EP2653465B1 - Opioid receptor modulators - Google Patents

Opioid receptor modulators Download PDF

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EP2653465B1
EP2653465B1 EP13173454.3A EP13173454A EP2653465B1 EP 2653465 B1 EP2653465 B1 EP 2653465B1 EP 13173454 A EP13173454 A EP 13173454A EP 2653465 B1 EP2653465 B1 EP 2653465B1
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phenyl
dimethyl
methyl
hydroxy
pharmaceutical dosage
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EP2653465A1 (en
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Henry J. Breslin
Chaozhong Cai
Wei He
Robert W. Kavash
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Janssen Pharmaceutica NV
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Janssen Pharmaceutica NV
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Priority to RS20160843A priority Critical patent/RS55122B1/en
Priority to EP16178050.7A priority patent/EP3112352B1/en
Priority to MEP-2016-232A priority patent/ME02540B/en
Priority to SI200532091A priority patent/SI2653465T1/en
Priority to DK16178050.7T priority patent/DK3112352T3/en
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    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/41—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with two or more ring hetero atoms, at least one of which being nitrogen, e.g. tetrazole
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    • C07D233/54—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazole or hydrogenated 1,3-diazole rings, not condensed with other rings having two double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
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    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/41—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with two or more ring hetero atoms, at least one of which being nitrogen, e.g. tetrazole
    • A61K31/4164—1,3-Diazoles
    • A61K31/417—Imidazole-alkylamines, e.g. histamine, phentolamine
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
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    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/41—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with two or more ring hetero atoms, at least one of which being nitrogen, e.g. tetrazole
    • A61K31/4164—1,3-Diazoles
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    • A61K9/2806—Coating materials
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    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
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    • A61P1/00—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system
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    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P1/00—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system
    • A61P1/04—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system for ulcers, gastritis or reflux esophagitis, e.g. antacids, inhibitors of acid secretion, mucosal protectants
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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    • A61P1/00—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system
    • A61P1/10—Laxatives
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    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P1/00—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system
    • A61P1/12—Antidiarrhoeals
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
    • A61P25/02—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system for peripheral neuropathies
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
    • A61P25/04—Centrally acting analgesics, e.g. opioids
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
    • A61P25/06—Antimigraine agents
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P29/00—Non-central analgesic, antipyretic or antiinflammatory agents, e.g. antirheumatic agents; Non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs [NSAID]
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    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C237/00—Carboxylic acid amides, the carbon skeleton of the acid part being further substituted by amino groups
    • C07C237/28—Carboxylic acid amides, the carbon skeleton of the acid part being further substituted by amino groups having the carbon atom of at least one of the carboxamide groups bound to a carbon atom of a non-condensed six-membered aromatic ring of the carbon skeleton
    • C07C237/30—Carboxylic acid amides, the carbon skeleton of the acid part being further substituted by amino groups having the carbon atom of at least one of the carboxamide groups bound to a carbon atom of a non-condensed six-membered aromatic ring of the carbon skeleton having the nitrogen atom of the carboxamide group bound to hydrogen atoms or to acyclic carbon atoms
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D233/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazole or hydrogenated 1,3-diazole rings, not condensed with other rings
    • C07D233/54—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazole or hydrogenated 1,3-diazole rings, not condensed with other rings having two double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
    • C07D233/64—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazole or hydrogenated 1,3-diazole rings, not condensed with other rings having two double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with substituted hydrocarbon radicals attached to ring carbon atoms, e.g. histidine
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D233/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazole or hydrogenated 1,3-diazole rings, not condensed with other rings
    • C07D233/54—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazole or hydrogenated 1,3-diazole rings, not condensed with other rings having two double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
    • C07D233/66—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazole or hydrogenated 1,3-diazole rings, not condensed with other rings having two double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D275/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,2-thiazole or hydrogenated 1,2-thiazole rings
    • C07D275/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,2-thiazole or hydrogenated 1,2-thiazole rings condensed with carbocyclic rings or ring systems
    • C07D275/06—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,2-thiazole or hydrogenated 1,2-thiazole rings condensed with carbocyclic rings or ring systems with hetero atoms directly attached to the ring sulfur atom

Definitions

  • the present invention is directed to novel opioid receptor modulators of Formula (I).
  • the invention further relates to methods for preparing such compounds, pharmaceutical compositions containing them, and their use in the treatment of opioid modulated disorders.
  • the compounds of the present invention may also be present in the form of pharmaceutically acceptable salts.
  • the salts of the compounds of this invention refer to non-toxic "pharmaceutically acceptable salts" ( Ref. International J. Pharm., 1986, 33, 201-217 ; J. Pharm.Sci., 1997 (Jan), 66, 1, 1 ).
  • Other salts may, however, be useful in the preparation of compounds according to this invention or of their pharmaceutically acceptable salts.
  • alkyl or aryl or either of their prefix roots appear in a name of a substituent (e.g., arylalkyl, alkylamino) it shall be interpreted as including those limitations given above for "alkyl” and "aryl.”
  • Designated numbers of carbon atoms e.g., C 1 -C 6
  • the designated number of carbon atoms includes all of the independent member included in the range specified individually and all the combination of ranges within in the range specified.
  • terapéuticaally effective amount means that amount of active compound or pharmaceutical agent that elicits the biological or medicinal response in a tissue system, animal or human that is being sought by a researcher, veterinarian, medical doctor or other clinician, which includes alleviation of the symptoms of the disease or disorder being treated.
  • corn, wheat, or potato starch which may be hydrolized), lactose (granulated, spray dried or anhydrous), sucrose, sucrose-based diluents (confectioner's sugar; sucrose plus about 7 to 10 weight percent invert sugar; sucrose plus about 3 weight percent modified dextrins; sucrose plus invert sugar, about 4 weight percent invert sugar, about 0.1 to 0.2 weight percent cornstarch and magnesium stearate), dextrose, inositol, mannitol, sorbitol, microcrystalline cellulose (i.e. AVICELTM microcrystalline cellulose available from FMC Corp.), dicalcium phosphate, calcium sulfate dihydrate, calcium lactate trihydrate and the like.
  • sucrose sucrose-based diluents (confectioner's sugar; sucrose plus about 7 to 10 weight percent invert sugar; sucrose plus about 3 weight percent modified dextrins; sucrose plus invert sugar, about 4 weight percent invert sugar, about 0.1 to
  • liquid forms in which the novel compositions of the present invention may be incorporated for administration orally or by injection include, but are not limited to aqueous solutions, suitably flavored syrups, aqueous or oil suspensions, and flavored emulsions with edible oils such as cottonseed oil, sesame oil, coconut oil or peanut oil, as well as elixirs and similar pharmaceutical vehicles.
  • Suitable suspending agents for aqueous suspensions include synthetic and natural gums such as, acacia, agar, alginate (i.e.
  • Compounds of this invention may be administered in any of the foregoing compositions and dosage regimens or by means of those compositions and dosage regimens established in the art whenever treatment of disorders that may be mediated or ameliorated by opioid receptors for a subject in need thereof.
  • R 3 substituents of the present invention in which a carbon atom is the point of attachment may be introduced into a compound of formula B-5 through a transition metal-catalyzed cross coupling reaction to afford compounds of formula B - 6 .
  • Suitable palladium catalysts include palladium tetrakis triphenylphosphine and the like.
  • Suitable Lewis acids for the reaction include boronic acids and the like.
  • Compounds protected with R 5a may be deprotected under acidic conditions to yield compounds of formula B - 7 .
  • This assay is designed to test the ability of a compound to interfere with the binding of tritiated Naltrindole to the human delta subtype 2 opioid receptor.
  • Membranes from Chinese Hamster Ovary cells expressing the human delta subtype 2 opioid receptor (Perkin Elmer #RBHODM400UA) are homogenized in assay buffer (50 mM Tris, pH 7.5 with 5 mM MgCl 2 ) using a glass tissue grinder, Teflon pestle and a Steadfast Stirrer (Fisher Scientific). The concentration of membranes is adjusted to 100 ⁇ g/mL in assay buffer and 100 ⁇ L is dispensed into each well of the assay plate, a 96 well round bottom polypropylene plate.

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Description

    FIELD OF THE INVENTION
  • The present invention is directed to novel opioid receptor modulators of Formula (I). The invention further relates to methods for preparing such compounds, pharmaceutical compositions containing them, and their use in the treatment of opioid modulated disorders.
    • BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
  • The opioid receptors were identified in the mid-1970's, and were quickly categorized into three sub-sets of receptors (mu, delta and kappa). More recently the original three types of receptors have been further divided into subtypes. Also known is that the family of opioid receptors are members of the G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) super-family. More physiologically pertinent are the well established facts that opioid receptors are found throughout the central and peripheral nervous system of many mammalian species, including humans, and that modulation of the respective receptors can elicit numerous, albeit different, biological effects, both desirable and undesirable (D.S. Fries, "Analgesics", in Principles of Medicinal Chemistry, 4th ed.; W.O. Foye, T.L. Lemke, and D.A. Williams, Eds.; Williams and Wilkins: Baltimore, Md., 1995; pp. 247-269; J.V. Aldrich, "Analgesics", Burger's Medicinal Chemistry and Drug Discovery, 5th Edition, Volume 3: Therapeutic Agents, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1996, pp. 321-441). In the most current literature, the likelihood of heterodimerization of the sub-classes of opioid receptors has been reported, with respective physiological responses yet undetermined (Pierre J.M. Riviere and Jean-Louis Junien, "Opioid receptors: Targets for new gastrointestinal drug development", Drug Development 2000, pp. 203-238).
  • A couple biological effects identified for opioid modulators have led to many useful medicinal agents. Most significant are the many centrally acting mu opioid agonist modulators marketed as analgesic agents to attenuate pain (e.g., morphine), as well as peripherally acting mu agonists to regulate motility (e.g., loperamide). Currently, clinical studies are continuing to evaluate medicinal utility of selective delta, mu, and kappa modulators, as well as compounds possessing combined sub-type modulation. It is envisioned such explorations may lead to agents with new utilities, or agents with minimized adverse side effects relative to currently available agents (examples of side effects for morphine includes constipation, respiratory depression, and addiction potential). Some new Gl areas where selective or mixed opioid modulators are currently being evaluated includes potential treatment for various diarrheic syndromes, motility disorders (post-operative ileus, constipation), and visceral pain (post operative pain, irritable bowel syndrome, and inflammatory bowel disorders) (Pierre J. M. Riviere and Jean-Louis Junien, "Opioid receptors: Targets for new gastrointestinal drug development" Drug Development, 2000, pp. 203-238).
  • Around the same time the opioid receptors were identified, the enkephalins were identified as a set of endogenous opioid ligands (D.S. Fries, "Analgesics", in Principles of Medicinal Chemistry, 4th ed.; W.O. Foye; T.L. Lemke, and D.A. Williams, Eds.; Williams and Wilkins: Baltimore, Md., 1995; pp. 247-269). Schiller discovered that truncating the original pentapeptide enkephalins to simplified dipeptides yielded a series of compounds that maintained opioid activity ( Schiller, P. WO 96/06855 ). However one potential drawback cited for such compounds is the likelihood of their inherent instability (P.W. Schiller et al., Int. J. Pept. Protein Res. 1993,41 (3), pp. 313-316).
  • More recently, a series of opioid pseudopeptides containing heteroaromatic or heteroaliphatic nuclei were disclosed, however this series is reported showing a different functional profile than that described in the Schiller works. (L.H. Lazarus et al., Pepfides 2000, 21, pp. 1663-1671)
  • Most recently, works around morphine related structures were reported by Wentland, et al, where carboxamido morphine derivatives and it's analogs were prepared (M.P. Wentland et al., Biorg. Med. Chem. Letters 2001, 11, pp. 1717-1721; M.P. Wentland et al., Biorg. Med. Chem. Letters 2001, 11, pp. 623-626). Wentland found that substitution for the phenol moiety of the morphine related structures with a primary carboxamide led anywhere from equal activities up to 40 fold reduced activities, depending on the opioid receptor and the carboxamide. It was also revealed that any additional N-substitutions on the carboxamide significantly diminished the desired binding activity.
  • Compounds of the present invention have not been previously disclosed and are believed to provide advantages over related compounds by providing improved pharmacological profiles
  • Opioid receptor modulators, agonists or antagonists are useful in the treatment and prevention of various mammalian disease states, for example pain and gastrointestinal disorders such as diarrheic syndromes, motility disorders including post-operative ileus and constipation, and visceral pain including post-operative pain, irritable bowel syndrome and inflammatory bowel disorders.
  • It is an object of the present invention to provide opioid receptor modulators. It is a further object of the invention to provide opioid receptor agonists and opioid receptor antagonists. It is an object of the present invention to provide opioid receptor ligands that are selective for each type of opioid receptor, mu, delta and kappa. It is a further object of the present invention to provide opioid receptor ligands that modulate two or three opioid receptor types, mu, delta and kappa, simultaneously. It is an object of the invention to provide a useful pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of the present invention useful as an opioid receptor modulator.
    • SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
  • The invention relates generally to the compound having the structure
    Figure imgb0001
     Specifically claimed are pharmaceutical dosage formulations suitable for oral administration comprising the compound, uses of the compositions in treatment, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compound. The invention is defined in the appended claims. Also disclosed are compounds of Formula (I)
    Figure imgb0002
    • wherein:
      • 6alkylamino, (C1-6alkylhamino, halogen, carboxy, aryl(C1-6)alkoxycarbonyl, C1-6alkoxycarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, C1-6alkylaminocarbonyl, (C1-6alkyl)2aminocarbonyl, or aminosulfonyl;
      • and, wherein C1-6alkyl of R1 is optionally substituted with one to three substituents independently selected from the group consisting of C1-6alkoxy, aryl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, hydroxy, cyano, amino, C1-6alkylamino, (C1-6alkyl)2amino, halogen, and carboxy;
      • and wherein the aryl and heteroaryl portion of aryl(C1-6)alkyl and heteroaryl(C1-6)alkyl are optionally substituted with one to three R11 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of C1-6alkyl; hydroxy(C1-6)alkyl; C1-6alkoxy; aryl(C1-6)alkyl; aryl(C1-6)alkoxy; aryl; heteroaryl optionally substituted with C1-4alkyl; cycloalkyl; heterocyclyl; aryloxy; heteroaryloxy; cycloalkyloxy; heterocyclyloxy; amino; C1-6alkylamino; (C1-6alkylhamino; C3-6cycloalkylaminocarbonyl; hydroxy(C1-6)alkylaminocarbonyl; arylaminocarbonyl wherein aryl is optionally substituted with carboxy or C1-4alkoxycarbonyl; heterocyclylcarbonyl; carboxy; C1-6alkoxycarbonyl; C1-6alkylcarbonyl; C1-6alkylcarbonylamino; aminocarbonyl; C1-6alkylaminocarbonyl; (C1-6alkyl)2aminocarbonyl; cyano; halogen; trifluoromethyl; trifluoromethoxy; or hydroxy;
    • R2 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C1-8alkyl, hydroxy(C1-8)alkyl, aryl(C1-6)alkoxy(C1-6)alkyl, or aryl(C1-8)alkyl;
      wherein the aryl portion of the aryl-containing substituents of R2 are optionally substituted with one to two substituents independently selected from the group consisting of G1-6alkyl, C1-6alkoxy, hydroxy, amino, C1-6alkylamino, (C1-6alkyl)2amino, aminocarbonyl, C1-6alkylaminocarbonyl, (C1-6alkyl)2aminocarbonyl, cyano, fluoro, chloro, bromo, trifluoromethyl, and trifluoromethoxy; and wherein alkyl and alkoxy substituents of aryl are optionally substituted with hydroxy, amino, C1-6alkylamino, (C1-6alkyl)2amino, or aryl;
    • A is selected from the group consisting of aryl, ring system a-1, a-2, a-3, and a-4, optionally substituted with R3 and R5;
      Figure imgb0003
       wherein
      • A-B is selected from the group consisting of N-C, C-N, N-N and C-C;
      • D-E is selected from the group consisting of O-C, S-C, and O-N;
    • R3 is one to two substituents independently selected from the group consisting of C1-6alkyl, aryl, aryl(C1-6)alkyl, aryl(C2-6)alkenyl, aryl(C2-6)alkynyl, heteroaryl, heteroaryl(C1-6)alkyl, heteroaryl(C2-6)alkenyl, heteroaryl(C2-6)alkynyl, amino, C1-6alkylamino, (C1-6alkyl)2amino, arylamino, heteroarylamino, aryloxy, heteroaryloxy, and halogen;
    • wherein the aryl and heteroaryl portion of R3 are optionally substituted with one to five substituents independently selected from the group consisting of C1-6alkyl, hydroxy(C1-6)alkyl, C1-6alkoxy, aryl(C1-6)alkyl, aryl(C1-6)alkoxy, aryl, aryloxy, heteroaryl(C1-6)alkyl, heteroaryl(C1-6)alkoxy, heteroaryl, heteroaryloxy, arylamino, heteroarylamino, amino, C1-6alkylamino, (C1-6alkyl)2amino, carboxy(C1-6)alkylamino, carboxy, C1-6alkylcarbonyl, C1-6alkoxycarbonyl, C1-6alkylcarbonylamino, aminocarbonyl, C1-6alkylaminocarbonyl, (C1-6alkyl)2aminocarbonyl, carboxy(C1-6)alkylaminocarbonyl, cyano, halogen, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, hydroxy, C1-6alkylsulfonyl, C1-6alkylsulfonylamino, -C(O)-NH-CH(-Rc)-C(O)-NH2, and C1-6alkyl;
    • wherein C1-6alkyl of R3 is optionally substituted with a substituent selected from the group consisting of hydroxy, carboxy, C1-4alkoxycarbonyl, amino, C1-6alkylamino, (C1-6alkyl)2amino, aminocarbonyl, (C1-4)alkylaminocarbonyl, di(C1-4)alkylaminocarbonyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylamino, heteroarylamino, aryloxy, heteroaryloxy, aryl(C1-4)alkoxy, and heteroaryl(C1-4)alkoxy;
    • Rc is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C1-6alkyl, C1-6alkylcarbonyl, C1-6alkoxycarbonyl, C1-6alkylcarbonylamino, aryl(C1-6)alkyl, heteroaryl(C1-6)alkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl;
    • R4 is aryl or heteroaryl; wherein R4 is optionally substituted with one to five substituents independently selected from the group R41; wherein R41 is (C1-6)alkyl, (C1-6)alkoxy, aryl(C1-6)alkoxy, aryl(C1-6)alkylcarbonyloxy, heteroaryl(C1-6)alkylcarbonyloxy, heteroaryl, hydroxy, halogen, aminosulfonyl, formylamino, aminocarbonyl, C1-6alkylaminocarbonyl, (C1-6alkyl)2aminocarbonyl, heterocyclylcarbonyl, carboxy, or cyano; and wherein C1-6alkyl is optionally substituted with amino, C1-6alkylamino, or (C1-6alkyl)zamino; and wherein the aryl portion of aryl(C1-6)alkylcarbonyloxy is optionally substituted with one to four substituents independently selected from the group consisting of (C1-6)alkyl, (C1-6)alkoxy, halogen, cyano, amino, and hydroxy;
    • R5 is a substituent on a nitrogen atom contained in ring A selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C1-4alkyl, and aryl;
    • R6 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and C1-6alkyl;
    • R7 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and C1-6alkyl;
    • Ra and Rb are substituents independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and C1-6alkyl; or, when Ra and Rb are other than hydrogen, Ra and Rb are optionally taken together with the nitrogen to which they are both attached to form a five to eight membered monocyclic ring;
    • L is selected from the group consisting of O, S, and N(Rd); wherein Rd is hydrogen, C1-6alkyl, or aryl;
    and pharmaceutically acceptable enantiomers, diastereomers, racemates, and salts thereof.
  • Also disclosed are compounds of Formula (I)
    Figure imgb0004
     wherein:
    • R1 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C1-6alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl(C1-6)alkyl, and heteroaryl(C1-6)alkyl; wherein when R1 is phenyl(C1-6)alkyl, phenyl is optionally fused to a heterocyclyl or cycloalkyl;
    • wherein when R1 is C1-2alkyl, said C1-2alkyl is optionally substituted with one to two substituents independently selected from the group consisting of C1-6alkoxy, aryl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, hydroxy, cyano, amino, C1-6alkylamino, (C1-6alkyl)2amino, trifluoromethyl, and carboxy;
    • and further, wherein when R1 is C3-6alkyl, said C3-6alkyl is optionally substituted with one to three substituents independently selected from the group consisting of C1-6alkoxy, aryl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, hydroxy, cyano, amino, C1-6alkylamino, (C1-6alkyl)2amino, trifluoromethyl, and carboxy;
      wherein the cycloalkyl and heterocyclyl of C1-2alkyl and C3-6alkyl are optionally substituted with one to two substituents independently selected from the group consisting of C1-6alkyl, hydroxy(C1-6)alkyl, C1-6alkoxy, hydroxy, cyano, amino, C1-6alkylamino, (C1-6alkyl)2amino, trifluoromethyl, carboxy, aryl(C1-6)alkoxycarbonyl, C1-6alkoxycarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, C1-6alkylaminocarbonyl, (C1-6alkyl)2aminocarbonyl, and aminosulfonyl;
    • furthermore, wherein the cycloalkyl and heterocyclyl of R1 are optionally substituted with one to two substituents independently selected from the group consisting of C1-6alkyl, hydroxy(C1-6)alkyl, C1-6alkoxy, hydroxy, cyano, amino, C1-6alkylamino, (C1-6alkyl)2amino, trifluoromethyl, carboxy, aryl(C1-6)alkoxycarbonyl, C1-6alkoxycarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, C1-6alkylaminocarbonyl, (C1-6alkyl)2aminocarbonyl, and aminosulfonyl;
    • furthermore, wherein the aryl and heteroaryl portion of the R1 substituents aryl(C1-6)alkyl and heteroaryl(C1-6)alkyl, are optionally substituted with one to three R11 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of C1-6alkyl; hydroxy(C1-6)alkyl; C1-6alkoxy; C6-10aryl(C1-6)alkyl; C6-10aryl(C1-6)alkoxy; C6-10aryl; heteroaryl optionally substituted with one to two substituents independently selected from the group consisting of C1-4alkyl, C1-4alkoxy, and carboxy; cycloalkyl; heterocyclyl; C6-10aryloxy; heteroaryloxy; cycloalkyloxy; heterocyclyloxy; amino; C1-6alkylamino; (C1-6alkylhamino; C3-6cycloalkylaminocarbonyl; hydroxy(C1-6)alkylaminocarbonyl; C6-10arylaminorarbonyl wherein C6-10aryl is optionally substituted with carboxy or C1-4alkoxycarbonyl; heterocyclylcarbonyl; carboxy; C1-6alkylcarbonyloxy; C1-6alkoxycarbonyl; C1-6alkylcarbonyl; C1-6alkylcarbonylamino; aminocarbonyl; C1-6alkylaminocarbonyl; (C1-6alkyl)2aminocarbonyl; cyano; halogen; trifluoromethyl; trifluoromethoxy; and hydroxy;
      provided that no more than one R11 substituent is selected from the group consisting of C6-10aryl(C1-6)alkyl; C6-10aryl(C1-6)alkoxy; C6-10aryl; heteroaryl optionally substituted with one to two substituents independently selected from the group consisting of C1-4alkyl, C1-4alkoxy, and carboxy; cycloalkyl; heterocyclyl; C6-10aryloxy; heteroaryloxy; cycloalkyloxy; C6-10arylaminocarbonyl, heterocyclylcarbonyl; and heterocyclyloxy;
    • R2 is hydrogen, C1-8alkyl, hydroxy(C1-8)alkyl, C6-10aryl(C1-6)alkoxy(C1-6)alkyl, or C6-10aryl(C1-6)alkyl;
      wherein the C6-10aryl group in the C6-10aryl-containing substituents of R2 are optionally substituted with one to two substituents independently selected from the group consisting of C1-6alkyl, C1-6alkoxy, hydroxy, amino, C1-6alkylamino, (C1-6alkyl)2amino, aminocarbonyl, C1-6alkylaminocarbonyl, (C1-6alkyl)2aminocarbonyl, cyano, fluoro, chloro, bromo, trifluoromethyl, and trifluoromethoxy; and, wherein the C1-6alkyl and C1-6alkoxy substituents of aryl are optionally substituted with hydroxy, amino, C1-6alkylamino, (C1-6alkyl)2amino, orC1-6 aryl;
    • A is selected from the group consisting of aryl, ring system a-1, a-2, a-3, and a-4, optionally substituted with R3 and R5;
      Figure imgb0005
       wherein
      • A-B is selected from the group consisting of N-C, C-N, N-N and C-C;
      • D-E is selected from the group consisting of O-C, S-C, and O-N;
      • F-G is selected from the group consisting of N-O and C-O;
    • R3 is one to two substituents independently selected from the group consisting of C1-6alkyl, aryl, aryl(C1-6)alkyl, aryl(C2-6)alkenyl, aryi(C2-6)alkynyl, heteroaryl, heteroaryl(C1-6)alkyl, heteroaryl(C2-6)alkenyl, heteroaryl(C2-6)alkynyl, amino, C1-6alkylamino, (C1-6alkyl)2amino, arylamino, heteroarylamino, aryloxy, heteroaryloxy, trifluoromethyl, and halogen;
      wherein the aryl,heteroaryl and the aryl and heteroaryl of aryl(C1-6)alkyl, aryl(C2-6)alkenyl, aryl(C2-6)alkynyl, heteroaryl(C1-6)alkyl, heteroaryl(C2-6)alkenyl, heteroaryl(C2-6)alkynyl, arylamino, heteroarylamino, aryloxy, and heteroaryloxy, are optionally substituted with one to five fluoro substituents or one to three substituents independently selected from the group consisting of C1-6alkyl, hydroxy(C1-6)alkyl, C1-6alkoxy, C6-10aryl(C1-6)alkyl, C6-10aryl(C1-6)alkoxy, C6-10aryl, C6-10aryloxy, heteroaryl(C1-6)alkyl, heteroaryl(C1-6)alkoxy, heteroaryl, heteroaryloxy, C6-10arylamino, heteroarylamino, amino, C1-6alkylamino, (C1-6alkyl)2amino, carboxy(C1-6)alkylamino, carboxy, C1-6alkylcarbonyl, C1-6alkoxycarbonyl, C1-6alkylcarbonylamino, aminocarbonyl, C1-6alkylaminocarbonyl, (C1-6alkyl)2aminocarbonyl, carboxy(C1-6)alkylaminocarbonyl, cyano, halogen, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, hydroxy, C1-6alkylsulfonyl, and C1-6alkylsulfonylamino; provided that no more than one such substituent on the aryl or heteroaryl portion of R3 is selected from the group consisting of C6-10aryl(C1-6)alkyl, C6-10aryl(C1-6)alkoxy, C6-10aryl, C6-10aryloxy, heteroaryl(C1-6)alkyl, heteroaryl(C1-6)alkoxy, heteroaryl, heteroaryloxy, C6-10arylamino, and heteroarylamino;
      and wherein C1-8alkyl, and C1-8alkyl of aryl(C1-6)alkyl and heteroaryl(C1-6)alkyl is optionally substituted with a substituent selected from the group consisting of hydroxy, carboxy, C1-4alkoxycarbonyl, amino, C1-6alkylamino, (C1-6alkyl)2amino, aminocarbonyl, (C1-4)alkylaminocarbonyl, di(C1-4)alkylaminocarbonyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylamino, heteroarylamino, aryloxy, heteroaryloxy, aryl(C1-4)alkoxy, and heteroaryl(C1-4)alkoxy;
    • R4 is C6-10aryl or a heteroaryl selected from the group consisting of furyl, thienyl, pyrrolyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, indolyl, isoindolyl, indolinyl, benzofuryl, benzothienyl, benzimidazolyl, benzthiazolyl, benzoxazolyl, quinolizinyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl and quinazolinyl;
      wherein R4 is optionally substituted with one to three R41 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of (C1-6)alkyl optionally substituted with amino, C1-6alkylamino, or (C1-6alkyl)2amino; (C1-6)alkoxy; phenyl(C1-6)alkoxy; phenyl(C1-6)alkylcarbonyloxy wherein the C1-6 alkyl is optionally substituted with amino; a non fused 5-membered-heteroaryl(C1-6)alkylcarbonyloxy; a non fused 5-membered-heteroaryl; hydroxy; halogen; aminosulfonyl; formylamino; aminocarbonyl; C1-6alkylaminocarbonyl wherein C1-6alkyl is optionally substituted with amino, C1-6alkylamino, or (C1-6alkyl)2amino; (C1-6alkyl)2aminocarbonyl wherein each C1-6alkyl is optionally substituted with amino, C1-6alkylamino, or (C1-6alkyl)2amino; heterocyclylcarbonyl wherein heterocyclyl is a 5-7 membered nitrogen-containing ring and said heterocyclyl is attached to the carbonyl carbon via a nitrogen atom; carboxy; or cyano; and wherein the phenyl portion of phenyl(C1-6)alkylcarbonyloxy is optionally substituted with (C1-6)alkyl (C1-6)alkoxy, halogen, cyano, amino, or hydroxy;
      provided that no more than one R41 is (C1-6)alkyl substituted with C1-6alkylamino or (C1-6alkyl)2amino; aminosulfonyl; formylamino; aminocarbonyl; C1-6alkylaminocarbonyl; (C1-6alkyl)2aminocarbonyl; heterocyclylcarbonyl; hydroxy; carboxy; or a phenyl- or heteroaryl-containing substituent;
    • R5 is a substituent on a nitrogen atom of ring A selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and C1-4alkyl;
    • R6 is hydrogen or C1-6alkyl;
    • R7 is hydrogen or C1-6alkyl;
    • Ra and Rb are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C1-6alkyl, and C1-6alkoxycarbonyl; alternatively, when Ra and Rb are each other than hydrogen, Ra and Rb are optionally taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are both attached to form a five to eight membered monocyclic ring;
    • L is selected from the group consisting of O, S, and N(Rd) wherein Rd is hydrogen or C1-6alkyl;
    and pharmaceutically acceptable enantiomers, diastereomers, racemates, and salts thereof.
  • Illustrative of the invention is a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and any of the compounds described above.
  • Also disclosed are methods for producing the instant compounds of Formula (I) and pharmaceutical compositions and medicaments thereof.
  • The present invention is further directed to compositions of the invention for use in methods for treating opioid modulated disorders such as pain and gastrointestinal disorders. Compounds of the present invention are believed to provide advantages over related compounds by providing improved pharmacological profiles. Further specific embodiments of preferred compounds are provided hereinafter.
    • BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
    • Figure 1 shows a schematic of the protocol to determine visceral hyperalgesia in rats.
    • Figure 2 and Figure 3 each show the effect in rat of Cpd 18 on the hyperalgesic response to colorectal balloon distention following zymosan.
    DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
  • Embodiments of the present invention include those compounds that are present in their RR, SS, RS, or SR configuration.
  • Embodiments of the present invention include those compounds that are present in their S,S configuration.
  • Disclosed are compounds of Formula (Ib):
    Figure imgb0006
     wherein the variables are as previously defined. Also disclosed are compounds where L is oxygen and R1, R2,R3-1 , R3-2, R5, Ra, Rb, and R41 are dependently selected from the group consisting of: Table I
    Cpd R1 R2 R3-1 R3-2 R5 R41 Ra /Rb
    1 2-Aminocarbonyl-phenylmethyl methyl phenyl H H 2,6-dimethyl-4-aminocarbonyl H
    2 2-Cyano-phenyl methyl methyl phenyl H H 2,6-dimethyl-4-aminocarbonyl H
    3 2-Bromo-phenyl methyl methyl phenyl H H 2,6-dimethyl-4-aminocarbonyl H
    4 3-Carboxy-4-methoxy-phenyl methyl methyl phenyl H H 4-aminocarbonyl H
    5 3-Carboxy-4-methoxy-phenyl methyl H phenyl H H 4-aminocarbonyl H
    6 3-Carboxy-4-methoxy-phenyl methyl H phenyl H H 2,6-dimethyl-4-aminocarbonyl H
    7 3-Methoxycarbonyl-4-methoxy-phenylmethyl H phenyl H H 2,6-dimethyl-4-aminocarbonyl H
    8 3-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)-4-methoxy-phenylmethyl methyl phenyl H H 2,6-dimethyl-4-aminocarbonyl H
    9 3-Methoxycarbonyl-phenylmethyl methyl phenyl H H 2,6-dimethyl-4-aminocarbonyl H
    10 3-Methoxy carbonyl-phenylmethyl methyl naphthalen-1-yl H H 2,6-dimethyl-4-aminocarbonyl H
    11 3-Carboxy-phenylmethyl methyl naphthalen-1-yl H H 2,6-dimethyl-4-aminocarbonyl H
    12 3-Carboxy-phenylmethyl methyl 4-chlorophenyl Me H 2,6-dimethyl-4-aminocarbonyl H
    13 4-Carboxy-phenylmethyl methyl naphthalen-1-yl H H 2,6-dimethyl-4-aminocarbonyl H
    14 3-Methoxy-4-carboxy-phenylmethyl methyl phenyl H H 2,6-dimethyl-4-aminocarbonyl H
    15 3,4-Dihydroxy phenylmethyl methyl phenyl H H 2,6-dimethyl-4-hydroxy H
    16 Piperidin-4-yl methyl methyl phenyl H H 2,6-dimethyl-4-hydroxy H
    17 3-Methoxy carbonyl-4-methoxy-phenylmethyl methyl phenyl H H 2,6-dimethyl-4-aminocarbonyl H
    18 3-Carboxy-4-methoxy-phenylmethyl methyl phenyl H H 2,6-dimethyl-4-aminocarbonyl H
    19 3,4-Dimethoxy-phenylmethyl methyl 3-bromophenyl H H 2,6-dimethyl-4-aminocarbonyl H
    20 3,4-Dimethoxy-phenylmethyl methyl 3-carboxyphenyl H H 2,6-dimethyl-4-aminocarbonyl H
    21 3,4-Dimethoxy-phenylmethyl benzyloxy-methyl phenyl H H 2,6-dimethyl-4-hydroxy H
    23 3,4-Dimethoxy-phenylmethyl methyl 3-aminocarbonyl phenyl H H 2,6-dimethyl-4-aminocarbonyl H
    24 3,4-Dimethoxy-phenylmethyl methyl 3-cyanophenyl H H 2,6-dimethyl-4-aminocarbonyl H
    25 Isopropyl H quinoxalin-8-yl Me H 2,6-dimethyl-4-hydroxy H
    26 3,4-Dimethoxy-phenylmethyl methyl 2-bromophenyl H H 2,6-dimethyl-4-aminocarbonyl H
    27 3,4-Dimethoxy-phenylmethyl methyl 2-cyanophenyl H H 2,6-dimethyl-4-aminocarbonyl H
    28 3,4-Dimethoxy-phenylmethyl methyl 2-aminocarbonyl phenyl H H 2,6-dimethyl-4-aminocarbonyl H
    29 3,4-Dimethoxy-phenylmethyl methyl 2-carboxyphenyl H H 2,6-dimethyl-4-aminocarbonyl H
    30 3,4-Dibenzyloxy-phenylmethyl methyl phenyl H H 2,6-dimethyl-4-hydroxy H
    31 [1,3]benzo dioxal-5-yl methyl phenyl H H 2,6-dimethyl, 4-hydroxy H
    32 4-Methoxy-phenolmethyl methyl phenyl H H 2,6-dimethyl-4-hydroxy H
    33 3-Methoxy-phenylmethyl methyl phenyl H H 2,6-dimethyl-4-hydroxy H
    34 2,4-Dimethoxy-phenylmethyl methyl phenyl H H 2,6-dimethyl-4-hydroxy H
    35 3,4-Dimethoxy-phenylmethyl H phenyl H H 2,6-dimethyl-4-hydroxy H
    36 Isopropyl H 4-methylcarbonyl phenyl H H 2,6-dimethyl-4-hydroxy H
    37 Isopropyl H 3-fluoro, 4-carboxy-phenyl Me H 2,6-dimethyl-4-hydroxy H
    38 Isopropyl H 2-phenyl-ethylen-1-yl Me H 2,6-dimethyl-4-hydroxy H
    39 Isopropyl H 4-hydroxymethyl phenyl Me H 2,6-dimethyl-4-hydroxy H
    40 Benzhydryl H phenyl H H 2,6-dimethyl-4-hydroxy H
    41 Isopropyl H 4-cyanophenyl Me H 2,6-dimethyl-4-hydroxy H
    42 Benzyl methyl 4-trifluoromethyl phenyl H H 2,6-dimethyl-4-aminocarbonyl H
    43 Isopropyl H 3-trifluoromethoxy phenyl Me H 2,6-dimethyl-4-hydroxy H
    44 Isopropyl H 4-trifluoromethoxy phenyl Me H 2,6-dimethyl-4-hydroxy H
    45 Isopropyl H 3-methanesulfonyl aminophenyl Me H 2,6-dimethyl-4-hydroxy H
    46 Isopropyl H 4-(2-carboxyethyl) phenyl Me H 2,6-dimethyl-4-hydroxy H
    47 Isopropyl H 3-amino-5-carboxyphenyl Me H 2,6-dimethyl-4-hydroxy H
    48 3-Carboxy-phenylmethyl methyl phenyl H H 2,6-dimethyl-4-hydroxy H
    49 4-Carboxy-phenylmethyl methyl phenyl H H 2,6-dimethyl-4-carboxy H
    50 4-Carboxy-phenylmethyl methyl phenyl H H 2,6-dimethyl-4-aminocarbonyl H
    51 4-Methoxy carbonyl-phenylmethyl methyl phenyl H H 2,6-dimethyl-4-aminocarbonyl H
    52 3-Methoxy carbonyl-phenylmethyl methyl phenyl H H 2,6-dimethyl-4-hydroxy H
    53 1-Benzyloxy carbonyl-piperadin-4-ylmethyl methyl phenyl H H 2,6-dimethyl-4-hydroxy H
    54 Furan-2-yl methyl methyl phenyl H H 2,6-dimethyl-4-hydroxy H
    55 Furan-3-yl methyl methyl phenyl H H 2,6-dimethyl-4-hydroxy H
    56 Cyclohexyl methyl methyl phenyl H H 2,6-dimethyl-4-hydroxy H
    57 Pyridin-4-yl methyl methyl phenyl H H 2,6-dimethyl-4-hydroxy H
    58 Benzyl methyl 4-chlorophenyl Me H 2,6-dimethyl-4-aminocarbonyl H
    59 Benzyl methyl 3-fluorophenyl H H 2,6-dimethyl-4-aminocarbonyl H
    60 Isopropyl H 3-cyanophenyl Me H 2,6-dimethyl-4-hydroxy H
    61 Isopropyl H 2,5-difluorophenyl Me H 2,6-dimethyl-4-hydroxy H
    62 Isopropyl H 4-methanesulfonyl phenyl Me H 2,6-dimethyl-4-hydroxy H
    64 Benzyl benzyloxy methyl phenyl H H 2,6-dimethyl-4-aminocarbonyl H
    65 Isopropyl H Br Me H 2,6-dimethyl-4-hydroxy H
    66 Isopropyl H 4-dimethylamino phenyl Me H 2,6-dimethyl-4-hydroxy H
    67 Isopropyl H 3-dimethylamino carbonylphenyl Me H 2,6-dimethyl-4-hydroxy H
    68 Isopropyl H 3-hydroxyphenyl Me H 2,6-dimethyl-4-hydroxy H
    69 Isopropyl H 4-aminocarbonyl phenyl Me H 2,6-dimethyl-4-hydroxy H
    70 Isopropyl H 3-chlorophenyl Me H 2,6-dimethyl-4-hydroxy H
    71 Isopropyl H 2,4-difluorophenyl Me H 2,6-dimethyl-4-hydroxy H
    72 Isopropyl H 3-methanesulfonyl phenyl Me H 2,6-dimethyl-4-hydroxy H
    73 Isopropyl H 3-aminocarbonyl phenyl Me H 2,6-dimethyl-4-hydroxy H
    74 Benzyl methyl 4-trifluoromethyl phenyl Me H 2,6-dimethyl-4-aminocarbonyl H
    75 3,4-Dimethoxy-phenylmethyl methyl phenyl H H 2,6-dimethyl-4-aminocarbonyl H
    76 Benzyl methyl 4-fluorophenyl H H 2,6-dimethyl-4-aminocarbonyl H
    77 4-Dimethylamino-phenylmethyl methyl phenyl H Me 2,6-dimethyl-4-hydroxy H
    78 4-Methylamino-phenylmethyl methyl phenyl H H 2,6-dimethyl-4-hydroxy H
    79 4-Methylcarbonyl amino-phenyl methyl methyl phenyl H H 2,6-dimethyl-4-hydroxy H
    80 4-Carboxy-phenylmethyl methyl phenyl H H 2,6-dimethyl-4-hydroxy H
    81 4-Hydroxy-phenylmethyl methyl phenyl H H 2,6-dimethyl-4-hydroxy H
    83 Benzyl methyl 4-fluorophenyl H H 2,6-dimethyl-4-hydroxy H
    84 Isopropyl methyl 4-fluorophenyl H H 2,6-dimethyl-4-hydroxy H
    85 Isopropyl hydroxy methyl phenyl H H 2,6-dimethyl-4-aminocarbonyl H
    86 Isopropyl H phenyl H H 2,6-dimethyl, 4-aminocarbonyl H
    87 3,4-Dichloro-phenolmethyl H phenyl H H 2,6-dimethyl-4-hydroxy H
    88 4-Methylcarbonyl oxy-phenyl methyl methyl phenyl H H 2,6-dimethyl-4-hydroxy H
    89 4-Methoxy carbonyl-phenylmethyl methyl phenyl H H 2,6-dimethyl-4-hydroxy H
    90 3-Aminocarbonyl-phenylmethyl methyl phenyl H H 2,6-dimethyl-4-hydroxy H
    91 3-Cyano-phenyl methyl methyl phenyl H H 2,6-dimethyl-4-hydroxy H
    92 Pyridin-3-yl methyl methyl phenyl H H 2,6-dimethyl-4-hydroxy H
    93 Pyridin-2-yl methyl methyl phenyl H H 2,6-dimethyl-4-hydroxy H
    94 1-(R)-Phenylethyl H phenyl H H 2,6-dimethyl-4-aminocarbonyl H
    95 1-(S)-Phenylethyl H phenyl H H 2,6-dimethyl-4-aminocarbonyl H
    96 2-Methoxy-phenylmethyl methyl phenyl H H 2,6-dimethyl-4-hydroxy H
    97 2,6-Dichloro-phenylmethyl methyl phenyl H H 2,6-dimethyl-4-hydroxy H
    98 3-Phenoxy-phenylmethyl methyl phenyl H H 2,6-dimethyl-4-hydroxy H
    99 Naphthalen-1-yl-methyl methyl phenyl H H 2,6-dimethyl-4-hydroxy H
    100 Naphthalen-2-yl-methyl methyl phenyl H H 2,6-dimethyl-4-hydroxy H
    101 3-Bromo-phenyl methyl methyl phenyl H H 2,6-dimethyl-4-hydroxy H
    102 3,4-Dimethoxy-phenylmethyl methyl phenyl H H 2,6-dimethyl-4-hydroxy H
    103 2,4-Dichloro-phenylmethyl methyl phenyl H H 2,6-dimethyl-4-hydroxy H
    104 Benzyl isobutyl phenyl H H 2,6-dimethyl-4-hydroxy H
    105 Benzyl benzyl phenyl H H 2,6-dimethyl-4-hydroxy H
    106 Benzyl isopropyl phenyl H H 2,6-dimethyl4-hydroxy H
    107 Benzyl H phenyl H H 2,6-dimethyl-4-aminocarbonyl H
    108 3-Phenyl prop-1-yl methyl phenyl H H 2,6-dimethyl-4-aminocarbonyl H
    109 2-Phenylethyl methyl phenyl H H 2,6-dimethyl-4-aminocarbonyl H
    111 1-Phenylethyl diastereomer A methyl phenyl H H 2,6-dimethyl-4-aminocarbonyl H
    112 1-Phenylethyl diasteromer B methyl phenyl H H 2,6-dimethyl-4-aminocarbonyl H
    114 Benzyl methyl phenyl H H 2,6-dimethyl-4-aminocarbonyl H
    115 Isopropyl H 4-biphenyl Me H 2,6-dimethyl-4-hydroxy H
    116 Isopropyl H 3-fluorophenyl Me H 2,6-dimethyl-4-hydroxy H
    117 Isopropyl H 2-fluorophenyl Me H 2,6-dimethyl-4-hydroxy H
    118 Isopropyl hydroxy methyl phenyl H H 2,6-dimethyl-4-hydroxy H
    119 H hydroxy methyl phenyl H H 2,6-dimethyl-4-hydroxy H
    120 Isopropyl 3-(amino methyl) phenyl methyl phenyl H H 2,6-dimethyl-4-hydroxy H
    121 Isopropyl 3-amino carbonyl phenyl methyl phenyl H H 2,6-dimethyl-4-hydroxy H
    122 Isopropyl 3-cyano phenyl methyl phenyl H H 2,6-dimethyl-4-hydroxy H
    123 Isopropyl H 4-carboxyphenyl Me H 2,6-dimethyl-4-hydroxy H
    124 Isopropyl H pyridin-3-yl Me H 2,6-dimethyl-4-hydroxy H
    125 Isopropyl H 4-methoxyphenyl Me H 2,6-dimethyl-4-hydroxy H
    126 Isopropyl H 3,5-difluorophenyl Me H 2,6-dimethyl-4-hydroxy H
    127 Cyclohexyl methyl phenyl H H 2,6-dimethyl-4-aminocarbonyl H
    129 Carboxymethyl H phenyl H H 2,6-dimethyl-4-hydroxy H
    130 Isopropyl H 3-hydroxymethyl phenyl Me H 2,6-dimethyl-4-hydroxy H
    131 Isopropyl H pyrimidin-5-yl Me H 2,6-dimethyl-4-hydroxy H
    132 Isopropyl H pyrimidin-5-yl Me H 4-hydroxy H
    133 Isopropyl H 3-carboxyphenyl Me H 2,6-dimethyl-4-hydroxy H
    134 Isopropyl H 3-biphenyl Me H 2,6-dimethyl-4-hydroxy H
    135 Isopropyl H 2-methoxyphenyl Me H 2,6-dimethyl-4-hydroxy H
    136 Isopropyl benzyl phenyl H H 3-aminocarbonyl H
    137 Isopropyl isopropyl phenyl H H 3-aminocarbonyl H
    138 Isopropyl benzyloxy methyl phenyl H H 2,6-dimethyl-4-hydroxy H
    139 Isopropyl isobutyl phenyl H H 2,6-dimethyl-4-[2-(2,6-dimethyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-amino-ethylcarbonxyloxy ]phenyl H
    140 Isopropyl isobutyl phenyl H H 2,6-dimethyl-4-hydroxy H
    141 Isopropyl H 3,5-dichlorophenyl Me H 2,6-dimethyl-4-hydroxy H
    142 Isopropyl H 3-methoxyphenyl Me H 2,6-dimethyl-4-hydroxy H
    143 Isopropyl methyl phenyl H H 2,6-dimethyl-4-aminocarbonyl H
    145 Isopropyl H 2-biphenyl Me H 2,6-dimethyl-4-hydroxy H
    146 Isopropyl H thiophen-3-yl Me H 2,6-dimethyl-4-hydroxy H
    147 Isopropyl H 4-chlorophenyl Me H 2,6-dimethyl-4-hydroxy H
    148 Isopropyl H 3-methylcarbonyl aminophenyl Me H 2,6-dimethyl-4-hydroxy H
    149 Isopropyl H 4-trifluoromethyl phenyl Me H 2,6-dimethyl-4-hydroxy H
    150 Isopropyl H naphthalen-2-yl Me H 2,6-dimethyl-4-hydroxy H
    151 Isopropyl H 2-trifluoromethyl phenyl Me H 2,6-dimethyl-4-hydroxy H
    152 Isopropyl H thiophen-3-yl Me H 4-hydroxy H
    153 Isopropyl H pyridin-3-yl Me H 4-hydroxy H
    154 Isopropyl H phenyl Me H 4-hydroxy H
    155 Isopropyl H 2-chlorophenyl Me H 2,6-dimethyl-4-hydroxy H
    156 Isopropyl H naphthalen-1-yl Me H 2,6-dimethyl-4-hydroxy H
    157 Isopropyl benzyl phenyl H H 3-cyano H
    158 Isopropyl benzyl phenyl H H 4-hydroxy H
    159 Isopropyl benzyl phenyl H H 2,6-dimethyl-4-hydroxy H
    160 Isopropyl isopropyl phenyl H H 3-cyano H
    161 Isopropyl isopropyl phenyl H H 4-hydroxy H
    162 Isopropyl isopropyl phenyl H H 2,6-dimethyl-4-hydroxy H
    163 Isopropyl H 4-fluorophenyl Me H 2,6-dimethyl-4-hydroxy H
    164 Isopropyl H 3,5-bis-trifluoromethyl phenyl Me H 2,6-dimethyl-4-hydroxy H
    165 Isopropyl H 2-methylphenyl Me H 2,6-dimethyl-4-hydroxy H
    166 Isopropyl H phenyl Me H 2,6-dimethyl-4-hydroxy H
    167 2-Dimethylamino-1-methyl-eth-1-yl H phenyl H H 2,6-dimethyl-4-hydroxy H
    168 Methyl isobutyl phenyl H H 3-aminocarbonyl H
    169 Methyl isobutyl phenyl H H 3-cyano H
    170 Ethyl isopropyl phenyl H H 2,6-dimethyl-4-hydroxy H
    171 Methyl isopropyl phenyl H H 4-hydroxy H
    172 H 3-amino carbonyl phenyl methyl phenyl H H 2,6-dimethyl-4-hydroxy H
    173 H 3-cyano phenyl methyl phenyl H H 2,6-dimethyl-4-hydroxy H
    174 Methyl isobutyl phenyl H H 2,6-dimethyl-4-hydroxy H
    175 H benzyloxy methyl phenyl H H 2,6-dimethyl-4-hydroxy H
    176 H isobutyl phenyl H H 2,6-dimethyl-4-hydroxy H
    177 H benzyl phenyl H H 2,6-dimethyl-4-hydroxy H
    178 Isopropyl H phenyl H H 2,6-dimethyl-4-aminocarbonyl H
    179 Methyl methyl phenyl H H 2,6-dimethyl-4-morpholin-1-ylcarbonyl H
    181 Methyl methyl phenyl H H 2,6-dimethyl-4-ethyl aminocarbonyl H
    183 Methyl methyl phenyl H H 2,6-dimethyl-4-methyl aminocarbonyl H
    185 H isopropyl phenyl H H 3-aminocarbonyl H
    186 H isopropyl phenyl H H 3-cyano H
    187 H isopropyl phenyl H H 2,6-dimethyl-4-hydroxy H
    188 H isopropyl phenyl H H 4-hydroxy H
    189 Methyl methyl phenyl H H 4-aminosulfonyl H
    190 Cyclohexyl H phenyl H H 2,6-dimethyl-4-hydroxy H
    191 Cyclohexyl H phenyl H H 4-hydroxy H
    192 Cyclopropyl methyl H phenyl H H 2,6-dimethyl-4-hydroxy H
    193 Cyclopropyl methyl H phenyl H H 4-hydroxy H
    194 Isopropyl H phenyl H H 2,6-dimethyl-4-hydroxy H
    195 Isopropyl H phenyl H H 4-hydroxy H
    196 Methyl methyl phenyl H H 2,6-dimethyl-4-aminocarbonyl H
    197 Ethyl methyl phenyl H H 2,6-dimethyl-4-aminocarbonyl H
    198 Methyl H phenyl H H 4-hydroxy H
    199 Methyl H phenyl H H 2,6-methyl-4-hydroxy H
    202 Methyl methyl phenyl H H 4-aminocarbonyl H
    204 Methyl methyl benzyl H H 4-hydroxy H
    205 Methyl methyl benzyl H H 2,6-dimethyl-4-hydroxy H
    207 Methyl methyl phenyl H H 2,6-dimethyl-4-hydroxy H
    209 H methyl phenyl H H 2,6-dimethyl-4-hydroxy H
    211 Methyl methyl phenyl H H 4-hydroxy H
    213 H methyl phenyl H H 4-hydroxy H
    215 Ethyl methyl phenyl H H 4-hydroxy H
    216 Ethyl methyl phenyl H H 2,6-dimethyl-4-hydroxy H
    218 Benzyl methyl phenyl H H 2,6-dimethyl-4-hydroxy H
    219 Benzyl methyl phenyl H H 4-hydroxy H
    224 Isopropyl methyl phenyl H H 2,6-dimethyl-4-hydroxy H
    225 Isopropyl methyl phenyl H H 4-hydroxy H
    226 2-Carboxy-phenyl methyl methyl phenyl H H 2,6-dimethyl-4-aminocarbonyl H
    227 3-Carboxy-phenyl methyl methyl phenyl H H 2,6-dimethyl-4-aminocarbonyl H
    229 2-Bromo-4,5-dimethoxy-phenylmethyl methyl phenyl H H 2,6-dimethyl-4-aminocarbonyl H
    230 2-Carboxy-4,5-dimethoxy-phenylmethyl methyl phenyl H H 2,6-dimethyl-4-aminocarbonyl H
    231 3-Carboxy-4-methoxy-phenyl methyl methyl phenyl H H H H
    232 3-Carboxy-4-methoxy-phenyl methyl methyl phenyl H H 2,6-dimethyl H
    233 3-Methoxycarbonyl-4-methoxy-phenylmethyl methyl phenyl H H 2,6-dimethyl H
    234 3,4-Dimethoxy-phenylmethyl methyl phenyl H H 2,6-dimethyl-4-imidazol-2-yl H
    236 3,4-Dimethoxy-phenylmethyl methyl phenyl H H 2,6-dimethyl H
    237 3-Carboxy-4-methoxy-phenyl methyl methyl 4-chlorophenyl H H 2,6-dimethyl-4-aminocarbonyl H
    238 3-Carboxy, 4-methoxy-phenyl methyl methyl 4-fluorophenyl H H 2,6-dimethyl-4-aminocarbonyl H
    239 3-Carboxy-4-methoxy-phenyl methyl methyl 4-chlorophenyl Me H 2,6-dimethyl-4-aminocarbonyl H
    240 4-Carboxy-phenyl methyl methyl 4-chlorophenyl Me H 2,6-dimethyl-4-aminocarbonyl H
    241 3-Carboxy-4-methoxy-phenyl methyl methyl 4-chlorophenyl Cl H 2,6-dimethyl-4-aminocarbonyl H
    242 3-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)-phenylmethyl methyl phenyl H H 2,6-dimethyl-4-aminocarbonyl H
    243 3-Carboxy-4-trifluoromethoxy-phenylmethyl methyl phenyl H H 2,6-dimethyl-4-aminocarbonyl H
    244 Bis-3,4-trifluoromethoxy-phenylmethyl methyl phenyl H H 2,6-dimethyl-4-aminocarbonyl H
    245 3-Carboxy-phenyl methyl methyl phenyl H H 2,6-dimethyl-4-aminocarbonyl H
    246 Quinolin-4-yl methyl methyl phenyl H H 2,6-dimethyl-4-hydroxy H
    247 4-Methoxy naphthalen-1-ylmethyl methyl phenyl H H 2,6-dimethyl-4-hydroxy H
    248 4-Trifluoromethoxy-phenylmethyl methyl phenyl H H 2,6-dimethyl-4-hydroxy H
    249 4-Trifluoromethyl-phenylmethyl methyl phenyl H H 2,6-dimethyl-4-hydroxy H
    250 4-Isopropyloxy-phenylmethyl methyl phenyl H H 2,6-dimethyl-4-hydroxy H
    251 3-Ethoxyphenyl-methyl methyl phenyl H H 2,6-dimethyl-4-hydroxy H
    252 5-Methoxycarbonyl-pyridin-2-ylmethyl methyl phenyl H H 2,6-dimethyl-4-aminocarbonyl H
    253 5-Carboxy-pyridin-2-ylmethyl methyl phenyl H H 2,6-dimethyl-4-aminocarbonyl H
    254 6-Carboxy-pyridin-3-ylmethyl methyl phenyl H H 2,6-dimethyl-4-aminocarbonyl H
    255 6-Methoxycarbonyl-pyridin-3-ylmethyl methyl phenyl H H 2,6-dimethyl-4-aminocarbonyl H
    256 5-Carboxy-furan-2-ylmethyl methyl phenyl H H 2,6-dimethyl-4-aminocarbonyl H
    257 5-Methoxycarbonyl-furan-2-ylmethyl methyl phenyl H H 2,6-dimethyl-4-aminocarbonyl H
    258 3,4-Dimethoxy-phenylmethyl hydroxy methyl phenyl H H 2,6-dimethyl-4-aminocarbonyl H
    259 Benzyl hydroxy methyl phenyl H H 2,6-dimethyl-4-aminocarbonyl H
    260 3-Carboxy-4-methoxy-phenyl methyl methyl phenyl H H 2,6-dimethyl-4-hydroxy H
    261 3-Carboxy-4-methoxy-phenyl methyl methyl phenyl H H 4-hydroxy H
    262 3-Carboxy-4-methoxy-phenyl methyl methyl phenyl H H 4-hydroxy H/ Me
    263 3-Carboxy-4-methoxy-phenyl methyl H phenyl H H 4-hydroxy H
    264 3-Carboxy-4-methoxy-phenyl methyl H phenyl H H 4-hydroxy H/ Me
    265 3-Carboxy-4-methoxy-phenyl methyl H phenyl H H 2,6-dimethyl-4-hydroxy H
    266 3-Methoxycarbonyl-4-methoxy-phenylmethyl methyl phenyl H H H H
    267 3-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)-phenylmethyl methyl phenyl H H 4-aminocarbonyl H
    268 3-Methoxycarbonyl-4-methoxy-phenylmethyl methyl phenyl H H 2,6-dimethyl-4-hydroxy H
    269 3-Methoxycarbonyl methyl phenyl H H 4-aminocarbonyl H
    270 3-Carboxy methyl phenyl H H 4-aminocarbonyl H
    271 3-Methoxycarbonyl H phenyl H H 2,6-dimethyl-4-aminocarbonyl H
    272 3-Carboxy H phenyl H H 2,6-dimethyl-4-aminocarbonyl H
    274 3-Carboxy-4-methoxy-phenylmethyl methyl phenyl H H 4-benzyloxy H/Me
    275 3-Carboxy-4-methoxy-phenylmethyl methyl phenyl H H 4-aminocarbonyl H
    277 3-Carboxy-phenyl methyl 4-chlorophenyl Me H 4-aminocarbonyl H
    279 3-Methoxycarbonyl-4-methoxy-phenylmethyl methyl phenyl H H 4-hydroxy H
    286 5-Methoxycarbonyl-furan-2-ylmethyl methyl phenyl H H 2,6-dimethyl-4-hydroxy H
    287 5-Carboxy-furan-2-ylmethyl methyl phenyl H H 2,6-dimethyl-4-hydroxy H
    288 3-Carboxy-4-methoxy-phenylmethyl methyl 3-bromophenyl H H 2,6-dimethyl-4-aminocarbonyl H
    289 3-Carboxy-4-methoxy-phenylmethyl methyl 4-iodophenyl H H 2,6-dimethyl-4-aminocarbonyl H
    290 3-Carboxy-4-methoxy-phenylmethyl methyl 2-bromophenyl H H 2,6-dimethyl-4-aminocarbonyl H
    291 3-Carboxy-4-methoxy-phenylmethyl methyl 4-bromophenyl H H 2,6-dimethyl-4-aminocarbonyl H
    292 3-Carboxy-4-methoxy-phenylmethyl methyl phenyl H H 2,6-dimethyl H
    293 3-Carboxy-4-methoxy-phenylmethyl methyl 4-chlorophenyl met hyl H 4-hydroxy H
    295 3-Aminocarbonyl-4-methoxy phenylmethyl methyl phenyl H H 2,6-dimethyl-4-aminocarbonyl H
    296 3-(Morpholin-4-ylcarbonyl)-4-methoxy phenylmethyl methyl phenyl H H 2,6-dimethyl-4-aminocarbonyl H
    297 -3-Aminocarbonyl-4-methoxy-phenylmethyl methyl phenyl H H 4-hydroxy H
    298 3-(Morpholin-4-ylcarbonyl)-4-methoxy-phenylmethyl methyl phenyl H H 4-hydroxy H
    299 3-(2-Hydroxy eth-1-yl-aminocarbonyl)-4-methoxy phenylmethyl methyl phenyl H H 2,6-dimethyl-4-aminocarbonyl H
    300 3-(Cyclopropyl aminocarbonyl)-4-methoxy-phenylmethyl methyl phenyl H H 2,6-dimethyl-4-aminocarbonyl H
    301 3-(Phenylamino carbonyl)-4-methoxy-phenylmethyl methyl phenyl H H 2,6-dimethyl-4-aminocarbonyl H
    303 5-Methoxycarbonyl-furan-2-ylmethyl methyl phenyl H H 4-aminocarbonyl H
    304 5-Carboxy-furan-2-ylmethyl methyl phenyl H H 4-aminocarbonyl H
    305 3-(Phenylamino carbonyl)-4-methoxy-phenylmethyl methyl phenyl H H 2,6-dimethyl-4-hydroxy H
    306 3-(3-carboxyphenyl aminocarbonyl)-4-methoxy-phenylmethyl methyl phenyl H H 2,6-dimethyl-4-hydroxy H
    307 3-(1H-Tetrazol-5-yl)-4-methoxy-phenylmethyl methyl phenyl H H 2,6-dimethyl-4-hydroxy H
    308 3-(4-Carboxyphenyl aminocarbonyl)-4-methoxy-phenylmethyl methyl phenyl H H 2,6-dimethyl-4-hydroxy H
    309 3-(2-t-Butyl-tetrazol-5-yl)-4-methoxy-phenylmethyl methyl phenyl H H 2,6-dimethyl-4-aminocarbonyl H
    310 3-Methoxycarbonyl-4-methoxy-phenylmethyl methyl phenyl H H 2,6-dimethyl-4-aminocarbonyl Methoxy carbonyl
    312 4-Methoxycarbonylp yridin-2-ylmethyl methyl phenyl H H 2,6-dimethyl-4-aminocarbonyl H
    313 6-Methoxycarbonyl-pyridin-2-ylmethyl methyl phenyl H H 2,6-dimethyl-4-aminocarbonyl H
    315 3-Methoxycarbonyl-4-methoxy-phenylmethyl methyl phenyl H H 2,6-dimethyl-4-aminocarbonyl Methoxy carbonyl
    316 2-Carboxy-pyridin-4-ylmethyl methyl phenyl H H 2,6-dimethyl-4-aminocarbonyl H
    317 6-Carboxy-pyridin-2-ylmethyl methyl phenyl H H 2,6-dimethyl-4-aminocarbonyl H
  • Compounds of Formula (Ic) are also disclosed:
    Figure imgb0007
     wherein the variables are as previously defined. Also disclosed are compounds where L is O and R1, R2, R3-1, R3-2, R5, Ra, Rb, and R41 are dependently selected from the group consisting of: Table II
    Cpd R1 R2 R3-1 R3-2 R5 R41 Ra /Rb
    22 3,4-Dimethoxy-phenylmethyl benzyloxy methyl phenyl H H 2,6-dimethyl-4-hydroxy H
    63 Isopropyl hydroxy methyl phenyl H H 2,6-dimethyl-4-hydroxy H
    82 Isopropyl methyl 4-fluorophenyl H H 2,6-dimethyl-4-hydroxy H
    110 2-Phenylethyl methyl phenyl H H 2,6-dimethyl-4-aminocarbonyl H
    113 Benzyl methyl phenyl H H 2,6-dimethyl-4-aminocarbonyl H
    128 Cyclohexyl methyl phenyl H H 2,6-dimethyl-4-aminocarbonyl H
    144 Methyl methyl phenyl H H 2,6-dimethyl-4-aminocarbonyl H
    180 Methyl methyl phenyl H H 2,6-dimethyl-4-(morpholin-4-ylcarbonyl) H
    182 Methyl methyl phenyl H H 2,6-dimethyl-4-ethylamino carbonyl H
    184 Methyl methyl phenyl H H 2,6-dimethyl-4-methylamino carbonyl H
    203 Methyl methyl phenyl H H 4-aminocarbonyl H
    206 Methyl methyl phenyl H H 2,6-dimethyl-4-hydroxy H
    208 H methyl phenyl H H 2,6-dimethyl-4-hydroxy H
    210 Methyl methyl phenyl H H 4-hydroxy H
    212 H methyl phenyl H H 4-hydroxy H
    214 Ethyl methyl phenyl H H 4-hydroxy H
    217 Ethyl methyl phenyl H H 2,6-dimethyl-4-hydroxy H
    220 Benzyl methyl phenyl H H 2,6-dimethyl-4-hydroxy H
    221 Benzyl methyl phenyl H H 4-hydroxy H
    222 Isopropyl methyl phenyl H H 4-hydroxy H
    223 Isopropyl methyl phenyl H H 2,6-dimethyl-4-hydroxy H
    228 3-Carboxy-phenyl methyl methyl 4-chlorophenyl Me H 2,6-dimethyl-4-aminocarbonyl H
    276 3-Carboxy-phenyl methyl 4-chlorophenyl Me H 4-aminocarbonyl H
    278 3-Carboxy-4-methoxy-phenylmethyl methyl 4-chlorophenyl Me H 2,6-dimethyl-4-aminocarbonyl H
    280 3-Methoxycarbonyl-4-methoxy-phenylmethyl methyl phenyl H H 2,6-dimethyl-4-aminocarbonyl H
    281 3-Methoxycarbonyl-4-methoxy-phenylmethyl methyl phenyl H H 4-aminocarbonyl H
    282 3-Carboxy-4-methoxy-phenylmethyl methyl phenyl H H 2,6-dimethyl-4-aminocarbonyl H
    283 3-Carboxy-4-methoxy-phenylmethyl methyl phenyl H H 4-aminocarbonyl H
    294 3-Carboxy-4-methoxy-phenylmethyl methyl 4-chlorophenyl Me H 4-hydroxy H
    314 6-Methoxycarbonyl-pyridin-2-ylmethyl methyl phenyl H H 2,6-dimethyl-4-aminocarbonyl H
    318 3-Carboxy-4-methoxy-phenylmethyl methyl 4-chlorophenyl H H 4-aminocarbonyl H
  • Also disclosed are compositions comprised of a compound of Formula (Id):
    Figure imgb0008
     wherein the variables are as previously defined. Also disclosed are compounds wherein L is oxygen and
    R1, R2, R3-1, R3-2, R5, Ra, Rb, and R41 are dependently selected from the group consisting of: Table III
    Cpd R1 R2 R3-1 R3-2 R5 R41 Ra /Rb
    273 3-Carboxy-4-methoxyphenyl methyl methyl phenyl H H 4-aminocarbonyl H
  • Also disclosed are compounds of Formula (Ie):
    Figure imgb0009
     wherein the variables are as previously defined. Also disclosed are compounds wherein L is O and R1, R2, R3-1, R3-2, R5, Ra, Rb, and R41 are dependently selected from the group consisting of: Table IV
    Cpd R1 R2 R3-1 R3-2 R5 R41 Ra /Rb
    284 3-Methoxycarbonyl-4-methoxy-phenylmethyl methyl phenyl H H 4-aminocarbonyl H
    285 3-Carboxy-4-methoxy-phenylmethyl methyl phenyl H H 4-aminocarbonyl H
  • Disclosed are the compounds shown in Table V: Table V
    Cpd
    4
    Figure imgb0010
    6
    Figure imgb0011
    8
    Figure imgb0012
    12
    Figure imgb0013
    18
    Figure imgb0014
    20
    Figure imgb0015
    75
    Figure imgb0016
    227
    Figure imgb0017
  • The compounds of the present invention may also be present in the form of pharmaceutically acceptable salts. For use in medicine, the salts of the compounds of this invention refer to non-toxic "pharmaceutically acceptable salts" (Ref. International J. Pharm., 1986, 33, 201-217; J. Pharm.Sci., 1997 (Jan), 66, 1, 1). Other salts may, however, be useful in the preparation of compounds according to this invention or of their pharmaceutically acceptable salts. Representative organic or inorganic acids include, but are not limited to, hydrochloric, hydrobromic, hydriodic, perchloric, sulfuric, nitric, phosphoric, acetic, propionic, glycolic, lactic, succinic, maleic, fumaric, malic, tartaric, citric, benzoic, mandelic, methanesulfonic, hydroxyethanesulfonic, benzenesulfonic, oxalic, pamoic, 2-naphthalenesulfonic, p-toluenesulfonic, cyclohexanesulfamic, salicylic, saccharinic or trifluoroacetic acid. Representative organic or inorganic bases include, but are not limited to, basic or cationic salts such as benzathine, chloroprocaine, choline, diethanolamine, ethylenediamine, meglumine, procaine, aluminum, calcium, lithium, magnesium, potassium, sodium and zinc.
  • The present invention includes within its scope prodrugs of the compounds of this invention. In general, such prodrugs will be functional derivatives of the compounds which are readily convertible in vivo into the required compound. Thus, in the methods of treatment, the term "administering" shall encompass the treatment of the various disorders described with the compound specifically disclosed or with a compound which may not be specifically disclosed, but which converts to the specified compound in vivo after administration to the subject. Conventional procedures for the selection and preparation of suitable prodrug derivatives are described, for example, in " Design of Prodrugs", ed. H. Bundgaard, Elsevier, 1985.
  • Where the compounds according to this invention have at least one chiral center, they may accordingly exist as enantiomers. Where the compounds possess two or more chiral centers, they may additionally exist as diastereomers. Where the processes for the preparation of the compounds according to the invention give rise to mixtures of stereoisomers, these isomers may be separated by conventional techniques such as preparative chromatography. The compounds may be prepared in racemic form or as individual enantiomers or diasteromers by either stereospecific synthesis or by resolution. The compounds may, for example, be resolved into their component enantiomers or diasteromers by standard techniques, such as the formation of stereoisomeric pairs by salt formation with an optically active acid, such as (-)-di-p-toluoyl-D-tartaric acid and/or (+)-di-p-toluoyl-L-tartaric acid followed by fractional crystallization and regeneration of the free base. The compounds may also be resolved by formation of stereoisomeric esters or amides, followed by chromatographic separation and removal of the chiral auxiliary. Alternatively, the compounds may be resolved using a chiral HPLC column. It is to be understood that all stereoisomers, racemic mixtures, diastereomers and enantiomers thereof are encompassed within the scope of the present invention.
  • During any of the processes for preparation of the compounds of the present invention, it may be necessary and/or desirable to protect sensitive or reactive groups on any of the molecules concerned. This may be achieved by means of conventional protecting groups, such as those described in Protective Groups in Organic Chemistry, ed. J.F.W. McOmie, Plenum Press, 1973; and T.W. Greene & P.G.M. Wuts, Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, John Wiley & Sons, 1991. The protecting groups may be removed at a convenient subsequent stage using methods known in the art.
  • Furthermore, some of the crystalline forms for the compounds may exist as polymorphs and as such are intended to be included in the present invention. In addition, some of the compounds may form solvates with water (i.e., hydrates) or common organic solvents, and such solvates are also intended to be encompassed within the scope of this invention.
  • In general, under standard nomenclature rules used throughout this disclosure, the terminal portion of the designated side chain is described first followed by the adjacent functionality toward the point of attachment. Thus, for example, a "phenylC1-C6 alkylamidoC1-C6alkyl" substituent refers to a group of the formula:
    Figure imgb0018
  • It is intended that the definition of any substituent or variable at a particular location in a molecule be independent of its definitions elsewhere in that molecule. It is understood that substituents and substitution patterns on the compounds of this invention can be selected by one of ordinary skill in the art to provide compounds that are chemically stable and that can be readily synthesized by techniques known in the art as well as those methods set forth herein.
  • An "independently" selected substituent refers to a group of substituents, wherein the substituents may be different. Therefore, designated numbers of carbon atoms (e.g. C1-8) shall refer independently to the number of carbon atoms in an alkyl or cycloalkyl moiety or to the alkyl portion of a larger substituent in which alkyl appears as its prefix root.
  • As used herein, unless otherwise noted, "alkyl" whether used alone or as part of a substituent group refers to straight and branched carbon chains having 1 to 8 carbon atoms or any number within this range. The term "alkoxy" refers to an -Oalkyl substituent group, wherein alkyl is as defined supra. Similarly, the terms "alkenyl" and "alkynyl" refer to straight and branched carbon chains having 2 to 8 carbon atoms or any number within this range, wherein an alkenyl chain has at least one double bond in the chain and an alkynyl chain has at least one triple bond in the chain. An alkyl and alkoxy chain may be substituted on a carbon atom. In substituent groups with multiple alkyl groups such as (C1-6alkyl)2amino- the C1-6alkyl groups of the dialkylamino may be the same or different.
  • The term "cycloalkyl" refers to saturated or partially unsaturated, moncyclic or polycyclic hydrocarbon rings of from 3 to 14 carbon atom members. Examples of such rings include, and are not limited to cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl and adamantyl. Alternatively, the cycloalkyl ring may be fused to a benzene ring (benzo fused cycloalkyl), a 5 or 6 membered heteroaryl ring (containing one of O, S or N and, optionally, one additional nitrogen) to form a heteroaryl fused cycloalkyl.
  • The term "heterocyclyl" refers to a nonaromatic cyclic ring of 5 to 7 members in which 1 to 2 members are nitrogen, or a nonaromatic cyclic ring of 5 to 7 members in which zero, one or two members are nitrogen and up to two members are oxygen or sulfur; wherein, optionally, the ring contains zero to one unsaturated bonds, and, optionally, when the ring is of 6 or 7 members, it contains up to two unsaturated bonds. The term "heterocyclyl" includes a 5 to 7 membered monocyclic heterocyclic ring fused to a benzene ring (benzo fused heterocyclyl), a 5 or 6 membered heteroaryl ring (containing one of O, S or N and, optionally, one additional nitrogen), a 5 to 7 membered cycloalkyl or cycloalkenyl ring, a 5 to 7 membered heterocyclyl ring (of the same definition as above but absent the option of a further fused ring) or fused with the carbon of attachment of a cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl or heterocyclyl ring to form a spiro moiety. For instant compounds of the invention, the carbon atom ring members that form the heterocyclyl ring are fully saturated. Other compounds of the invention may have a partially saturated heterocyclyl ring. The term "heterocyclyl" also includes a 5 to 7 membered monocyclic heterocycle bridged to form bicyclic rings. Such compounds are not considered to be fully aromatic and are not referred to as heteroaryl compounds. Examples of heterocyclyl groups include, and are not limited to, pyrrolinyl (including 2H-pyrrole, 2-pyrrolinyl or 3-pyrrolinyl), pyrrolidinyl, 2-imidazolinyl, imidazolidinyl, 2-pyrazolinyl, pyrazolidinyl, piperidinyl, morpholinyl, thiomorpholinyl and piperazinyl.
  • The term "aryl" refers to an unsaturated, aromatic monocyclic ring of 6 carbon members or to an unsaturated, aromatic polycyclic ring of from 10 to 14 carbon members. Examples of such aryl rings include, and are not limited to, phenyl, naphthalenyl or anthracenyl. Preferred aryl groups for the practice of this invention are phenyl and naphthalenyl.
  • The term "heteroaryl" refers to an aromatic ring of 5 or 6 members wherein the ring consists of carbon atoms and has at least one heteroatom member. Suitable heteroatoms include nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur. In the case of 5 membered rings, the heteroaryl ring contains one member of nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur and, in addition, may contain up to three additional nitrogens. In the case of 6 membered rings, the heteroaryl ring may contain from one to three nitrogen atoms. For the case wherein the 6 membered ring has three nitrogens, at most two nitrogen atoms are adjacent. Optionally, the heteroaryl ring is fused to a benzene ring (benzo fused heteroaryl), a 5 or 6 membered heteroaryl ring (containing one of O, S or N and, optionally, one additional nitrogen), a 5 to 7 membered cycloalkyl ring or a 5 to 7 membered heterocyclo ring (as defined supra but absent the option of a further fused ring). Examples of heteroaryl groups include, and are not limited to, furyl, thienyl, pyrrolyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, isoxazolyl, isothiazolyl, oxadiazolyl, triazolyl, thiadiazolyl, pyridinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl or pyrazinyl; fused heteroaryl groups include indolyl, isoindolyl, indolinyl, benzofuryl, benzothienyl, indazolyl, benzimidazolyl, benzthiazolyl, benzoxazolyl; benzisoxazolyl, benzothiadiazolyl, benzotriazolyl, quinolizinyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl or quinazolinyl.
  • The term "arylalkyl" means an alkyl group substituted with an aryl group (e.g., benzyl, phenethyl). Similarly, the term "arylalkoxy" indicates an alkoxy group substituted with an aryl group (e.g., benzyloxy).
  • The term "halogen" refers to fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine. Substituents that are substituted with multiple halogens are substituted in a manner that provides compounds, which are stable.
  • Whenever the term "alkyl" or "aryl" or either of their prefix roots appear in a name of a substituent (e.g., arylalkyl, alkylamino) it shall be interpreted as including those limitations given above for "alkyl" and "aryl." Designated numbers of carbon atoms (e.g., C1-C6) shall refer independently to the number of carbon atoms in an alkyl moiety or to the alkyl portion of a larger substituent in which alkyl appears as its prefix roost. For alkyl, and alkoxy substituents the designated number of carbon atoms includes all of the independent member included in the range specified individually and all the combination of ranges within in the range specified. For example C1-6 alkyl would include methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl and hexyl individually as well as sub-combinations thereof (e.g. C1-2, C1-3, C1-4, C1-5, C2-6, C3-6, C4-6, C5-6, C2-5, etc.).
  • The term "therapeutically effective amount" as used herein, means that amount of active compound or pharmaceutical agent that elicits the biological or medicinal response in a tissue system, animal or human that is being sought by a researcher, veterinarian, medical doctor or other clinician, which includes alleviation of the symptoms of the disease or disorder being treated.
  • The novel compounds of the present invention are useful opioid receptor modulators. In particular, certain compounds are opioid receptor agonists useful in the treatment or amelioration of conditions such as pain and gastrointestinal disorders. Examples of pain intended to be within the scope of the present invention include, but are not limited to, centrally mediated pain, peripherally mediated pain, structural or soft tissue injury related pain, pain related to inflammation, progressive disease related pain, neuropathic pain and acute pain such as caused by acute injury, trauma or surgery and chronic pain such as caused by neuropathic pain conditions, diabetic peripheral neuropathy, post-herpetic neuralgia, trigeminal neuralgia, post-stroke pain syndromes or cluster or migraine headaches. Examples of gastrointestinal disorders intended to be within the scope of this invention include, but are not limited to, diarrheic syndromes, motility disorders such as diarrhea-predominant, or alternating irritable bowel syndrome, and visceral pain and diarrhea associated with inflammatory bowel disease including ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease.
  • Examples of gastrointestinal disorders where opioid receptor ("OR") antagonists are useful include constipation-predominant irritable bowel syndrome, post-operative ileus and constipation, including but not limited to the constipation associated with treatment of chronic pain with opiates. Modulation of more than one opioid receptor subtype is also useful as follows: a compound that is a mixed mu OR agonist and delta OR antagonist could have antidiarrheal properties without being profoundly constipating. A compound that is a mixed mu OR agonist and delta OR agonist are useful in cases of severe diarrhea that are refractory to treatment with pure mu OR agonists, or has additional utility in treating visceral pain associated with inflammation and diarrhea.
  • Accordingly, a compound of the present invention may be administered by any conventional route of administration including, but not limited to oral, nasal, pulmonary, sublingual, ocular, transdermal, rectal, vaginal and parenteral (i.e. subcutaneous, intramuscular, intradermal, intravenous etc.). It is currently preferred that the compounds of the present invention be administered via modes of administration other than pulmonary or parenteral administration. However, the preferred compounds provided in Table IV may be administered via pulmonary or parenteral modes of administration.
  • To prepare the pharmaceutical compositions of this invention, one or more compounds of Formula (I) or salt thereof as the active ingredient, is intimately admixed with a pharmaceutical carrier according to conventional pharmaceutical compounding techniques, which carrier may take a wide variety of forms depending of the form of preparation desired for administration (e.g. oral or parenteral). Suitable pharmaceutically acceptable carriers are well known in the art. Descriptions of some of these pharmaceutically acceptable carriers may be found in The Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients, published by the American Pharmaceutical Association and the Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain.
  • Methods of formulating pharmaceutical compositions have been described in numerous publications such as Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms: Tablets, Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, Volumes 1-3, edited by Lieberman et al; Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms: Parenteral Medications, Volumes 1-2, edited by Avis et al; and Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms: Disperse Systems, Volumes 1-2, edited by Lieberman et al; published by Marcel Dekker, Inc.
  • In preparing a pharmaceutical composition of the present invention in liquid dosage form for oral, topical and parenteral administration, any of the usual pharmaceutical media or excipients may be employed. Thus, for liquid dosage forms, such as suspensions (i.e. colloids, emulsions and dispersions) and solutions, suitable carriers and additives include, but are not limited to, pharmaceutically acceptable wetting agents, dispersants, flocculation agents, thickeners, pH control agents (i.e. buffers), osmotic agents, coloring agents, flavors, fragrances, preservatives (i.e. to control microbial growth, etc.) and a liquid vehicle may be employed. Not all of the components listed above will be required for each liquid dosage form.
  • In solid oral preparations such as, for example, dry powders for reconstitution or inhalation, granules, capsules, caplets, gelcaps, pills and tablets (each including immediate release, timed release and sustained release formulations), suitable carriers and additives include but are not limited to diluents, granulating agents, lubricants, binders, glidants, disintegrating agents and the like. Because of their ease of administration, tablets and capsules represent the most advantageous oral dosage unit form, in which case solid pharmaceutical carriers are obviously employed. If desired, tablets may be sugar coated, gelatin coated, film coated or enteric coated by standard techniques.
  • The pharmaceutical compositions herein will contain, per dosage unit, e.g., tablet, capsule, powder, injection, teaspoonful and the like, an amount of the active ingredient necessary to deliver an effective dose as described above. The pharmaceutical compositions herein will contain, per unit dosage unit, e.g., tablet, capsule, powder, injection, suppository, teaspoonful and the like, of from about 0.01 mg/kg to about 300 mg/kg (preferably from about 0.01 mg/kg to about 100 mg/kg; and, more preferably, from about 0.01 mg/kg to about 30 mg/kg) and may be given at a dosage of from about 0.01 mg/kg/day to about 300 mg/kg/day (preferably from about 0.01 mg/kg/day to about 100 mg/kg/day and more preferably from about 0.01 mg/kg/day to about 30 mg/kg/day). Preferably, the method for the treatment of conditions that may be mediated by opioid receptors described in the present invention using any of the compounds as defined herein, the dosage form will contain a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier containing between from about 0.01 mg to about 100 mg; and, more preferably, from about 5 mg to about 50 mg of the compound, and may be constituted into any form suitable for the mode of administration selected. The dosages, however, may be varied depending upon the requirement of the subjects, the severity of the condition being treated and the compound being employed. The use of either daily administration or post-periodic dosing may be employed.
  • Preferably these compositions are in unit dosage forms from such as tablets, pills, capsules, dry powders for reconstitution or inhalation, granules, lozenges, sterile solutions or suspensions, metered aerosol or liquid sprays, drops, or suppositories for administration by oral, intranasal, sublingual, intraocular, transdermal, rectal, vaginal, dry powder inhaler or other inhalation or insufflation means.
  • For preparing solid pharmaceutical compositions such as tablets, the principal active ingredient is mixed with a pharmaceutical carrier, e.g. conventional tableting ingredients such as diluents, binders, adhesives, disintegrants, lubricants, antiadherents and gildants. Suitable diluents include, but are not limited to, starch (i.e. corn, wheat, or potato starch, which may be hydrolized), lactose (granulated, spray dried or anhydrous), sucrose, sucrose-based diluents (confectioner's sugar; sucrose plus about 7 to 10 weight percent invert sugar; sucrose plus about 3 weight percent modified dextrins; sucrose plus invert sugar, about 4 weight percent invert sugar, about 0.1 to 0.2 weight percent cornstarch and magnesium stearate), dextrose, inositol, mannitol, sorbitol, microcrystalline cellulose (i.e. AVICEL™ microcrystalline cellulose available from FMC Corp.), dicalcium phosphate, calcium sulfate dihydrate, calcium lactate trihydrate and the like. Suitable binders and adhesives include, but are not limited to acacia gum, guar gum, tragacanth gum, sucrose, gelatin, glucose, starch, and cellulosics (i.e. methylcellulose, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, ethylcellulose, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, hydroxypropylcellulose, and the like), water soluble or dispersible binders (i.e. alginic acid and salts thereof, magnesium aluminum silicate, hydroxyethylcellulose [i.e. TYLOSE ™ available from Hoechst Celanese], polyethylene glycol, polysaccharide acids, bentonites, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polymethacrylates and pregelatinized starch) and the like. Suitable disintegrants include, but are not limited to, starches (corn, potato, etc.), sodium starch glycolates, pregelatinized starches, clays (magnesium aluminum silicate), celluloses (such as crosslinked sodium carboxymethylcellulose and microcrystalline cellulose), alginates, pregelatinized starches (i.e. com starch, etc.), gums (i.e. agar, guar, locust bean, karaya, pectin, and tragacanth gum), cross-linked polyvinylpyrrolidone and the like. Suitable lubricants and antiadherents include, but are not limited to, stearates (magnesium, calcium and sodium), stearic acid, talc waxes, stearowet, boric acid, sodium chloride, DL-leucine, carbowax 4000, carbowax 6000, sodium oleate, sodium benzoate, sodium acetate, sodium lauryl sulfate, magnesium lauryl sulfate and the like. Suitable gildants include, but are not limited to, talc, cornstarch, silica (i.e. CAB-O-SIL™ silica available from Cabot, SYLOID™ silica available from W.R. Grace/Davison, and AEROSIL™ silica available from Degussa) and the like. Sweeteners and flavorants may be added to chewable solid dosage forms to improve the palatability of the oral dosage form. Additionally, colorants and coatings may be added or applied to the solid dosage form for ease of identification of the drug or for aesthetic purposes. These carriers are formulated with the pharmaceutical active to provide an accurate, appropriate dose of the pharmaceutical active with a therapeutic release profile.
  • Generally these carriers are mixed with the pharmaceutical active to form a solid preformulation composition containing a homogeneous mixture of the pharmaceutical active of the present invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. Generally the preformulation will be formed by one of three common methods: (a) wet granulation, (b) dry granulation and (c) dry blending. When referring to these preformulation compositions as homogeneous, it is meant that the active ingredient is dispersed evenly throughout the composition so that the composition may be readily subdivided into equally effective dosage forms such as tablets, pills and capsules. This solid preformulation composition is then subdivided into unit dosage forms of the type described above containing from about 0.1 mg to about 500 mg of the active ingredient of the present invention. The tablets or pills containing the novel compositions may also be formulated in multilayer tablets or pills to provide a sustained or provide dual-release products. For example, a dual release tablet or pill can comprise an inner dosage and an outer dosage component, the latter being in the form of an envelope over the former. The two components can be separated by an enteric layer, which serves to resist disintegration in the stomach and permits the inner component to pass intact into the duodenum or to be delayed in release. A variety of materials can be used for such enteric layers or coatings, such materials including a number of polymeric materials such as shellac, cellulose acetate (i.e. cellulose acetate phthalate, cellulose acetate trimetllitate), polyvinyl acetate phthalate, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose phthalate, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate succinate, methacrylate and ethylacrylate copolymers, methacrylate and methyl methacrylate copolymers and the like. Sustained release tablets may also be made by film coating or wet granulation using slightly soluble or insoluble substances in solution (which for a wet granulation acts as the binding agents) or low melting solids a molten form (which in a wet granulation may incorporate the active ingredient). These materials include natural and synthetic polymers waxes, hydrogenated oils, fatty acids and alcohols (i.e. beeswax, carnauba wax, cetyl alcohol, cetylstearyl alcohol, and the like), esters of fatty acids metallic soaps, and other acceptable materials that can be used to granulate, coat, entrap or otherwise limit the solubility of an active ingredient to achieve a prolonged or sustained release product.
  • The liquid forms in which the novel compositions of the present invention may be incorporated for administration orally or by injection include, but are not limited to aqueous solutions, suitably flavored syrups, aqueous or oil suspensions, and flavored emulsions with edible oils such as cottonseed oil, sesame oil, coconut oil or peanut oil, as well as elixirs and similar pharmaceutical vehicles. Suitable suspending agents for aqueous suspensions, include synthetic and natural gums such as, acacia, agar, alginate (i.e. propylene alginate, sodium alginate and the like), guar, karaya, locust bean, pectin, tragacanth, and xanthan gum, cellulosics such as sodium carboxymethylcellulose, methylcellulose, hydroxymethylcellulose, hydroxyethylcellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, and combinations thereof, synthetic polymers such as polyvinyl pyrrolidone, carbomer (i.e. carboxypolymethylene), and polyethylene glycol; clays such as bentonite, hectorite, attapulgite or sepiolite; and other pharmaceutically acceptable suspending agents such as lecithin, gelatin or the like. Suitable surfactants include but are not limited to sodium docusate, sodium lauryl sulfate, polysorbate, octoxynol-9, nonoxynol-10, polysorbate 20, polysorbate 40, polysorbate 60, polysorbate 80, polyoxamer 188, polyoxamer 235 and combinations thereof. Suitable deflocculating or dispersing agent include pharmaceutical grade lecithins. Suitable flocculating agent include but are not limited to simple neutral electrolytes (i.e. sodium chloride, potassium, chloride, and the like), highly charged insoluble polymers and polyelectrolyte species, water soluble divalent or trivalent ions (i.e. calcium salts, alums or sulfates, citrates and phosphates (which can be used jointly in formulations as pH buffers and flocculating agents). Suitable preservatives include but are not limited to parabens (i.e. methyl, ethyl, n-propyl and n-butyl), sorbic acid, thimerosal, quaternary ammonium salts, benzyl alcohol, benzoic acid, chlorhexidine gluconate, phenylethanol and the like. There are many liquid vehicles that may be used in liquid pharmaceutical dosage forms, however, the liquid vehicle that is used in a particular dosage form must be compatible with the suspending agent(s). For example, nonpolar liquid vehicles such as fatty esters and oils liquid vehicles are best used with suspending agents such as low HLB (Hydrophile-Lipophile Balance) surfactants, stearalkonium hectorite, water insoluble resins, water insoluble film forming polymers and the like. Conversely, polar liquids such as water, alcohols, polyols and glycols are best used with suspending agents such as higher HLB surfactants, clays silicates, gums, water soluble cellulosics, water soluble polymers and the like.
  • Furthermore, compounds of the present invention can be administered in an intranasal dosage form via topical use of suitable intranasal vehicles or via transdermal skin patches, the composition of which are well known to those of ordinary skill in that art. To be administered in the form of a transdermal delivery system, the administration of a therapeutic dose will, of course, be continuous rather than intermittent throughout the dosage regimen.
  • Compounds of this invention may be administered in any of the foregoing compositions and dosage regimens or by means of those compositions and dosage regimens established in the art whenever treatment of disorders that may be mediated or ameliorated by opioid receptors for a subject in need thereof.
  • The daily dose of a pharmaceutical composition of the present invention may be varied over a wide range from about 0.1 mg to about 7000 mg per adult human per day; most preferably the dose will be in the range of from about 0.7 mg to about 2100 mg per adult human per day. For oral administration, the compositions are preferably provided in the form of tablets containing, 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 2.5, 5.0, 10.0, 15.0, 25.0, 50.0, 100, 150, 200,250 and 500 milligrams of the active ingredient for the symptomatic adjustment of the dosage to the subject to be treated. An effective amount of the drug is ordinarily supplied at a dosage level of from about 0.01 mg/kg to about 300 mg/kg of body weight per day. Preferably, the range is from about 0.01 mg/kg to about 100 mg/kg of body weight per day; and, most preferably, from about 0.01 mg/kg to about 30 mg/kg of body weight per day. Advantageously, a compound of the present invention may be administered in a single daily dose or the total daily dosage may be administered in divided doses of two, three or four times daily.
  • Optimal dosages to be administered may be readily determined by those skilled in the art, and will vary with the particular compound used, the mode of administration, the strength of the preparation, and the advancement of the disease condition. In addition, factors associated with the particular subject being treated, including subject age, weight, diet and time of administration, will result in the need to adjust the dose to an appropriate therapeutic level.
  • Representative IUPAC names for the compounds of the present invention were derived using the AutoNom version 2.1 nomenclature software program provided by Beilstein Informationssysteme.
  • Abbreviations used in the instant specification, particularly the Schemes and Examples, are as follows:
    BOC = tert-butoxycarbonyl
    BuLi = n-butyllithium
    CBZ = benzyloxycarbonyl
    Cpd or Cmpd = compound
    d = day/ days
    DIPEA = diisopropylethylamine
    DPPF = 1,1'-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene
    DPPP = 1,3-Bis(diphenylphosphino)propane
    EDCI or EDC = 1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride
    EtOAc = ethyl acetate
    EtOH = ethanol
    h = hour/ hours
    HMDS = 1,1,3,3-Hexamethyldisilazane
    HOBt/ HOBT = hydroxybenzotiazole
    M = molar
    MeCN = acetonitrile
    MeOH = methanol
    min = minutes
    PyBOP = Benzotriazol-1-yl-oxy-tris-pyrrolidinophosphonium hexafluorophosphate
    rt/ RT = room temperature
    TFA = trifluoroacetic acid
    OTf = triflate
    Ts = tosyl
    • SYNTHETIC METHODS
  • Representative compounds of the present invention can be synthesized in accordance with the general synthetic methods described below and are illustrated more particularly in the schemes that follow. Since the schemes are an illustration, the invention should not be construed as being limited by the chemical reactions and conditions expressed. The preparation of the various starting materials used in the schemes is well within the skill of persons versed in the art.
  • The following schemes describe general synthetic methods whereby intermediate and target compounds of the present invention may be prepared. Additional representative compounds and stereoisomers, racemic mixtures, diasteromers and enantiomers thereof can be synthesized using the intermediates prepared in accordance to the general schemes and other materials, compounds and reagents known to those skilled in the art. All such compounds, stereoisomers, racemic mixtures, diasteromers and enantiomers thereof are intended to be encompassed within the scope of the present invention.
  • Certain intermediates and compounds of the present description may be prepared according to the process outlined in Scheme A below.
    Figure imgb0019
  • A carboxylic acid of the formula A-1, available either commercially or prepared by reported protocols in the scientific literature, may be coupled to an α-aminoketone using standard peptide coupling conditions with a coupling agent such as EDCI and an additive such as HOBt to provide a compound of formula A-2. Compound A-2 may be condensed with an amine of the formula H2N-R5 or ammonium acetate and cyclized upon heating in acetic acid to a compound of formula A-4.
  • The protecting group of compound A-4 may be removed using conditions known to those skilled in the art that are appropriate for the particular protecting group to afford a compound of the formula A-6. For instance, hydrogenation in the presence of a palladium catalyst is one method for the removal of a CBZ protecting group, whereas treatment with an acid such as TFA is effective for a BOC group deprotection.
  • A compound of formula A-6 may be substituted using reductive amination with an appropriately substituted aldehyde or ketone in the presence of a hydride source, such as sodium borohydride or sodium triacetoxyborohydride, provide compounds of formula A-10.
  • Alternatively, a compound of formula A-3 may be condensed with a dicarbonyl compound of the formula R3(C=O)2R3 and an amine of the formula H2N-R5 upon heating in acetic acid to afford a compound of the formula A-4. When compound A-3 is protected with a BOC group, a by-product of formula A-5 may be produced. Compounds of formula A-4 or A-5 may be treated with a hydride source such as lithium aluminum hydride to give certain compounds of formula A-10.
  • Similarly, a compound of formula A-7 may be coupled to an α-aminoketone as described above for compounds of formula A-1 to yield the corresponding compounds of formula A-8. A compound of formula A-8 may then be cyclized in the presence of an amine of formula H2N-R5 or ammonium acetate and subsequently deprotected as described above to arrive at compounds of formula A-10.
  • Certain compounds of the present invention may be prepared according to the process outlined in Scheme B below.
    Figure imgb0020
  • More specifically, a compound of formula B-1 (wherein the imidazole nitrogen is substituted with R5, as defined herein, or R5a, a nitrogen protecting group such as SEM, MOM, or the like) may be deprotonated with an organometallic base such as n-butyllithium and then treated with a suitably substituted amide to yield a compound of formula B-2.
  • Compound B-2 may be brominated to yield a mixture of regioisomers of formula B-3. A compound of formula B-3 may be further elaborated via a reductive amination with an amine of the formula H2N-R1 in the presence of a hydride source as described in Scheme A to afford a compound of formula B-4.
  • The amine of a compound of formula B-4 may be coupled with a suitable carboxylic acid under standard peptide coupling conditions with a coupling agent such as EDCI and an additive such as HOBt to yield compounds of formula B-5.
  • Certain R3 substituents of the present invention in which a carbon atom is the point of attachment may be introduced into a compound of formula B-5 through a transition metal-catalyzed cross coupling reaction to afford compounds of formula B-6. Suitable palladium catalysts include palladium tetrakis triphenylphosphine and the like. Suitable Lewis acids for the reaction include boronic acids and the like. Compounds protected with R5a may be deprotected under acidic conditions to yield compounds of formula B-7.
  • In a similar manner, an intermediate B-2 when optionally protected with R5a may be reductively alkylated using methods described above to give a compound of formula B-8, followed by removal of protecting group R5a using conditions described herein to yield a compound of formula B-9.
  • One skilled in the art will recognize that substituent L (depicted as O in the formulae of Scheme B) may be further elaborated to S or N(Rd) of the present invention using conventional, known chemical methods.
  • Certain compounds of the present invention may be prepared according to the process outlined in Scheme C below.
    Figure imgb0021
  • More specifically, a compound of formula A-10, B-8, or B-9 may be elaborated to a compound of formula C-2 through coupling with a suitable carboxylic acid under standard peptide coupling conditions as described above. One skilled in the art will recognize that substituent L in a compound of formula C-2(depicted as O) may be converted to S or N(Rd) of the present invention using conventional, known chemical methods.
  • Suitably substituted carboxylic acids of the present invention may either be commercially available or prepared by reported protocols in the scientific literature. Several chemical routes for preparing certain compounds of formula C-1 are outlined below in Schemes D and E.
    Figure imgb0022
  • Specifically, a compound of formula D-1 may be treated with trifluoromethanesulfonic anhydride to afford the triflate compound of formula D-2. A compound of formula D-2 may be converted to a compound of formula D-4 by a variety chemical routes which utilize conventional chemical methods known to those skilled in the art. For example, the bromo group of a compound of formula D-2 may undergo a carboxylation reaction via an initial carbonylation under a carbon monoxide atmosphere in the presence of an appropriate palladium catalyst and DPPF, followed by an aqueous basic workup to afford a compound of formula D-3. Subsequently, the carboxyl group may be converted to a substituent of R41a of formula D-4 using standard peptide coupling conditions. Alternatively, a compound of formula D-4 may be directly prepared via a carbonylation of compound of formula D-2, followed by treatment with HMDS, or a primary or secondary amine.
  • The compound of formula D-5, known or prepared by known methods, may be treated with EDC in the presence of copper (I) chloride to afford the corresponding alkene of formula D6. A compound of formula D-6 may then undergo a Heck reaction with a compound of formula D-4 in the presence of an appropriate palladium catalyst and phosphino ligand to afford a compound of formula D7. Subsequent hydrogenation of the alkenyl substituent using standard hydrogen reduction methods affords a compound of formula D-8.
  • Scheme E demonstrates an alternative method for preparing intermediate D-7 of the present invention. A compound of formula E-1 may be elaborated to a compound of formula E-4 using the appropriately adapted synthetic steps described in Scheme D. One skilled in the art will recognize that this transformation may be achieved by manipulation of the reaction sequence. A compound of formula E-4 may be converted to its corresponding nitrile via an aromatic nucleophilic displacement reaction with cyanide anion. One skilled in the art will recognize that a nitrile substituent is a viable synthon for a substituent of R41a.
  • A compound of formula E-4 may participate in a Homer-Wadsworth-Emmons reaction with a compound of formula E-7 in the presence of an organometallic base such as n-butyllithiium to afford a compound of formula D-7. This intermediate may be further elaborated as described in Scheme D, herein.
    Figure imgb0023
  • Certain compounds of the present invention may be prepared according to the process outlined in Scheme F below.
    Figure imgb0024
    Figure imgb0025
  • More specifically, a compound of formula F-1, wherein R11 is an alkoxycarbonyl as defined above, may be saponified to its corresponding acid, a compound of formula F-2.
  • A compound of formula F-3 wherein R11 is a cyano substituent may be elaborated to its corresponding aminocarbonyl, compound F-4 by treatment with hydrogen peroxide in the presence of hydroxide anion. Similarly, when R3 is a cyano-substituted aryl ring, it may be treated as described above to form an aminocarbonyl-substituted aryl ring.
  • Certain substitutents of R11 may be installed via a palladium catalyzed coupling reaction with an X-substituted precursor. For example, a compound of formula F-5 wherein X is iodide, bromide, tosylate, triflate, or the like may be treated with Zn(CN)2 in the presence of palladium tetrakis triphenylphosphine to give a compound of formula F-6 wherein R11 is cyano.
  • Treatment of a compound of formula F-5 with Pd(OAc)2 and a ligand such as 1,1-bis(diphenylphosphino) ferrocene under a carbon monoxide atmosphere provides a compound of formula F-6 wherein R11 is a carboxy substituent.
  • The palladium catalyzed couplings described above may also be used to install cyano, carboxy, and alkoxycarbonyl substituents onto an aryl ring at R3.
    • Specific Examples
  • Specific compounds were prepared as per the following examples and reaction sequences; the examples and the diagrams depicting the reaction sequences are offered by way of illustration, to aid in the understanding of the invention and should not be construed to limit in any way the invention set forth in the claims which follow thereafter.
  • The invention specifically relates to the compound having the structure
    Figure imgb0026
     described in example 9. Specifically claimed are pharmaceutical dosage formulations suitable for oral administration comprising the compound, uses of the compositions in treatment, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compound.Other example compounds are provided for reference only.
  • The instant compounds may also be used as intermediates in subsequent examples to produce additional compounds. No attempt has been made to optimize the yields obtained in any of the reactions. One skilled in the art would know how to increase such yields through routine variations in reaction times, temperatures, solvents and/or reagents.
  • Reagents were purchased from commercial sources. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra for hydrogen atoms were measured in the indicated solvent with (TMS) as the internal standard on a Bruker Biospin, Inc. DPX-300 (300 MHz) spectrometer. The values are expressed in parts per million down field from TMS. The mass spectra (MS) were determined on a Micromass Platform LC spectrometer or an Agilent LC spectrometer using electrospray techniques. Microwave accelerated reactions were performed using either a CEM Discover or a Personal Chemistry Smith Synthesizer microwave instrument.
    • 2-Amino-3-(4-hydroxy-2,6-dimethyl-phenyl)-N-isopropyl-N-[1-(4-phenyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-ethyl]-propionamide
  • Figure imgb0027
    1. A. [1-(2-Oxo-2-phenyl-ethylcarbamoyl)-ethyl]-carbamic acid benzyl ester. To a solution of commercially available N-α-CBZ-L-alanine (2.11 g, 9.5 mmol) in dichloromethane (50 mL) was added 2-aminoacetophenone hydrochloride (1.62g, 9.5 mmol). The resulting solution was cooled to 0°C and N-methylmorpholine (1.15 g, 11 mmol), 1-hydroxybenzotriazole (2.55 g, 18.9 mmol) and 1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (2.35 g, 12.3 mmol) in that order were added under an Argon atmosphere. The reaction mixture was warmed to room temperature and stirred overnight. The reaction was quenched by addition of saturated aqueous NaHCO3 solution; the separated organic phase was washed with 2N citric acid, saturated NaHCO3 solution and brine, then dried over MgSO4 overnight. After filtration and concentration, the residue was purified by column chromatography on silica gel (eluent, EtOAc:hexane-1:1) to give the pure product: [1-(2-oxo-2-phenyl-ethylcarbamoyl)-ethyl]-carbamic acid benzyl ester (2.68 g, 83 %). 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3): δ 1.46 (3H, d), 4.39 (1 H, m), 4.75 (2H, d), 5.13 (2H, d), 5.40 (1H, m), 7.03 (1 H, m), 7.36 (5H, m), 7.50 (2H, m), 7.63 (1 H, m), 7.97(2H, m). MS(ES+): 341.1 (100%).
    2. B. [1-(4-Phenyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-ethyl]-carbamic acid benzyl ester. To a suspension of [1-(2-oxo-2-phenyl-ethylcarbamoyl)-ethyl]-carbamic acid benzyl ester (2.60 g, 7.64 mmol) in xylene (60 mL) was added NH4OAc (10.3 g, 134 mmol) and HOAc (5 mL). The resulting mixture was heated at reflux for 7 h. After being cooled to room temperature, brine was added and the mixture was separated. The aqueous phase was extracted with EtOAc, and the combined organic phases were dried over Na2SO4 overnight. After filtration and concentration, the residue was purified by column chromatography on silica gel (eluent, EtOAc:hexane-1:1) to give the title compound (2.33 g, 95 %). 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3): δ 1.65 (3H, d), 5.06 (1H, m), 5.14 (2H, q), 5.94 (1H, d), 7.32 (10H, m), 7.59 (2H, d). MS(ES+): 322.2 (100%).
    3. C. 1-(4-Phenyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-ethylamine. To a solution of [1-(4-phenyl-1 H-imidazol-2-yl)-ethyl]-carbamic acid benzyl ester (1.5 g, 4.67 mmol) in methanol (25 mL) was added 10% palladium on carbon (0.16 g). The mixture was shaken in a hydrogenation apparatus at rt under a hydrogen atmosphere (10 psi) for 8 h. Filtration followed by evaporation to dryness under reduced pressure gave the crude product 1-(4-Phenyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-ethylamine (0.88 g, 100%). 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3): δ 1.53 (3H, d), 4.33 (1H, q), 7.23 (3H, m), 7.37 (2H, m), 7.67 (2H, m). MS(ES+): 188.1 (38%).
    4. D. Isopropyl-[1-(4-phenyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-ethyl]-amine. 1-(4-Phenyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-ethylamine (0.20 g, 1.07 mmol) and acetone (0.062 g, 1.07 mmol) were mixed in 1,2-dichloroethane (4 mL), followed by the addition of NaBH(OAc)3 (0.34 g, 1.61 mmol). The resulting mixture was stirred at rt for 3 h. The reaction was quenched with saturated NaHCO3 solution. The mixture was extracted with EtOAc and the combined extracts were dried over Na2SO4. Filtration followed by evaporation to dryness under reduced pressure gave the crude isopropyl-[1-(4-phenyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-ethyl]-amine (0.23 g, 100%) which was used for the next reaction without further purification. 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3): δ 1.10 (3H, d), 1.18 (3H, d), 1.57 (3H, d), 2.86 (1 H, m), 4.32 (1 H, m), 7.24 (2H, m), 7.36 (2H, m), 7.69 (2H, m). MS(ES+): 230.2 (100%).
    5. E. (2-(4-Hydroxy-2,6-dimethyl-phenyl)-1-{isopropyl-[1-(4-phenyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-ethyl]-carbamoyl}-ethyl)-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester. Into a solution of 2-tert-Butoxycarbonylamino-3-(4-hydroxy-2,6-dimethylphenyl)-propionic acid (0.18 g, 0.6 mmol) in DMF (7 mL) was added isopropyl-[1-(4-phenyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-ethyl]-amine (0.11 g, 0.5 mmol), 1-hydroxybenzotriazole (0.22 g, 1.6 mmol) and 1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (0.12 g, 0.6 mmol). The resulting mixture was stirred under an Argon atmosphere at rt overnight. The reaction mixture was extracted with EtOAc and the combined organic extracts were washed sequentially with saturated aqueous NaHCO3 solution, 1 N HCl, saturated aqueous NaHCO3 solution, and brine. The organic phase was then dried over MgSO4, filtered, and the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The resulting residue was purified by flash column chromatography (eluent: EtOAc) to afford the product (2-(4-hydroxy-2,6-dimethyl-phenyl)-1-{isopropyl-[1-(4-phenyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-ethyl]-carbamoyl}-ethyl)-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (0.13 g, 50%). MS(ES+): 521.5 (100%).
    6. F. 2-Amino-3-(4-hydroxy-2,6-dimethyl-phenyl)-N-isopropyl-N-[1-(4-phenyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-ethyl]-propionamide. A solution of (2-(4-hydroxy-2,6-dimethyl-phenyl)-1-{isopropyl-[1-(4-phenyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-ethyl]-carbamoyl}-ethyl)-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (0.13 g, 0.25 mmol) in trifluoroacetic acid (5 mL) was stirred at rt for 2 h. Upon removal of the solvents, the residue was purified by preparative LC and lyophilized to give the TFA salt of the title compound as a white powder (0.042 g). 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3): δ 0.48 (3H, d), 1.17 (3H, d), 1.76 (3H, d), 2.28 (6H, s), 3.19 (2H, m), 3.74 (1 H, m), 4.70 (1 H, m), 4.82 (1 H, q), 6.56 (2H, s), 7.45 (4H, m), 7.74 (2H, m). MS(ES+): 421.2 (100%).
    Example 2 Methyl-[2-methyl-1-(4-phenyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-propyl]-amine and Ethyl-[2-methyl-1-(4-phenyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-propyl]-amine
  • Figure imgb0028
    1. A. [2-Methyl-1-(2-oxo-2-phenyl-ethylcarbamoyl)-propyl]-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester. Compound 2a was prepared according to Example 1 using the appropriate reagents, starting materials and methods known to those skilled in the art.
    2. B. [2-Methyl-1-(4-phenyl-1-H-imidazol-2-yl)-propyl]-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester. Following the procedure described in Example 1 for the conversion of Compound 1a to Compound 1b⊥ and using the appropriate reagents and methods known to those skilled in the art, [2-methyl-1-(4-phenyl-1-H-imidazol-2-yl)-propyl]-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester, Cpd 2b, was prepared.
      Subsequent to workup, the crude product mixture was subjected to flash silica gel chromatography (eluents: CH2Cl2, followed by 4:1 CH2Cl2/Et2O, then EtOAc). Processing of the fractions afforded 1.08 g (27%) of recovered [2-methyl-1-(2-oxo-2-phenyl-ethylcarbamoyl)-propyl]-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (Cpd 2a), 1.89 g (50%) of [2-methyl-1-(4-phenyl-1-H-imidazol-2-yl)-propyl]-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (Cpd 2b), and 0.60 g of a mixture of N-[2-methyl-1-(4-phenyl-1 H-imidazol-2-yl)-propyl]-acetamide (Cpd 2c) and acetamide.
      Cpd 2c was purified by dissolving it in hot CH3CN and cooling to 0°C. Collection of the precipitate by suction filtration afforded 0.21 g (7%) of N-[2-methyl-1-(4-phenyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-propyl]-acetamide, Cpd 2c, as a white powder (HPLC: 100% @ 254 nm and 214 nm). 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3): δ 7.63 (2H, br s), 7.33 (2H, t, J= 7.5 Hz), 7.25 - 7.18 (2H, m), 4.78 (1H, br s), 2.35 (1H, br m), 2.02 (3H, s), 1.03 (3H, d, J = 6.7 Hz), 0.87 (3H, d, J = 6.7 Hz); MS (ES+) (relative intensity): 258.3 (100) (M+1).
    3. C. Methyl-[2-methyl-1-(4-phenyl-1 H-imidazol-2-yl)-propyl]-amine. A solution of [2-methyl-1-(4-phenyl-1-H-imidazol-2-yl)-propyl]-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (0.095g, 0.30 mmol) in THF (2.0 mL) was added dropwise over 10 min to a refluxing 1.0 M solution of LiAlH4 in THF (3.0 mL). The reaction was maintained at reflux for 2 h, cooled to room temperature, and quenched by sequential treatment with 0.11 mL of cold water (5°C), 0.11 mL of 15% NaOH in aqueous solution, and 0.33 mL of cold water (5°C). The resultant solid was removed by suction filtration and the filtrate (pH 8 - 9) was extracted three times with EtOAc. The combined organic fractions were dried over MgSO4, filtered, and concentrated to afford 0.58 g (84%) of methyl-[2-methyl-1-(4-phenyl-1 H-imidazol-2-yl)-propyl]-amine as a light yellow oil (HPLC: 97% @ 254 nm and 214 nm). 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3): δ 7.69 (2H, d, J = 7.4 Hz), 7.36 (2H, t, J = 7.6 Hz), 7.26 (1 H, s), 7.25 - 7.20 (1 H, m), 3.62 (1 H, d, J = 6.3 Hz), 2.35 (3H, s), 2.06 (1 H, m), 0.99 (3H, d, J = 6.7 Hz), 0.89 (3H, d, J = 6.7 Hz); MS (ES+) (relative intensity): 230.2 (100) (M+1).
    4. D. Ethyl-[2-methyl-1-(4-phenyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-propyl]-amine. A solution of N-[2-methyl-1-(4-phenyl-1 H-imidazol-2-yl)-propyl]-acetamide (0.077g, 0.30 mmol) in THF (2.0 mL) was added dropwise over 10 min to a refluxing 1.0 M solution of LiAlH4 in THF (3.0 mL). The reaction was maintained at reflux for 11 h, cooled to rt, and quenched by sequential treatment with 0.11 mL of cold water (5°C), 0.11 mL of 15 % NaOH in aqueous solution, and 0.33 mL of cold water (5°C). The resultant solid was removed by suction filtration and the filtrate (pH 8 - 9) was extracted three times with EtOAc. The combined organic fractions were dried over MgSO4, filtered, and concentrated to afford 0.069 g of a 5:1 mixture (determined by 1H NMR) of ethyl-[2-methyl-1-(4-phenyl-1 H-imidazol-2-yl)-propyl]-amine and recovered Cpd 2c as a colorless oil (HPLC: peaks overlap). 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3): δ 7.67 (2H, br s), 7.35 (2H, t, J = 7.6 Hz), 7.26 - 7.17 (2H, m), 3.72 (1 H, d, J = 6.0 Hz), 2.56 (2H, dq, J = 13.0, 7.1 Hz), 2.05 (1 H, m), 1.08 (3H, t, J = 7.1 Hz), 0.97 (3H,d, J = 6.7 Hz), 0.89 (3H, d, J = 6.7 Hz); MS (ES+) (relative intensity): 244.2 (100) (M+1). This sample was of sufficient quality to use in the next reaction without further purification.
  • Methyl-[2-methyl-1-(4-phenyl-1 H imidazol-2-yl)-propyl]-amine and ethyl-[2-methyl-1-(4-phenyl-1 H-imidazol-2-yl)-propyl]-amine may be substituted for Cpd 1d of Example 1 and elaborated to compounds of the present invention with the appropriate reagents, starting materials and purification methods known to those skilled in the art.
    • Example 3 (3,4-Dimethoxy-benzyl)-[1-(4-phenyl-1 H -imidazol-2-yl)-ethyl]-amine
  • Figure imgb0029
  • A solution of 1-(4-phenyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-ethylamine (0.061 g, 0.33 mmol) of Example 1, and 0.55 g (0.33 mmol) of 3,4-dimethoxybenzaldehyde in 5 mL of anhydrous methanol was stirred at room temperature for 1 h and then cooled to about 0-10°C in an ice bath for 1 h. The reaction was treated carefully with 0.019 g (0.49 mmol) of sodium borohydride in one portion and maintained at about 0-10°C for 21 h. Cold 2M aqueous HCl was added dropwise (30 drops), the mixture was stirred for 5 min, and then partially concentrated in vacuo unheated. The residual material was taken up in EtOAc to yield a suspension that was treated with 5 mL of cold 3M aqueous NaOH and stirred vigorously until clear. The phases were separated and the aqueous layer was extracted three times additional with EtOAc. The combined extracts were dried over MgSO4, filtered, and concentrated to afford 0.11 g of (3,4-dimethoxy-benzyl)-[1-(4-phenyl-1 H-imidazol-2-yl}-ethyl]-amine as a light yellow oil (HPLC: 87% @ 254nm and 66% @ 214 nm). MS (ES+) (relative intensity): 338.1 (100) (M+1). This sample was of sufficient quality to use in the next reaction without further purification. The title compound may be substituted for Cpd 1d of Example 1 and elaborated to compounds of the present invention with the appropriate reagents, starting materials and purification methods known to those skilled in the art.
    • Example 4 1-[4-(4-Fluoro-phenyl)-1H-imidazol-2-yl]-ethylamine
  • Figure imgb0030
    1. A. {1-[4-(4-Fluoro-phenyl)-1H-imidazol-2-yl]-ethyl}-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester. A mixture of ammonium acetate (19.3 g, 250 mmol) and glacial HOAc (35 mL) was stirred mechanically and heated to about 100°C to give a colorless solution in 5-10 min. After cooling to rt, a solid mixture of N-t-BOC-L-Alaninal (commercially available from Aldrich) and 4-fluorophenyl glyoxal hydrate was added in portions while stirring to give a yellow mixture. The resulting mixture was heated at 100°C for approximately 2 h before cooling to rt. The mixture was cooled to 0-5°C, then basified by dropwise addition of conc. NH4OH (25 mL), H2O (25 mL), and EtOAc (40 mL), and additional conc. NH4OH (50 mL) to render the mixture alkaline. The phases were separated and the aqueous phase was re-extracted with EtOAc. The combined organic phases were filtered through dicalite to remove an orange solid and were washed with saturated aqueous NaCl. The organic phase was then dried over MgSO4, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure to give 4.27 g of an orange-brown residue. The residue was dissolved in a solution of MeCN (22 mL) and DMSO (3 mL) then purified by preparative HPLC on a Kromasil 10u C18 250 x 50 mm column, eluting with a 35:65 MeCN:H2O gradient. The pure fractions were combined and lyophilized to give 1.77 g of the product as a yellow-white powder (42%; TFA salt). MS: m/z 306.1 (MH+).
    2. B. 1-[4-(4-Fluoro-phenyl)-1H-imidazol-2-yl]-ethylamine. {1-[4-(4-Fluoro-phenyl)-1H-imidazol-2-yl]-ethyl}-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester may be BOC-deprotected using the procedure described in Example 1 for the conversion of Cpd 1e to Cpd 1f. Upon completion of the BOC-deprotection, the resulting amine may be substituted for Cpd 1c of Example 1 and elaborated to compounds of the present invention with the appropriate reagents, starting materials and purification methods known to those skilled in the art.
    Example 5 Isopropyl-[4(5)-phenyl-1-(2-trimethylsilanyl-ethoxymethyl)-1H-Imidazol-2-ylmethyl]-amine (mixture of regioisomers)
  • Figure imgb0031
    1. A. Cpd 5a Regioisomers. Into a cooled solution of 4(5)-phenyl-1-(2-trimethylsilanyl-ethoxymethyl)-1H-imidazole (Tet. Lett. 1986, 27(35), 4095-8) (7.70 g, 28.1 mmol) in dry THF (60 mL) was added n-butyllithium (2.5 M in hexane, 22.5 mL, 56.2 mmol) at -78°C under N2. The resulting mixture was stirred at -78°C for 1 h, followed by the addition of DMF (4.35 mL, 56.2 mmol). After being stirred at -78°C for an additional hour, the reaction was warmed to room temperature and stirred overnight. The reaction was quenched by the addition of saturated aqueous NaHCO3 solution and extracted with EtOAc. The combined organic extracts were dried over Na2SO4. After filtration and evaporation, the residue was purified by flash column chromatography (eluent: EtOAc:hexane, 1:9) to give 4(5)-phenyl-1-(2-trimethylsilanyl-ethoxymethyl)-1H-imidazole-2-carbaldehyde (5.11 g, 60%) as a mixture of regioisomers. 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3): δ 0.00 (9H, s), 2.98 (2H, t), 3.62 (2H, t), 5.83 (2H, s), 7.36 (1H, m), 7.44 (2H, m), 7.65 (1H, s), 7.86 (2H, m). MS(ES+): 303.0 (42%).
    2. B. Cpd 5b Regioisomers. Isopropylamine (0.18 g, 3 mmol) and a regioisomeric mixture of 4(5)-phenyl-1-(2-trimethylsilanyl-ethoxymethyl)-1H-imidazole-2-carbaldehyde (0.91 g, 3 mmol) were mixed in 1,2-dichloroethane (10 mL), followed by addition of sodium triacetoxyborohydride (0.95 g, 4.5 mmol). The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 5 h. The reaction was quenched with saturated aqueous NaHCO3 solution. The resultant mixture was extracted with EtOAc and the combined organic phases were dried over Na2SO4. After filtration and concentration, the residue was purified by flash column chromatography (eluent: CH2Cl2:CH3OH, 7:3) to give isopropyl-[4(5)-phenyl-1-(2-trimethylsilanyl-ethoxymethyl)-1H-imidazol-2-ylmethyl]-amine (0.70 g, 68%) as a mixture of regioisomers. 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3): 8 0.00 (9H, s), 0.94 (2H, t), 1.11 (6H, d), 2.89 (1 H, m), 3.56 (2H, t), 3.94 (2H, s), 5.39 (2H, s), 7.25 (2H, m), 7.37 (2H, m), 7.76 (2H, d). MS(ES+): 346.6 (75%).
  • Compound 5b may be substituted for Cpd 1d of Example 1 and elaborated to compounds of the present invention with the appropriate reagents, starting materials and purification methods known to those skilled in the art.
    • Example 6 2-Amino-3-(4-hydroxy-phenyl)-N-isopropyl-N-(5-methyl-4-phenyl-1H-imidazol-2-ylmethyl)-propionamide Trifluoroacetate (1:2)
  • Figure imgb0032
    1. A. Cpd 6a Regioisomers. Bromine (1.17 mL, 22.76 mmol) was added slowly to an ice cooled regioisomeric mixture of 4(5)-methyl-1-(2-trimethylsilanyl-ethoxymethyl)-1H-imidazole-2-carbaldehyde (5.47 g, 22.76 mmol; JOC, 1986, 51(10), 1891-4) in CHCl3 (75 mL). The reaction was warmed to rt after 1.5 h, and then was stirred an additional 1 h. The reaction mixture was then extracted with saturated aqueous NaHCO3, and the organic phase was then dried over Na2SO4, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure to give 7.46 g of crude material. This material was vacuum distilled (bp 127-135 °C; 1 mm Hg) to yield 3.16 g (43%) of a regioisomeric mixture, Cpd 6a, as a yellow liquid, which was used without further purification. 1H NMR (CDCl3) δ 0 (s, 9H), 0.9-1.0 (t, 2H), 2.35 (s, 3H), 3.5-3.6 (t, 2H), 5.8 (s, 2H), 9.75 (s, 1 H).
    2. B. Cpd 6b Regioisomers. Isopropyl amine (0.30 g, 5 mmol) in 1,2-dichloroethane (2 mL) was added to a 5°C solution of regioisomers Cpd 6a (0.96 g, 3 mmol) in 1,2-dichloroethane (70 mL). After stirring for 5 min, sodium triacetoxyborohydride (1.80 g, 8.5 mmol) was added neat to the reaction mixture. The mixture was gradually warmed to rt and stirred for 24 h. At this time, an additional portion of sodium triacetoxyborohydride (0.60g, 2.8 mmol) was added and the reaction was stirred an additional 16 h. The reaction was then cooled to approximately 10°C and treated while stirring with saturated aqueous NaHCO3. After stirring for 15 min, the layers were separated and the organic phase was dried over Na2SO4, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure to give 1.20 g (T.W. 1.09 g) of a regioisomeric mixture, Cpd 6b, as a yellow oil which was used directly without further purification.
    3. C. Cpd 6c Regioisomers. Isobutyl chloroformate (0.43 g, 3.15 mmol) was added neat to a 0°C solution containing 2-tert-butoxycarbonylamino-3-(4-tert-butoxy-phenyl)-propionic acid (1.21 g, 3.6 mmol; Advanced Chem Tech), N-methylmorpholine (362 µL, 3.3 mmol), and CH2Cl2 (60 mL). After stirring 1.5 h, Cpd 6b (1.09 g, 3 mmol) was added to the reaction mixture. The reaction mixture was then warmed to room temperature and stirred for 16 h. The reaction mixture was then adsorbed on silica gel, and flash chromatographed on a silica gel column eluting with 25% ethyl acetate/hexane. The desired fractions were combined and concentrated under reduced pressure to give 715 mg (35%) of regioisomers of Cpd 6c as a clear oil (TLC: 25% EtOAc/hexane Rf =0.3, homogeneous; HPLC: 100% at 254 and 214 nm, 7.51 min).
    4. D. Cpd 6d Regioisomers. To the regioisomers of Cpd 6c (90 mg, 0.132 mmol) in 1,2-dimethoxyethane (2 mL) was added phenyl boronic acid (32.2 mg, 0.26 mmol) followed by 2M Na2CO3(aq) (0.53 mL, 1.06 mmol). The resulting mixture was degassed with N2 for 5 min and then palladium tetrakis triphenylphosphine (53 mg, 0.046 mmol) was added neat. The reaction vessel was capped and warmed to 80°C for 14 h with rapid stirring. After cooling to room temperature the mixture was dried over MgSO4, filtered through dicalite, and concentrated under a stream of N2. The residue was dissolved in a small amount of EtOAc and flash chromatographed on a silica gel column (Eluent: 5% - 25% EtOAc/hexane). The desired fractions were concentrated under reduced pressure to yield 55 mg (61%) as regioisomeric mixture of Cpd 6d, which was used without further purification (TLC: 25% EtOAc/hexane Rf=0.3; HPLC: 100% at 254 nm; 88% at 214 nm, 6.50 min).
    5. E. 2-Amino-3-(4-hydroxy-phenyl)-N-isopropyl-N-(5-methyl-4-phenyl-1H-imidazol-2-ylmethyl)-propionamide Trifluoroacetate (1:2). Trifluoroacetic acid (1 mL) was added to the Cpd 6d regioisomers (55 mg, 0.081 mmol) at room temperature. After 6 h, the excess TFA was removed under a stream of N2. The residue was dissolved in a small amount of acetonitrile and purified by preparative HPLC on a YMC C18 100 x 20 mm column. The purest fractions were combined and lyophilized to give 37 mg (74%) of the title compound as a white lyophil (TLC: 5:1 CHCl3:MeOH Rf=0.55, homogeneous; HPLC: 100% at214 nm; HPLC/MS: m/z 393 (MH+)). 1H NMR (MeOH-d4) 8 0.85-0.9 (d, 3H), 1.2-1.25 (d, 3H), 2.45 (s, 3H), 3.05-3.1 (t, 2H), 4.0-4.15 (m, 1H), 4.55-4.6 (d, 1 H), 4.7-4.85 (m, 2H), 6.65-6.7 (d, 2H), 6.95-7.0 (d, 2H), 7.45-7.6 (m, 5H).
    Example 7 (3,4-Dichloro-benzyl)-(4-phenyl-1H-imidazol-2-ylmethyl)-amine Trifluoroacetate (1:2)
  • Figure imgb0033
  • Using the procedure described in Example 5 and substituting 3,4-dichlorobenzylamine for isopropylamine, (3,4-dichloro-benzyl)-[4(5)-phenyl-1-(2-trimethylsilanyl-ethoxymethyl)-1H-imidazol-2-ylmethyl]-amine was prepared as a pair of regioisomers. A sample (95 mg, 0.21 mmol) of this compound was dissolved in TFA (3 mL) at room temperature. After 2 h the mixture was concentrated under a stream of nitrogen. The residue was purified by reverse phase HPLC, the purest fractions were combined and lyophilized to yield desired product (3,4-dichloro-benzyl)-(4-phenyl-1H-imidazol-2-ylmethyl)-amine as an off white lyophil.
  • Following the procedure described in Example 1, substituting (3,4-dichloro-benzyl)-(4(5)-phenyl-1H-imidazol-2-ylmethyl)-amine for Cpd 1d, compounds of the present invention may be synthesized with the appropriate reagents, starting materials, and purification methods known to those skilled in the art.
    • Example 8 (S)-2-tert-Butoxycarbonylamino-3-(2,6-dimethyl-4-trifluoromethanesulfonylphenyl)-propionic acid methyl ester
  • Figure imgb0034
    Figure imgb0035
    1. A. (S)-2-tert-Butoxycarbonylamino-3-(2,6-dimethyl-4-trifluoromethanesulfonylphenyl)-propionic acid methyl ester. Into a cool solution of Boc-L-(2,6-diMe)Tyr-OMe (7.0 g, 21.6 mmol; Sources: Chiramer or RSP AminoAcidAnalogues) and N-phenyltrifluoromethanesulfonimide (7.9 g, 22.0 mmol) in dichloromethane (60 mL) was added triethylamine (3.25 mL, 23.3 mmol). The resulting solution was stirred at 0°C for 1 h and slowly warmed to rt. Upon completion, the reaction was quenched by addition of water. The separated organic phase was washed with 1 N NaOH aqueous solution, water and dried over Na2SO4 overnight. After filtration and evaporation, the residue was purified by flash column chromatography (eluent: EtOAc-hexane: 3:7) to give the desired product (9.74 g, 99%) as a clear oil; 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3): δ 1.36 (9H, s), 2.39 (6H, s), 3.06 (2H, d, J = 7.7 Hz), 3.64 (3H, s), 4.51-4.59 (1 H, m), 5.12 (1 H, d, J = 8.5 Hz), 6.92 (2H, s); MS (ES+) (relative intensity): 355.8 (100) (M-Boc)+.
    2. B. (S)-4-(2-tert-Butoxycarbonylamino-2-methoxycarbonylethyl)-3,5-dimethylbenzoic acid. To a suspension of (S)-2-tert-butoxycarbonylamino-3-(2,6-dimethyl-4-trifluoromethanesulfonylphenyl)-propionic acid methyl ester (9.68 g, 21.3 mmol), K2CO3 (14.1 g, 0.102 mol), Pd(OAc)2 (0.48 g, 2.13 mmol) and 1,1'-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene (2.56 g, 4.47 mmol) in DMF (48 mL) was bubbled in gaseous CO for 15 min. The mixture was heated to 60°C for 8 h with a CO balloon. The cool mixture was partitioned between NaHCO3 and EtOAc, and filtered. The aqueous layer was separated, acidified with 10% citric acid aqueous solution, extracted with EtOAc, and finally dried over Na2SO4. Filtration and concentration of the filtrate resulted in a residue. The residue was recrystallized from EtOAc-hexanes to afford the desired product (7.05 g, 94%); 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3): δ 1.36 (9H, s), 2.42 (6H, s), 3.14 (2H, J = 7.4 Hz), 3.65 (3H, s), 4.57-4.59 (1 H, m), 5.14 (1 H, d, J = 8.6 Hz), 7.75 (2H, s); MS(ES+) (relative intensity): 251.9 (100) (M-Boc)+.
    3. C. (S)-2-tert Butoxycarbonylamino-3-(4-carbamoyl-2,6-dimethylphenyl)propionic acid methyl ester. Into a stirring solution of (S)-4-(2-tert-butoxycarbonylamino-2-methoxycarbonylethyl)-3,5-dimethylbenzoic acid (3.00 g, 8.54 mmol), PyBOP (6.68 g, 12.8 mmol) and HOBt (1.74 g, 12.8 mmol) in DMF (36 mL) was added DIPEA (5.96 mL, 34.2 mmol) and NH4Cl (0.92 g, 17.1 mmol). The resulting mixture was stirred at rt for 40 min before being partitioned between aqueous NH4Cl solution and EtOAc. The separated organic phase was washed sequentially with 2N citric acid aqueous solution, saturated aqueous NaHCO3 solution, and brine, then dried over Na2SO4 overnight. After filtration and concentration, the residue was purified by flash column chromatography (eluent: EtOAc) to give the product. (3.00 g, 100%); 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3): δ 1.36 (9H, s), 2.39 (6H, s), 3.11 (2H, J = 7.2 Hz), 3.65 (3H, s), 4.53-4.56 (1H, m), 5.12 (1H, d, J = 8.7 Hz), 5.65 (1H, brs), 6.09 (1 H, br s), 7.46 (2H, s); MS(ES+) (relative intensity): 250.9 (100) (M-Boc)+.
    4. D. (S)-2-tert-Butoxycarbonylamino-3-(4-carbamoyl-2,6-dimethylphenyl)propionic acid. Into an ice-cooled solution of methyl ester from Step C (2.99 g, 8.54 mmol) in THF (50 mL) was added an aqueous LiOH solution (1 N, 50 mL) and stirred at 0°C. Upon consumption of the starting materials, the organic solvents were removed and the aqueous phase was neutralized with cooled 1 N HCl at 0°C, and extracted with EtOAc, and dried over Na2SO4 overnight. Filtration and evaporation to dryness led to the title acid (S)-2-tert-butoxycarbonylamino-3-(4-carbamoyl-2,6-dimethylphenyl)propionic acid (2.51 g, 87%); 1H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d6 ): δ 1.30 (9H, s), 2.32 (6H, s), 2.95(1H, dd, J = 8.8, 13.9 Hz), 3.10 (1H, dd, J = 6.2, 14.0 Hz), 4.02-4.12 (1 H, m), 7.18-7.23 (2H, m), 7.48 (2H, s), 7.80 (1H, s); MS(ES+) (relative intensity): 236.9 (6) (M-Boc)+.
    Example 9 5-({[2-Amino-3-(4-carbamoyl-2,6-dimethyl-phenyl)-propionyl]-[1-(4-phenyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-ethyl]-amino}-methyl)-2-methoxy-benzoic acid
  • Figure imgb0036
    1. A. 2-Methoxy-5-{[1-(4-phenyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-ethylamino]-methyl}-benzoic acid methyl ester. Using the procedures described for Example 3, substituting 5-formyl-2-methoxy-benzoic acid methyl ester ( WO 02/22612 ) for 3,4-dimethoxybenzaldehyde, 2-methoxy-5-{[1-(4-phenyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-ethylamino]-methyl}-benzoic acid methyl ester was prepared.
    2. B. 5-({[2-tert-Butoxycarbonylmethyl-3-(4-carbamoyl-2,6-dimethyl-phenyl)-propionyl]-[1-(4-phenyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-ethyl]-amino}-methyl)-2-methoxy-benzoic acid methyl ester. Using the procedure of Example 1 for the conversion of Cpd 1d to Cpd 1e, substituting 2-methoxy-5-{[1-(4-phenyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-ethylamino]-methyl}-benzoic acid methyl ester for Cpd 1d and substituting 2-tert-Butoxycarbonylamino-3-(4-carbamoyl-2,6-dimethyl-phenylpropionic acid of Example 8 for 2-tert-Butoxycarbonylamino-3-(4-hydroxy-2,6-dimethyl-phenyl)-propionic acid, Cpd 9a was prepared.
    3. C. 5-({[2-tert-butoxycarbonylamino-3-(4-carbamoyl-2,6-dimethyl-phenyl)-propionyl]-[1-(4-phenyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-ethyl]-amino}-methyl)-2-methoxy-benzoic acid. 5-({[2-tert-Butoxycarbonylmethyl-3-(4-carbamoyl-2,6-dimethyl-phenyl)-propionyl]-[1-(4-phenyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-ethyl]-amino}-methyl)-2-methoxy-benzoic acid methyl ester was dissolved in an ice-chilled (0-10°C), mixed solvent system of THF (10 mL) and MeOH (5 mL). A LiOH·H2O/water suspension (2.48 M; 3.77 mL) was added dropwise, then the reaction was allowed to warm to room temperature and stirred overnight. The resulting mixture was cooled in an ice bath and the basic solution was neutralized with 2N citric acid until slightly acidic. The mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure to remove the volatile materials, after which time the remaining aqueous phase was extracted with EtOAc (3 x 26 mL). These combined organic phases were dried over MgSO4, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure to give 2.26 g (146% of theory) of pale yellowish white solid. This crude material was dissolved in a 10% MeOH/CH2Cl2 solution and adsorbed onto 30 g of silica. The adsorbed material was divided and chromatographed on an ISCO normal phase column over two runs, using a 40 g Redi-Sep column for both runs. The solvent system was a gradient MeOH/CH2Cl2 system as follows: Initial 100% CH2Cl2, 98%-92% over 40 min; 90% over 12 min, and then 88% over 13 min. The desired product eluted cleanly between 44-61 min. The desired fractions were combined and concentrated under reduced pressure to yield 1.74 g (113% of theory) of 5-({[2-tert-butoxycarbonylamino-3-(4-carbamoyl-2,6-dimethylphenyl)-propionyl]-[1-(4-phenyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-ethyl]-amino}-methyl)-2-methoxy-benzoic acid, Cpd 9b, as a white solid.
    4. D. 5-({[2-Amino-3-(4-carbamoyl-2,6-dimethyl-phenyl)-propionyl]-[1-(4-phenyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-ethyl]-amino}-methyl)-2-methoxy-benzoic acid. A portion of Cpd 9b (0.27g, 0.41 mmol) was dissolved in EtOAc (39 mL)/ THF (5 mL), filtered, and subsequently treated with gaseous HCl for 15 min. After completion of the HCl addition, the reaction was slowly warmed to room temperature and a solid precipitate formed. After 5 h the reaction appeared >97% complete by LC (@214nm; 2.56 min.). The stirring was continued over 3 d, then the solid was collected and rinsed with a small amount of EtOAc. The resulting solid was dried under high vacuum under refluxing toluene for 2.5 h to yield 0.19 g (71 %) of desired Cpd 9c as a white solid di-HCl salt.
    Example 10
  • Figure imgb0037
    1. A. 4-{[1-(4-Phenyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-ethylamino]-methyl}-benzoic acid methyl ester. Using the procedure described for Example 3, substituting 4-formyl-benzoic acid methyl ester for 3,4-dimethoxybenzaldehyde, 4-{[1-(4-phenyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-ethylamino]-methyl}-benzoic acid methyl ester was prepared.
    2. B. 4-({[2-Amino-3-(4-hydroxy-2,6-dimethyl-phenyl)-propionyl]-[1-(4-phenyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-ethyl]-amino}-methyl)-benzoic acid methyl ester. 4-{[1-(4-phenyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-ethylamino]-methyl}-benzoic acid methyl ester was substituted for Cpd 1 d of Example 1 and elaborated according to the procedure of Example 1 to prepare the product.
    3. C. 4-({[2-Amino-3-(4-hydroxy-2,6-dimethyl-phenyl)-propionyl]-[1-(4-phenyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-ethyl]-amino}-methyl)-benzoic acid. A solution of 4-({[2-amino-3-(4-hydroxy-2,6-dimethyl-phenyl)-propionyl]-[1-(4-phenyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-ethyl]-amino}-methyl)-benzoic acid methyl ester (TFA salt), (0.043 g, 0.067 mmol) in 5 mL of THF was cooled in an ice bath. A cold (5-10°C) 3M aqueous solution of LiOH (5 mL) was added and the reaction mixture was stirred vigorously while cold. Chilled (5-10°C) 2M aqueous HCl (7.5 mL) was added dropwise to neutralize the mixture was stirred for 5 min, and then partially concentrated in vacuo unheated. The resultant aqueous suspension was extracted seven times with EtOAc. The extracts were dried over Na2SO4, filtered, and concentrated to afford 0.030 g of 4-({[2-amino-3-(4-hydroxy-2,6-dimethyl-phenyl)-propionyl]-[1-(4-phenyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-ethyl]-amino}-methyl)-benzoic acid as a white powder. The material was taken up in EtOH and treated with 1 M HCl in Et2O. The solution was concentrated and the residue was triturated with CH3CN. A 0.021 g (53%) sample of 4-({[2-amino-3-(4-hydroxy-2,6-dimethyl-phenyl)-propionyl]-[1-(4-phenyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-ethyl]-amino}-methyl)-benzoic acid was collected as its HCl salt. MS (ES+) (relative intensity): 513.2 (100) (M+1).
    Example 11 3-({[2-Amino-3-(4-hydroxy-2,6-dimethyl-phenyl)-proplonyl]-[1-(4-phenyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-ethyl]-amino}-methyl)-benzamide
  • Figure imgb0038
    Figure imgb0039
    1. A. 3-{[1-(4-phenyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-ethylamino]-methyl}-benzonitrile. Using the procedure described for Example 3, substituting 3-formyl-benzonitrile for 3,4-dimethoxybenzaldehyde, the product was prepared.
    2. B. [1-{(3-Cyano-benzyl)-[1-(4-phenyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-ethyl]-carbamoyl}-2-(4-hydroxy-2,6-dimethyl-phenyl)-ethyl]-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester. 3-{[1-(4-phenyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-ethylamino]-methyl}-benzonitrile was substituted for Cpd 1 d of Example 1 and elaborated according to the procedure of Example 1 to prepare the product.
    3. C. [1-{(3-Carbamoyl-benzyl)-[1-(4-phenyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-ethyl]-carbamoyl)-2-(4-hydroxy-2,6-dimethyl-phenyl)-ethyl]-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester. A solution of [1-{(3-cyano-benzyl)-[1-(4-phenyl-1 H-imidazol-2-yl)-ethyl]-carbamoyl}-2-(4-hydroxy-2,6-dimethyl-phenyl)-ethyl]-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (0.070 g, 0.12 mmol) in 3 mL of EtOH was treated with 1.0 mL of 30% hydrogen peroxide followed immediately by 0.1 mL of a 6M aqueous solution of NaOH. The reaction mixture was stirred vigorously for 18 h and quenched by pouring into chilled (5-10°C) water. The aqueous solution was extracted five times with Et2O and the combined extracts were dried over MgSO4, filtered, and concentrated to provide 0.051 g of [1-{(3-carbamoyl-benzyl)-[1-(4-phenyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-ethyl]-carbamoyl}-2-(4-hydroxy-2,6-dimethyl-phenyl)-ethyl]-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester as a colorless residue (HPLC: 84% @ 254 nm and 77% @ 214 nm). MS (ES+) (relative intensity): 612.5 (100) (M+1). This sample was of sufficient quality to use in the next reaction without further purification.
    4. D. 3-({[2-Amino-3-(4-hydroxy-2,6-dimethyl-phenyl)-propionyl]-[1-(4-phenyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-ethyl]-amino}-methyl)-benzamide. [1-{(3-carbamoyl-benzyl)-[1-(4-phenyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-ethyl]-carbamoyl}-2-(4-hydroxy-2,6-dimethyl-phenyl)-ethyl]-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester may be BOC-deprotected using the procedure described in Example 1 for the conversion of Cpd 1e to Cpd 1f to provide the title compound.
    Example 12 4-{2-Amino-2-[{1-[4-(2-cyano-phenyl)-1H-imidazol-2-yl]-ethyl}-(3,4-dimethoxy-benzyl)-carbamoyl]-ethyl}-3,5-dimethyl-benzamide
  • Figure imgb0040
    Figure imgb0041
    1. A. {1-[2-(2-Bromo-phenyl)-2-oxo-ethylcarbamoyl]-ethyl}-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester. Compound 2a was prepared according to Example 1 using the appropriate reagents, starting materials and methods known to those skilled in the art.
    2. B. {1-[4-(2-Bromo-phenyl)-1H-imidazol-2-yl]-ethyl}-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester. Following the procedure described in Example 1 for the conversion of Compound 1a to Compound 1b⊥ and using the appropriate reagents and methods known to those skilled in the art, Cpd 12b, was prepared.
    3. C. 1-[4-(4-Bromo-phenyl)-1H-imidazol-2-yl]-ethylamine. Using the procedure described for the conversion of Cpd 1e to 1f, Compound 12c was prepared.
    4. D. [1-[{1-[4-(2-Bromo-phenyl)-1H-imidazol-2-yl]-ethyl}-(3,4-dimethoxy-benzyl)-carbamoyl]-2-(4-carbamoyl-2,6-dimethyl-phenyl)-ethyl]-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester. Using the procedure described in Example 9, Step D, and substituting 1-[4-(4-bromo-phenyl)-1H-imidazol-2-yl]-ethylamine for 1-(4-phenyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-ethylamine, the product was prepared.
    5. E. {2-(4-Carbamoyl-2,6-dimethyl-phenyl)-1-[{1-[4-{2-cyano-phenyl)-1H-imidazol-2-yl]-ethyl}-(3,4-dimethoxy-benzyl)-carbamoyl]-ethyl}-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester. To a solution of [1-[{1-[4-(2-bromo-phenyl)-1H-imidazol-2-yl]-ethyl}-(3,4-dimethoxy-benzyl)-carbamoyl]-2-(4-carbamoyl-2,6-dimethyl-phenyl)-ethyl]-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (294 mg; 0.4 mmol) in DMF (2 mL) was added Zn(CN)2 (28 mg; 0.24 mmol). The resulting mixture was degassed with Argon for 5 min, then Pd(PPh3)4 (92 mg; 0.08 mmol) was added neat, and the system was immediately warmed to 100°C. After heating for 6 h, the reaction was cooled to rt and partitioned between EtOAc and water. The organic phase was dried over Na2SO4, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude material was subjected to reverse phase HPLC (water/ acetonitrile/ 0.1 % TFA). The fractions of interest were combined, basified with saturated aqueous NaHCO3 and extracted twice with EtOAc. The EtOAc extracts were combined, dried over Na2SO4, filtered, and concentrated to afford 146 mg (54%) of desired {2-(4-carbamoyl-2,6-dimethyl-phenyl)-1-[{1-[4-(2-cyano-phenyl)-1H-imidazol-2-yl]-ethyl}-(3,4-dimethoxy-benzyl)-carbamoyl]-ethyl}-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (HPLC: 96% @ 254 nm and 97% @ 214 nm). This sample was of sufficient quality to use in the next reaction without further purification.
    6. F. 4-{2-Amino-2-[{1-[4-(2-cyano-phenyl)-1H-imidazol-2-yl]-ethyl}-(3,4-dimethoxy-benzyl)-carbamoyl]-ethyl}-3,5-dimethyl-benzamide. {2-(4-carbamoyl-2,6-dimethyl-phenyl)-1-[{1-[4-(2-cyano-phenyl)-1H-imidazol-2-yl]-ethyl}-(3,4-dimethoxy-benzyl)-carbamoyl]-ethyl}-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester may be BOC-deprotected using the procedure described in Example 1 for the conversion of Cpd 1e to Cpd 1f to give the title compound.
    Example 13 3-(2-{1-[(2-Amino-3-(4-carbamoyl-2,6-dimethyl-phenyl)-propionyl]-(3,4-dimethoxy-benzyl)-amino]-ethyl}-1H-imidazol-4-yl)-benzoic acid
  • Figure imgb0042
    1. A. 1-[4-(3-Bromo-phenyl)-1H-imidazol-2-yl]-ethylamine. Using the procedure described in Example 12, and the appropriately substituted starting materials and reagents, 1-[4-(3-bromo-phenyl)-1H-imidazol-2-yl]-ethylamine was prepared.
    2. B. {1-[4-(3-Bromo-phenyl)-1H-imidazol-2-yl]-ethyl}-(3,4-dimethoxybenzyl)-amine-. Using the procedure described in Example 3, and substituting 1-[4-(3-bromo-phenyl)-1H-imidazol-2-yl]-ethylamine for 1-(4-phenyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-ethylamine, the product was prepared.
    3. C. [1-[{1-[4-(3-Bromo-phenyl)-1H-imidazol-2-yl]-ethyl}-(3,4-dimethoxy-benzyl)-carbamoyl]-2-(4-carbamoyl-2,6-dimethyl-phenyl)-ethyl]-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester. Using the procedure of Example 1 for the conversion of Cpd 1 d to Cpd 1e, substituting {1-[4-(3-Bromo-phenyl)-1H-imidazol-2-yl]-ethyl}-(3,4-dimethoxy-benzyl)-amine for Cpd 1d and substituting 2-tert-Butoxycarbonylamino-3-(4-carbamoyl-2,6-dimethyl-phenyl-propionic acid of Example 8 for 2-tert-Butoxycarbonylamino-3-(4-hydroxy-2,6-dimethyl-phenyl)-propionic acid, the product was prepared.
    4. D. 3-(2-{1-[[2-tert-Butoxycarbonylamino-3-(4-carbamoyl-2,6-dimethyl-phenyl)-propionyl]-(3,4-dimethoxy-benzyl)-amino]-ethyl}-1H-imidazol-4-yl)-benzoic acid. To a solution of [1-[{1-[4-(3-bromo-phenyl)-1H-imidazol-2-yl]-ethyl}-(3,4-dimethoxy-benzyl)-carbamoyl]-2-(4-carbamoyl-2,6-dimethyl-phenyl)-ethyl]-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (290 mg; 0.40 mmol) in DMF (5mL) was added K2CO3 (262 mg; 1.9 mmol) and the resulting mixture was degassed with Argon for 5 min. At this time, Pd(OAc)2 (8.9 mg; 0.04 mmol) and 1,1-bis(diphenylphosphino) ferrocene (46 mg; 0.083 mmol) were added. Carbon monoxide was then bubbled through the resulting mixture for 10 min at rt, the reaction was capped, and warmed to 100°C for 6 h. After cooling to rt the mixture was partitioned between EtOAc and water, filtered through Celite, and then separated. The aqueous phase was then washed with a second portion of EtOAc. The aqueous phase was then acidified to pH 5 with 2N citric acid and the resulting aqueous solution extracted with EtOAc (4x). These latter EtOAc extracts were combined, dried over Na2SO4, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure to give the crude product (HPLC: 87% at 254 nm).
    5. E. 3-(2-{1-[[2-Amino -3-(4-carbamoyl-2,6-dimethyl-phenyl)-propionyl]-(3,4-dimethoxy-benzyl)-amino]-ethyl}-1H-im idazol-4-yl)-benzoic acid. 3-(2-{1-[[2-tert-Butoxycarbonylamino-3-(4-carbamoyl-2,6-dimethylphenyl)-propionyl]-(3,4-dimethoxy-benzyl)-amino]-ethyl}-1H-imidazol-4-yl)-benzoic acid may be BOC-deprotected using the procedure described in Example 1 for the conversion of Cpd 1e to Cpd 1f to give the title compound.
    Example 14 4-(2-Amino-2-{[2-hydroxy-1-(4-phenyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-ethyl]-isopropyl-carbamoyl}-ethyl)-3,5-dimethyl-benzamide
  • Figure imgb0043
    1. A. [2-Benzyloxy-1-(2-oxo-2-phenyl-ethylcarbamoyl-ethyl]-carbamic acid tert butyl ester. The product was prepared using the procedure described in Example 1 and substituting N-α-BOC-L-serine benzyl ester for N-α-CBZ-L-alanine.
    2. B. [2-Benzyloxy-1-(4-phenyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl-ethyl]-carbamic acid tert butyl ester. By the procedure described in Example 1 for the conversion of Cpd 1a to Cpd 1b, [2-benzyloxy-1-(2-oxo-2-phenyl-ethylcarbamoyl-ethyl]-carbamic acid tert butyl ester was converted to the product.
    3. C. [2-Benzyloxy-1-(4-phenyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl-ethylamine. [2-benzyloxy-1-(4-phenyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl-ethyl]-carbamic acid tert butyl ester may be BOC-deprotected using the procedure described in Example 1 for the conversion of Cpd 1e to Cpd 1f to give the product.
    4. D. [2-Benzyloxy-1-(4-phenyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl-ethyl]-isopropyl-amine. By the procedure described in Example 1 for the conversion of Cpd 1 c to Cpd 1d, [2-benzyloxy-1-(4-phenyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl-ethylamine was converted to the product.
    5. E. [1-{[2-Benzyloxy-1-(4-phenyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-ethyl]-isopropyl-carbamoyl)-2-(4-carbamoyl-2,6-dimethyl-phenyl)-ethyl]-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester. Using the procedure of Example 1 for the conversion of Cpd 1 d to Cpd 1e, substituting [2-benzyloxy-1-(4-phenyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl-ethyl]-isopropylamine for Cpd 1 d and substituting 2-tert-Butoxycarbonylamino-3-(4-carbamoyl-2,6-dimethyl-phenyl-propionic acid of Example 8 for 2-tert-butoxycarbonylamino-3-(4-hydroxy-2,6-dimethyl-phenyl)-propionic acid, the product was prepared.
    6. F. 4-(2-Amino-2-{[2-hydroxy-1-(4-phenyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-ethyl]-isopropyl-carbamoyl}-ethyl)-3,5-dimethyl-benzamide (TFA salt). A solution of [1-{[2-benzyloxy-1-(4-phenyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-ethyl]-isopropyl-carbamoyl}-2-(4-carbamoyl-2,6-dimethyl-phenyl)-ethyl]-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester, (0.287 g, 0.439 mmol), in chloroform (10 mL) was cooled in an ice bath and treated with 0.62 mL (4.4 mmol) of iodotrimethylsilane. The reaction, which immediately clouded, was warmed slowly to room temperature while stirring. After 16 h, the reaction was cooled in an ice bath to 5-10°C and treated with 100 mL of MeOH. The quenched mixture was stirred at 5-10°C for 30 min, removed from the ice bath and stirred for an additional 30 min, and concentrated in vacuo to obtain 0.488 g of orange residue that was subjected to reverse phase HPLC (water/ acetonitrile / 0.1 % TFA). The fractions of interest were combined and the sample was lyophilized to afford 0.150 g (59%) of 4-(2-amino-2-{[2-hydroxy-1-(4-phenyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-ethyl]-isopropyl-carbamoyl}-ethyl}-3,5-dimethyl-benzamide (TFA salt) as a white powder (HPLC: 99% @ 254 nm and 100% @ 214 nm). MS (ES+) (relative intensity): 464.1 (100) (M+1).
    Example 15 (S)-2-tert-Butoxycarbonylamino-3-(4-carbamoyl-2,6-dimethyl-phenyl)-propionic acid
  • Figure imgb0044
    1. A. Trifluoromethanesulfonic acid 4-bromo-3,5-dimethyl-phenyl ester. To a cooled (0 °C) solution of 4-bromo-3,5-dimethylphenol (3.05 g, 15.2 mmol) in pyridine (8 mL) was added trifluoromethanesulfonic anhydride (5.0 g, 17.7 mmol) dropwise. After completion of addition, the resulting mixture was stirred at 0 °C for 15 min, and then at rt overnight. The reaction was quenched by addition of water, and then extracted with EtOAc. The organic extracts were washed sequentially with water, 2N HCl (2x), brine, and then dried over MgSO4. Filtration and evaporation to dryness afforded Compound 15b (5.30 g, 95%) as a colorless oil. 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3): δ 2.45 (6H, s), 7.00 (2H, s).
    2. B. 4-Bromo-3,5-dimethylbenzoic acid. To a solution of Compound 15b (6.57 g, 19.7 mmol) in DMF (65 mL) were added K2CO3 (13.1 g, 94.7 mmol), Pd(OAc)2 (0.44 g, 1.97 mmol) and 1,1'-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene (2.29 g, 4.14 mmol). The resulting mixture was bubbled in gaseous CO for 10 min and was heated to 60°C for 7.5 h with a CO(g) balloon. The cooled mixture was partitioned between aqueous NaHCO3 and EtOAc, and filtered. The aqueous phase was separated, acidified with aqueous 6N HCl, extracted with EtOAc, and finally dried over Na2SO4. Filtration and concentration of the filtrate resulted in the crude Compound 15c as a brown residue, which was used in the next step without further purification.
    3. C. 4-Bromo-3,5-dimethyl-benzamide. A suspension of Compound 15c in DCM (40 mL) was added SOCl2 (3.1 mL, 42 mmol) and the mixture was heated at reflux for 2 h. Upon removal of the solvent by evaporation, the residue was dissolved in DCM (40 mL) and ammonium hydroxide (28% NH3 in water, 2.8 mL) was added. The mixture was heated at 50°C for 2 h and concentrated. The residue was diluted with H2O, extracted with EtOAc, and the organic portion was dried over Na2SO4. After filtration and evaporation, the residue was purified by flash column chramotagraphy (eluent: EtOAc) to give the Compound 15d (2.90 g, 65% for 2 steps) as an off-white solid. 1H NMR (300 MHz, CD3CN): δ 2.45 (6H, s), 5.94 (1 H, br s), 6.71 (1 H, br s), 7.57 (2H, s); MS(ES+)(relative intensity): 228.0 (100%) (M+1).
      Method B: A mixture of Compound 15b (3.33 g, 10 mmol), PdCl2 (0.053 g, 0.3 mmol), hexamethyldisilazane (HMDS, 8.4 mL, 40 mmol), and dppp (0.12 g, 0.3 mmol) was bubbled with a gaseous CO for 5 min and then stirred in a CO balloon at 80°C for 4 h. To the reaction mixture was added MeOH (5 mL). The mixture was stirred for 10 min, diluted with 2N H2SO4 (200 mL), and then extracted with EtOAc. The EtOAc extract was washed with saturated aqueous NaHCO3, brine, and then dried over Na2SO4. Filtration and evaporation of the resultant filtrate gave a residue, which was purified by flash column chromatography (eluent: EtOAc) to give Compound 15d (1.60 g, 70%) as a white solid.
    4. D. 2-tert-Butoxycarbonylaminoacrylic acid methyl ester. To a suspension of N-Boc-serine methyl ester (Cpd 15e, 2.19 g, 10 mmol) and EDC (2.01 g, 10.5 mmol) in DCM (70 mL) was added CuCl (1.04 g, 10.5 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at rt for 72 h. Upon removal of the solvent, the residue was diluted with EtOAc, washed sequentially with water and brine and then dried over MgSO4. The crude product was purified by flash column chromatography (eluent: EtOAc:hexane ∼1:4) to give Compound 15e (1.90 g, 94%) as a colorless oil. 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3): δ 1.49 (9H, s), 3.83 (3H, s), 5.73 (1H, d, J = 1.5 Hz), 6.16 (1 H, s), 7.02 (1 H, s).
    5. E. (Z)-2-tert-Butoxycarbonylamino-3-(4-carbamoyl-2,6-dimethylphenyl)acrylic acid methyl ester. A flask charged with Compound 15d (0.46 g, 2.0 mmol), Compound 15f (0.80 g, 4.0 mmol), tri-o-tolylphosphine (0.098 g, 0.32 mmol), DMF (8 mL) was purged with N2 (g) 3 times. After the addition of tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium (0) (0.074 g, 0.08 mmol) and TEA (0.31 mL, 2.2 mol), the reaction mixture was heated at 110°C for 24 h. At that time, the reaction was quenched by addition of water, and then extracted with EtOAc. The organic phase was washed with 1 N HCl, saturated aqueous NaHCO3, brine, and dried over MgSO4. The mixture was concentrated to a residue, which was purified by flash column chromatography (eluent:
      • EtOAc:hexane~1:1 to EtOAc only) to give Compound 15g (0.40 g, 57%) as a white solid. 1H NMR (300 MHz, CD3OD): δ 1.36 (9H, s), 2.26 (6H, s), 3.83 (3H, s), 7.10 (1H, s), 7.56 (2H, s); 13C NMR (75 MHz, DMSO-d6 ): δ 17.6, 25.7, 50.2, 78.7, 124.9, 126.4, 128.3, 131.2, 135.2, 135.5, 152.8, 164.3, 169.6; MS (ES+) (relative intensity): 349.1 (38%)(M+1).
    6. F. (S)-2-tert-Butoxycarbonylamino-3-(4-carbamoyl-2,6-dimethylphenyl)propionic acid methyl ester. Into a reactor charged with a solution of Compound 15g (0.56 g, 1.6 mmol) in degassed MeOH (80 mL) was added [Rh(cod)(R,R-DIPAMP)]+BF4 - under a stream of argon. The reactorwas sealed and flushed with H2, stirred at 60 °C under 1000 psi of H2 for 14 d. The crude product was purified by flash column chromatography (eluent: EtOAc:hexane ∼1:1) to afford Compound 8c (0.54 g, 96%) as a white solid. ee: >99%; 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3): δ 1.36 (9H, s), 2.39 (6H, s), 3.11 (2H, J = 7.2 Hz), 3.65 (3H, s), 4.53-4.56 (1H, m), 5.12 (1H, d, J = 8.7 Hz), 5.65 (1H, br s), 6.09 (1H, br s), 7.46 (2H, s); MS(ES+) (relative intensity): 250.9 (100) (M-Boc)+.
    7. G. (S)-2-tert-Butoxycarbonylamino-3-(4-carbamoyl-2,6-dimethylphenyl)propionic acid. Into an ice-cooled solution of Compound 8c (0.22 g, 0.63 mmol) in THF (3.5 mL) was added an aqueous LiOH solution (1 N, 3.5 mL) and stirred at 0 °C. Upon completion of the reaction, the reaction was concentrated and the aqueous phase was neutralized with cooled aqueous 1 N HCl at 0 °C, and extracted with EtOAc. The combined extracts were dried over Na2SO4 overnight. Filtration and evaporation of the filtrate to dryness led to Compound 8d (0.20 g, 94%) as a white solid. 1H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d6 ): δ 1.30 (9H, s), 2.32 (6H, s), 2.95(1 H, dd, J = 8.8, 13.9 Hz), 3.10 (1 H, dd, J = 6.2, 14.0 Hz), 4.02-4.12 (1 H, m), 7.18-7.23 (2H, m), 7.48 (2H, s), 7.80 (1 H, s); MS(ES+) (relative intensity): 236.9 (6) (M-Boc)+.
    Example 16 Racemic 2-tert-Butoxycarbonylamino-3-(4-carbamoyl-2,6-dimethylphenyl)-propionic acid
  • Figure imgb0045
    1. A. Racemic 2-tert-butoxycarbonylamino-3-(4-carbamoyl-2,6-dimethyl-phenyl)propionic acid methyl ester. To a reactor charged with a solution of Compound 15g (0.68 g, 1.95 mmol) in MeOH (80 mL) was added 10% Pd-C (0.5 g). The reactor was connected to a hydrogenator and shaken under 51 psi of H2 overnight. The mixture was filtered through a pad of Celite and the filtrate was concentrated to dryness to give Compound 16a (0.676 g, 99%) as a white solid. The 1H NMR spectrum was identical to that of (S)-2-tert-butoxycarbonylamino-3-(4-carbamoyl-2,6-dimethyl-phenyl)propionic acid methyl ester, Compound 8c.
    2. B. Racemic 2-tert-butoxycarbonylamino-3-(4-carbamoyl-2,6-dimethyl-phenyl)propionic acid. Using the procedure described for Example 15, for the preparation of (S)-2-tert-Butoxycarbonylamino-3-(4-carbamoyl-2,6-dimethyl-phenyl)propionic acid, racemic 2-tert-butoxycarbonylamino-3-(4-carbamoyl-2,6-dimethyl-phenyl)propionic acid, Compound 16b, was prepared.
  • Using the procedures of the Examples above and the appropriate reagents, starting materials and purification methods known to those skilled in the art, other compounds of the present invention may be prepared including but not limited to: Table VI. Mass Spectral Data for Selected Compounds
    Cpd Theoretical MW Measured MW (MH+)
    1 538 539
    2 520 521
    3 573 574
    4 541 542
    5 527 528
    6 555 556
    7 569 570
    8 593 594
    9 553 554
    10 603 604
    11 589 590
    12 587.2 588.3
    13 589.3 590.2
    14 569.3 570.2
    15 500.2 499.2
    16 475.3 476.1
    17 583.28 584.5
    18 569.26 570.2
    19 633.2 634.0
    20 599.3 600.2
    21 634.3 635.2
    22 634.3 635.2
    23 598.3 599.2
    24 580.3 581.1
    25 471.26 472.4
    26 633.2 634.0
    27 580.3 581.1
    28 598.3 599.2
    29 599.3 600.0
    30 680.3 681.2
    31 512.2 513
    32 498.3 499.1
    33 498.3 499.1
    34 528.3 529.2
    35 514.3 515.1
    36 462.26 463.4
    37 482.23 483.4
    38 446.27 447.5
    39 450.26 451.5
    40 530.3 531.2
    41 445.3 446.1
    42 563.3 564.2
    43 504.23 505.3
    44 504.23 505.3
    45 513.24 514.3
    46 492.27 493.2
    47 479.25 480.1
    48 512.2 513.2
    49 540.2 541
    50 539.25 540.2
    51 553.3 554.1
    52 526.3 527.1
    53 609.3 610.2
    54 458.2 459
    55 458.2 459
    56 474.3 475.2
    57 469.25 470.1
    58 543.2 544.3
    59 513.3 514.2
    60 445.3 446.2
    61 456.2 457.1
    62 498.2 499.1
    63 436.3 437.1
    64 601.3 602.2
    65 422.1 423.1
    66 463.3 464.5
    67 491.3 492.1
    68 436.3 437.1
    69 463.3 464.1
    70 454.2 455.0
    71 456.2 457.0
    72 498.2 499.1
    73 463.3 464.2
    74 577.3 578.6
    75 555.3 555.8
    76 513.3 514.2
    77 525.3 526.3
    78 497.3 498.3
    79 525.3 526.2
    80 512.2 513.2
    81 484.2 485.4
    82 438.24 439.2
    83 486.24 487.5
    84 438.24 439.0
    85 463.3 464.2
    86 433.2 434.2
    87 522.2 523
    88 526.3 527.4
    89 526.3 527.4
    90 511.3 512.4
    91 493.2 494.4
    92 469.2 470.2
    93 469.2 470.4
    94 495.3 496.2
    95 495.3 496.2
    96 498.3 499.2
    97 536.2 537.2
    98 560.3 561.2
    99 518.3 519.2
    100 518.3 519.2
    101 546.2 547.2
    102 528.3 529.2
    103 536.2 537.2
    104 510.3 511.2
    105 544.3 545.3
    106 496.3 497.2
    107 481.3 482.3
    108 523.3 524.8
    109 509.3 510.4
    110 509.3 510.3
    111 509.3 510
    112 509.3 510
    113 495.3 496.4
    114 495.3 496.1
    115 496.28 497.4
    115 496.28 497.4
    116 438.24 439.4
    117 438.24 439.4
    118 436.2 437.3
    119 394.2 395.2
    120 525.3 526.2
    121 539.3 540.3
    122 521.3 522.3
    123 464 465
    124 421 422
    125 450.26 451.5
    126 456.23 457.3
    127 487.3 488.5
    128 487.3 488.6
    129 422.2 423.3
    130 450 451
    131 422.2 423.3
    132 394.2 395.2
    133 464.2 465.3
    134 496.3 497.4
    135 450.26 451.37
    136 495.3 496.4
    137 447.3 448.4
    138 526.3 527.4
    139 653.4 654.5
    140 462.3 463.4
    141 488.17 489.16
    142 450.26 451.40
    143 447.3 448.4
    144 419.2 420.3
    145 496.28 497.32
    146 426.21 427.39
    147 454.21 455.22
    148 477.3 478
    149 488.2 489
    150 470.3 471
    151 488.2 489
    152 398.2 399
    153 393 394
    154 392 393
    155 454.21 455.21
    156 470.27 471.36
    157 477.2 478.4
    158 468.2 469.4
    159 496.3 497.4
    160 429.2 430.4
    161 420.2 421.4
    162 448.3 449.4
    163 438.24 439.1
    164 556.23 557.1
    165 434.27 435.1
    166 420.25 421.1
    167 449.3 450.2
    168 433.3 434.2
    169 415.2 416.2
    170 434.3 435.3
    171 392.2 393.3
    172 497.2 498.3
    173 479.2 480.3
    174 434.3 435.3
    175 484.2 485.2
    176 420.2 421.4
    177 454.2 455.3
    178 433.3 434.1
    179 489.3 490.1
    180 489.3 489.9
    181 447.3 448.1
    182 447.3 448.3
    183 433.3 434.2
    184 433.3 434.2
    185 405.2 406.2
    186 387.2 388.2
    187 406.2 407.2
    188 378.2 379.2
    189 427.2 428
    190 446.3 447.4
    191 418.2 419.4
    192 418.2 419.3
    193 390.2 391.3
    194 406.2 407.5
    195 378.2 379.3
    196 419.2 420.4
    197 433.3 434.1
    198 350.2 351.1
    199 378.2 379.2
    202 391.2 392
    203 391.2 391.9
    204 378.2 379
    205 406.2 407
    206 392.2 393.3
    207 392.2 393.2
    208 378.2 379.3
    209 378.2 379.2
    210 364.2 365.2
    211 364.2 365.2
    212 350.2 351.2
    213 350.2 351.1
    214 378.2 379.1
    215 378.2 379.1
    216 406.2 407.2
    217 406.2 407.1
    218 468.3 469.4
    219 440.2 441.3
    220 468.3 469.4
    221 440.2 441.2
    222 392.2 393.2
    223 420.3 421.2
    224 420.3 421.1
    225 392.2 393.2
    226 539 540
    227 539 540
    228 587 588
    229 633 634
    230 599.3 599.8
    231 512.2 513.2
    239 617.2 618.2
    242 563.3 564.2
    246 519.3 520.0
    247 548.3 549.2
    248 552.2 553.2
    249 536.2 537.0
    250 526.3 527.2
    251 512.3 513.2
    252 554.3 555.3
    253 540.2 541.2
    254 540.2 541.2
    255 554.3 555.3
    256 529.2 530.2
    257 543.2 543.9
    260 542.2 543.2
    261 514.2 515.1
    262 528.2 529.1
    266 512.2 513.2
    267 535.2 536.0
    268 556.3 557.2
    269 525.2 526.0
    270 511.2 512.2
    271 539.2 540.2
    272 525.2 526.0
    273 541.2 542.4
    274 618.3 619.2
    275 589.2 590.2
    276 559.2 560.2
    277 559.2 560.2
    278 617.2 618.2
    279 528.2 528.9
    280 583.3 584.4
    281 555.2 556.2
    282 569.3 570.2
    283 541.2 542.2
    284 555.2 556.3
    285 541.2 542.4
    286 516.2 517.0
    287 502.2 503.1
    288 648.6 648.0
    289 695.2 695.7
    290 648.6 648.0
    291 648.6 648. 0
    292 526.3 527.4
    293 562.2 563.2
    294 562.2 563.2
    295 568.3 569.3
    296 638.3 638.8
    297 513.2 513.7
    298 583.3 583.8
    299 612.3 613.3
    300 608.3 609.3
    301 644.3 644.7
    303 515.2 515.8
    304 501.2 502.2
    305 617.3 617.8
    306 661.3 661.8
    307 566.3 566.8
    308 661.3 661.8
    309 649.3 650.0
    310 641.3 642.3
    311 554.3 555.3
    312 554.3 555.3
    313 554.3 555.3
    314 554.3 555.3
    315 627.3 628.3
    316 540.2 541.3
    317 540.2 541.3
    318 589.2 590.2
    • Biological Examples
  • Opioid receptor binding affinity of the compounds of the present invention was determined according to the following procedures and the indicated results were obtained.
    • Example 1 Rat Brain Delta Opioid Receptor Binding Assay
  • Male, Wistar rats (150-250 g, VAF, Charles River, Kingston, N.Y.) are killed by cervical dislocation, and their brains removed and placed immediately in ice cold Tris HCl buffer (50 mM, pH 7.4). The forebrains are separated from the remainder of the brain by a coronal transection, beginning dorsally at the colliculi and passing ventrally through the midbrain-pontine junction. After dissection, the forebrains are homogenized in Tris buffer in a Teflon® glass homogenizer. The homogenate is diluted to a concentration of 1 g of forebrain tissue per 80 mL Tris and centrifuged at 39,000 x g for 10 min. The pellet is resuspended in the same volume of Tris buffer containing 5 mM MgCl2 with several brief pulses from a Polytron homogenizer. This particulate preparation is used for the delta opioid binding assays. Following incubation with the delta selective peptide ligand ~4 nM [3H]DPDPE at 25°C for 2.5 h in a 96-well plate with total volume of 1 mL, the plate contents are filtered through Wallac filtermat B sheets on a Tomtec 96-well harvester. The filters are rinsed three times with 2 mL of 10 mM HEPES (pH 7.4), and dried in a microwave oven 2 min twice. To each sample area 2 x 50 µL of Betaplate Scint scintillation fluid (LKB) is added and analyzed on a LKB (Wallac) 1205 BetaPlate liquid scintillation counter.
  • The data are used to calculate either the % inhibition compared to control binding (when only a single concentration of test compound is evaluated) or a KI value (when a range of concentrations is tested). % inhibition is calculated as: [(total dpm-test compound dpm)/ (total dpm-nonspecific dpm)]*100. Kd and Ki values were calculated using GraphPad PRISM data analysis program. The biological activity of the compounds of the present invention is shown in Table VII.
    • Example 1a Rat Brain Delta Opioid Receptor Binding Assay-Version 1a
  • Male, Wistar rats (150-250 g, VAF, Charles River, Kingston, NY) were killed by cervical dislocation, and their brains removed and placed immediately in ice-cold Tris HCl buffer (50 mM, pH 7.4). The forebrains were separated from the remainder of the brain by a coronal transection, beginning dorsally at the colliculi and passing ventrally through the midbrain-pontine junction. After dissection, the forebrains were homogenized in Tris buffer in a Teflon®-glass homogenizer. The homogenate was diluted to a concentration of 1 g of forebrain tissue per 80 mL Tris and centrifuged at 39,000 x g for 10 min. The pellet was resuspended in the same volume of Tris buffer containing 5 mM MgCl2 with several brief pulses from a Polytron homogenizer. This particulate preparation was used for the delta opioid binding assay. Following incubation with 0.1 nM of the delta selective ligand [3H]naltrindole at 25°C for 2.5 h in a 96-well plate with total 1 mL, the plate contents were filtered through Wallac filtermat B sheets on a Tomtec 96-well harvester. The filters were rinsed three times with 2 mL of 10 mM HEPES (pH 7.4), and dried in a microwave oven. To each sample area, Betaplate Scint scintillation fluid (LKB) was added and the resulting radioactivity quantified on a LKB (Wallac) 1205 BetaPlate liquid scintillation counter. Kd and Ki values were calculated using the GraphPad PRISM data analysis program. The biological activity of the compounds of the present invention is shown in Table VII.
    • Example 2 Rat Brain Mu Opioid Receptor Binding Assay
  • Male, Wistar rats (150-250 g, VAF, Charles River, Kingston, N.Y.) are killed by cervical dislocation, and their brains removed and placed immediately in ice cold Tris HCl buffer (50 mM, pH 7.4). The forebrains are separated from the remainder of the brain by a coronal transection, beginning dorsally at the colliculi and passing ventrally through the midbrain-pontine junction. After dissection, the forebrains are homogenized in Tris buffer in a Teflon® glass homogenizer. The homogenate is diluted to a concentration of 1 g of forebrain tissue per 80 mL Tris and centrifuged at 39,000 x g for 10 min. The pellet is resuspended in the same volume of Tris buffer containing 5 mM MgCl2 with several brief pulses from a Polytron homogenizer. This particulate preparation is used for the mu-opioid binding assays. Following incubation with the mu selective peptide ligand .about.0.8 nM [3H]DAMGO at 25°C for 2.5 h in a 96-well plate with total 1 mL, the plate contents are filtered through Wallac filtermat B sheets on a Tomtec 96-well harvester. The filters are rinsed three times with 2 mL of 10 mM HEPES (pH7.4), and dried in a microwave oven 2 min twice. To each sample area 2 x 50 µL of Betaplate Scint scintillation fluid (LKB) is added and analyzed on a LKB (Wallac) 1205 BetaPlate liquid scintillation counter.
  • The data are used to calculate either the % inhibition compared to control binding (when only a single concentration of test compound is evaluated) or a Ki value (when a range of concentrations is tested). % inhibition is calculated as: [(total dpm-test compound dpm)/ (total dpm-nonspecific dpm)]*100. Kd and Ki values were calculated using GraphPad PRISM data analysis program. The biological activity of the compounds of the present invention is shown in Table VII.
    • Example 2a Rat Brain Mu Opioid Receptor Binding Assay-Version 2a
  • Male, Wistar rats (150-250 g, VAF, Charles River, Kingston, NY) were killed by cervical dislocation, and their brains removed and placed immediately in ice-cold Tris HCl buffer (50 mM, pH 7.4). The forebrains were separated from the remainder of the brain by a coronal transection, beginning dorsally at the colliculi and passing ventrally through the midbrain-pontine junction. After dissection, the forebrains were homogenized in Tris buffer in a Teflon®-glass homogenizer. The homogenate was diluted to a concentration of 1 g of forebrain tissue per 80 mL Tris and centrifuged at 39,000 x g for 10 min. The pellet was resuspended in the same volume of Tris buffer containing 5 mM MgCl2 with several brief pulses from a Polytron homogenizer. This particulate preparation was used for the mu opioid binding assay. Following incubation with 0.8 nM of the mu selective ligand [3H]DAMGO at 25°C for 2.5 h in a 96-well plate with total 1 mL, the plate contents were filtered through Wallac filtermat B sheets on a Tomtec 96-well harvester. The filters were rinsed three times with 2 mL of 10 mM HEPES (pH 7.4), and dried in a microwave oven. To each sample area, Betaplate Scint scintillation fluid (LKB) was added and the resulting radioactivity quantified on a LKB (Wallac) 1205 BetaPlate liquid scintillation counter. Kd and Ki values were calculated using the GraphPad PRISM data analysis program. Table VII
    Cpd r Ki δ * r Ki δ * Ver. 1a r Ki µ * Cpd r Ki δ * r Ki δ * Ver. 1a r Ki µ *
    (nM) (nM) (nM) (nM) (nM)
    1 13.2 1.1 146
    2 147
    3 149
    4 11,17 2.41 150
    5 630,183 1.19 151
    6 1.7 152
    7 153
    8 0.43, 0.15 0.51 154
    9 0.11 0.16 155
    10 156
    11 0.54 0.23 157
    12 0.08 158
    13 159
    14 0.36 160
    15 161
    16 162
    17 60 0.22 163 4.51 0.03
    18 0.38-14.4 0.75, 1.1 164 120 0.38
    19 165 23.6 0.07
    20 166 5.58, 12.03 0.03, 0.07
    21 167 10000 3.15
    22 168 8867 5322
    23 169 10000 853
    24 170 32.6 0.48
    25 171 10000 141
    26 172 10000 150
    27 173 5069 45.7
    28 174
    29 28 25 175 166 3.60
    30 176 10000 156
    31 177 255 13.4
    32 178 104 0.6
    33 179 10000 7116
    34 180 5221 1209
    35 181 341 1.3
    36 182 1859 7
    37 183 604 4
    38 184 10000 19.5
    39 185 182 6716
    40 186 515 5314
    41 187 5198 121
    42 188 541 307
    43 189 360 277
    44 190 13.8 2.61
    45 191 727.3 189
    46 192 7.64 0.09
    47 193 182.1 21.1
    48 0.24 0.14 194 14.8 0.06
    49 195 306.2 9.29
    50 0.58 1.68 196
    51 197 4.27 0.9
    52 198 5178 152
    53 199 26.3 0.3
    54 202 31.5 5.9
    55 203 49.3 29.1
    56 204
    57 205 4.44 0.14
    58 206 5.8 0.2
    59 207 5.3, 5.37, 14.7 0.05, 0.08, 0.1
    60 208 33 1.3
    61 209 708 17
    62 210 1862 420.3
    63 211 180 5.9
    64 212 1278 103
    65 213 5658 1263
    66 214 308 44
    67 215 126 0.43
    68 216 1.14 0.04
    69 217 5.4 1.08
    70 218 1.45 0.03
    71 219 87.83 0.87
    72 220 6921 157.2
    73 221 9.58 0.36
    74 222 394 91.2
    75 0.66 0.51 223 2.6 0.87
    76 224 1.41 0.03
    77 225 112 0.73
    78 226 48
    79 227 0.08, 0.46 0.96
    80 228 27.8 0.35
    81 229
    82 230 10 5
    83 231 1070 6.19
    84 239 0.1 0.44
    85 242 0.18 0.59
    86 246 0.035 0.15
    87 247 0.4 0.61
    88 248 0.44 0.11
    89 249 0.18 0.12
    90 250 0.21 0.06
    91 249 0.18 0.12
    92 250 0.21 0.06
    93 251 0.26 0.08
    94 249 0.18 0.12
    95 250 0.21 0.06
    96 251 0.26 0.08
    97 256 3.82 7.08
    98 257 14.0 1.22
    99 260 0.13 0.24
    100 261 8.01 0.79
    101 262 17.5 1.1
    102 266
    103 267 0.46 1.53
    104 268
    105 269 0.61 6.24 0.37
    106 270 1.03 4.47 1.37
    107 271 12.2 0.27
    108 272 15.6 1.1
    109 273 1140 754
    110 274
    111 275 0.47 0.69
    112 276 115 47
    113 277 0.14 0.44
    114 12 0.26 278 49 12
    115 279 5.2 0.137
    116 280 32 3
    117 281 721 399
    118 282 907 185
    119 283 6735 3572
    120 284 1526 1033
    121 285 2897 1868
    122 286 0.11 0.05
    123 287 0.14 0.13
    124 288 0.17 0.43
    125 288 0.17 0.43
    126 289 0.1, 3.8 0.25
    127 290 0.69 0.43
    128 291 0.12 0.47
    129 292 100 0.65
    130 293 3175 646
    131 295 3.95 0.18
    132 296 2.2 0.49
    133 297 44 0.11
    134 298 44 0.3
    135 299 1.16 0.44
    136 300 0.29 0.09
    137 301 0.76 0.09
    138 303 24.5 3.87
    139 304 119 161
    140 305 1.24 0.2
    141 306 0.18 0.9
    142 307 0.07 0.4
    143 308 0.48 1.2
    144 318 1220 357
    145
    * The binding assays described above may be associated with a margin of error between 10-20 %.
    • Example 3 Human Mu Opioid Receptor Binding Assay
  • Membranes from Chinese Hamster Ovary cells expressing the human µ opioid receptor (Perkin Elmer #RBHOMM400UA) are homogenized in assay buffer (50 mM Tris, pH 7.5 with 5 mM MgCl2) using a glass tissue grinder, Teflon pestle and a Steadfast Stirrer (Fisher Scientific). The concentration of membranes is adjusted to 300 µg/mL in assay buffer and 100 µL is dispensed into each well of the assay plate, a 96 well round bottom polypropylene plate. Compounds to be tested are solubilized in DMSO (Pierce), 10 mM, then diluted in assay buffer to 6X the desired final concentration. The ligand, 3H-Damgo (Perkin Elmer #NET-902) is also diluted in assay buffer to 3.6 nM. In a second 96 well round bottom polypropylene plate, known as the premix plate, 60 µL of the 6X compound is combined with 60 µL of 3.6 nM 3H-Damgo. From this premix plate 50 µL is transferred to the assay plate containing the membranes, in duplicate. The assay plate is incubated for 2 h at room temperature. A GF/C 96 well filter plate (Perkin Elmer #6005174) is pretreated with 0.3% polyethylenimine for 30 min. The contents of the assay plate are filtered through the filter plate using a Packard Filtermate Harvester, and washed 3 times with 0.9% saline that is 4°C. The filter plate is dried, the underside sealed, and 30 µL Microscint20 (Packard #6013621) added to each well. A Topcount-NXT Microplate Scintillation Counter (Packard) is used to measure emitted energies in the range of 2.9 to 35 KeV. Results are compared to maximum binding, wells receiving no inhibitors. Nonspecific binding is determined in the presence of 1 µM unlabelled Damgo (Tocris #1171). The biological activity of the compounds of the present invention is shown in Table VIII.
  • The biological activity of the compounds of the present invention may also be measured in a human delta opioid receptor binding assay using the following example.
    • Example 4 Human Delta Opioid Receptor Binding Assay
  • This assay is designed to test the ability of a compound to interfere with the binding of tritiated Naltrindole to the human delta subtype 2 opioid receptor. Membranes from Chinese Hamster Ovary cells expressing the human delta subtype 2 opioid receptor (Perkin Elmer #RBHODM400UA) are homogenized in assay buffer (50 mM Tris, pH 7.5 with 5 mM MgCl2) using a glass tissue grinder, Teflon pestle and a Steadfast Stirrer (Fisher Scientific). The concentration of membranes is adjusted to 100 µg/mL in assay buffer and 100 µL is dispensed into each well of the assay plate, a 96 well round bottom polypropylene plate. Compounds to be tested are solubilized in DMSO (Pierce), 10 mM, then diluted in assay buffer to 6X the desired final concentration. The ligand, 3H-Naltrindole (Perkin Elmer #NET-1065) is also diluted in assay buffer to 6 nM. In a second 96 well round bottom polypropylene plate, known as the premix plate, 60 µL of the 6X compound is combined with 60 µL of 6 nM 3H-Naltrindole. From this premix plate 50 µL is transferred to the assay plate containing the membranes, in duplicate. The assay plate is incubated for 30 min at room temperature. A GF/C 96 well filter plate (Perkin Elmer #6005174) is pretreated with 0.3% polyethylenimine for 30 min. The contents of the assay plate are filtered through the filter plate using a Packard Filtermate Harvester, and washed 3 times with 0.9% saline that is 4°C. The filter plate is dried, the underside sealed, and 30 µL Microscint20 (Packard #6013621) added to each well. A Topcount-NXT Microplate Scintillation Counter (Packard) is used to measure emitted energies in the range of 2.9 to 35 KeV. Results are compared to maximum binding, wells receiving no inhibitors. Nonspecific binding is determined in the presence of 1 µM unlabelled Naltrindole (Sigma #N115).
  • Biological activity measured for select compounds of the present invention are listed in Table VIII below, including δ- and µ-opioid receptor binding (Ki), as determined using the procedures outlined above. Table VIII
    Cpd hKi δ* hKi µ* Cpd hKi δ* h Ki µ*
    (nM) (nM) (nM) (nM)
    1 3.6 115 321 68
    2 2.9 116 30.3 0.54
    3 13 117 118 0.24
    4 5.5 118 316, 212 1.04
    5 3.9 119 >10,000 185
    6 2 120 740 20.8
    7 6.8 121 182 25.3
    8 2.5, 4.4 122 107 12.8
    9 10.9 123 84 47
    10 15.5 124 1279 1.7
    11 5.1 125 237 8.6
    12 4.1 126 164 7.8
    13 4.8 127 710 47
    14 4.7 128 58
    15 285 129 25.3
    16 16 130 712 1.6
    17 2.2 131 675 3.1
    18 1.7 132 166
    19 18.2 133 108 11.5
    20 63 134 463 121
    21 37.6 135 1040 7
    22 ∼200 136 1607 726
    23 34.3 137 445
    24 9.3 138 1183 104
    26 17 139 1263 58
    27 30 140 985 79
    28 44 141 252 52
    29 38 142 454 8.2
    30 34 143 69 1.6
    31 19 144 251 1.3
    32 6.8 145 267
    33 6.9 146 71
    34 19 147 241
    35 2.8 149 408
    36 5.6 150 992
    37 183 151 1295
    38 19 152 >10,000
    39 0.9 153 >10,000
    40 152 154 >10,000 1
    41 1.6 155 345
    42 5.8 156 380 0.59
    43 6.9 157 >10,000 2.2
    44 8.7 158 >10,000 0.23
    45 1.2 159 400 8.6
    46 35 160 >10000 >1000
    47 22 161 >10000 > 1000
    48 0.4 162 173 7.6
    49 48 163 301,63 0.67
    50 1.4 164 16.3
    51 113 2.7 165 322 0.45
    52 66 12.1 166 300, 375 0.39, 0.5
    53 96 13.1 167 4.2
    54 172 1.1 190 285
    55 44 1.8 191 >10,000
    56 225 65.3 192 0.62
    57 2.2 0.66 193 >10,000
    58 70 8.5 194 103 0.13
    59 120 5.1 195 >10,000 9.8
    60 114 2 196
    61 243 3 197
    62 69 2.4 198 >10,000 140
    63 473 58 199 209 0.29
    64 1108 117 203 501 13.7
    65 517 0.36 204 7.7
    66 550 6.5 205
    67 438 4.5 206 275.4
    68 59 0.6 207 132.2
    69 272 4.4 208 1.2
    70 85 2.6 209 23
    71 102 0.57 210 0.29
    72 71 1.03 211
    73 151 1.9 212 55
    74 63 9.8 213 >1000
    75 8.5 2.6 214 29
    76 43.1 1.6 215 1.5
    77 13.5 1.8 216
    78 28.9 2.4 217 506
    79 11.5 1.7 218 189 3.92
    80 0.95 1.09 219 16.2
    81 15.7 1.7 220 377
    82 46 2.39 221 0.42
    83 48 4.67 222 185
    84 9.6 1.1 223
    85 1175 5.4 224 81.3 0.65
    86 400 1 225 1.4
    87 38.9 12.6 226 7.91
    88 16.2 5.8 227 1.92
    89 19.3 9.2 228 15.9
    90 6.6 0.7 229 12
    91 15 4.8 231 28
    92 5.4 0.25 239
    93 9.5 0.9 242 2.35
    94 403 4.1 246 5.63
    95 278 7.8 256 2
    96 14.6 9.7 257 3.4
    97 6.3 19.2 260 0.58
    98 54 48 261 2.58, 1.3
    99 19.3 16 262 3.24
    100 88 20 266 69
    101 47 24 267 6.88
    102 5.2 3.5 268 5.79
    103 9.7 23 269 21.5
    104 484 100 270 3.27
    105 742 410 271 15.5
    106 279 150 272 1.93
    107 584 2.95 273 325
    108 43.3 23.5 274 >1000
    109 77 8.2 289 2.2
    110 1402 191 303 3.8
    111 307 6.4 304 41
    112 135 9.5
    113 16
    114 49 1.39
    • Example 5 Delta Opioid Receptor Functional Assay: [35S]GTPγS Binding Assay in CHO-hδ Cell Membranes, Version 1 Preparation of membranes
  • CHO-Hδ cell membranes were purchased from Receptor Biology, Inc. (Baltimore,MD). 10 mg/ml of membrane protein suspended in 10 mM TRIS-HC pH 7.2, 2 mM EDTA, 10% sucrose.
  • Membranes were maintained at 4-8°C. A portion (1 ml) of membranes was added into 15 mL cold binding assay buffer. The assay buffer contained 50 mM HEPES, pH 7.6, 5 mM MgCl2, 100 mM NaCl, 1 mM DTT and 1 mM EDTA. The membrane suspension was homogenized with a Polytron for 2 times and centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 10 min. The supernent was then centrifuged at 18,000 rpm for 20 min. The pellet was saved in a tube and 10 ml assay buffer was added into the tube. The pellet and buffer were mixed with a Polytron.
    • Incubation procedure
  • The pellet membranes (20 µg/ml) were preincubated with SPA (10 mg/ml) at 25°C for 45 min in the assay buffer. The SPA (5 mg/ml) coupled with membranes (10 µg/ml) was then incubated with 0.5 nM [35S]GTPγS in the same HEPES buffer containing 50 µM GDP in total volume of 200 µl. Increasing concentrations of receptor agonists were used to stimulate [35S]GTPγS binding. The basal binding was tested in the absent agonists and no specific binding was tested in the present 10 µM unlabeled GTPγS. The data were analyzed on a Top counter.
    • Data
  • The % of Basal = stimulate − non specific * 100 / basal − non specific .
    Figure imgb0046
     EC50 values were calculated using a Prism program.
    • Example 6 Delta Opioid Receptor Functional Assay: [35S]GTPγS Binding Assay in NG108-15 Cell Membranes, Version 2 Preparation of membranes
  • NG108-15 cell membranes were purchased from Applied Cell Sciences (Rockville,MD). 8 mg/ ml of membrane protein suspended in 10 mM TRIS-HC pH 7.2, 2 mM EDTA, 10% sucrose.
  • Membranes were maintained at 4-8°C. A portion (1 ml) of membranes was added into 10 ml cold binding assay buffer. The assay buffer contained 50 mM Tris, pH 7.6, 5 mM MgCl2, 100 mM NaCl, 1 mM DTT and 1 mM EGTA. The membrane suspension was homogenized with a Polytron for 2 times and centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 10 min. The supernent was then centrifuged at 18,000 rpm for 20 min. The pellet was saved in a tube and 10 ml assay buffer was added into the tube. The pellet and buffer were mixed with a Polytron.
    • Incubation Procedure
  • The pellet membranes (75 µg/ ml) were preincubated with SPA (10 mg/ml) at 25°C for 45 min in the assay buffer. The SPA (5 mg/ml) coupled with membranes (37.5 µg/ ml) was then incubated with 0.1 nM [35S] GTPγS in the same Tris buffer containing 100 µM GDP in total volume of 200 µl. Increasing concentrations of receptor agonists were used to stimulate [35S] GTPγS binding. The basal binding was tested in the absent agonists and no specific binding was tested in the present 10 µM unlabeled GTPγS. The data were analyzed on a Top counter.
    • Data Analysis
  • The following parameters were calculated: % Stimulation = test compound cpm − non − specific cpm Basal cpm − non − specific cpm . × 100
    Figure imgb0047
     % Inhibition = % stimulation by 1 μM SNC 80 − % stimulation by 1 µM SNC 80 in presence of test compound × 100 / % Stimulation by 1 µM SNC 80 − 100
    Figure imgb0048
     % of Basal = stimulate − non specific * 100 / basal − non specific .
    Figure imgb0049
     EC50 values were calculated using GraphPad Prism.
    • Example 7 Mu Opioid Receptor Functional Assay: [35S]GTPγS Binding Assays in CHO-hMOR cell membranes, Versions 1 and 2
  • CHO-hMOR cell membranes were purchased from Receptor Biology, Inc. (Baltimore, MD). About 10 mg/ ml of membrane protein was suspended in 10 mM TRIS-HCl pH 7.2, 2 mM EDTA, 10% sucrose, and the suspension kept on ice. One ml of membranes was added to 15 ml cold binding assay buffer containing 50 mM HEPES, pH 7.6, 5 mM MgCl2, 100 mM NaCl, 1 mM DTT and 1 mM EDTA. The membrane suspension was homogenized with a Polytron and centrifuged at 3,000 rpm for 10 min. The supernatant was then centrifuged at 18,000 rpm for 20 min. The pellet was resuspended in 10 ml assay buffer with a Polytron.
  • The membranes were preincubated with wheat germ agglutinin coated SPA beads (Amersham) at 25°C for 45 min in the assay buffer. The SPA bead (5 mg/ ml) coupled membranes (10 µg/ml) were then incubated with 0.5 nM [35S]GTPγS in the assay buffer. The basal binding is that taking place in the absence of added test compound; this unmodulated binding is considered as 100%, with agonist stimulated binding rising to levels significantly above this value. A range of concentrations of receptor agonists was used to stimulate [35S]GTPγS binding. Both basal and non-specific binding was tested in the absence of agonist; non-specific binding determination included 10 µM unlabeled GTPγS.
  • Compounds were tested for function as antagonists by evaluating their potential to inhibit agonist-stimulated GTPγS binding. Radioactivity was quantified on a Packard TopCount. The following parameters were calculated: % Stimulation = test compound cpm − non − specific cpm Basal cpm − non − specific cpm . × 100
    Figure imgb0050
     % Inhibition = % stimulation by 1 μM SNC 80 − % stimulation by 1 µM SNC 80 in presence of test compound × 100 / % Stimulation by 1 µM SNC 80 − 100
    Figure imgb0051
     EC50 values were calculated using GraphPad Prism.
  • Biological activity measured for select compounds of the present invention are listed in Table VIII below, including δ- and µ-opioid receptor functional data (%I and EC50), as determined from a single set of experiments using the procedures outlined above. Table IX
    Cpd No. DOR GTP-binding Assay_v1 EC50 (nM) DOR GTP-binding Assay_v2_ EC50 (nM) DOR GTP-binding Assay v2 (% I) MOR GTP binding assay v2 EC50 (nM) MOR GTP binding assay_v2 (% I) MOR GTP assay_v1 % of Basal MOR GTP binding assay_v1 (% I)
    1 88 22.10
    4 46 66.12
    5 >10,000 47.12 71 7.87
    8 >10,000 94.03 1.2 13.95
    9 3.4 67.13
    14 0.6 59.70
    17 1.3 68.64 2.5 8.71
    18 >10,000 100
    18 1.0 7.54
    20 >10,000 78.74
    29 >10,000 79.05
    48 >10,000 108.36 2.2 24.53
    50 1.4 60.27
    51 27 66.04
    75 1.4 65.35
    114 35 717.59 13.20
    117 37 816.16 3.31
    122 278.08 41.93
    130 16 866.39 1.62
    131 99 391.98 28.64
    146 27 740.77 2.79
    147 51 779.35 1.00
    149 44 753.53 1.00
    150 49 476.63 53.35
    151 350 606.38 24.19
    155 150 655.93 14.32
    163 21 1286.00 1.00
    164 2500 1077.00 1.00
    165 231 1182.00 1.00
    166 21 1448.00 1.00
    166 71 1425.00 1.00
    167 780.00 17.00
    170 115 1031.00 26.00
    173 147.00 85.00
    174 20 864.00 42.00
    175 471.00 53.00
    177 625.00 23.00
    178 1059.00 10.00
    181 1304.00 1.00
    182 1091.00 6.00
    183 2320 962.00 27.00
    184 862.00 13.00
    190 3830 109, 194 70.00
    192 76 383.00 30.00
    193 182.00 54.00
    194 189 558.00 1.00
    195 378.00 34.00
    196 24 620.00 1.00
    197 140 582.00 1.00
    199 217 465.00 11.00
    202 1580 529.00 1.00
    203 515 331.00 20.00
    205 32 566.00 1.00
    206 37 446.00 1.00
    207 8.65 432, 1160 40.00
    207 12 1183.00 21.00
    208 475.00 1.00
    209 295.00 10.00
    210 414.00 10.00
    211 371.00 10.00
    214 26000 295.00 3.00
    215 1060 606.00 1.00
    216 16 666.00 1.00
    217 82 599.00 1.00
    218 20 599.00 1.00
    219 3560 611.00 1.00
    221 308 427.00 13.00
    223 56 495.00 1.00
    224 103 694.00 1.00
    225 2190 657.00 1.00
    226 >10,000 19.71
    227 >10,000 66.56 60.8 36.00
    230 48.93
    239 >10,000
    242 >10,000 91.45
    246 0.3 47.01 4.5 21.30
    247 44 41.89
    248 15 31.72
    249 8 20.14
    250 10 34.93
    251 18 53.94
    252 32.1 66.00 4.15 24.00
    253 1.35 52.00 251 28.00
    254 6.27 62.00 316 42.00
    255 13.1 54.00 3.48 33.00
    256 >10,000 89.19 13 29.40
    257 7.4 48.88 3.9 10.96
    260 >10,000 100.97 1.5 2.89
    261 21 30.04 17 5.88
    267 6 31.76
    269 86 21.18 48 1.00
    270 1000 63.51 56 6.61
    275 3 72.08
    286 2.6 34.65
    287 >10,000 84.50
    288 >10,000 74.54
    289 >10,000 86.27
    290 >10,000 52.41
    291 >10,000 96.52
    295 2.2 71.66 1.4 8.21
    296 7.9 69.41 2.2 9.35
    299 2.3 1.0 12.11
    300 32 2.6 15.40
    301 >10,000 109.56 2.6 76.20
    303 95 23.85 30 1.00
    309 23.0 47.00
    310 3920 51.00
    311 1.02 41.00
    312 58.7 35.00
    313 5.03 49 50.6 29.00
    316 24.1 76
    • Example 8 In Vivo Assay-Stress-induced Fecal Output (fecal output for I hr)
  • This assay evaluates the fecal output in novel environment-stressed mice to that of acclimated controls.
  • Methods: Adult, male, Crl:CD-1(ICR) mice, weighing ~ 30-35 g were used in these studies, with a minimum of 10 mice per dose group. One group of mice was assigned as acclimated, or "non-stressed" controls. These control mice were transported from colony housing, where they were housed 3/cage in polycarbonate cages with access to food and water ad lib. to the procedure room. The mice were removed from their home cages and individually housed in 20 cm wide x 20 cm deep x 15 cm tall cages, equipped with a wire mesh bottom where they remained for a 16 - 18 hr period of acclimation to their novel environment. Mice were allowed access to food and water ad lib. during acclimation. The other groups of mice were assigned as non-acclimated, or "stressed" treatment groups. Each mouse in each group was weighed and vehicle, or test compound, was intragastrically administered by oral intubation in 0.5% methylcellulose. Mice were allowed access to water only ad lib. during the test period. After compound administrations, acclimated (control) as well as non-acclimated (stressed) mice were individually housed in a 20 cm wide x 20 cm deep x 15 cm tall cage, with a wire mesh bottom. An absorbant cardboard is placed beneath the cages. The number of fecal pellets excreted by each mouse was determined at hourly intervals following placement of the mice in the individual cages. Raw Data = # of fecal pellets/mouse/hr. The mean fecal pellet output for each test group was calculated and the results expressed as a percent of the mean fecal pellet output of the control group (the acclimated, non-stressed group, to which vehicle only was administered). ANOVA was performed and Tukey's Multiple Comparison Test used to compare the means, which were considered significantly different when P < 0.05. Data is shown in Table X, XI, and XII. Table X
    Fecal Output (# pellets)
    Cpd No. dose (mg/kg) control NES cpd NES % ctrl cpd % control cpd % NES
    18 30 2.3 3.8 3.1 166.7 137.8 82.7
    50 30 2.3 7.0 3.3 304.3 143.5 47.1
    55 30 3.9 14.1 8.3 361.5 212.8 58.9
    57 30 3.9 14.1 7.6 361.5 194.9 53.9
    58 30 2.3 7.0 3.9 304.3 169.6 55.7
    75 30 3.1 9.1 6.4 293.5 206.5 70.3
    75 30 1.9 3.9 1.4 206.7 73.3 35.5
    78 30 3.6 7.3 3.3 202.8 91.7 45.2
    79 30 3.6 7.3 7.1 202.8 197.2 97.3
    80 30 3.6 7.3 5.5 202.8 152.8 75.3
    80 30 3.9 13.1 10.3 335.9 264.1 78.6
    85 30 5.4 12.0 7.9 222.2 146.3 65.8
    87 30 7.3 12.9 10.3 176.7 141.1 79.8
    89 30 5.0 11.6 6.4 232.0 128.0 55.2
    90 30 3.1 12.9 10.3 416.1 332.3 79.8
    91 30 3.1 12.9 8.9 416.1 287.1 69.0
    92 30 3.6 11.1 9.2 308.3 255.6 82.9
    93 30 3.6 11.1 5.0 308.3 138.9 45.0
    94 30 2.7 9.1 9.4 337.0 348.1 103.3
    95 30 2.7 9.1 8.5 337.0 314.8 93.4
    97 30 7.3 12.9 4.8 176.7 65.8 37.2
    102 30 5.7 15.0 3.4 263.2 59.6 22.7
    103 30 7.3 12.9 10.2 176.7 139.7 79.1
    107 30 5.7 15.0 13.1 263.2 229.8 87.3
    111 30 7.2 10.3 4.4 143.1 60.8 42.5
    112 30 7.2 10.3 7.2 143.1 100.0 69.9
    114 30 7.2 10.3 7.8 143.1 108.3 75.7
    118 30 5.4 12.0 7.2 222.2 133.7 60.2
    133 30 5.5 12.1 9.9 220.0 180.0 81.8
    143 10 3.7 13.6 9.1 367.6 245.9 66.9
    143 30 7.5 9.2 5.2 122.7 69.3 56.5
    144 30 3.7 13.6 11.5 367.6 310.8 84.6
    178 30 3.2 8.8 5.5 275.0 171.9 62.5
    192 10 5.4 12.5 10.5 231.5 194.4 84.0
    194 10 5.4 12.5 11.8 231.5 218.5 94.4
    194 30 8.1 11.0 4.2 135.8 51.9 38.2
    194 30 3.1 4.8 4.9 154.3 157.5 102.1
    194 30 3.7 14.0 6.2 378.4 167.6 44.3
    196 10 3.7 14.0 9.2 378.4 248.6 65.7
    196 30 1.1 9.5 4.3 863.6 390.9 45.3
    199 10 2.7 10.5 9.1 388.9 337.0 86.7
    199 10 3.8 13.1 10.8 344.7 284.2 82.4
    205 30 3.3 9.5 2.3 287.9 70.7 24.6
    206 10 3.8 13.1 8.6 344.7 226.3 65.6
    207 10 5.6 9.4 8.3 167.9 148.2 88.3
    207 10 7.7 13.0 5.0 168.8 64.9 38.5
    207 10 5.7 12.8 6.6 225.9 116.5 51.6
    207 10 2.9 12.8 5.3 441.4 182.8 41.4
    207 30 3.5 3.2 91.4
    207 30 3.5 13.0 6.4 371.4 184.1 49.6
    216 10 3.6 10.3 4.9 286.1 136.1 47.6
    218 30 2.7 10.5 3.7 388.9 137.6 35.4
    223 30 3.1 4.8 5.0 154.3 160.7 104.2
    224 10 3.6 6.9 3.5 191.7 97.2 50.7
    225 30 3.1 4.8 7.3 154.3 234.7 152.1
    Table XI: Dose-dependent Mouse Fecal Pellet Output Test
    # of pellets
    Cpd No. control NES NES (% ctrl) Compound (mg)
    0.3 0.5 1.0 3.0 5.0 6.0 10.0 30.0
    75 235.7
    93 2.7 8.3 307.4 6.2 5.5 3.2
    97 6.1 11.6 190.2 14 7.5 3.5
    97 4.8 10.1 210.4 9.1 10.4 2.3
    102 5.3 10.7 201.9 6.9 4.5 2.22
    114 3.4 10 294.1 9.6 7.7 5.4
    200 3.556 8.8 247.5 8.1 8.2 5.8
    207 5.2 11.4 219.2 11.4 12 4.9
    207 4.8 8.6 179.2 9.4 8.6 6.7
    207 3.4 10.8 317.6 7.5 5.5 3.5
    207 3.6 6.5 180.6 7.3 4.8 3.4
    224 2.2 9.6 436.4 7.6 7.2 4.2
    Table XII: Dose-dependent Mouse Fecal Pellet Output Test: Computed Results
    Cpd No. Compound (% control) Compound (% NES)
    0.3 0.5 1.0 3.0 5.0 6.0 10.0 30.0 0.3 0.5 1.0 3.0 5.0 6.0 10.0 30
    75 223.8 188.1 100
    93 229.6 203.7 119 74.7 66.27 38.55
    97 226.2 123.0 57 119 64.66 30.17
    97 189.6 216.7 48 90.1 103 22.77
    102 130.2 84.9 42 64.5 42.06 20.77
    114 282.4 226.5 159 96 77 54
    200 227.8 230.6 163 92.05 93.18 65.91
    207 219. 2 228.8 94.2 100 104.4 42.98
    207 195. 8 179.2 139.6 109 100 77.91
    207 220.6 161.8 103 69.44 50.93 32.41
    207 202.8 133.3 94 112.3 73.85 52.31
    224 345.5 327.3 190.9 79.17 75 43.75
    • Example 9 In Vivo Assay: Stress-induced Entire GI Tract Transit (6 hour transit time test)
  • Methods: The animals used in these studies are male CD-1 mice, ave. wt. ~30g. Procedure: Mice were housed in LAM under 12h/12h light/dark cycle, food & water ad lib. On the day before the experiments, the mice assigned to the "acclimated" (non-stressed) control group were placed into individual wire mesh-bottomed cages, provided food and water ad lib. The acclimated control group was in this new environment for 16-18 hrs prior to beginning the test. On the day of the experiment, mice assigned to experimental groups were housed in home cages were transported to procedure room and remain in their home cages until the start of the transit portion of the study. Mice were intragastrically dosed with compounds (volume remains constant at 0.1 mL/10g body wt) by oral gavage 30 minutes before carmine (a red vital dye that does not have the drug-adsorbing properties of charcoal) is administered (0.25 mL, 6% carmine in 0.5% methylcellulose). After the carmine marker was administered each mouse was placed in the novel environment cage. One hour after administration of carmine, the fecal pellet output of each animal was recorded. At one-hour intervals thereafter the fecal pellets were examined for the presence of carmine-dye. The number of mice that excreted a carmine-containing fecal pellet at the end of each hour post carmine administration was recorded, until all mice had excreted carmine in a fecal pellet or the end of 6 hrs post carmine administration, whichever occurred first. A variant of this novel environment stress (NES) paradigm is to use the same procedures of dye and compound administrations, but to use restraint (confinement in a small plastic tube for 3 hr) as a stressor (RS = restraint stress), followed by two hours in an individual cage (total of 5 hr fecal transit time). Data is shown in Table XIII. The original data are quantal, i.e. a mouse in the treatment group either did, or did not exhibit entire GI tract transit (excrete colored feces). The mouse entire GI tract (MEGIT) transit test can thus be done in mice that are all acclimated (non-stressed), in which case the data are expressed as % control (vehicle only), or in mice that are exposed to NES or RS, in which cases the data are expressed as % of the vehicle treated NES or RS group. Data is shown in Table XIII. Table XIII
    Mouse entire GI tract transit test (MEGIT or MEGIT-NES or MEGIT-RS*
    Cpd No. dose (mg) route MEGIT-NES Entire Gl transit 6 hr (% NES) MEGIT entire GI transit 6 hr % ctrl MEGIT-RS entire GI transit 5 hr (% RS)
    4 20 p.o. 100
    18 30 p.o. 80
    75 30 p.o. 125
    75 60 p.o. 0
    75 100 p.o. 0
    227 20 p.o. 100
    242 20 p.o. 100
    261 20 p.o. 103.6
    270 20 p.o. 112.5
    289 20 p.o. 14.1
    * RS = restraint stress; NES = novel environment stress
    • Example 10 In Vivo Assay: Upper GI tract transit
  • Methods: The animals used in these studies were male CD-1 mice, ave. wt. ~30g. Mice were housed under 12h/12h light/dark cycle, food & water ad lib. On the day of the experiment mice were assigned to experimental groups, including one vehicle-only group (=control). At 30 min before administration of carmine dye, animals were dosed with vehicle or vehicle-plus-compound, mice were returned to their home cages after drug administration. After administration of carmine, the animals were either returned to their home cages (non-stressed) or individually placed in the same metal cages as used in the fecal output or entire GI tract transit to induce a novel environment stress. One hour after administration of carmine, mice were sacrificed by cervical dislocation, the abdomen opened midventrally, the small intestine from pylorus to cecum was removed, the mesentery divided in order to lay the intestine straight & flat - without stretching. The total length of intestine and the length of carmine-dyed intestine were measured in order to determine the percent of the upper GI tract over which transit had occurred as follows: {(Length of carmine-dyed intestine)/(Total length of intestine)} x 100 = % upper GI transit. The data expressed were group means ± SD (or s.e.m.) and data expressed as % of control. Statistics: ANOVA with the Tukey-Kramer post-hoc test and means were considered significantly different when P < 0.05. Data is presented in Table XIV. Table XIV
    Mouse Upper GI Transit Test (MUGIT)
    Cpd No. dose (mg) route upper GI transit (% ctrl)
    8 30 p.o. 77.3
    17 30 p.o. 37.3
    18 10 p.o. 99.6
    18 50 p.o. 69.9
    18 5 p.o. 94.2
    18 25 p.o. 83.0
    18 100 p.o. 41.2
    18 30 p.o. 37.5
    18 30 p.o. 53.1
    48 30 p.o. 102.1
    75 30 p.o. 71.1
    75 60 p.o. 56.0
    75 100 p.o. 45.6
    227 30 p.o. 93.9
    256 30 p.o. 89.7
    261 30 p.o. 87.7
    270 30 p.o. 96.5
    287 30 p.o. 66.4
    289 30 p.o. 76.4
    315 30 p.o. 94.5
    • Example 11 Visceral hyperalgesia testing
  • Method: Rats were chronically instrumented with EMG electrodes in the muscles of the anterior abdominal wall. Distention of an intracolonic balloon, using a barostat apparatus, evoked increases in the EMG recordings that are related to the pressure. Control responses are compared with repeat stimulation 4 hours after zymosan is administered to the colon (Figure 1). Animals with 10% higher visceromotor responses for at least two distending pressures are considered to exhibit visceral hyperalgesia.
  • Compound 18 in 5 rats at repeated distentions of 40 mmHg administered at 30 mg/kg, i.p., blocked the hyperalgesic response to colorectal balloon distention following zymosan (Figure 2 and Figure 3).
  • The agonistic or antagonistic activity of the compounds of the invention at the kappa opioid receptor can be determined by known methods, for example, by the procedure described in S. Giuliani, A. Lecci, M. Tramontana, C. A. Maggi, Role of kappa opioid receptors in modulating cholinergic twitches in the circular muscle of guinea-pig colon. Brit J Pharmacol 119, 985-9 (Nov, 1996).

Claims (22)

  1. A pharmaceutical dosage formulation suitable for oral administration comprising the compound having the structure:
    Figure imgb0052
     or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  2. The pharmaceutical dosage formulation of claim 1, wherein the formulation is a solid dosage form.
  3. The pharmaceutical dosage formulation of claim 2, formulated as a tablet.
  4. The pharmaceutical dosage formulation of claim 3, comprising about 100mg of the compound having the structure:
    Figure imgb0053
  5. The pharmaceutical dosage formulation of any one of claims 1-4, wherein the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier comprises a diluent, a binder, an adhesive, a disintegrant, a lubricant, an antiadherent, a glidant, or a combination thereof.
  6. The pharmaceutical dosage formulation of claim 5, wherein the diluent is selected from the group consisting of starch; lactose; sucrose; sucrose based diluents such as confectioner's sugar, sucrose plus 7 to 10 weight percent invert sugar, sucrose plus about 3 weight percent modified dextrins; sucrose plus invert sugar, about 4 weight percent invert sugar, 0.1 to 0.2 weight percent cornstarch and magnesium stearate; dextrose; inositol; mannitol; sorbitol; microcrystalline cellulose; dicalcium phosphate; calcium sulfate dihydrate; and calcium lactate trihydrate.
  7. The pharmaceutical dosage formulation of claim 5, wherein the binder and adhesive are selected from the group consisting of acacia gum; guar gum; tragacanth gum; sucrose; gelatin; glucose; starch; cellulosics such as methylcellulose, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, ethylcellulose, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, hydroxypropylcellulose; and water soluble or dispersible binders such as alginic acid and salts thereof, magnesium aluminum silicate, hydroxyethylcellulose, polyethylene glycol, polysaccharide acids, bentonites, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polymethacrylates, and pregelatinized starch.
  8. The pharmaceutical dosage formulation of claim 5, wherein the disintegrant is selected from the group consisting of starches such as corn starch and potato starch; sodium starch glycolates; pregelatinized starches such as corn starch; clays such as magnesium aluminum silicate; celluloses such as crosslinked sodium carboxymethylcellulose and microcrystalline cellulose; alginates; gums such as agar, guar, locust bean, karaya, pectin, and tragacanth gum; and cross-linked polyvinylpyrrolidone.
  9. The pharmaceutical dosage formulation of claim 5, wherein the lubricant and antiadherent is selected from the group consisting of stearates such as magnesium stearate, calcium stearate and sodium stearate; stearic acid; talc waxes; stearowet; boric acid; sodium chloride; DL-leucine; carbowax 4000; carbowax 6000; sodium oleate; sodium benzoate; sodium acetate; sodium lauryl sulfate; and magnesium lauryl sulfate.
  10. The pharmaceutical dosage formulation of claim 5, wherein the glidant is selected from the group consisting of talc, cornstarch, and silica.
  11. The pharmaceutical dosage formulation of claim 5, further comprising a sweetener, a flavorant, a colorant, a coating, or a combination thereof.
  12. The pharmaceutical dosage formulation of any of claims 1-11 for use in a method of treating or ameliorating a δ or µ opioid receptor mediated disorder selected from pain and gastrointestinal disorders, wherein the method comprises administering the pharmaceutical dosage formulation to a subject in need of such treatment.
  13. The pharmaceutical dosage formulation for use as claimed in claim 12, wherein the pharmaceutical dosage formulation is administered at a frequency of one to four administrations per day.
  14. The pharmaceutical dosage formulation for use as claimed in claim 12, wherein the pharmaceutical dosage formulation is administered once daily.
  15. The pharmaceutical dosage formulation for use as claimed in claim 12, wherein the pharmaceutical dosage formulation is administered twice daily.
  16. The pharmaceutical dosage formulation for use as claimed in any one of claims 12-15 wherein the disorder is a diarrheic syndrome.
  17. The pharmaceutical dosage formulation for use as claimed in any one of claims 12-15, wherein the pain is visceral pain.
  18. The pharmaceutical dosage formulation for use as claimed in any one of claims 12-15, wherein the disorder is diarrhea predominant irritable bowel syndrome.
  19. A pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound having the structure:
    Figure imgb0054
     wherein the salt is a hydrochloric, hydrobromic, hydriodic, perchloric, sulfuric, nitric, phosphoric, acetic, propionic, glycolic, lactic, succinic, maleic, fumaric, malic, tartaric, citric, benzoic, mandelic, methanesulfonic, hydroxyethanesulfonic, benzenesulfonic, oxalic, pamoic, 2-naphthalenesulfonic, p-toluenesulfonic, cyclohexanesulfamic, salicylic, saccharinic, trifluoroacetic acid, benzathine, chloroprocaine, choline, diethanolamine, ethylenediamine, meglumine, procaine, aluminum, calcium, lithium, magnesium, potassium, sodium, or zinc salt.
  20. The pharmaceutically acceptable salt of claim 19, wherein the salt is a hydrochloric, hydrobromic, hydriodic, perchloric, sulfuric, nitric, phosphoric, acetic, propionic, glycolic, lactic, succinic, maleic, fumaric, malic, tartaric, citric, benzoic, mandelic, methanesulfonic, hydroxyethanesulfonic, benzenesulfonic, oxalic, pamoic, 2-naphthalenesulfonic, p-toluenesulfonic, cyclohexanesulfamic, salicylic, saccharinic, or trifluoroacetic acid salt.
  21. The pharmaceutically acceptable salt of claim 19, wherein the salt is a benzathine, chloroprocaine, choline, diethanolamine, ethylenediamine, meglumine, procaine, aluminum, calcium, lithium, magnesium, potassium, sodium, or zinc salt.
  22. A composition comprising the pharmaceutically acceptable salt of any of claims 19-21 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
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