁇ p 2 , p 3 of the first vector V1 equal to the price q Ti .
- the current load threshold (QTLn, QTL T2 , QTL T3 , QTL T4 ) is (50, 20,
- the means M2 determines (in step S2.2) a first and a second current threshold (QLTL Tj , QHTL Tj ) from a first vector V1 and two second vectors V2L, V2H and then to the next step (step S3.1) it determines a local threshold QTLTJ.
- the first threshold QLTL Tj is equal to the second threshold QHTL Tj and the local threshold (QTL Tj ) is equal to the current threshold QTLTJ of charge.
- the means M2 comprises:
- the means for receiving the tariff grid receives said tariff grid directly from the PSO operator by a channel different from that by which the energy is conveyed to the local energy transport network DEN, for example an internet connection.
- the tariff grid is sent by the PSO operator to the control device GWY by the same way that the energy is conveyed to the local network DEN.
- the tariff grid can be extracted at the level of the switching device COM and sent by it to the control device GWY. It is this situation which is illustrated in FIG. 1.
- the tariff grid is sent by the operator for example in the form of power line information (CPL).
- the means M3 (also shown in FIG. 5) of the control device GWY comprises:
- the COM switching device means for placing the COM switching device in a first mode in which the PSD energy storage means supplies power to the DCL client device, when the at least one DCL client device requires power and the instantaneous level SEL of energy is strictly greater than the current threshold QTLn, QTL T2 , QTL ⁇ 3 , QTL T4 of charge,
- FIG. 3 illustrates a time evolution of the instantaneous level SEL of energy stored in the PSD storage means when the means M3 of the control device GWY determines and assigns the configuration mode of the switching device COM.
- FIG. 3 illustrates the evolution of the instantaneous energy level SEL for the first embodiment of the invention (where a single current load threshold is linked to each energy price and therefore to each time period).
- the current load thresholds QTLn, QTL T 2, QTL T 3 and QTL T4 corresponding to the example treated are represented by a thick horizontal line covering the duration of a time period.
- the instantaneous energy level SEL can change between the value 0 for which the PSD energy storage means is empty and the value CAP which represents the maximum capacity of the PSD means.
- the CAP capacitance of the PSD energy storage means is 100.
- N IT , TI of the PSD energy storage means is known to the GWY control device as any instantaneous level SEL of energy stored in the PSD storage means. More generally, the SEL value
- the control device GWY determines and assigns to the device COM one of the configuration modes MOD according to a comparison between an instantaneous level SEL of energy stored in the storage means PSD and the local threshold QTLn, QTL T2 , QTL T3 , QTL T4 of the current time period ⁇ , T 2 , T 3 , T 4 .
- the client device DCL consumes energy continuously and with a constant level over the four time periods ⁇ , T 2 , T 3 , T 4, that is to say that it requires a energy level per unit of time that is constant.
- the control device GWY and assigned to the switching device COM.
- Other hypotheses would naturally lead to the determination of other configuration modes.
- the value of the instantaneous level SEL of energy is equal to SEL
- the PSD energy storage means is no longer powered and the instantaneous energy level SEL is constant until the end of the time period T At the start of the time period T 2 , the instantaneous energy level SEL decreases. continuously at a speed that depends on the energy level required by the DCL device per unit of time. The increasing slope of the evolution of the SEL level during the first configuration mode depends on the charging speed of the PSD energy storage means.
- the control device GWY always determines and assigns the first configuration mode to the switching device COM because the instantaneous level SEL of energy, even if it decreases, remains always higher than the local load threshold levels (respectively QTL T2 over the time period T 2 and QTL T3 over the time period T 3 ): the instantaneous energy level SEL therefore decreases until the instantaneous energy level SEL reaches the local threshold value QTL T3 .
- the control device GWY determines the third mode of configuration, that is to say that the PSD energy storage means is no longer energized and the instantaneous energy level SEL is constant until the end of the time period T 3 .
- control device GWY determines and assigns the second configuration mode to the switching device COM until the instantaneous level SEL of energy reaches the value of the local QTL T4 load threshold then it determines and assigns the third configuration mode to the COM switching device.
- the bill of energy consumption can be established as follows from the determination of the power consumption of the DCL client device and the PSD storage means:
- the first level PRLu, PRL T 2, PRL T 3, PRL T4 of energy consumed by the client device DCL is known to the switching device COM at the end of each time period.
- the information of the energy consumption of the client device DCL can therefore be delivered by means M 1 of the control device GWY at this time.
- the energy consumption of the PSD energy storage means is also known from the switching device COM.
- the PSD energy storage means When the configuration mode assigned to the switching device COM is the first mode, the PSD energy storage means is not loaded with energy: the latter therefore consumes no energy.
- the instantaneous level SEL of energy increases which corresponds to a power consumption provided by the operator PSO.
- This energy consumption of the PSD energy storage means is illustrated by the shaded area (of triangular shape for our example) appearing under the evolution curve of the instantaneous level SEL of energy at the times when this instantaneous level SEL increases. .
- PLL T 3 PLL T4 of energy consumed by the PSD energy storage means is known to the switching device COM at the end of each time period.
- the information of the energy consumption of the PSD energy storage means can therefore be delivered by means M1 of the GWY control device at this time.
- PLLu, PLL T 2, PLL T 3, PLL T4 (5, 0, 0, 10).
- the switching device COM delivers to the control device GWY at the end of each time period ⁇ , T 2 , T 3 , T 4 a first level PRLu, PRL T 2, PRL T 3, PRL T4 of energy supplied. to the at least one DCL client device during said time period ⁇ , T 2 , T 3 , T 4 and a second level PLLu, PLL T 2, PLL T 3, PLL T4 of energy loaded into the storage means of PSD energy supplied by the PSO operator during said time period ⁇ , T 2 , T 3 , T 4 .
- the GWY control device comprises:
- a means M6 for summing the first m 4 costs CR T i, CR T2 , CR T3 , CR T4 evaluated at the end of the time cycle to obtain, at the end of said time cycle, a actual cost SCR1 of supplying energy by the PSO operator during said time cycle;
- DCL and means PSD on the current time cycle C1 by making assumptions concerning:
- the 3 simulations performed correspond to the evaluation of fictitious energy bills in situations that could have been encountered if a local load threshold value corresponding to one of the time periods ⁇ , T 2 , T 3 , T 4 differed from the thresholds QTL load cells T i, QTL T 2, QTL T 3, QTL T4 actually considered for the time cycle C1.
- the GWY control device further comprises:
- the GWY control device has a share of the actual cost SCR1 corresponding to the cost of supply of energy actually invoiced and, on the other hand, 3 fictitious costs SCF1, SCF2, SCF3 corresponding to situations not encountered in reality.
- the GWY control device further comprises:
- the means M2 comprises:
- FIG. 6a is a representation, corresponding to the first embodiment of the invention, of the fields of use of the configuration modes, when the DCL device requires energy.
- a single charge threshold QTLn is associated with the price q T1 of the energy supplied by the operator PSO during the time period T1.
- the configuration mode determined by the device GWY is the second mode.
- the configuration mode determined by the device GWY is the first mode.
- the configuration mode determined by the device GWY is the third mode.
- two load thresholds LTLj and H TU are associated with a price pi of the energy supplied by the operator PSO.
- a first difference is that the device GWY determines, in a step S2.1, a first and a second second vector V2L and V2H rather than a single second vector V2.
- the first second vector V2L has n elements (LTL ⁇ LTL,;, LTL n ) .
- the second vector V2H comprises n elements (HTLL HTL,; HTL n ).
- the means M2 of the device GWY determines a first and a second current threshold (QLTLn, QLTL T j, QLTL-rm), (QHTL.T1, ... QHTL Tj , QHTL Tm ) of charge of the PSD storage means associated with each time period ⁇ , T j , T m .
- QLTL Tj is less than QHTL Tj .
- this step 2.2 aims at determining a single threshold (QTLn, QTL Tj , QTL Tm ) of charge of the PSD storage means associated with each time period ⁇ , T j , T m .,
- the means M2 of the device GWY determines a local threshold QTL T j from a comparison between an instantaneous level SEL
- Figure 6b illustrates this determination of the local threshold QTL Tj .
- the first and second load threshold (QLTLn, QHTLn where QLTLn ⁇
- QHTL-n are associated with the price of energy supplied during the period Ti.
- the local threshold QTLn determined by the device GWY is the first threshold QLTLn of charge.
- the local threshold QTLn determined by the device GWY is the second threshold QHTLude load.
- T TI of charge is greater than or equal to QLTI_TI and less than or equal to QHTLn
- the local threshold QTLn determined by the device GWY is the instantaneous level SEL
- Step S3.3 is identical for the first and second embodiments of the invention.
- the DCL device requires energy over the entire period this step can lead to at most two modifications of the configuration mode: in a time period T the device GWY can assign to the device COM successively the second mode then third mode or the first mode then the third mode during said time period ⁇ .
- Step S4 to evaluate an actual cost SCR1 of the supply by the operator
- PSO of a total level SP T i, SP Tj , SP Tm of energy is identical for the first and the second embodiment of the invention.
- Step S5 which relates to the evaluation of fictitious costs differs for the first and the second embodiment of the invention. The following paragraph will present these differences.
- a first difference is in the number of fictitious costs evaluated: 2n for the second embodiment and n for the first embodiment.
- the fictitious costs SCLF SCLF ,, SCLF N , SCH FL SCH F ,, SCHFn result from 2n simulations carried out by the device GWY of the cost of a supply of energy by the operator PSO to the device system DCL and means PSD.
- the energy level provided by the PSO operator to the client device DCL during said time periods ⁇ , T j , T m equal to the first level PRLu, PRL T j, PRL Tm of energy.
- step S5 the mean M5 simulates operation means M1, M2, M3 by considering successively 2n associations (V1, V2LF2,, V2LF2,), (V1, V2HF2,, V2HF2,) composed of the first vector V1, and a second imaginary vector VLF2i , VHF2i where the second imaginary vector VLF2, comprises n elements LTL ⁇ LTLi + ⁇ , LTI_n and the second imaginary vector VLF2, comprises n elements HTLL ..., ⁇ _, + ⁇ , HTI_n, where ⁇ is a positive integer stored in the means M2.
- This step is similar to that implemented in the first embodiment of the invention, in the second embodiment: it is implemented twice in the second embodiment to obtain the 2n fictitious costs.
- the main advantage of the various embodiments of the invention presented above is to reduce the amount of the bill of energy supply of the housing unit that is equipped with it ... while releasing its or its occupants constraints related to the time of energy consumption, that is to say, constraints related to the time of startup of household equipment.
- constraints related to the time of energy consumption that is to say, constraints related to the time of startup of household equipment.
- a third advantage of these embodiments lies in the simplicity of their deployment on a domestic electrical network of an individual dwelling unit.
- the embodiments of the invention essentially comprise or implement a PSD energy storage means, a COM switching device and a GWY control device.
- PSD energy storage means As mentioned above, it is becoming more common today that housing units include such PSD energy storage means, and in the future the presence of these means will probably develop rapidly. in connection with the development of electric vehicles.
- the device COM provides a configurable switch function that can be easily integrated in the energy path leading to the local energy network for example within a "smart meter" or even at the storage medium level. PSD energy.
- the GWY device that configure the mode of the COM device can be integrated for example either to an access gateway of a communication network of the dwelling unit having information storage means and computing means or to the same "counter clever ".
- the new smart meters are adapted to provide a real-time report on the level of energy supplied to the housing unit that is equipped.
- the embodiment masks to the operator some of the information on the lifestyle of the occupants of the unit. residential. For example, it makes it impossible to detect a human presence in an individual dwelling unit on the basis of a single piece of electrical energy supply information for the dwelling unit, since this supply of energy may be intended to to increase the charge level of the energy storage means and not to respond to the consumption of a device of the local network.
- the second embodiment of the invention is well suited to situations where the PSD energy storage means has a yield less than 100% (both for storing energy and / or for restoring it) because the existence the first and second load threshold makes it possible to favor the situation where the DCL client device is powered directly by the operator and without loss.
- it has the disadvantage of being more expensive in terms of the number of calculations since it requires 2n fictitious price evaluations and 2n price comparisons when only n fictitious price evaluations and n price comparisons are required for the first mode of calculation. production.
- the means M3 comprises:
- the PSD energy storage means supplies power to the DCL client device, when the DCL client device requires energy and the instantaneous energy SEL level is strictly greater than the local threshold QTLn, ..., QTL Tj , ..., QTL Tm ;
- the means M2 comprises:
- the GWY control device further comprises:
- said means M5 simulates an operation of the means M1, M2, M3 by considering successively 2n associations V1, V2LF2i , V2LF2i, V1, V2HF2i , V2HF2i composed of the first vector V1, and a second dummy vector VLF2,, VHF2i wherein the second dummy vector VLF2 comprises n elements LTL LTLi ⁇ + ⁇ , LTL n and the second dummy vector VLF2 comprises n elements J, ..., ⁇ , + ⁇ , HTL n, where ⁇ is a positive integer stored in the means M2;
- the means M2 further comprises:
- the means M3 further comprises:
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- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Business, Economics & Management (AREA)
- Emergency Management (AREA)
- Management, Administration, Business Operations System, And Electronic Commerce (AREA)
- Supply And Distribution Of Alternating Current (AREA)
- Charge And Discharge Circuits For Batteries Or The Like (AREA)
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Description
Claims
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP12706203.2A EP2668706A2 (fr) | 2011-01-25 | 2012-01-24 | Gestion de l'alimentation en energie d'un reseau local de transport d'energie |
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP20110305073 EP2479862A1 (fr) | 2011-01-25 | 2011-01-25 | Gestion de l'alimentation en énergie d'un réseau local de transport d'énergie |
| EP12706203.2A EP2668706A2 (fr) | 2011-01-25 | 2012-01-24 | Gestion de l'alimentation en energie d'un reseau local de transport d'energie |
| PCT/EP2012/051028 WO2012101113A2 (fr) | 2011-01-25 | 2012-01-24 | Gestion de l'alimentation en energie d'un reseau local de transport d'energie |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP2668706A2 true EP2668706A2 (fr) | 2013-12-04 |
Family
ID=44675353
Family Applications (2)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP20110305073 Withdrawn EP2479862A1 (fr) | 2011-01-25 | 2011-01-25 | Gestion de l'alimentation en énergie d'un réseau local de transport d'énergie |
| EP12706203.2A Withdrawn EP2668706A2 (fr) | 2011-01-25 | 2012-01-24 | Gestion de l'alimentation en energie d'un reseau local de transport d'energie |
Family Applications Before (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP20110305073 Withdrawn EP2479862A1 (fr) | 2011-01-25 | 2011-01-25 | Gestion de l'alimentation en énergie d'un réseau local de transport d'énergie |
Country Status (6)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US20140088785A1 (fr) |
| EP (2) | EP2479862A1 (fr) |
| JP (1) | JP6046054B2 (fr) |
| KR (1) | KR20140003507A (fr) |
| CN (1) | CN103444038B (fr) |
| WO (1) | WO2012101113A2 (fr) |
Families Citing this family (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE102011107628A1 (de) * | 2011-06-30 | 2013-01-03 | Rwe Ag | Ladevorrichtung für elektrofahrzeuge und verfahren zum laden von elektrofahrzeugen |
| CN110474330B (zh) * | 2019-08-22 | 2023-04-18 | 电子科技大学 | 一种并网式混合能源系统的太阳能投资优化方法 |
| CN113500940B (zh) * | 2021-07-08 | 2022-06-28 | 东北电力大学 | 一种基于粒子群算法的电动汽车有序充放电动态优化策略 |
| CN113885511B (zh) * | 2021-10-22 | 2023-12-12 | 温州大学乐清工业研究院 | 一种断路器柔性装配机器人的轨迹优化方法 |
| CN117638957B (zh) * | 2023-10-23 | 2024-07-16 | 国网江苏省电力有限公司南通供电分公司 | 一种基于分布式电源接入的无功优化系统方法及系统 |
Family Cites Families (14)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US5929538A (en) * | 1997-06-27 | 1999-07-27 | Abacus Controls Inc. | Multimode power processor |
| JP4409692B2 (ja) * | 1999-12-28 | 2010-02-03 | 三菱電機株式会社 | エレベータの制御装置 |
| KR100700817B1 (ko) * | 2000-09-29 | 2007-03-27 | 마쯔시다덴기산교 가부시키가이샤 | 전력수급관리시스템 |
| KR100437004B1 (ko) * | 2001-01-17 | 2004-07-02 | 미츠비시 쥬고교 가부시키가이샤 | 스크롤형 압축기 |
| US7385373B2 (en) * | 2003-06-30 | 2008-06-10 | Gaia Power Technologies, Inc. | Intelligent distributed energy storage system for demand side power management |
| US7274975B2 (en) * | 2005-06-06 | 2007-09-25 | Gridpoint, Inc. | Optimized energy management system |
| JP2007166818A (ja) * | 2005-12-15 | 2007-06-28 | Sharp Corp | 電源システムおよびその制御方法 |
| US7590472B2 (en) * | 2006-11-09 | 2009-09-15 | Gridpoint, Inc. | Energy arbitrage by load shifting |
| US20100017045A1 (en) * | 2007-11-30 | 2010-01-21 | Johnson Controls Technology Company | Electrical demand response using energy storage in vehicles and buildings |
| US8872379B2 (en) * | 2007-11-30 | 2014-10-28 | Johnson Controls Technology Company | Efficient usage, storage, and sharing of energy in buildings, vehicles, and equipment |
| US20100306027A1 (en) * | 2009-06-02 | 2010-12-02 | International Business Machines Corporation | Net-Metering In A Power Distribution System |
| JP5465949B2 (ja) * | 2009-08-07 | 2014-04-09 | 本田技研工業株式会社 | 電力供給システム |
| JP5520574B2 (ja) * | 2009-11-06 | 2014-06-11 | パナソニック株式会社 | 電力融通システム |
| US20110125337A1 (en) * | 2010-08-30 | 2011-05-26 | Vyacheslav Zavadsky | Household appliance adapted to work with time of use electricity rates |
-
2011
- 2011-01-25 EP EP20110305073 patent/EP2479862A1/fr not_active Withdrawn
-
2012
- 2012-01-24 CN CN201280015259.2A patent/CN103444038B/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2012-01-24 JP JP2013549844A patent/JP6046054B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2012-01-24 WO PCT/EP2012/051028 patent/WO2012101113A2/fr not_active Ceased
- 2012-01-24 EP EP12706203.2A patent/EP2668706A2/fr not_active Withdrawn
- 2012-01-24 KR KR1020137019651A patent/KR20140003507A/ko not_active Withdrawn
- 2012-01-24 US US13/980,971 patent/US20140088785A1/en not_active Abandoned
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| WO2012101113A3 (fr) | 2013-04-11 |
| CN103444038A (zh) | 2013-12-11 |
| US20140088785A1 (en) | 2014-03-27 |
| JP6046054B2 (ja) | 2016-12-14 |
| KR20140003507A (ko) | 2014-01-09 |
| JP2014504845A (ja) | 2014-02-24 |
| WO2012101113A2 (fr) | 2012-08-02 |
| CN103444038B (zh) | 2016-08-17 |
| EP2479862A1 (fr) | 2012-07-25 |
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