EP2588811A1 - Method and device for energy control - Google Patents

Method and device for energy control

Info

Publication number
EP2588811A1
EP2588811A1 EP11801254.1A EP11801254A EP2588811A1 EP 2588811 A1 EP2588811 A1 EP 2588811A1 EP 11801254 A EP11801254 A EP 11801254A EP 2588811 A1 EP2588811 A1 EP 2588811A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
outdoor temperature
temperature sensor
heating
control
outdoor
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP11801254.1A
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP2588811A4 (en
Inventor
Thomas Wildig
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Kiona Sweden AS
Original Assignee
ECOFECTIVE AB
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by ECOFECTIVE AB filed Critical ECOFECTIVE AB
Publication of EP2588811A1 publication Critical patent/EP2588811A1/en
Publication of EP2588811A4 publication Critical patent/EP2588811A4/en
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24HFLUID HEATERS, e.g. WATER OR AIR HEATERS, HAVING HEAT-GENERATING MEANS, e.g. HEAT PUMPS, IN GENERAL
    • F24H15/00Control of fluid heaters
    • F24H15/20Control of fluid heaters characterised by control inputs
    • F24H15/265Occupancy
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24FAIR-CONDITIONING; AIR-HUMIDIFICATION; VENTILATION; USE OF AIR CURRENTS FOR SCREENING
    • F24F11/00Control or safety arrangements
    • F24F11/30Control or safety arrangements for purposes related to the operation of the system, e.g. for safety or monitoring
    • F24F11/46Improving electric energy efficiency or saving
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24DDOMESTIC- OR SPACE-HEATING SYSTEMS, e.g. CENTRAL HEATING SYSTEMS; DOMESTIC HOT-WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; ELEMENTS OR COMPONENTS THEREFOR
    • F24D19/00Details
    • F24D19/10Arrangement or mounting of control or safety devices
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24FAIR-CONDITIONING; AIR-HUMIDIFICATION; VENTILATION; USE OF AIR CURRENTS FOR SCREENING
    • F24F11/00Control or safety arrangements
    • F24F11/30Control or safety arrangements for purposes related to the operation of the system, e.g. for safety or monitoring
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24FAIR-CONDITIONING; AIR-HUMIDIFICATION; VENTILATION; USE OF AIR CURRENTS FOR SCREENING
    • F24F11/00Control or safety arrangements
    • F24F11/50Control or safety arrangements characterised by user interfaces or communication
    • F24F11/56Remote control
    • F24F11/58Remote control using Internet communication
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24FAIR-CONDITIONING; AIR-HUMIDIFICATION; VENTILATION; USE OF AIR CURRENTS FOR SCREENING
    • F24F11/00Control or safety arrangements
    • F24F11/62Control or safety arrangements characterised by the type of control or by internal processing, e.g. using fuzzy logic, adaptive control or estimation of values
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24FAIR-CONDITIONING; AIR-HUMIDIFICATION; VENTILATION; USE OF AIR CURRENTS FOR SCREENING
    • F24F11/00Control or safety arrangements
    • F24F11/62Control or safety arrangements characterised by the type of control or by internal processing, e.g. using fuzzy logic, adaptive control or estimation of values
    • F24F11/63Electronic processing
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24HFLUID HEATERS, e.g. WATER OR AIR HEATERS, HAVING HEAT-GENERATING MEANS, e.g. HEAT PUMPS, IN GENERAL
    • F24H15/00Control of fluid heaters
    • F24H15/20Control of fluid heaters characterised by control inputs
    • F24H15/258Outdoor temperature
    • GPHYSICS
    • G05CONTROLLING; REGULATING
    • G05DSYSTEMS FOR CONTROLLING OR REGULATING NON-ELECTRIC VARIABLES
    • G05D23/00Control of temperature
    • G05D23/19Control of temperature characterised by the use of electric means
    • GPHYSICS
    • G05CONTROLLING; REGULATING
    • G05DSYSTEMS FOR CONTROLLING OR REGULATING NON-ELECTRIC VARIABLES
    • G05D23/00Control of temperature
    • G05D23/19Control of temperature characterised by the use of electric means
    • G05D23/30Automatic controllers with an auxiliary heating device affecting the sensing element, e.g. for anticipating change of temperature
    • G05D23/32Automatic controllers with an auxiliary heating device affecting the sensing element, e.g. for anticipating change of temperature with provision for adjustment of the effect of the auxiliary heating device, e.g. a function of time
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24FAIR-CONDITIONING; AIR-HUMIDIFICATION; VENTILATION; USE OF AIR CURRENTS FOR SCREENING
    • F24F2110/00Control inputs relating to air properties
    • F24F2110/10Temperature
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24FAIR-CONDITIONING; AIR-HUMIDIFICATION; VENTILATION; USE OF AIR CURRENTS FOR SCREENING
    • F24F2110/00Control inputs relating to air properties
    • F24F2110/10Temperature
    • F24F2110/12Temperature of the outside air
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24FAIR-CONDITIONING; AIR-HUMIDIFICATION; VENTILATION; USE OF AIR CURRENTS FOR SCREENING
    • F24F2130/00Control inputs relating to environmental factors not covered by group F24F2110/00
    • F24F2130/10Weather information or forecasts
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24HFLUID HEATERS, e.g. WATER OR AIR HEATERS, HAVING HEAT-GENERATING MEANS, e.g. HEAT PUMPS, IN GENERAL
    • F24H15/00Control of fluid heaters
    • F24H15/10Control of fluid heaters characterised by the purpose of the control
    • F24H15/176Improving or maintaining comfort of users

Definitions

  • the present invention concerns a method and a device for energy control, in particular to make it possible to modify simply an existing heating system in a building for the more efficient use of supplied heat energy.
  • the purpose of the present invention is to achieve a new method and a device that makes it possible for older existing control and regulatory systems in buildings to be upgraded very simply and to obtain a more efficient regulation of the heating system, particularly with respect to changes in climate factors.
  • the purpose of the invention is achieved with the aid of a method in which an outdoor temperature sensor is influenced with the aid of an external control by a heating or cooling element to determine a temperature that may deviate from the actual outdoor temperature, whereby the outdoor temperature sensor is connected to an existing control and regulatory system for a heating facility in a building in order to transfer the determined temperature to the control and regu- latory system.
  • a device comprises a heating element and a cooling element that are located relative to the outdoor temperature sensor of the regulatory system such that they can be caused by a control procedure to emit heat or cooling in order to cause the external temperature sensor to determine a temperature that may deviate from the actual outdoor temperature.
  • the external control for the method and the device according to the invention comprise a computer-based program that is arranged to receive regularly weather forecasts, and to be able to carry out a calculation of the value of the outdoor temperature at a certain time in the future based on the weather forecasts received and, with the guidance of this calculated value of the outdoor temperature in the future, to control a current to the heating element or the cooling element that causes the outdoor temperature sensor to determine a temperature that corresponds to the calculated value of the outdoor temperature in the future .
  • the device according to the invention thus comprises an outdoor temperature sensor 1 that is connected by a connecting cable 2 to an existing control and regulatory system for a heating facility in a building.
  • This outdoor temperature sensor 1 may in practice be an unprotected existing outdoor thermometer for a heating facility.
  • the outdoor temperature sensor 1 is arranged at a cooling element 3, that may be, for example, a Peltier element.
  • a heating element 4 is arranged at the cooling element 3, which heating element is arranged such that it is in direct contact with the outdoor temperature sensor 1.
  • the heating element 4 may be also a Peltier element.
  • the unit consisting of the outdoor temperature sensor 1, the cooling element 3 and the heating element 4 is arranged inside a heating chamber 5.
  • thermometer 6 is arranged inside the heating chamber 5, which thermometer is arranged to record the actual temperature inside the heating chamber 5.
  • an outdoor thermometer 7 is arranged on the outer surface of the heating chamber 5, which thermometer is arranged to provide information about the actual outdoor temperature.
  • the cooling element 3 and the heating element 4 inside the heating chamber 5 are connected through connection cables 8, 9 to a source of power that can supply power to the cooling element and the heating element in order to cool or heat, respectively, the outdoor temperature sensor 1, inside the heating chamber 5. Also the thermometer 6 inside the heating chamber 5 is connected through a signal cable 10 to a connection box, not shown in the drawings, from which information about the temperature determined within the heating chamber 5 can be transferred onwards to a monitoring and regulatory arrangement .
  • thermometer 7 is connected to the connection box through a signal cable 11, in order to transfer information about the actual outdoor temperature to the monitoring and regulatory arrangement.
  • an existing control and regulatory system can be modernised without any major installation, and it can be caused to control the temperature in the building more accurately and more efficiently. It can base the control also on further factors than solely outdoor temperature.
  • the heating chamber 5 is connected to a computer system through a connection box, which computer system, naturally, does not need to be arranged in the building in which the temperature is to be regulated: this computer system can be located, in principle, anywhere. It is appropriate that the communication between the connec- tion box and the computer system take place through a web- based interface, and thus it is not necessary that this communication be through wired connections.
  • the power to the cooling element 3 and the heating element 4 can be regu- lated by the computer system such that the outdoor temperature sensor 1 "determines" a temperature that differs from the actual outdoor temperature, in order to take into account expected changes in temperature or other expected changes in the heating requirements.
  • the computer system that controls the function of the heating chamber 5 may be, for example, fed with weather forecasts for the immediate future, and it can calculate a value that the outdoor temperature sensor should "determine” in order to adapt, given the inertia that is present in the system, the temperature in the heating system such that the temperature in the building is held as constant as possible, or at the required temperature.
  • the computer system may, naturally, be programmed to take into account the heating requirements at different times of the day and night, and it may be programmed to take into account also various climate factors such as incident sunshine and the effects of wind. Also functions may be in- stalled in the computer system that controls the heating chamber, which functions take into account the microclimate at the location of the building, and thus can adapt the weather forecasts received to the differences expected at the building in question.
  • the method and the device according to the invention provide the possibility of providing in a simple manner an existing heating system with better and more energy-efficient regulation, without the costs of the new energy control being unreasonably high.
  • the method and the device according to the invention can be used not only with hydronic heating systems, but also with both hot-air heating systems and heating systems using direct heating by electricity.
  • the system in the first case may, quite simply, regulate the supply of hot air instead of hot water, while in the case of direct heating by electricity the method and the device according to the invention may be connected to control the supply of electricity to the electrical heating units.

Abstract

The invention concerns a method and a device for energy control in a heating system that is regulated with the aid of an outdoor temperature sensor, where the outdoor temperature sensor (1) is influenced with the aid of an external control by a heating or cooling element (4, 3) to determine a temperature that may deviate from the actual outdoor temperature, and where the outdoor temperature sensor (1) is connected to an existing control and regulatory system for a heating facility in a building in order to transfer the temperature determined to the control and regulatory system.

Description

Method and device for energy control
The present invention concerns a method and a device for energy control, in particular to make it possible to modify simply an existing heating system in a building for the more efficient use of supplied heat energy.
Many buildings with a hydronic heating system have a very simple control of the heat energy that is output in the heat- ing system, often based solely on the measured outdoor temperature. Such a system normally comprises a regulator that controls a shunt valve according to a predefined control curve, based on the measured outdoor temperature. Most buildings lack, however, equipment that takes other climate fac- tors than the outdoor temperature, such as, for example, wind conditions and incident sunshine, into consideration. Hydronic heating systems in buildings do, however, have a large thermal inertia and thus it takes time to correct for sudden changes in the outdoor temperature.
More sophisticated control systems for the regulation of a hydronic heating system based on weather forecasts have become available in recent years, and these systems can adapt the regulation of the heating system relative to the expected changes in outdoor temperature. However, such systems often require a major modification of the control and regulatory system of the heating system of the building.
The purpose of the present invention is to achieve a new method and a device that makes it possible for older existing control and regulatory systems in buildings to be upgraded very simply and to obtain a more efficient regulation of the heating system, particularly with respect to changes in climate factors. The purpose of the invention is achieved with the aid of a method in which an outdoor temperature sensor is influenced with the aid of an external control by a heating or cooling element to determine a temperature that may deviate from the actual outdoor temperature, whereby the outdoor temperature sensor is connected to an existing control and regulatory system for a heating facility in a building in order to transfer the determined temperature to the control and regu- latory system.
A device according to the invention comprises a heating element and a cooling element that are located relative to the outdoor temperature sensor of the regulatory system such that they can be caused by a control procedure to emit heat or cooling in order to cause the external temperature sensor to determine a temperature that may deviate from the actual outdoor temperature. It is appropriate that the external control for the method and the device according to the invention comprise a computer-based program that is arranged to receive regularly weather forecasts, and to be able to carry out a calculation of the value of the outdoor temperature at a certain time in the future based on the weather forecasts received and, with the guidance of this calculated value of the outdoor temperature in the future, to control a current to the heating element or the cooling element that causes the outdoor temperature sensor to determine a temperature that corresponds to the calculated value of the outdoor temperature in the future .
The invention will now be described in more detail in the form of an embodiment of how a method and a device according to the invention may function in practice, and it will be illustrated with the aid of a schematic figure of the device according to the invention, seen in Figure 1 from above and seen in Figure 2 from one end.
The device according to the invention thus comprises an outdoor temperature sensor 1 that is connected by a connecting cable 2 to an existing control and regulatory system for a heating facility in a building. This outdoor temperature sensor 1 may in practice be an unprotected existing outdoor thermometer for a heating facility. The outdoor temperature sensor 1 is arranged at a cooling element 3, that may be, for example, a Peltier element. Also a heating element 4 is arranged at the cooling element 3, which heating element is arranged such that it is in direct contact with the outdoor temperature sensor 1. The heating element 4 may be also a Peltier element. The unit consisting of the outdoor temperature sensor 1, the cooling element 3 and the heating element 4 is arranged inside a heating chamber 5.
In addition, a thermometer 6 is arranged inside the heating chamber 5, which thermometer is arranged to record the actual temperature inside the heating chamber 5. In order to monitor also the actual outdoor temperature, an outdoor thermometer 7 is arranged on the outer surface of the heating chamber 5, which thermometer is arranged to provide information about the actual outdoor temperature.
The cooling element 3 and the heating element 4 inside the heating chamber 5 are connected through connection cables 8, 9 to a source of power that can supply power to the cooling element and the heating element in order to cool or heat, respectively, the outdoor temperature sensor 1, inside the heating chamber 5. Also the thermometer 6 inside the heating chamber 5 is connected through a signal cable 10 to a connection box, not shown in the drawings, from which information about the temperature determined within the heating chamber 5 can be transferred onwards to a monitoring and regulatory arrangement .
Also the outdoor thermometer 7 is connected to the connection box through a signal cable 11, in order to transfer information about the actual outdoor temperature to the monitoring and regulatory arrangement.
By connecting a device according to the invention, i.e. a heat sensor 5, and allowing a previous outdoor temperature sensor for an outdoor thermometer to be controlled with the aid of the cooling element 3 and the heating element 4, it is possible to allow an existing control and regulatory system for a heating system in a building to continue to function, although its input data concerning the temperature against which regulation is to take place can be changed by an independent system.
Thus, with a method and a device according to the invention an existing control and regulatory system can be modernised without any major installation, and it can be caused to control the temperature in the building more accurately and more efficiently. It can base the control also on further factors than solely outdoor temperature.
As has been described above, the heating chamber 5 is connected to a computer system through a connection box, which computer system, naturally, does not need to be arranged in the building in which the temperature is to be regulated: this computer system can be located, in principle, anywhere. It is appropriate that the communication between the connec- tion box and the computer system take place through a web- based interface, and thus it is not necessary that this communication be through wired connections. Thus, the power to the cooling element 3 and the heating element 4 can be regu- lated by the computer system such that the outdoor temperature sensor 1 "determines" a temperature that differs from the actual outdoor temperature, in order to take into account expected changes in temperature or other expected changes in the heating requirements.
The computer system that controls the function of the heating chamber 5 may be, for example, fed with weather forecasts for the immediate future, and it can calculate a value that the outdoor temperature sensor should "determine" in order to adapt, given the inertia that is present in the system, the temperature in the heating system such that the temperature in the building is held as constant as possible, or at the required temperature. The computer system may, naturally, be programmed to take into account the heating requirements at different times of the day and night, and it may be programmed to take into account also various climate factors such as incident sunshine and the effects of wind. Also functions may be in- stalled in the computer system that controls the heating chamber, which functions take into account the microclimate at the location of the building, and thus can adapt the weather forecasts received to the differences expected at the building in question.
By measuring over a period of time the actual temperature in the building, it is possible to obtain also further factors that can influence the indoor temperature, and it is also possible by the analysis of these to influence the heating chamber using computer control such that also these factors are taken into account when adapting the temperature in the heating system.
Thus, the method and the device according to the invention provide the possibility of providing in a simple manner an existing heating system with better and more energy-efficient regulation, without the costs of the new energy control being unreasonably high.
The method and the device according to the invention can be used not only with hydronic heating systems, but also with both hot-air heating systems and heating systems using direct heating by electricity. The system in the first case may, quite simply, regulate the supply of hot air instead of hot water, while in the case of direct heating by electricity the method and the device according to the invention may be connected to control the supply of electricity to the electrical heating units.

Claims

Claims
1. A method for energy control in a heating system that is regulated with the aid of an outdoor temperature sensor,
5 characterised in that the outdoor temperature sensor (1) is influenced with the aid of an external control by a heating or cooling element (4, 3) to determine a temperature that deviates from the actual outdoor temperature, whereby the outdoor temperature sensor (1) is connected to an existing w control and regulatory system for a heating facility in a building in order to transfer the temperature determined to the control and regulatory system.
2. The method according to claim 1, characterised in that the 15 control comprises a heating element (4) and a cooling element
(3) that are located relative to the outdoor temperature sensor (1) such that they can be caused by a control procedure to emit heat or cooling in order to cause the external temperature sensor (1) to determine a temperature that devi- 0 ates from the actual outdoor temperature.
3. The method according to claim 1 or 2, characterised in that weather forecasts are used in the external control in order to determine the deviating temperature that the outdoor
25 temperature sensor (1) is to determine.
4. The method according to claim 3, characterised in that local microclimate deviations are used, in addition to weather forecasts, in order to determine the deviating tem-
30 perature that the outdoor temperature sensor (1) is to determine .
5. The method according to claim 3 or 4, characterised in that specific data from the building are used to determine the deviating temperature that the outdoor temperature sensor (1) is to determine.
6. A device for the energy control of a heating system that is regulated with the aid of an outdoor temperature sensor, characterised in that the device comprises a heating element
(4) and a cooling element (3) that are located relative to the outdoor temperature sensor (1) such that they can be caused by a control procedure to emit heat or cooling in order to cause the external temperature sensor (1) to determine a temperature that deviates from the actual outdoor temperature .
7. The device according to claim 6, characterised in hat the outdoor temperature sensor (1), the cooling element (3) and the heating element (4) are arranged in a heating chamber
(5) .
8. The device according to claim 7, characterised in that the heating chamber (5) comprises also a thermometer (6) arranged to measure the temperature that the outdoor temperature sensor (1) determines.
9. The device according to claim 7 or 8, characterised in that an outdoor thermometer (7) is arranged outside of the heating chamber in order to measure the actual outdoor temperature .
10. The device according to claim 6, characterised in that the heating element (4) and the cooling element (3) are connected to a control unit arranged to supply energy to the heating element (4) and the cooling element (3) based on weather forecasts, in order to provide a temperature for the outdoor temperature sensor (1) that corresponds to an outdoor temperature that is expected in the future.
EP11801254.1A 2010-06-30 2011-06-30 Method and device for energy control Withdrawn EP2588811A4 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
SE1050715A SE534894C2 (en) 2010-06-30 2010-06-30 Energy control method and device
PCT/SE2011/050893 WO2012002902A1 (en) 2010-06-30 2011-06-30 Method and device for energy control

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP2588811A1 true EP2588811A1 (en) 2013-05-08
EP2588811A4 EP2588811A4 (en) 2014-04-09

Family

ID=45402368

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP11801254.1A Withdrawn EP2588811A4 (en) 2010-06-30 2011-06-30 Method and device for energy control

Country Status (6)

Country Link
US (1) US20130126626A1 (en)
EP (1) EP2588811A4 (en)
CN (1) CN103026140A (en)
CA (1) CA2803308A1 (en)
SE (1) SE534894C2 (en)
WO (1) WO2012002902A1 (en)

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SE536751C2 (en) * 2012-10-18 2014-07-15 Ecofective Ab Method and apparatus for regulating the indoor temperature of a property
CN104501351B (en) * 2014-11-24 2017-06-06 广东美的制冷设备有限公司 The temperature correction of air-conditioner and air-conditioner
CN108873979B (en) * 2017-05-12 2020-08-07 台达电子工业股份有限公司 Thermal control device and thermal control method thereof
FI12594U1 (en) * 2019-12-13 2020-03-13 Entos Energiatekniikan Optimisaeaetoe Oy Retrofittable measuring device for a heating system of a building

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EP1927812A2 (en) * 2006-11-22 2008-06-04 Techem Energy Services GmbH Method and device for influencing a heating control device
WO2009039849A1 (en) * 2007-09-25 2009-04-02 Danfoss A/S A model prediction controlled energy system

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DD147873A1 (en) * 1979-12-13 1981-04-22 Frank Foerster EXTERNAL TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT DEVICE AND SETTING FOR HEATING TEMPERATURE CONTROL SYSTEMS
WO2004025189A1 (en) * 2002-09-13 2004-03-25 Barix Ag Method and device for controlling the thermal balance in buildings
EP1927812A2 (en) * 2006-11-22 2008-06-04 Techem Energy Services GmbH Method and device for influencing a heating control device
WO2009039849A1 (en) * 2007-09-25 2009-04-02 Danfoss A/S A model prediction controlled energy system

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See also references of WO2012002902A1 *

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
SE1050715A1 (en) 2011-12-31
WO2012002902A1 (en) 2012-01-05
CN103026140A (en) 2013-04-03
SE534894C2 (en) 2012-02-07
CA2803308A1 (en) 2012-01-05
US20130126626A1 (en) 2013-05-23
EP2588811A4 (en) 2014-04-09

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