EP2649789A1 - Procede d'utilisation d'un capteur d'image - Google Patents
Procede d'utilisation d'un capteur d'imageInfo
- Publication number
- EP2649789A1 EP2649789A1 EP11801790.4A EP11801790A EP2649789A1 EP 2649789 A1 EP2649789 A1 EP 2649789A1 EP 11801790 A EP11801790 A EP 11801790A EP 2649789 A1 EP2649789 A1 EP 2649789A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- photodetectors
- image
- selection
- images
- sequence
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 29
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 claims description 40
- 238000003384 imaging method Methods 0.000 claims description 35
- 238000009825 accumulation Methods 0.000 claims description 19
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000012512 characterization method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000002093 peripheral effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000006073 displacement reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005096 rolling process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012937 correction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000013481 data capture Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000010354 integration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003672 processing method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000750 progressive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012797 qualification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007858 starting material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002123 temporal effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011144 upstream manufacturing Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N23/00—Cameras or camera modules comprising electronic image sensors; Control thereof
- H04N23/60—Control of cameras or camera modules
- H04N23/68—Control of cameras or camera modules for stable pick-up of the scene, e.g. compensating for camera body vibrations
- H04N23/681—Motion detection
- H04N23/6811—Motion detection based on the image signal
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N23/00—Cameras or camera modules comprising electronic image sensors; Control thereof
- H04N23/10—Cameras or camera modules comprising electronic image sensors; Control thereof for generating image signals from different wavelengths
- H04N23/13—Cameras or camera modules comprising electronic image sensors; Control thereof for generating image signals from different wavelengths with multiple sensors
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N23/00—Cameras or camera modules comprising electronic image sensors; Control thereof
- H04N23/60—Control of cameras or camera modules
- H04N23/68—Control of cameras or camera modules for stable pick-up of the scene, e.g. compensating for camera body vibrations
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N25/00—Circuitry of solid-state image sensors [SSIS]; Control thereof
- H04N25/40—Extracting pixel data from image sensors by controlling scanning circuits, e.g. by modifying the number of pixels sampled or to be sampled
- H04N25/42—Extracting pixel data from image sensors by controlling scanning circuits, e.g. by modifying the number of pixels sampled or to be sampled by switching between different modes of operation using different resolutions or aspect ratios, e.g. switching between interlaced and non-interlaced mode
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method of using an image sensor on board a satellite or an aircraft, as well as an image sensor and an image capture device adapted to implement a such a method.
- earth observation or reconnaissance missions require images with very fine resolution. These may include observation missions that are conducted from a satellite, which may be a low-orbit satellite, a geostationary satellite, or a satellite in a circular or elliptical intermediate orbit. For example, a resolution of less than 1 meter may be required for images that are captured from a low-level satellite, and a resolution of less than 50 meters for images captured from a geostationary satellite.
- a resolution that is obtained is limited by the variations in the line of sight of the imaging system used, which occur during the exposure time that is implemented to capture each image. observation.
- Such unintentional variations of the line of sight may have multiple causes, such as vibrations that are produced by moving parts on board the satellite, such as satellite attitude control systems, among others. These vibrations in turn cause high frequency deformations of the imaging system, which in turn contribute to changes in the line of sight.
- image jitter image jitter
- Laser metrology devices have also been proposed to constitute the pseudo-inertial reference. Images of a reference laser beam are then captured and processed at a high rate to characterize the vibrations and distortions of the imaging system during each observation image capture exposure. But the addition to the imaging system of such a laser device which constitutes a pseudo-inertial reference makes the design and the realization of this system more complex. Its cost price is then increased, as well as its weight, which is particularly disadvantageous when the imaging system is intended to be onboard a satellite, particularly with respect to the cost of launching the satellite.
- image sensors dedicated to the detection of image shake, which are separate from the imaging system dedicated to the observation function.
- image-shake sensors are designed to detect high-frequency changes in the line of sight. But these are additional sensors that increase the total cost of the imaging set. In addition, their performance can hardly be guaranteed because they depend on the texture of each area that is imaged on these image shake sensors.
- One of the aims of the present invention is then to provide a method of characterizing the image shake that occurs during the capture of an observation image, for which the above disadvantages are reduced or deleted.
- a first object of the invention is to characterize the image shake including the components thereof which have high frequencies.
- a second object of the invention is to characterize the image shake with the contributions to it which result from the deformations of the observation imaging system.
- a third object of the invention is to characterize the image shake without substantially increasing the total weight and the cost of embedded systems on board the satellite or the aircraft, nor increase the complexity of the imaging system.
- a fourth object of the invention is to keep available the total photosensitive surface of the image sensor for the function of capturing the observation images.
- a fifth object of the invention is to provide a characterization of the image shake in the greatest possible number of circumstances, in particular even if parts of the image which is formed on the photosensitive surface of the sensor have a contrast very weak.
- the invention provides a novel method of using an image sensor on board a satellite or an aircraft.
- the image sensor comprises an array of photodetectors which are arranged in rows and columns of this array, and further comprises a plurality of row decoders and a plurality of column decoders, an addressing circuit and a sequencer which is coupled to the array. matrix of photodetectors by the addressing circuit. In this way, an individual operation of each photodetector can be controlled, according to accumulation, reading and resetting steps.
- the method comprises a first image acquisition sequence, which is carried out with the photodetectors of a first selection inside the matrix, and which is repeated at a first frequency to capture a first series of images to this first frequency.
- This first image capture sequence comprises an accumulation step, a read step and a reset step for each photodetector of the first selection.
- this first selection of photodetectors may correspond to all the photodetectors of the matrix.
- the method further comprises a second image acquisition sequence, which is carried out with the photodetectors of a second selection also inside the matrix, and which is repeated at a second frequency to capture a second series of images at this second frequency.
- the second frequency is greater than the first frequency, and the first selection has more photodetectors than the second selection, with photodetectors that are common to both selections.
- the second image acquisition sequence does not include a reset step for each photodetector which is common to both selections.
- a step of accumulating a photodetector common to the first and second selections which is in progress just before a reading step executed for this common photodetector according to the second image acquisition sequence is continued just after this same read step performed according to the second image capture sequence.
- the invention proposes to capture images according to two nested sequences, and by using selections of photodetectors which are different.
- the first sequence with a lower image capture frequency, is intended to provide observation images whereas the second, higher frequency sequence is dedicated to the characterization of the variations of the line of sight; to say, the shake of the images of observation.
- the same imaging optics can easily be used for the images of the first series and those of the second series, in particular because the same matrix of photodetectors is used for these two series. For this reason, the total weight on board a satellite or aircraft from which the observation images are captured is not increased. Nor is the design of the imaging optics specifically modified to characterize the image shake, so that the launch cost of the satellite and the cost of the imaging system are not not significantly increased.
- the image shake that is detected includes all the contributions present, not only those that have causes external to the imaging system, but also the contributions of the deformations of the imaging system itself.
- the second image capture frequency is limited only by the maximum frequency with which the photodetectors of the second selection can be read without being reset. This second frequency can therefore be high, especially if the number of photodetectors of the second selection is not too large. For this reason, the method of the invention makes it possible to detect variations that correspond to high frequencies, from the images of the second series.
- the method of the invention can be used to detect variations in the line of sight of the imaging system that includes the image sensor. These variations are detected from a comparison between pattern positions within the images that are successively captured according to the second image capture sequence with the photodetectors of the second selection. Components of these line-of-sight variations that have high frequencies can thus be detected.
- the variations of the line of sight can then be compensated inside the camera, in particular by controlling appropriate displacements of certain optical components, preferably in an analog manner.
- the variations of the line of sight that are detected can be used to control a compensation system of these line of sight variations.
- these variations of the line of sight can be compensated by moving at least one optical component of the imaging system that includes the image sensor.
- the variations of the line of sight that are detected can be used to control a satellite or aircraft attitude control system.
- the invention also provides the image sensor which is adapted to be on board a satellite or an aircraft.
- This image sensor comprises the photodetector matrix, the row and column decoders of this matrix, the addressing circuit, and the sequencer, the latter being adapted to control the first and second image capture sequences in accordance with FIG. previously described method.
- the sequencer may be further adapted to ensure that the second selection of photodetectors is included in the first selection, and / or that the photodetectors of the second selection are adjacent to each other within at least one window in the array.
- the invention finally proposes an image capture device which comprises such an image sensor and a detection module for the variations of the line of sight.
- the detection module of the variations of the line of sight is adapted to compare the positions of the pattern inside the images which are seized successively according to the second image acquisition sequence with the photodetectors of the second selection, and to detect these variations from a result of the comparison.
- FIG. 1 illustrates an application of the invention to an observation satellite
- FIG. 2 schematically represents an image capture device architecture adapted to implement the invention
- FIG. 3 shows an exemplary window distribution adapted for the invention, inside a matrix of photodetectors
- FIGS. 4a and 5a are two chronological diagrams which respectively illustrate two variants of a sequential mode of image capture, known from the prior art.
- an imaging system is embarked aboard a satellite S, which may be low-level or geostationary orbiting the Earth or another planet.
- the imaging system comprises, in the usual way, an image forming optics 2 and an image sensor 1 which is situated in an image forming plane of the optical element 2.
- E denotes the optical input of optics 2
- D designates the line of sight of the imaging system.
- the line of sight D may vary during an exposure time of the photodetectors of the sensor 1 because of vibrations of the satellite S as a whole, vibrations which are generated by moving parts present on board the satellite S and which are transmitted to the system imaging, deformations of the imaging system, etc.
- Such deformations of the imaging system may concern, for example, image forming optics 2, or modifying the position of the sensor 1 with respect to this optic 2.
- high frequency vibrations which are experienced by the imaging system 2.
- Imaging may cause deformations of this system themselves.
- Variations in line of sight D result, which occur during the exposure time of the photodetectors to capture an observation image.
- the invention as described makes it possible to detect and characterize these variations of the line of sight D.
- the invention consists in a new use of the photodetector matrix of the image sensor 1, which makes it possible to detect the variations of the line of sight D without the need to add one or more additional sensors (s) ( s) forming an inertial or pseudo-inertial reference.
- the invention is described in the context of the image capture mode using a matrix detector called "starter" in English, when the image is fixed on the detector during the image capture time.
- the photodetector array of the image sensor 1 has adjacent rows and columns of photodetectors, for example, several thousand photodetectors in the respective two row and column directions.
- a main window is fixed inside this matrix, to acquire the observation images.
- This main window may correspond to the entire matrix of photodetectors, but not necessarily. It constitutes the first selection of photodetectors inside the matrix of the image sensor 1, introduced earlier in the general part of the description.
- At least one, preferably several secondary windows are also determined inside the matrix of photodetectors.
- Each secondary window has a number of photodetectors that are smaller or even much smaller than the main window.
- the secondary windows together constitute the second selection of photodetectors within the array of the sensor 1.
- each main or secondary window contains all neighboring photodetectors in the array of the image sensor 1 which are within a peripheral boundary of this window.
- the photodetectors of the second selection can thus be adjacent to each other inside the secondary window or windows.
- each secondary window can contain a hundred times less photodetectors than the main window. The operation of each photodetector then varies depending on whether this photodetector belongs to a secondary window or is located in the main window outside the secondary windows.
- the photodetectors of the main window outside the secondary windows are used in the usual way, according to a succession of accumulation steps, also called integration step, read and reset. This succession of steps has been called the first sequence in the general part of this description.
- the observation images are thus captured outside the secondary windows, at a first frequency when this first sequence is repeated.
- the photodetectors of the secondary windows are used according to a double implementation.
- the first image capture sequence which produces the observation images, is thus executed and repeated at the first frequency for all the photodetectors of the main window.
- the observation images are complete inside the entire main window.
- They are called first series of images, and can be entered according to one of the known modes of control of a matrix image sensor, in particular the snapshot mode ("snapshot mode" in English), the sequential mode ("rolling" mode) or progressive scan mode.
- the photodetectors of the secondary windows are used in accordance with a second image acquisition sequence, which is repeated at a second frequency higher than the first frequency.
- the second image capture sequence for each photodetector of the secondary windows is executed at the same time as the first sequence, during accumulation periods of this first sequence. It includes a reading step of the photodetector, to capture the level of accumulation that is reached at the time of this reading. However, so that the image capture according to the first sequence is not disturbed by that according to the second sequence, it is necessary that the second sequence does not include a step of resetting the photodetector. In particular, thanks to such a lack of reset, the signal-to-noise ratio of the observation image information that is read according to the first image capture sequence is not degraded in the secondary windows, relative to to its value outside these same secondary windows.
- FIG. 2 shows the architecture of an image capture device that makes it possible to implement the method with two simultaneous sequences which has just been described.
- the image sensor 1 usually comprises the matrix of photodetectors 10, several decoders of lines 1 1 denoted DEC. LINES, several decoders of columns 12 noted DEC. COLUMNS, an addressing circuit 13 noted ADDRESS. and a sequencer 14 denoted SEQ.
- This device allows individual addressing of the photodetectors of the matrix 10.
- the matrix of the photodetectors 10 may be CMOS technology.
- the sequencer 14 is coupled to the matrix 10 by the addressing circuit 13, and makes it possible to control the individual operation of each photodetector to perform a programmed succession of accumulation, reading and reset steps.
- the sequencer 14 is programmed to control the first image capture sequence described above for all the photodetectors of the main window, and the second image capture sequence in addition to the first sequence to the photodetectors of the secondary windows.
- an image texture analysis can also be performed, in particular to select the pattern in addition to the use of the pattern itself.
- characteristics of the pattern or of the texture can be determined a priori in a station on the ground before capturing an image, by exploiting images that have been captured beforehand, in particular by using the same device. Such an application may be of interest for observing the same area at times which are temporally offset, or for searching for the possible presence of mobile elements within a surveillance zone, as examples.
- pattern, image texture, and contrast are features of an image that are distinct.
- the image capture device further comprises an image processing unit 20, which itself comprises a window selection module 21 and a detection module 22 for detecting the variations of the line of sight D, noted D-DETECTION.
- an image processing unit 20 which itself comprises a window selection module 21 and a detection module 22 for detecting the variations of the line of sight D, noted D-DETECTION.
- Several strategies can be implemented alternately by the module 21 to select, within the matrix 10, the secondary windows for which the sequencer 14 will control the second image acquisition sequence.
- At least one of the secondary windows which is used for the images captured according to the second sequence is selected inside the matrix of the photodetectors 10 from an image which has been previously entered according to the first sequence.
- a first image is first captured with all the photodetectors of the main window, and parts of this first image are searched for constituting the secondary windows which will then be used for the second image acquisition sequence.
- the secondary windows are then fixed permanently for this image capture or for the sequence of image captures which concerns the same area observed.
- At least one of these secondary windows may be selected from the previously entered image based on one of the following criteria, or a combination of these criteria: l ⁇ l an image texture inside the window for the previously captured image; an absence of clouds inside the window for the previously captured image; and
- the criterion l ⁇ l in general and the criterion in the particular case of an observation of the surface of the Earth, ensure that the images which are seized subsequently according to the second sequence in the secondary windows contain at least one pattern of which the successive positions within these images can be compared with each other.
- the criterion / Ni / makes it possible to compare the movements of patterns in different places of the main window. It is then possible to deduce a characterization of the movement of the imaging system during each accumulation of image observation, and in particular the variations of the line of sight D. In particular, it is possible to distinguish a rotational movement around the line of sight D of a transverse movement.
- a second secondary window selection strategy several windows smaller than the main window are fixed a priori, in each of which images are captured according to the second sequence. For example, an even distribution of small secondary windows within the main window can be adopted.
- the first and second image capture sequences are then implemented in the manner that has been described.
- the main window is thus used to capture the first set of images for the observation function, and the smaller windows are used to capture second sets of images respectively with each of these smaller windows.
- at least one of these smaller windows is selected, and the second series of images that were captured with this selected window (s) are used to detect line-of-sight variations. D from the successive positions of patterns in this (these) window (s) selected (s).
- the second Image capture sequence is performed with a number of secondary windows that is greater than the required number, and then a selection of some of these secondary windows is performed to determine the motion of the imaging system.
- This posterior selection of the secondary window or windows may be performed according to the same criteria as those mentioned above for the first strategy.
- FIG. 3 represents a distribution of the secondary windows in the photodetector matrix 10, as such a distribution can result from one or the other of the two strategies that have just been presented.
- the reference M10 designates more precisely the peripheral limit of the matrix of the photodetectors 10.
- the figure shows an example of a terrestrial scene which is imaged on the matrix 10.
- the reference W1 designates the peripheral limit of the main window
- the references W2 denote the respective peripheral boundaries of several secondary windows that are used to detect changes in the line of sight D.
- the secondary windows are located inside the main window, and contain contrasting patterns that can be spotted in images seized successively according to the second sequence.
- one of the secondary windows that is shown contains a grid pattern that is a city located in the field of view.
- Another secondary window contains a strip pattern which is an airstrip.
- the secondary windows are quite far apart from each other inside the main window.
- the module 22 can be adapted to transmit data representing line of sight variations D, to a system 30 of attitude control of the aircraft. Satellite or aircraft, noted SCAO in Figure 2. Alternatively or simultaneously, the module 22 can also transmit these data to a shake compensation system of the imaging system. Such a shake compensation system is referenced 40 and noted D- COMPENSATION. It can make it possible to reduce in real time the variations of the line of sight D during the accumulation steps, by compensating for the image displacements in the focal plane which are caused by the vibrations and deformations experienced by the capture device. 'picture.
- Such camera shake compensation can be performed by correcting the line of sight in the instrument in real time. This correction can be produced by moving:
- the focal plane or the image sensor in this focal plane, for example using a piezoelectric actuator, or
- an optical component for example a reflecting mirror which is placed upstream of the image sensor.
- Each line of the matrix 10 is thus exposed during an accumulation time which is referenced A (i) for the line i, the natural numbering integer i the rows of the matrix 10 between its first line denoted 1 and its last line noted N.
- the accumulation time for each line i and for each observation image capture period is followed by a read step, referenced R (i) for the line i.
- a reset of the photodetectors of the line i is carried out simultaneously at the beginning of the observation image reading step for this same line i.
- the reading steps R (i) of the different photodetector lines are progressively shifted during each observation image capture period.
- FIGS. 4a and 5a are chronological diagrams of the sequential mode of image capture, as known from the prior art in its two variants, respectively with an accumulation duration less than and equal to the observation image capture period. .
- each row reading step R (i) can be followed by an additional step Ra of secondary window reading.
- these additional read steps Ra are dedicated in a manner equivalent to the reading of all the secondary windows which are used, so that all these secondary windows are read according to the same value of second frequency.
- the execution of the additional steps Ra secondary window reading is provided during the programming of the sequencer 14.
- additional steps Ra which are dedicated at least in part to the reading portions of line 1 of the matrix of photodetectors 10 which belong to secondary windows.
- These assignments of the steps Ra are represented by vertical arrows in the diagram. Those portions of line 1 which belong to the secondary windows and which are read during the additional steps Ra have narrow hatches.
- FIG. 5b likewise comprises additional steps Ra for reading the portions of lines of the matrix 10 belonging to the secondary windows. These steps Ra can still be performed after the read steps with reset of the complete lines of the matrix 10.
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Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
FR1004737A FR2968499B1 (fr) | 2010-12-06 | 2010-12-06 | Procede d'utilisation d'un capteur d'image. |
PCT/FR2011/052813 WO2012076784A1 (fr) | 2010-12-06 | 2011-11-29 | Procede d'utilisation d'un capteur d'image |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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EP2649789A1 true EP2649789A1 (fr) | 2013-10-16 |
Family
ID=44166573
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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EP11801790.4A Withdrawn EP2649789A1 (fr) | 2010-12-06 | 2011-11-29 | Procede d'utilisation d'un capteur d'image |
Country Status (4)
Country | Link |
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US (1) | US20130258106A1 (fr) |
EP (1) | EP2649789A1 (fr) |
FR (1) | FR2968499B1 (fr) |
WO (1) | WO2012076784A1 (fr) |
Families Citing this family (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
FR2991785B1 (fr) * | 2012-06-06 | 2014-07-18 | Astrium Sas | Stabilisation d'une ligne de visee d'un systeme d'imagerie embarque a bord d'un satellite |
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US5844602A (en) * | 1996-05-07 | 1998-12-01 | Recon/Optical, Inc. | Electro-optical imaging array and camera system with pitch rate image motion compensation which can be used in an airplane in a dive bomb maneuver |
US5923278A (en) * | 1996-07-11 | 1999-07-13 | Science Applications International Corporation | Global phase unwrapping of interferograms |
US6175383B1 (en) * | 1996-11-07 | 2001-01-16 | California Institute Of Technology | Method and apparatus of high dynamic range image sensor with individual pixel reset |
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US7379105B1 (en) * | 2002-06-18 | 2008-05-27 | Pixim, Inc. | Multi-standard video image capture device using a single CMOS image sensor |
US20040075741A1 (en) * | 2002-10-17 | 2004-04-22 | Berkey Thomas F. | Multiple camera image multiplexer |
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JP2006019971A (ja) * | 2004-06-30 | 2006-01-19 | Fujitsu Ltd | チャージポンプ動作に起因する雑音を低減したcmosイメージセンサ |
JP2006251000A (ja) * | 2005-03-08 | 2006-09-21 | Fujitsu Ltd | 重畳表示可能なディスプレイコントローラ |
US7755667B2 (en) * | 2005-05-17 | 2010-07-13 | Eastman Kodak Company | Image sequence stabilization method and camera having dual path image sequence stabilization |
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2010
- 2010-12-06 FR FR1004737A patent/FR2968499B1/fr active Active
-
2011
- 2011-11-29 US US13/992,168 patent/US20130258106A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2011-11-29 EP EP11801790.4A patent/EP2649789A1/fr not_active Withdrawn
- 2011-11-29 WO PCT/FR2011/052813 patent/WO2012076784A1/fr active Application Filing
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See also references of WO2012076784A1 * |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
WO2012076784A1 (fr) | 2012-06-14 |
US20130258106A1 (en) | 2013-10-03 |
FR2968499A1 (fr) | 2012-06-08 |
FR2968499B1 (fr) | 2013-06-14 |
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