EP2612168A2 - Detection module for detecting radiation - Google Patents
Detection module for detecting radiationInfo
- Publication number
- EP2612168A2 EP2612168A2 EP11767159.4A EP11767159A EP2612168A2 EP 2612168 A2 EP2612168 A2 EP 2612168A2 EP 11767159 A EP11767159 A EP 11767159A EP 2612168 A2 EP2612168 A2 EP 2612168A2
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- radiation
- detector
- radiation detector
- housing
- separate
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01T—MEASUREMENT OF NUCLEAR OR X-RADIATION
- G01T1/00—Measuring X-radiation, gamma radiation, corpuscular radiation, or cosmic radiation
- G01T1/29—Measurement performed on radiation beams, e.g. position or section of the beam; Measurement of spatial distribution of radiation
- G01T1/2914—Measurement of spatial distribution of radiation
- G01T1/2921—Static instruments for imaging the distribution of radioactivity in one or two dimensions; Radio-isotope cameras
- G01T1/2928—Static instruments for imaging the distribution of radioactivity in one or two dimensions; Radio-isotope cameras using solid state detectors
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J37/00—Discharge tubes with provision for introducing objects or material to be exposed to the discharge, e.g. for the purpose of examination or processing thereof
- H01J37/02—Details
- H01J37/244—Detectors; Associated components or circuits therefor
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J2237/00—Discharge tubes exposing object to beam, e.g. for analysis treatment, etching, imaging
- H01J2237/244—Detection characterized by the detecting means
- H01J2237/2441—Semiconductor detectors, e.g. diodes
- H01J2237/24415—X-ray
- H01J2237/2442—Energy-dispersive (Si-Li type) spectrometer
Definitions
- the invention relates to a detector module for radiation detection, in particular with a semiconductor drift detector.
- detector modules which serve for radiation measurement and can be used, for example, in X-ray spectroscopy or in X-ray fluorescence analysis.
- the conventional detector modules contain a semiconductor drift detector, which is arranged hermetically encapsulated in a housing, so that the detector module can also be operated in a protective gas atmosphere or under vacuum conditions.
- the radiation to be detected enters the housing of the detector module through a radiation entrance window, where it strikes the semiconductor drift detector arranged inside the housing.
- the semiconductor drift detector is the only electronic component which is arranged within the housing of the detector module, wherein the semiconductor drift detector can also have, for example, a read-out transistor which is either integrated into the sensor or adhesively connected thereto and / or or bonding is connected.
- the semiconductor drift detector can also have, for example, a read-out transistor which is either integrated into the sensor or adhesively connected thereto and / or or bonding is connected.
- other electronic components such as preamplifiers, sensors, and the like are disposed outside the housing of the detector module and are connected to the radiation detector via leads, which is associated with various disadvantages.
- the relatively long lines between the radiation detector and the electronic components arranged outside the housing also lead to a speed loss during reading.
- the relatively long lines between the radiation detector disposed in the housing and the electronic components located outside the housing can also lead to undesirable microphony.
- Another problem of sealed detector modules is a possible deterioration of the detector properties, for example by technical defects (eg leakage of the housing, which leads to changes in the gas pressure or the gas composition within the inert gas atmosphere) or else by improper use (eg irradiation above the specified dose) , There is therefore a need to diagnose causes of possible changes in the detector properties without mechanical intervention (opening of the module housing).
- technical defects eg leakage of the housing, which leads to changes in the gas pressure or the gas composition within the inert gas atmosphere
- improper use eg irradiation above the specified dose
- a heat sensor in which in the housing of the heat sensor additionally a JFET (JFET: Junction Field Effect Transistor) is arranged.
- JFET Junction Field Effect Transistor
- the heat sensor is not a generic radiation detector.
- JP 2009-047467 AA a detector module is known, in which a semiconductor detector together with a Tem- temperature or humidity sensor is arranged in a common housing.
- the semiconductor detector is not a drift detector according to the invention.
- the invention is therefore based on the object of correspondingly improving the conventional detector modules described above.
- the invention comprises the general technical teaching of arranging at least one further separate electronic component in the housing in addition to the radiation detector, wherein the spatial proximity between the radiation detector and the additionally arranged within the housing complex electronic component then leads to a correspondingly low capacity of the electrical connection ,
- a separate electronic component used in the context of the invention is preferably based on the fact that the electronic component additionally arranged within the housing is separated from the semiconductor drift detector and designed as a separate component. To distinguish from this, for example, individual read-out transistors, which can be structurally integrated into the semiconductor detector.
- a separate electronic component used in the context of the invention preferably refers to complex components (eg integrated circuits). which contain several components. To distinguish from this, for example, individual read-out transistors, which are connected to the semiconductor detector.
- a separate electronic component is thus preferably on complex components, which are structurally separated from the radiation detector.
- the housing of the detector module is gas-tight in order to enable operation of the detector module in a vacuum or in a protective gas atmosphere.
- the separate electronic component integrated in the housing is a sensor which preferably measures a state variable prevailing inside the housing, the measured state variable preferably having an influence on the operating behavior of the radiation detector.
- the sensor thus makes it possible to monitor the operating environment of the radiation detector in order to detect when the operating environment of the radiation detector within the housing changes in a manner which prevents proper operation of the radiation detector or at least requires countermeasures.
- the senor may be a pressure sensor which measures a gas pressure prevailing inside the housing.
- the sensor is a humidity sensor which measures a humidity prevailing inside the housing.
- different ne types of sensors are arranged to measure different state variables within the housing.
- the device integrated into the housing is a dosimeter, i. a radiation meter that measures a radiation dose (e.g., absorbed dose or equivalent dose).
- a radiation dose e.g., absorbed dose or equivalent dose.
- the dosimeter can be arranged here as a separate component within the housing.
- a new independent idea of the invention is the integration of the dosimeter in the radiation detector by the possibility of measuring the radiation-induced oxide charge.
- two types of structures are suitable, namely a MOS capacitance structure or a MOSFET structure whose operation is explained below.
- MOS capacitance structure Metal Oxide Semiconductor
- the capacitance is measured as a function of the bias voltage and the oxide charge is determined therefrom in a known manner, the change of which in the course of operation is in turn a measure of the integrated radiation dose.
- MOS capacitance structures may be used, such as simple MOS capacitances with or without guard rings or gated diodes.
- MOSFET Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor
- the dosimeter may be arranged on the beam entry side and / or on the back side of the semiconductor detector. At the beam entrance side, it measures the radiation load caused by all the photon energies, while on the backside it only measures the damage from photons with energies above about 6 keV, since low energy photons are absorbed in the semiconductor substrate, the detector al so a "sift shielding" Has effect.
- the semiconductor drift detector contains the most radiation-sensitive elements on the back. Therefore, the "self-shielding" effect is of particular advantage here.
- dosimeters both at the beam entry side and at the rear. It should be noted, of course, that a collimator also located in the housing does not cover the dosimeter. This can be achieved by a corresponding shape of the Kol limators. If the dosimeter is arranged in the edge region of the radiation detector (sensor), the radiation detector must have a corresponding recess or a separate opening for the dosimeter. The dosimeter can also be formed in the sensitive area of the radiation detector as part of the radiation detector, so that no adaptation of the collimator is required.
- the separate electronic component integrated in the housing is not a sensor, but rather an amplifier, a signal conditioner, an analog memory, an analog / digital converter or in general an integrated circuit, wherein the above-mentioned components process the output signal of the radiation detector.
- Radiation detector is integrated.
- the feedback capacitor is structurally separated from the radiation detector and integrated into the separate amplifier.
- the amplifier usually has an input transistor, wherein also in terms of the arrangement of the input transistor within the scope of the invention again exist various possibilities.
- the input transistor is integrated into the radiation detector, as may be the case, for example, with conventional semiconductor drift detectors.
- the input transistor of the amplifier is disconnected from the radiation detector and integrated into the separate amplifier.
- the integration of the amplifier in the housing offers the advantage that the electrical connection between the radiation detector and the amplifier is much shorter, resulting in a correspondingly low electrical capacity of the compound leads.
- capacities of less than 1 pF, 500 fF, 300 fF, 200 fF or even less than 100 fF can be realized within the scope of the invention so that a charge-sensitive preamplifier can be connected to the radiation detector.
- sensors e.g., humidity sensor, pressure sensor
- amplifiers e.g., amplifiers
- a temperature control element e.g., temperature sensor and peltier element
- the separate electronic component for example, sensor, amplifier
- the separate electronic component can be arranged inside the housing on the side of the radiation detector facing away from the radiation inlet window in order to avoid optical shading of the radiation detector by the additional electronic component.
- the additional separate electronic component on the
- Radiation inlet window facing side of the radiation detector is arranged, wherein the device is then arranged in the so-called “dead area", ie outside the Radiation path between the radiation entrance window and the radiation detector to avoid optical shading of the radiation detector by the additional integrated device.
- the spatial arrangement of the separate component provides that the component is arranged laterally next to the radiation detector, in particular in a common plane with the radiation detector.
- the radiation detector is mechanically connected to the separate electronic component (eg sensor, amplifier) and to a tempering element, in particular by means of an adhesive bond or a solder joint ("bump bonding"), which at the same time accomplished electrical contact.
- a solder joint solder joint
- an adhesive bond is used, which is electrically insulating, but thermally conductive, which is particularly useful if it is a connection with the Temper michselement.
- the radiation detector may be electrically connected to the separate electronic component, in particular by wire-bonding or flip-chip bonding.
- the detector module comprises a mechanical support element on which the separate electronic component (e.g., sensor, amplifier) is located.
- the mechanical carrier element is preferably a ceramic carrier element.
- the carrier element is substantially annular and has a center ne opening, wherein the radiation detector rests on the ringför shaped support member and the central opening of the Trä gerelements covers, so that the radiation detector can be contacted by di opening in the annular support member through electrical.
- the term used in the invention of an annular support member does not assume that the support member is annular, but also includes polygonal support elements.
- it may be a read-out electronics than ⁇ application specific integrated circuit (ASIC: Application Specific Integrated Circuit) in the inte ⁇ th circuit is designed.
- ASIC Application Specific Integrated Circuit
- a sensor may be mounted on the carrier element, in particular on the upper side of the carrier element, where the radiation detector is also mounted.
- an additional heat conducting element may be provided, wherein the heat conducting element thermally connects the tempering element through the opening in the annular support member to the radiation detector.
- the housing of the detector module according to the invention is preferably compact, wherein the compactness of the housing is not impaired by the integration of the additional component (eg sensor, dosimeter).
- the housing is preferably optimized in its dimensions and its shape to the respective application, which is particularly advantageous for applications in electron microscopy and X-ray fluorescence zenzanalyse. Therefore, the housing preferably has an outer diameter which is only slightly larger than the sensitive surface of the radiation detector.
- the outer diameter of the housing may be at most 15 mm with a sensitive area of the radiation detector of 10 mm 2 .
- the outer diameter of the housing is at most 16mm at a sensitive area of the radiation detector of 30mm 2 .
- another embodiment provides a sensitive area of 100 mm 2 with an outer diameter of at most 23 mm.
- the term of a radiation detector used in the context of the invention is preferably based on semiconductor drift detectors, as are known per se from the prior art.
- the radiation detector is preferably a silicon detector.
- the radiation detector it is also possible for the radiation detector to be a CCD detector (CCD: charge-coupled device).
- CCD charge-coupled device
- Figure 1 is a cross-sectional view of an inventive
- Detector module with a semiconductor drift detector 9 shows a modification of the embodiment of FIG. 1, a detector arrangement with an amplifier, the amplifier having a feedback capacitor integrated in the amplifier,
- FIG. 4 shows a modification of FIG. 3, wherein the feedback capacitor is integrated into the radiation detector, a perspective view of a semiconductor drift detector according to the invention with an integrated read-out transistor, as well as a view of a combination of a temperature sensor and a dosimeter, which are integrated in the detector module.
- 1 shows a detector module 1 according to the invention, which can be used, for example, in an X-ray spectrometer for X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, which is known per se from the prior art and therefore does not need to be described in detail.
- the detector module 1 For detecting the radiation, the detector module 1 has a semiconductor drift detector 2 which is arranged on a ceramic substrate 3, wherein the ceramic substrate 3 and thus also the semiconductor drift detector 2 can be cooled by a Peltier element 4 in order to achieve a constant operating temperature of the semiconductor drift detector during operation 2 to reach.
- a collimator 5 At the top of the semiconductor drift detector 2 is a collimator 5, which is only schematically represented here as a welder.
- the incident radiation shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 generates a radiation beam which impinges on the semiconductor drift detector 2.
- the aforementioned components of the detector module 1 are hermetically encapsulated within a gas-tight housing 6, wherein the housing 6 consists essentially of a bottom plate 7 and a dome-shaped housing element 8, which is placed on the bottom plate 7.
- the gas-tight encapsulation of the detector module 1 in the housing 6 makes it possible to operate the detector module 1 in a vacuum or under a protective gas atmosphere.
- the housing 6 is thus partially evacuated, for example, with an internal pressure of less than 100 mbar.
- the dome-shaped housing element 8 On its upper side, has a housing opening 9, wherein the housing opening 9 is closed gas-tight by a radiation entrance window 10.
- the radiation entrance window 10 is permeable to the X-ray radiation to be detected, whereas the radiation entrance window 10 is impermeable to optical radiation, in particular in a wavelength range which is visible to humans.
- the radiation entrance window 10 is in this case formed in a conventional manner and is in the assembled state on the peripheral edge of the housing opening 9, wherein the radiation entrance window 10 is connected by an adhesive connection 11 with the edge of the dome-shaped housing member 8.
- a pressure sensor 12 is arranged within the housing 6, wherein the pressure sensor 12 measures the pressure prevailing inside the housing 6 pressure. In this way it is possible to continuously check the pressure tightness of the housing 6 during operation.
- the pressure sensor 12 is in this case laterally next to the semiconductor drift detector 2 in a common plane with the semiconductor drift detector 2 is arranged. This offers the advantage that the incident radiation is not shaded by the pressure sensor 12. It should also be mentioned that the pressure sensor 12 is arranged on the upper side of the ceramic substrate 3 and is mechanically connected to the ceramic substrate 3.
- an integrated circuit 13 which includes, inter alia, a read-out electronics for reading the radiation detector 2.
- the integrated circuit 13 is embodied in this embodiment as an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC: Application Specific Integrated Circuit).
- ASIC Application Specific Integrated Circuit
- the assembly of the integrated circuit 13 takes place in this embodiment on the underside of the semiconductor drift detector 2, i. in the immediate vicinity of the semiconductor drift detector 2.
- This offers the advantage that the electrical connection between the semiconductor drift detector 2 and the integrated circuit 13 is very short, so that this electrical connection has a very low electrical capacitance, which is associated with various advantages (eg improvement of the read speed, avoidance of microphony, enabling a charge-sensitive preamplifier).
- the ceramic substrate 3 in this embodiment is annular and has an opening in the center, the semiconductor drift detector 2 rests on top of the ceramic substrate 3 and covers the opening in the ceramic substrate 3.
- the opening in the annular ceramic substrate 3 offers the possibility that the integrated
- Circuit 13 can be arranged directly on the underside of the semiconductor drift detector 2 within the opening in the annular ceramic substrate 3.
- the embodiment of the invention described here is thus characterized in that in addition to the semiconductors drift detector 2 further electronic components and a cooling element within the housing 6 are arranged, namely the pressure sensor 12, the integrated circuit 13 and the Peltier element 4, the Temperature of the semiconductor drift detector 2 controls.
- FIG. 2 shows a modification of the embodiment according to FIG. 1, so that reference is made to the above description to avoid repetition, the same reference numbers being used for corresponding details.
- a special feature of this exemplary embodiment initially consists in that a heat-conducting element 14, which thermally connects the semiconductor drift detector 2 to the Peltier element 4, is arranged within the opening of the annular ceramic substrate 3.
- the heat-conducting element 14 thus improves the thermal contact between the semiconductor drift detector 2 on the one hand and the Peltier element 4 on the other hand, since the heat from the semiconductor drift detector 2 can flow not only via the ceramic substrate 3 to the Peltier element 4, but also via the heat-conducting element 14th
- Another special feature of this embodiment is that the integrated circuit 13 is not mounted directly on the underside of the semiconductor drift detector 2.
- FIG. 3 shows a greatly simplified illustration of the external wiring of the detector module 1 with an amplifier 18, wherein the detector module 1 is shown in simplified form only as a parallel circuit comprising a capacitor C and a diode D poled in reverse direction. Also, the external amplifier 18 is shown here only schematically in the form of a switch S, a feedback capacitor C RK and an actual amplifier V. In this exemplary embodiment, the feedback capacitor C RK is arranged in the amplifier 18, ie, separated from the detector module 1 outside the housing 6 of the detector module 1.
- FIG. 4 shows a modification of the exemplary embodiment according to FIG. 3, so that reference is made to the above description to avoid repetition, the same reference numerals being used for corresponding details.
- a special feature of this exemplary embodiment is that the feedback capacitor C RK is integrated in the detector module 1 and in particular in the semiconductor drift detector 2.
- FIG. 5 shows a perspective view of an embodiment of the semiconductor drift detector 2 in ring form. It is essential here that the semiconductor drift detector 2 in this exemplary embodiment has an integrated output transistor T with a source S, a gate G and a drain D.
- a collecting anode A and a back contact R are designated.
- a dosimeter is integrated in the radiation detector 2 in order to measure the radiation dose of the incident radiation.
- a Dosimeter can be attributed, for example, a possible increase in the dark current or / and a deterioration in the dielectric strength of the detector.
- the dosimeter can optionally be arranged on the side of the semiconductor drift detector 2 facing the radiation entrance window 10 (ie outside) or on the side of the semiconductor drift detector 2 facing away from the radiation entrance window 10 (ie inside). If the dosimeter is located on the outside, the dosimeter measures all photon energies.
- the dosimeter only detects photon energy above a minimum energy of, for example, 6 keV since low-energy photons are absorbed in the semiconductor substrate, so that the detector has a soap shielding effect.
- the dosimeter is preferably arranged on both sides of the semiconductor drift detector 2 in order to be able to deduce the type (photon energy) of the radiation load.
- the dosimeter has a MOS capacitance structure, which is known per se from the prior art.
- the capacitance is measured as a function of the bias voltage in order to determine the oxide charge in a manner known per se.
- the temporal change of the oxide charge then forms a measure of the integrated radiation dose.
- the dosimeter has a MOSFET structure, it being possible to deduce the radiation dose directly from the temporal change of the threshold voltage.
- the MOSFET structure has the advantage of a significantly smaller size than the MOS capacitance structure. space requirements and can be easily placed without enlarging the module housing.
- FIG. 6 shows the example of a combination of a temperature measuring diode and a dosimeter based on a MOSFET.
- the temperature is determined by the current of the forward biased diode (inner n + contact and inner p + contact).
- the outer p + contact can be used as a guard ring.
- the MOS gate between the two p + rings, which are connected as source and drain, is in this example designed as a poly gate, but could also be an aluminum gate.
- the threshold voltage change from the initial state of the transistor is a measure of the accumulated radiation dose.
Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE201010044289 DE102010044289A1 (en) | 2010-09-03 | 2010-09-03 | Detector module for radiation detection |
PCT/EP2011/004439 WO2012028330A2 (en) | 2010-09-03 | 2011-09-02 | Detection module for detecting radiation |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP2612168A2 true EP2612168A2 (en) | 2013-07-10 |
Family
ID=44773016
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP11767159.4A Withdrawn EP2612168A2 (en) | 2010-09-03 | 2011-09-02 | Detection module for detecting radiation |
Country Status (3)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP2612168A2 (en) |
DE (1) | DE102010044289A1 (en) |
WO (1) | WO2012028330A2 (en) |
Families Citing this family (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP2881995B1 (en) * | 2013-12-09 | 2020-07-15 | Oxford Instruments Technologies Oy | Semiconductor radiation detector with large active area, and method for its manufacture |
US11398573B2 (en) | 2018-10-01 | 2022-07-26 | Moxtek, Inc | Thermoelectric cooler mount |
WO2022230538A1 (en) * | 2021-04-30 | 2022-11-03 | 株式会社堀場製作所 | Radiation detector and radiation detection device |
Family Cites Families (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP0473125B1 (en) * | 1990-08-30 | 1996-01-31 | Shimadzu Corporation | Radiation detector |
DE9419603U1 (en) * | 1994-12-05 | 1995-02-02 | Opto Tech Corp | Flat wide-angle mounting structure for infrared heat sensor elements |
DE19616549C2 (en) * | 1996-03-20 | 1999-10-21 | Everspring Industry Co | Pyroelectric infrared detector with protection against radio frequency interference |
JP3391236B2 (en) * | 1997-10-07 | 2003-03-31 | 株式会社村田製作所 | Infrared sensor |
DE10219927A1 (en) * | 2002-05-03 | 2003-11-20 | Philips Intellectual Property | X-ray examination device with a dose measuring device |
DE10239804A1 (en) * | 2002-08-29 | 2004-03-18 | Siemens Ag | X-ray detector for recording of digital radiographs has an X-ray converter with a dosimeter arrangement integrated in the detector behind the converter to improve the accuracy of incident dose measurement |
JP2009047467A (en) | 2007-08-15 | 2009-03-05 | Rigaku Corp | Radiation detection device |
-
2010
- 2010-09-03 DE DE201010044289 patent/DE102010044289A1/en not_active Ceased
-
2011
- 2011-09-02 WO PCT/EP2011/004439 patent/WO2012028330A2/en active Application Filing
- 2011-09-02 EP EP11767159.4A patent/EP2612168A2/en not_active Withdrawn
Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
---|
See references of WO2012028330A2 * |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
WO2012028330A3 (en) | 2012-08-16 |
WO2012028330A2 (en) | 2012-03-08 |
DE102010044289A1 (en) | 2012-03-08 |
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