Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
  • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
  • A01N59/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing elements or inorganic compounds
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
  • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
  • C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
  • C02F1/72—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by oxidation
  • C02F1/76—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by oxidation with halogens or compounds of halogens
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
  • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
  • C02F2303/00—Specific treatment goals
  • C02F2303/04—Disinfection
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
  • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
  • C02F2305/00—Use of specific compounds during water treatment
  • C02F2305/14—Additives which dissolves or releases substances when predefined environmental conditions are reached, e.g. pH or temperature

Definitions

• C102 Chlorine Dioxide
• FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an exemplary embodiment of a method 1000
• FIG. 2 is a graph of an exemplary embodiment's ability to retain C102
• FIG. 3 is a graph of an exemplary embodiment's ability to retain C102
• FIG. 4 is a table describing specifics of individual examples.
• FIG. 5 is a flowchart of an exemplary embodiment of a method 5000.
• Certain exemplary embodiments can provide a composition of matter comprising chlorine dioxide complexed with a cyclodextrin.
• Chlorine dioxide (“C102") can be an excellent disinfectant, and/or can be any organic compound.
• C102 can provide excellent control of viruses and bacteria, as well as the protozoan parasites Giardia, Cryptosporidium, and/or amoeba Naegleria gruberi and their cysts.
• C102 can have other beneficial uses in water
• C102 can present certain challenges, which can stem largely from its inherent physical and chemical instability.
• C102 in pure form is a gaseous compound under normal conditions. As a gas, it can be sensitive to chemical decomposition, exploding at higher concentrations and when compressed. Because C102 can be highly soluble in water, C102 can be used as a solution of C102 gas dissolved in water.
• C102 gaseous nature of C102 means that it can be volatile, thus C102 tends to evaporate rapidly from solutions when open to the atmosphere (physical instability). This tendency can limit the practically useful concentrations of C102 solutions. With concentrated solutions, this rapid evaporation can generate gaseous C102 concentrations that can present an unpleasantly strong odor, and can pose an inhalation hazard to users.
• a closed container of the solution can quickly attain a concentration in the headspace of the container that is in equilibrium with the concentration in the solution.
• a high concentration solution can have an equilibrium headspace concentration that exceeds the explosive limits in air (considered to be approximately 10% by weight in air).
• Certain exemplary embodiments can provide a composition of matter comprising a solid form of chlorine dioxide complexed with a cyclodextrin.
• a concentration of the chlorine dioxide in the composition of matter can be retained at, for example, greater than 12% for at least 14 days and/or greater than 90% for at least 80 days, with respect to an initial concentration of chlorine dioxide in said composition of matter.
• Certain exemplary embodiments can provide a method comprising releasing chlorine dioxide from a solid composition comprising chlorine dioxide complexed with a cyclodextrin.
• Certain exemplary embodiments can provide a solid complex formed by
• a complexing agent such as a cyclodextrin
• C102 is widely considered to be inherently unstable. Also, C102 is widely
• Chlorine dioxide can be generated by the method described in the OxyChem
• C102/nitrogen gas stream can be used in any convenient concentration between 0% and the explosive limit.
• That method specifies, inter alia, the following procedure:
• Rubber stoppers are an acceptable alternative.
• alpha-cyclodextrin is prepared. That solution can be essentially saturated
• a separate solution of C102 can be prepared by the method referenced above, potentially such that it is somewhat more concentrated than the alpha-cyclodextrin solution, on a molar basis. Then the two solutions can be combined on approximately a 1 : 1 volume basis and mixed briefly to form a combined solution. Concentrations and volumes of the two components can be varied, as long as the resultant concentrations in the final mixture and/or combined solution are sufficient to produce the precipitate of the complex. The mixture and/or combined solution then can be allowed to stand, potentially at or below room temperature, until the precipitate forms. The solid can be collected by an appropriate means, such as by filtration or decanting. The
• filtrate/supernatant can be chilled to facilitate formation of additional precipitate.
• a typical yield by this unoptimized process, after drying, can be approximately 30 to approximately 40% based on the starting amount of cyclodextrin.
• the filtrate/supernatant can be recycled to use the cyclodextrin to fullest advantage.
• the collected precipitate then can be dried, such as in a desiccator at ambient pressure, perhaps using Drierite desiccant. It has been found that the optimum drying time under these conditions is approximately 24 hours. Shorter drying times under these conditions can leave the complex with unwanted free water. Longer drying times under these conditions can result in solid containing a lower C102 content.
• C102 gas was generated by the method described in the OxyChem Technical Data Sheet.
• the C102 from the reaction was first passed through a chromatography column packed with a sufficient amount of Drierite to dry the gas stream.
• 2.0g of solid alpha-cyclodextrin was placed in-line and exposed to the dried C102 in the vapor phase for approximately 5 hours.
• the alpha-cyclodextrin was then removed, and found to have formed a complex with C102 containing approximately 0.75% C102 by weight.
• This precipitate is assumed to be a C102/alpha-cyclodextrin complex.
• Cyclodextrins are known to form complexes or "inclusion compounds" with certain other molecules, although for reasons presented above it is surprising that a stable complex would form with C102.
• Such a complex is potentially characterized by an association between the cyclodextrin molecule (the "host") and the "guest” molecule which does not involve covalent bonding.
• These complexes are often formed in a 1 : 1 molecular ratio between host and guest, but other ratios are possible.
• One portion of this putative C102/alpha-cyclodextrin complex has been subjected to X-ray crystallography. The results of this study indicate a regular crystalline array in which one C102 molecule occupies the cavity of each cyclodextrin molecule, in said 1 : 1 molecular ratio.
• reaction conditions that affect the process leading to the formation of the complex. Any of these conditions can be optimized to enhance the yield and/or purity of the complex. Several of these conditions are discussed below.
• cyclodextrin has been observed to affect the yield and C102 content of the resulting C102 complex. Therefore, this parameter might affect the stability and/or properties of the resulting complex.
• An approximately 11% alpha- cyclodextrin solution was combined with an approximately 7800ppm C102 solution on a 1 : 1 molar basis in 2 separate bottles. One of these was placed in a refrigerator at approximately 34°F and the other was left at room temperature. Upon isolation and substantial dry down of the resulting complexes, the refrigerated preparation produced approximately 25% more complex by weight and a lower C102 concentration.
• the C102 concentration measured in this solution reaches its maximum as soon as all solid is dissolved, or even slightly before.
• the typical assay method uses one of the internal methods of the Hach DR 2800 spectrophotometer designed for direct reading of C102.
• the solution also causes the expected response in C102 test strips such as those from Selective Micro Technologies or LaMotte Company. If a solution prepared by dissolving this complex in water is thoroughly sparged with N2 (also known as Nitrogen or N 2 ,), the solution becomes colorless and contains virtually no C102 detectable by the assay method.
• N2 also known as Nitrogen or N 2
• cyclodextrin-to-guest ratios in other cyclodextrin complexes might vary with differences in the process by which the complex was formed.
• samples of the present complex prepared by an exemplary embodiment tended to contain close to, but to date not greater than, a 1 : 1 molar ratio of C102 to cyclodextrin. That is, their C102 content approached the theoretical limit for a 1 : 1 complex of approximately 6.5% by weight, or approximately 65,000ppm, C102.
• a 1 : 1 molar ratio represents the ideal form of the pure complex
• the ratio of C102 to cyclodextrin can be targeted as close to 1 :1 as possible, to serve as an efficient C102 delivery vehicle.
• An aqueous solution of C102 having such a high concentration can pose technical and/or safety challenges in handling, such as rapid loss of C102 from the solution into the gas phase
• the freshly-prepared complex is of high purity, since it is obtained by combining only highly pure C102 prepared by OxyChem Method II, cyclodextrin, and water. Some cyclodextrins are available in food grade, so the complex made with any of these is suitable for treatment of drinking water and other ingestible materials, as well as for other applications. Other purity grades (technical, reagent,
• the solid complex can be quickly and conveniently
• solutions of C102 prepared by dissolving the complex in water can be used for any purpose known in the art for which a simple aqueous solution of comparable C102 concentration would be used, insofar as this purpose is compatible with the presence of the cyclodextrin.
• the complex can be covalently bound, via the cyclodextrin molecule, to another substrate (a polymer for example) for use in an application where multiple functionality of a particular product is desired.
• a complex bound to an insoluble substrate can, upon contact with water, release its C102 into solution while the cyclodextrin and substrate remain in the solid phase.
• the solid complex can release C102 directly, via the gas phase, and/or via
• the solid can be admixed with such substances, such as by mixing powdered and/or granular solid complex with the other substances in powdered and/or granular form.
• the solid complex can be applied to a surface, such as skin and/or other material, either by "rubbing in” a sufficiently fine powder of the complex, and/or by holding the solid complex against the surface mechanically, as with a patch and/or bandage.
• the substance receiving the C102 from the complex can do so as a treatment of the substance and/or the substance can act as a secondary vehicle for the C102.
• the complex can impart different and/or useful
• FIG. 2 illustrates the ability of an exemplary complex to retain C102 when stored at room temperature, either in the open air (e.g., an uncapped jar) or in a closed and/or substantially C102-impermeable container with relatively little headspace. It appears that C102 is retained somewhat more effectively in the closed, low- headspace container, and it may be possible to improve C102 retention further by reducing the headspace further. However, C102 retention is remarkable in either case, considering that the complex is an essentially waterless medium containing a reactive gaseous molecule.
• FIG. 3 illustrates retention by samples stored at room temperature (RT) (at approximately 20C to approximately 26C) compared to those stored in a refrigerator (at approximately 1C and at approximately 3C) and those stored in a freezer (at approximately -18C).
• RT room temperature
• FIG. 3 illustrates that a sample stored at room temperature for 14 days, retained greater than 0 percent to greater than 65 percent, including all values and subranges therebetween (e.g., 6.157, 12, 22.7, 33, 39.94, 45, etc., percent), and in fact approximately 70 percent of its original C102 content.
• FIG. 3 illustrates that a sample stored at approximately 3C for 28 days retained greater than 0 percent to greater than 90 percent, including all values and sub-ranges therebetween, and in fact approximately 94 percent of its original C102 content.
• FIG. 3 also illustrates that a sample stored at approximately 1C for at least 35 days retained greater than 0 percent to greater than 95 percent, including all values and sub-ranges therebetween, and in fact approximately 96 percent of its original C102 content.
• One of ordinary skill can determine additional retention amounts, percentages, and times by a cursory review of FIG. 3.
• the solid complex can be packaged and/or stored in a range of forms and packages. Forms can include granulations/powders essentially as recovered from the precipitation process.
• the initially obtained solid complex can be further processed by grinding and/or milling into finer powder, and/or pressing into tablets and/or pucks and/or other forms known to the art.
• Other materials substantially unreactive toward C102 can be combined with the solid complex to act as fillers, extenders, binders, and/or disintegrants, etc.
• Suitable packages are those that can retain gaseous C102 to a degree that provides acceptable overall C102 retention, consistent with its inherent stability, as discussed above, and/or that provide adequate protection from moisture.
• Suitable materials to provide high C102 retention can include glass, some plastics, and/or unreactive metals such as stainless steel.
• the final form of the product incorporating the solid complex can include any suitable means of dispensing and/or delivery, such as, for example, enclosing the solid in a dissolvable and/or permeable pouch, and/or a powder/solid metering delivery system, and/or any other means known in the art.
• Beta-cyclodextrin has a known solubility in water. If the water contains a guest substance that produces a cyclodextrin complex more soluble than the cyclodextrin alone, more of the cyclodextrin will dissolve into water containing that guest than into plain water. This enhanced solubility has been observed for beta-cyclodextrin in water containing C102. Two separate lOOg slurries of beta-cyclodextrin solutions were prepared.
• the control solution contained 5% beta-cyclodextrin (w/w) in ultrapure water, and the other contained 5% beta-cyclodextrin (w/w) in 8000ppm C102. Both slurries were mixed at 200rpm for 3 days, at which time the undissolved beta-cyclodextrin was isolated from both solutions and dried for 2 days in a desiccator. The weight of the dried beta-cyclodextrin from the C102 containing slurry was 0.32g less than the control slurry indicating that a soluble complex might exist between the beta-cyclodextrin and C102 in solution.
• C102 might form complexes with gamma-cyclodextrin and/or chemically derivatized versions of the natural (alpha- ("a”), beta- (" ⁇ "), and gamma- (“ ⁇ ”)) cyclodextrins.
• alpha- (“a"), beta- (" ⁇ "), and gamma- (“ ⁇ ")) cyclodextrins In the case of beta- and/or gamma-cyclodextrin and/or other cyclodextrins having internal cavities larger than that of alpha- cyclodextrin, it might be that the complex(es) formed with C102 will incorporate numbers of C102 molecules greater than one per cyclodextrin molecule.
• cucurbiturils are molecules known primarily for having ring structures that accommodate smaller molecules into their interior cavities. These interior cavities are of roughly the same range of diameters as those of the cyclodextrins. It is anticipated that combining the appropriate cucurbituril(s) and C102 under correct conditions will produce cucurbituril/C102 complex(es), whose utility can be similar to that of
• C102 generated by the OxyChem Method II referenced above was bubbled as a stream mixed with nitrogen, at a rate of approximately 100-300ml per minute, into an approximately 120mL serum bottle containing approximately lOOg of approximately 11% (by weight) alpha-cyclodextrin solution at RT. Precipitation of the complex was observed to begin within approximately 1 hour, with C102 ultimately reaching a concentration of approximately 7000ppm or more in the solution. Precipitation occurred very rapidly, and over the course of
• a nearly saturated (approximately 11%) solution of alpha-cyclodextrin was prepared.
• a separate solution of C102 was prepared by OxyChem Method II, such that it was somewhat more concentrated than the alpha-cyclodextrin solution, on a molar basis.
• the two solutions were combined at approximately a 1 : 1 volume basis, i.e., approximately 500ml of each, and mixed briefly to combine thoroughly. The mixture was then allowed to stand at room temperature, until the precipitate formed. Stirring during precipitation did not appear to improve the yield or quality of product.
• the solid was collected by filtration or decanting. In certain cases the filtrate/supernatant was chilled to facilitate formation of additional precipitate.
• the collected precipitate was then dried in a desiccator at ambient pressure using Drierite desiccant. Additional Examples
• FIG. 5 is a flowchart of an exemplary embodiment of a method 5000.
• a solution of cyclodextrin can be combined with a solution of chlorine dioxide, such as on an approximately 1 : 1 molar basis, to form a combined solution, which can form and/or precipitate a solid and/or solid complex comprising the chlorine dioxide complexed with the cyclodextrin.
• the precipitate can be isolated and/or separated from the combined solution, and/or the combined solution and/or precipitate can be dried, solvent-washed, lyophilized, and/or spray-dried.
• the resulting solid complex can be bonded, such as via covalent bonding, to, for example, a substrate and/or a polymer. Bonding of the complex via the cyclodextrin to a substrate might be possible at this stage, but it might be more feasible to bond the cyclodextrin to the substrate before forming the complex with C102.
• the solid complex can be stored, such as in a closed and/or substantially C102-impermeable container, at a desired temperature, such as at ambient, room, refrigerated, and/or heated temperature.
• the solid complex can retain a desired temperature, such as at ambient, room, refrigerated, and/or heated temperature.
• concentration of chlorine dioxide with respect to an initial concentration of chlorine dioxide in the complex, at, for example, greater than 60% for at least 42 days.
• the chlorine dioxide can be released from the complex, such as by dissolving the complex in water.
• the chlorine dioxide can be applied to a target, such as a volume of liquid, such as water, a fluid, and/or a solid, such as a surface.
• laboratory scale C102 generator can provide a gaseous stream of C102 in nitrogen.
• the gaseous stream can be bubbled into 500g of an aqueous solution of a-cyclodextrin (from approximately 5% to approximately 12% by weight). This method has been conducted at room temperature, but also can be performed at any reduced temperature above the freezing point of the solution.
• the cyclodextrin solution can be agitated throughout the C102 injection period by mixing with an approximately 45mm diameter disperser blade attached to an overhead laboratory stirrer, operating at approximately 600 rpm. After approximately 45 minutes, and/or as the C102 concentration in the cyclodextrin solution reaches
• the product complex can begin to precipitate. Usually within approximately 30 minutes of commencement of heavy
• the precipitate can be isolated at once, or the slurry of precipitate can be stored for separation later.
• the precipitate can be isolated by vacuum filtration. After the filter cake has reached the consistency of a dry paste, the product can be washed with a solvent in which water is soluble, but in which the product is not appreciably soluble. For example, the product filter cake can be transferred to a screw cap bottle containing approximately 400ml of acetone.
• ethanol also gives acceptable results, and reasonably predict that solvents that can dissolve substantial quantities of water (preferably miscible with water), don't dissolve appreciable amounts of the product complex, and/or evaporate completely relatively quickly (generally having a boiling point ⁇ 80°C), such as any of methanol, isopropanol, n-propanol, t-butanol, methyl ethyl ketone, acetonitrile, diethyl ether, 1 ,2-dimethoxy-ethane, ethyl acetate, and/or tetrahydrofuran might also give acceptable results.
• the bottle can be shaken on a laboratory bench top shaker for approximately 10 minutes at a setting high enough to achieve a vigorous mix.
• vacuum filtration can be used to isolate the solid.
• an additional approximately 50ml of fresh acetone can be added and pulled through. Vacuum can be pulled through the filter cake until the odor of acetone is no longer discemable.
• the product thus obtained generally can be found to be dry to the desired degree.
• This method of product isolation and drying by solvent washing can be preferred on the basis of brevity.
• other means of drying the product beneficially can be used instead of or in conjunction with the solvent washing and vacuum filtration method.
• the product obtained before or after solvent washing might be freeze dried, or it might be dried in a desiccator with a drying agent such as Drierite, at atmospheric pressure and room
• the degree of dryness can be determined by a heated weight loss test. Before heating, an approximately 0.4 g portion of the solid can be weighed. Then, the portion can be heated in a suitable heatproof dish in a muffle furnace at approximately 125°C for approximately 30 minutes (meaning that the ambient temperature in the furnace is 125C when the product is placed in the furnace and that ambient temperature is held at 125C for the entirety of that 30 minutes). Then, after cooling in a desiccator to approximately room temperature, the sample can be re-weighed. The weight loss can be in the range of approximately 9 to approximately 15.5%, such as in the range of approximately 9 to approximately 12%. If the weight loss is higher than approximately 12%, the product can be further dried by additional solvent washing and/or by drying in a desiccator with a drying agent such as Drierite.
• a drying agent such as Drierite.
• the resulting product can be a yellow powder, similar in character to that
• This powder can be relatively fine in texture, can dry relatively rapidly and thoroughly, can dissolve relatively rapidly in water (which can provide for rapid release and availability of C102), and/or can be relatively amenable to tableting or other bulk forming operations.
• the product can be combined with beneficial additives.
• beneficial additives that are also in solid form, by simply dry-blending the product with the solid additive, where the solid additive has a suitable powder/granular form.
• These can be additives which enhance the aesthetics of the product as is or in use, such as colorants and/or powder flow-control agents, or which add secondary performance benefits, such as cleaning agents, rheology-modifiers, etc.
• these additives can be substantially incompatible with C102 if combined in aqueous solution.
• such combinations of solids can provide little opportunity for the C102 to interact with the additives, due to the absence of any common medium (solvent) in which the two can commingle and interact, resulting in effectively compatible mixtures.
• the product also can be combined with beneficial additives that are normally liquids.
• Liquid additives that are compatible with C102 can be directly mixed with the product by known methods. Liquid additives that are normally incompatible with C102 can cause mutual destruction if mixed directly with the product.
• these additives can be combined with the product with greater compatibility if complexed, adsorbed, absorbed, or otherwise disposed in a solid medium, including complexation in cyclodextrins, prior to dry-blending with the product.
• Such additives can be those that enhance the aesthetics of the product as is and/or in use, such as colorants and/or fragrance materials, and/or that add secondary performance benefits, such as cleaning agents, rheology-modifiers, etc.
• the product can be sensitive to light. To protect it from degradation by light, the product can be: stored in the dark, stored in packaging that protects it from short wavelength light, such as light below 500nm, and/or combined with suitable "UV absorbers” and/or "UV blockers” that are effective in the proper wavelength range, such as, for example:
• UVA filters Avobenzone (Parsol 1789), Bisdisulizole disodium (Neo Heliopan AP), Diethylamino hydroxybenzoyl hexyl benzoate (Uvinul A Plus), Ecamsule (Mexoryl SX), and/or Methyl anthranilate, etc.;
• UVB filters 4-Aminobenzoic acid (PABA), Cinoxate, Ethylhexyl
• UVA+UVB filters Bemotrizinol (Tinosorb S), Benzophenones 1-12, Dioxybenzone, Drometrizole trisiloxane (Mexoryl XL), Iscotrizinol (Uvasorb HEB), Octocrylene, Oxybenzone (Eusolex 4360), Sulisobenzone Bisoctrizole (Tinosorb M), Titanium dioxide, and/or Zinc oxide, etc.
• This alternative method can follow the OxyChem method described herein, such as beginning at paragraph 16 and/or illustrated in FIG. 1, except that the volume and concentration of sulfuric acid can be increased to approximately 200mL and approximately 25%, respectively.
• the approximately 2.5% (by wt) concentration of NaC102 used in the reaction flask and gas scrubbing tower can be approximately doubled for this alternative method.
• Experiment 1 C102 was generated by the alternative method described above and bubbled as a stream mixed with nitrogen, at a rate of approximately 250mL per minute into a 1L reaction kettle. The kettle was placed in an ice bath and contained
• One portion (1 A) of the product was then placed into a 250mL bottle containing approximately 200mL of cold acetone and capped, while the other portion (IB) was placed into a 250mL bottle containing approximately 200mL of cold ethanol and capped. Both bottles were placed on a laboratory shaker for approximately 10 minutes of vigorous mixing. In both cases the majority of the product was insoluble in the solvent. Vacuum filtration was then used to remove the bulk of the acetone from the product complex 1 A in that bottle, followed by two additional washes with approximately 50mL of fresh acetone. The filtration was continued until no acetone odor was detectable over the dried product.
• C102 was generated as in Experiment 1 above and bubbled into a 1L reaction kettle containing approximately 500g of approximately 11.5% (by wt) alpha- cyclodextrin in an ice bath. Agitation was provided as in Experiment 1.
• Precipitation of the product complex began approximately 35 minutes after the onset of C102 generation and at a C102 concentration of approximately 6500ppm. Generation of C102 was continued for approximately 10 minutes beyond the onset of precipitation of the product complex. The slurry of precipitate was immediately vacuum filtered to a dry paste. The product was then dried using the procedure described in Experiment 1 above using both acetone and ethanol.
• reaction kettle containing approximately 500g of approximately 11.5% (by wt) alpha-cyclodextrin, with the same mode of agitation.
• the reaction kettle was not placed in an ice bath, so the product was formed at room temperature.
• Precipitation of the product complex began approximately 40 minutes after the onset of C102 generation and at a C102 concentration of approximately 7500ppm.
• Generation of C102 was continued for approximately 25 minutes beyond the onset of precipitation of the product complex.
• the slurry of precipitate was immediately vacuum filtered to a dry paste.
• the product was then dried using the procedure described in Experiments 1 and 2 above, except that approximately 380mL of acetone was used and the solvent was at room temperature. Heating the acetone dried product to approximately 125°C for approximately 30 minutes showed a weight loss of approximately 15%.
• the C102 concentration was approximately 6.3% (by weight).
• C102 was generated as in Experiments 1, 2, and 3 above, and bubbled into a 1L reaction kettle containing approximately 500g of approximately 11.5% (by wt) alpha-cyclodextrin, with the same mode of agitation. As in Experiment 3 above, the reaction kettle was not placed in an ice bath. Precipitation of the product complex began approximately 45 minutes after onset of C102 generation and at a C102 concentration of approximately 7800ppm. Generation of C102 was continued for approximately 20 minutes beyond the onset of precipitation of the product complex. The product was then dried using the procedure described in Experiments 1, 2, and 3 above, except that approximately 460mL of acetone was used and the solvent was at room temperature.
• Heating the acetone dried product to approximately 125°C for approximately 30 minutes showed a weight loss of approximately 15.4%.
• the product complex was then placed in a dessicator for additional drying for approximately 16 hours in a refrigerator. Heating the acetone dried product to approximately 125°C for approximately 30 minutes showed a weight loss of approximately 11.2%.
• the C102 concentration was approximately 6.5%> (by weight).
• a - at least one.
• activity an action, act, step, and/or process or portion thereof.
• apparatus an appliance or device for a particular purpose
• [101] can - is capable of, in at least some embodiments.
• chlorine dioxide - a highly reactive oxide of chlorine with the formula C102 or C10 2 , it can appear as a reddish-yellow gas that crystallizes as orange crystals at -59 °C, and it is a potent and useful oxidizing agent often used in water treatment and/or bleaching.
• [ 104] combine - to join, unite, mix, and/or blend.
• composition of matter - a combination, reaction product, compound, mixture, formulation, material, and/or composite formed by a human and/or automation from two or more substances and/or elements.
• compound - composed of two or more substances, parts, elements, and/or ingredients.
• container an enclosure adapted to retain a filling and having a closable opening via which a filling can be introduced.
• a container include a vial, syringe, bottle, flask, etc.
• [I l l] covalently - characterized by a combination of two or more atoms by sharing electrons so as to achieve chemical stability under the octet rule. Covalent bonds are generally stronger than other bonds.
• cyclodextrin any of a group of cyclic oligosaccharides, composed of 5 or more a-D-glucopyranoside units linked l->4, as in amylose (a fragment of starch), typically obtained by the enzymatic hydrolysis and/or conversion of starch, designated ⁇ -, ⁇ -, and ⁇ -cyclodextrins (sometimes called cycloamyloses), and used as complexing agents and in the study of enzyme action.
• amylose a fragment of starch
• ⁇ -, ⁇ -, and ⁇ -cyclodextrins sometimes called cycloamyloses
• the 5-membered macrocycle is not natural.
• cyclodextrin contains 32 1,4- anhydroglucopyranoside units, while as a poorly characterized mixture, even at least 150-membered cyclic oligosaccharides are also known.
• Typical cyclodextrins contain a number of glucose monomers ranging from six to eight units in a ring, creating a cone shape, typically denoted as: a-cyclodextrin: six-membered sugar ring molecule; ⁇ -cyclodextrin: seven sugar ring molecule; and ⁇ -cyclodextrin: eight sugar ring molecule.
• [113] deliver - to provide, carry, give forth, and/or emit.
• device - a machine, manufacture, and/or collection thereof.
• [115] dissolve - to make a solution of, as by mixing with a liquid and/or to pass into solution.
• [124] may - is allowed and/or permitted to, in at least some embodiments.
• method - a process, procedure, and/or collection of related activities for accomplishing something.
• polymer any of numerous natural and synthetic compounds of usually high molecular weight consisting of up to millions of repeated linked units, each a relatively light and simple molecule.
• solution - a substantially homogeneous molecular mixture and/or combination of two or more substances.
• the solid is usually collected in a drum or cyclone.
• substrate - an underlying layer.
• surface - the outer boundary of an object or a material layer constituting or resembling such a boundary.
• system a collection of mechanisms, devices, machines, articles of manufacture, processes, data, and/or instructions, the collection designed to perform one or more specific functions.
• [152] utilize - to use and/or put into service.
• water - a transparent, odorless, tasteless liquid containing approximately 11.188 percent hydrogen and approximately 88.812 percent oxygen, by weight, characterized by the chemical formula H 2 0, and, at standard pressure (approximately 14.7 psia), freezing at approximately 32°F or 0C and boiling at approximately 212°F or lOOC.
• celestial body equal to the product of the object's mass and the acceleration of gravity; and/or a factor assigned to a number in a computation, such as in determining an average, to make the number's effect on the computation reflect its importance.
• any two or more described substances can be mixed, combined, reacted, separated, and/or segregated;
• any described characteristics, functions, activities, substances, and/or structural elements can be integrated, segregated, and/or duplicated;
• any described activity can be performed manually, semi-automatically, and/or automatically;
• any described activity can be repeated, any activity can be performed by multiple entities, and/or any activity can be performed in multiple jurisdictions;
• any described characteristic, function, activity, substance, and/or structural element can be specifically excluded, the sequence of activities can vary, and/or the interrelationship of structural elements can vary.

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