EP2534341A1 - Method for the automated detection of the ingestion of at least one foreign body by a gas turbine engine - Google Patents

Method for the automated detection of the ingestion of at least one foreign body by a gas turbine engine

Info

Publication number
EP2534341A1
EP2534341A1 EP11707886A EP11707886A EP2534341A1 EP 2534341 A1 EP2534341 A1 EP 2534341A1 EP 11707886 A EP11707886 A EP 11707886A EP 11707886 A EP11707886 A EP 11707886A EP 2534341 A1 EP2534341 A1 EP 2534341A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
rotor
ingestion
standard
ing
impulse response
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP11707886A
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP2534341B1 (en
Inventor
Sébastien Bourget
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Safran Aircraft Engines SAS
Original Assignee
SNECMA Services SA
SNECMA SAS
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Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by SNECMA Services SA, SNECMA SAS filed Critical SNECMA Services SA
Publication of EP2534341A1 publication Critical patent/EP2534341A1/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP2534341B1 publication Critical patent/EP2534341B1/en
Active legal-status Critical Current
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01D—NON-POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, e.g. STEAM TURBINES
    • F01D21/00—Shutting-down of machines or engines, e.g. in emergency; Regulating, controlling, or safety means not otherwise provided for
    • F01D21/04—Shutting-down of machines or engines, e.g. in emergency; Regulating, controlling, or safety means not otherwise provided for responsive to undesired position of rotor relative to stator or to breaking-off of a part of the rotor, e.g. indicating such position
    • F01D21/045—Shutting-down of machines or engines, e.g. in emergency; Regulating, controlling, or safety means not otherwise provided for responsive to undesired position of rotor relative to stator or to breaking-off of a part of the rotor, e.g. indicating such position special arrangements in stators or in rotors dealing with breaking-off of part of rotor
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01D—NON-POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, e.g. STEAM TURBINES
    • F01D21/00—Shutting-down of machines or engines, e.g. in emergency; Regulating, controlling, or safety means not otherwise provided for
    • F01D21/003—Arrangements for testing or measuring

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a device and method for detecting an impact on a blade of a gas turbine engine, in particular on a fan blade.
  • a gas turbine engine when mounted on an aircraft is susceptible to damage by objects being sucked up by the engine during use. These objects can come in various forms, for example, birds, stones or ice.
  • Patent application FR2840358 A1 of SNECMA discloses a system for detecting rotor damage of an aircraft engine comprising means for measuring vibration and rotor speed during a given flight.
  • a system for detecting rotor damage of an aircraft engine comprising means for measuring vibration and rotor speed during a given flight.
  • such a system does not have the precision required to detect the ingestion of a foreign body.
  • ROLLS-ROYCE patent application EP 1312766 A2 discloses an impact detection method on a rotor blade in which the speed drop of the rotor is measured to emit an alarm. Such detection has the disadvantage of being poorly discriminating. Indeed, in case of pumping the motor, the rotor speed drops and an alarm is issued when no body has been ingested. To eliminate this drawback, patent application EP 1312766 A2 teaches adding sensors to measure the torsion angle of the motor and thus improve the accuracy of the method. Such a method, with many sensors, is not satisfactory and does not allow to accurately and reliably detect ingestion of a foreign body.
  • the invention relates to a method for automatically detecting the ingestion of at least one foreign body by a gas turbine engine comprising a rotor, a method according to which:
  • the rotor speed signal is filtered so as to separate its static component from its dynamic component
  • the filtered dynamic component is compared with a standard resonant wave of the rotor in order to obtain an ingestion indicator; standard resonance corresponding to the vibratory impulse response of a rotor;
  • the ingestion indicator obtained is compared with a detection threshold
  • a signal for detecting ingestion of a foreign body is emitted when the ingestion indicator is greater than the detection threshold.
  • the vibratory response of a rotor constitutes its signature following an impact, that is to say, following a pulse.
  • standard resonant wave is meant the vibratory impulse response measured on a rotor following the ingestion of a body by said rotor.
  • the transient dynamic component of the rotor speed is compared to its signature to detect ingestion.
  • the method according to the invention is more discriminating than the method according to the prior art based solely on amplitude thresholding of the dynamic component of the rotor speed (t), a dynamic component of high amplitude may have several causes.
  • the invention it is possible to ignore vibrations of large amplitude (eg pumping) when the shape of the dynamic component of the rotor speed R (t) does not correspond to that of a standard resonant wave.
  • this method is implemented without adding a sensor and without any structural modification.
  • the standard resonant wave of the rotor corresponds to the impulse response of the first mode of torsion of the rotor.
  • the search in the filtered dynamic component of the impulse response of the first mode of torsion of the rotor, whose characteristics are known elsewhere, makes it possible to obtain an ingestion rate which makes it possible to qualify a vibration.
  • the impulse response of the first mode of torsion is present only after a transient excitation in torsion of the rotor, which is typical of an ingestion of foreign body. In this way, ingestion is detected reliably and accurately.
  • a convolution product is made between the filtered dynamic component and the standard resonant wave to obtain the ingestion indicator.
  • the standard resonant wave is measured directly on the rotor of the engine on which the detection method is implemented.
  • the standard resonance wave is theoretically defined as a function of the characteristics of the impulse response of the first mode of torsion of the rotor (frequency, damping, etc.).
  • the rotor is a low pressure rotor of a gas turbine engine
  • the filtered dynamic component is compared to a standard resonant wave of the low pressure rotor to obtain an ingestion indicator, the resonance wave standard corresponding to the vibratory impulse response of a low pressure rotor.
  • FIG. 2 represents the dynamic component of the low-pressure rotor speed of FIG. 1;
  • FIG. 3 represents a standard resonance wave of the low-pressure rotor
  • FIG. 4 represents the ingestion indicator corresponding to a measurement of resemblance between the dynamic component of the rotor speed and a standard resonant wave of said rotor.
  • the invention relates to a method for accurately detecting ingestion of a foreign body by a dual-body gas turbine engine comprising a low-pressure rotor shaft and a high-pressure rotor shaft, a fan being secured to the low rotor. pressure.
  • the rotational speed (t) of the low-pressure rotor is measured over time by means of a voice wheel, known as such to those skilled in the art, arranged to measure the angular velocity of the low pressure rotor shaft. It goes without saying that the low-pressure rotor speed could also be measured by other means, in particular by accelerometers arranged in the engine.
  • the low-pressure rotor R (t) regime measured by the phonic wheel has a static component Rs and a dynamic component Rd (t) and decomposes in the following form:
  • the low pressure rotor R (t) regime is filtered to retain only the dynamic component Rd (t) of the signal, for example, by means of bandpass filtering centered on the frequency of the standard resonance wave.
  • the Applicant has noticed that when a body strikes the blower after ingestion, the low pressure rotor, connected to the blower, responds by vibrating in its first mode of torsion, in the manner of a bell, by emitting a resonance wave whose frequency and shape is specific to the rotor.
  • This vibratory response following a brief shock is the impulse response of the first mode of torsion of the low pressure rotor. Thanks to this characteristic response, it is possible to discriminate the vibratory disturbances resulting from the body ingestions of disturbances resulting from noise or external phenomena, and this, well, that their influences on the low-pressure rotor regime (t) are almost identical from a total point of view.
  • the dynamic component Rd (t) of the low pressure rotor speed signal R (t) is thus generally in the following form:
  • C (t) .cos (w x (t) * t + ⁇ I>) is the perturbation due to the vibratory response of the low-pressure rotor following ingestion. This perturbation depends on an amplitude parameter C (t), a phase parameter ⁇ and a pulse parameter w T corresponding to the first torsion mode of the low pressure rotor.
  • the low pressure rotor has several low frequency twist modes. When ingesting foreign bodies, only the first mode of torsion will respond significantly. The impulse response of the latter will therefore be a signature characteristic of ingestion. Following ingestion, C (t) will vary strongly in one form:
  • C (t) C.exp (-t / x T ) This is the amplitude of the disturbance and is a function of the "severity" of the ingestion, the amplitude of the disturbance being very small compared to the value of the static regime Rs.
  • the damping parameter ⁇ ⁇ is a function of the damping of the first mode of torsion of the low pressure rotor and the natural frequency of this mode.
  • the dynamic component Rd (t) of the low-pressure rotor strongly resembles the impulse response of the first torsion mode e (t) of the low-pressure rotor, shown in FIG. Figure 3.
  • the impulse response of the first rotor twist mode e (t) is compared with the dynamic response Rd (t) of the low-pressure rotor R (t) to determine whether a body has been ingested by the engine.
  • the filtered dynamic component is compared with a standard resonance wave e (t) of the low-pressure rotor in order to obtain an ingestion indicator T ING corresponding to a measurement of resemblance between the standard resonant wave e (t) and the dynamic component Rd (t) of the measured speed signal.
  • T ING an ingestion indicator
  • this wave corresponds to the impulse response of the first mode of torsion of the rotor.
  • the first mode of torsion of the rotor is a "specific" mode, the characteristics (frequency, damping) of the first mode of torsion being measured directly on the low pressure rotor on which will be implemented the detection of ingestion, the detection being then carried out "Custom-made” with the standard resonance wave the vibratory impulse response first mode of torsion of the rotor.
  • the setting of the detection method with a specific mode makes it possible to implement an accurate detection adapted to said low pressure rotor. Indeed, each rotor has an impulse response of its first mode of torsion of its own. In other words, different rotor models have different impulse responses.
  • the impulse response of the first mode of torsion of the rotor is determined analytically by calculation.
  • the standard resonance wave e (t) corresponds to the sum of a plurality of torsion modes of the same low-pressure rotor, preferably the first 2 or 3 modes of torsion of a low rotor. pressure.
  • a standard resonant wave e (t) comprising several torsion modes makes it possible to increase the reliability of the detection and its accuracy.
  • a convolution product is produced between the dynamic response of the low pressure rotor d (t) and the standard wave e (t) to obtain a ingestion indicator T ING .
  • the comparison algorithms are set to take into account distortions of the standard resonance wave (delay, noise, etc.).
  • the ingestion indicator T ING shown in FIG. 4, makes it possible to qualify the suspicious oscillation 2 detected in the measurement of the low-pressure rotor R (t) regime. The more the dynamic response of the low pressure rotor Rd (t) resembles the theoretical impulse response characteristic of a shock response (here, ingestion of a foreign body), plus the value of the ingestion indicator T ING will be high.
  • the value of the detection S is determined so as not to generate an alarm for T ING indicator values corresponding to the normal operation of the engine and which can be described as noise.
  • This detection threshold is thus obtained by applying a margin to the average level of the "noise” Sb.
  • This margin is a function of the characteristics of the signal "noise” as well as the desired level of detection reliability. With reference to FIG. 4, a margin of 70% separates the detection threshold from the average noise level.
  • This method is very selective because the ingestion indicator T ING for a noise signal (excluding ingestion) is low since, in the absence of ingestion, the impulse response of the first mode of torsion is not present. in the signal.
  • the noise signal does not resemble the impulse response of the first mode of torsion.
  • the alarm generated can be directed directly to the pilot of the aircraft, on which the engine is mounted, to be consulted in real time, or stored in a memory to be consulted. subsequently, for example, for an inspection of the engine, be transmitted in real time to the maintenance services of the airline to allow it to anticipate and organize, at the next stopover, a detailed inspection impacted engine and all necessary maintenance actions.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Testing Of Devices, Machine Parts, Or Other Structures Thereof (AREA)
  • Measurement Of Mechanical Vibrations Or Ultrasonic Waves (AREA)
  • Testing Of Engines (AREA)

Abstract

The invention relates to a method for the automated detection of the ingestion of at least one foreign body by a gas turbine engine, according to which: the instantaneous speed of the rotor (R(t)) is measured; the speed signal of the rotor (R(t)) is filtered in order to separate the static component (Rs(t)) from the dynamic component (Rd(t)) thereof; the filtered dynamic component (Rd(t)) is compared with a standard resonance wave (e(t)) of the rotor in order to obtain an ingestion indicator (TING), the standard resonance wave (e(t)) corresponding to the vibrational impulse response of a rotor; the obtained ingestion indicator (TING) is compared with a detection threshold (S); a foreign body ingestion detection signal is emitted when the ingestion indicator (TING) is higher than the detection threshold (S).

Description

Méthode de détection automatisée de l'ingestion d'au moins un corps étranger par un moteur à turbine à gaz  Automated method of detecting the ingestion of at least one foreign object by a gas turbine engine
La présente invention concerne un dispositif et une méthode pour détecter un impact sur une pale d'un moteur à turbine à gaz, en particulier, sur une pale de soufflante. The present invention relates to a device and method for detecting an impact on a blade of a gas turbine engine, in particular on a fan blade.
Un moteur à turbine à gaz lorsqu'il est monté sur un aéronef est susceptible d'être endommagé par des objets qui sont aspirés par le moteur au cours de son utilisation. Ces objets peuvent se présenter sous diverses formes, par exemple, des oiseaux, des pierres ou de la glace. A gas turbine engine when mounted on an aircraft is susceptible to damage by objects being sucked up by the engine during use. These objects can come in various forms, for example, birds, stones or ice.
Après aspiration des objets, ces derniers circulent d'amont en aval dans le moteur en heurtant différents éléments du moteur. Ce phénomène est connu de l'homme du métier sous la désignation « ingestion de corps étrangers ». After aspiration of the objects, the latter circulate from upstream to downstream in the engine by striking different elements of the engine. This phenomenon is known to those skilled in the art under the designation "ingestion of foreign bodies".
En fonction de la nature, de la densité et de la vitesse relative des corps ingérés par le moteur, certaines parties du moteur peuvent être plus ou moins endommagées. Depending on the nature, density and relative speed of the bodies ingested by the engine, some parts of the engine can be more or less damaged.
Afin de conserver un haut degré de sécurité et de fiabilité du moteur au cours de son utilisation, il est nécessaire de détecter les dommages générés par ces ingestions afin de réparer ou remplacer les éléments du moteur endommagés. Pour les vols commerciaux embarquant des passagers, les moteurs à turbine à gaz sont inspectés visuellement avant chaque vol. Cette inspection présente cependant plusieurs inconvénients. Premièrement, cette inspection visuelle ne permet pas une détection totalement fiable, les opérateurs ne peuvent pas relever des petits endommagements, ces derniers étant, par ailleurs, difficilement repérables. Deuxièmement, lorsqu'un endommagement est détecté, il faut procéder immédiatement à des opérations de maintenance ce qui nécessite d'immobiliser l'aéronef et, par voie de conséquence, retarde son départ. Cette détection tardive des effets d'une ingestion d'un corps étranger entraîne ainsi des désagréments pour les passagers devant embarquer dans ledit aéronef. In order to maintain a high degree of safety and reliability of the engine during its use, it is necessary to detect the damage generated by these ingestions in order to repair or replace the damaged engine components. For commercial flights carrying passengers, gas turbine engines are inspected visually before each flight. This inspection, however, has several disadvantages. First, this visual inspection does not allow a completely reliable detection, the operators can not note small damages, the latter being, moreover, difficult to identify. Secondly, when damage is detected, it is necessary to proceed immediately to maintenance operations which requires immobilizing the aircraft and, consequently, delays his departure. This late detection of the effects of ingestion of a foreign body thus causes inconvenience for the passengers to embark in said aircraft.
On connaît par la demande de brevet FR2840358 Al de SNECMA un système de détection d'endommagement de rotor d'un moteur d'aéronef comprenant des moyens de mesure de vibration et de vitesse du rotor pendant un vol déterminé. Cependant, un tel système ne possède pas la précision requise pour détecter l'ingestion d'un corps étranger. Patent application FR2840358 A1 of SNECMA discloses a system for detecting rotor damage of an aircraft engine comprising means for measuring vibration and rotor speed during a given flight. However, such a system does not have the precision required to detect the ingestion of a foreign body.
On connaît par la demande de brevet EP 1312766 A2 de ROLLS-ROYCE une méthode de détection d'impact sur une aube de rotor dans laquelle on mesure la chute de vitesse du rotor pour émettre une alarme. Une telle détection présente l'inconvénient d'être peu discriminante. En effet, en cas de pompage du moteur, la vitesse du rotor baisse et une alarme est émise alors qu'aucun corps n'a été ingéré. Pour éliminer cet inconvénient, la demande de brevet EP 1312766 A2 enseigne d'ajouter des capteurs pour mesurer l'angle de torsion du moteur et ainsi améliorer la précision de la méthode. Une telle méthode, avec des capteurs nombreux, n'est pas satisfaisante et ne permet pas de détecter de manière précise et fiable une ingestion d'un corps étranger. ROLLS-ROYCE patent application EP 1312766 A2 discloses an impact detection method on a rotor blade in which the speed drop of the rotor is measured to emit an alarm. Such detection has the disadvantage of being poorly discriminating. Indeed, in case of pumping the motor, the rotor speed drops and an alarm is issued when no body has been ingested. To eliminate this drawback, patent application EP 1312766 A2 teaches adding sensors to measure the torsion angle of the motor and thus improve the accuracy of the method. Such a method, with many sensors, is not satisfactory and does not allow to accurately and reliably detect ingestion of a foreign body.
Afin de pallier ces inconvénients, l'invention concerne une méthode de détection automatisée de l'ingestion d'au moins un corps étranger par un moteur à turbine à gaz comprenant un rotor, méthode selon laquelle : In order to overcome these drawbacks, the invention relates to a method for automatically detecting the ingestion of at least one foreign body by a gas turbine engine comprising a rotor, a method according to which:
- on mesure le régime instantané du rotor;  the instantaneous speed of the rotor is measured;
- on filtre le signal de régime du rotor de manière à dissocier sa composante statique de sa composante dynamique ;  the rotor speed signal is filtered so as to separate its static component from its dynamic component;
- on compare la composante dynamique filtrée à une onde de résonance étalon du rotor afin d'obtenir un indicateur d'ingestion, l'onde de résonance étalon correspondant à la réponse impulsionelle vibratoire d'un rotor; the filtered dynamic component is compared with a standard resonant wave of the rotor in order to obtain an ingestion indicator; standard resonance corresponding to the vibratory impulse response of a rotor;
- on compare l'indicateur d'ingestion obtenu à un seuil de détection ; the ingestion indicator obtained is compared with a detection threshold;
- on émet un signal de détection d'une ingestion d'un corps étranger lorsque l'indicateur d'ingestion est supérieur au seuil de détection. a signal for detecting ingestion of a foreign body is emitted when the ingestion indicator is greater than the detection threshold.
La réponse vibratoire d'un rotor constitue sa signature suite à un impact, c'est-à- dire, suite à une impulsion. On entend par onde de résonance étalon la réponse impulsionelle vibratoire mesurée sur un rotor suite à l'ingestion d'un corps par ledit rotor. The vibratory response of a rotor constitutes its signature following an impact, that is to say, following a pulse. By standard resonant wave is meant the vibratory impulse response measured on a rotor following the ingestion of a body by said rotor.
Grâce à l'invention, on compare la composante dynamique transitoire du régime du rotor à sa signature pour déceler une ingestion. La méthode selon l'invention est plus discriminante que la méthode selon l'art antérieur basée uniquement sur un seuillage en amplitude de la composante dynamique du régime de rotor (t), une composante dynamique de forte amplitude pouvant avoir plusieurs causes. Thanks to the invention, the transient dynamic component of the rotor speed is compared to its signature to detect ingestion. The method according to the invention is more discriminating than the method according to the prior art based solely on amplitude thresholding of the dynamic component of the rotor speed (t), a dynamic component of high amplitude may have several causes.
Grâce à l'invention, on peut ignorer des vibrations d'amplitude importante (ex : pompage) lorsque la forme de la composante dynamique du régime de rotor R(t) ne correspond pas à celle d'une onde de résonance étalon. Par ailleurs, on peut détecter des ingestions de corps dits à « faible énergie » (masse faible, vitesse faible), entraînant des vibrations d'amplitude faible, une telle détection n'étant pas possible avec une méthode selon l'art antérieur. De manière avantageuse, cette méthode est mise en œuvre sans ajout de capteur et sans aucune modification structurale. Thanks to the invention, it is possible to ignore vibrations of large amplitude (eg pumping) when the shape of the dynamic component of the rotor speed R (t) does not correspond to that of a standard resonant wave. In addition, it is possible to detect so-called "low energy" body ingestions (low mass, low speed), resulting in low amplitude vibrations, such detection being not possible with a method according to the prior art. Advantageously, this method is implemented without adding a sensor and without any structural modification.
De préférence, l'onde de résonance étalon du rotor correspond à la réponse impulsionelle du premier mode de torsion du rotor. De manière avantageuse, la recherche dans la composante dynamique filtrée de la réponse impulsionelle du premier mode de torsion du rotor, dont les caractéristiques sont connues par ailleurs, permet d'obtenir un taux d'ingestion qui permet de qualifier une vibration. Preferably, the standard resonant wave of the rotor corresponds to the impulse response of the first mode of torsion of the rotor. Advantageously, the search in the filtered dynamic component of the impulse response of the first mode of torsion of the rotor, whose characteristics are known elsewhere, makes it possible to obtain an ingestion rate which makes it possible to qualify a vibration.
En effet, la réponse impulsionelle du premier mode de torsion n'est présente qu'à la suite d'une excitation transitoire en torsion du rotor, qui est typique d'une ingestion de corps étranger. On détecte ainsi une ingestion de manière fiable et précise. Indeed, the impulse response of the first mode of torsion is present only after a transient excitation in torsion of the rotor, which is typical of an ingestion of foreign body. In this way, ingestion is detected reliably and accurately.
De préférence encore, on réalise un produit de convolution entre la composante dynamique filtrée et l'onde de résonance étalon pour obtenir l'indicateur d'ingestion. Selon une première variante, on mesure l'onde de résonance étalon directement sur le rotor du moteur sur lequel est mise en œuvre la méthode de détection. More preferably, a convolution product is made between the filtered dynamic component and the standard resonant wave to obtain the ingestion indicator. According to a first variant, the standard resonant wave is measured directly on the rotor of the engine on which the detection method is implemented.
Ainsi, les caractéristiques de la réponse impulsionelle du premier mode de torsion du rotor (fréquence, amortissement) sont déterminées de manière expérimentale. Thus, the characteristics of the impulse response of the first mode of torsion of the rotor (frequency, damping) are determined experimentally.
Selon une deuxième variante, l'onde de résonance étalon est définie de manière théorique en fonction des caractéristiques de la réponse impulsionelle du premier mode de torsion du rotor (fréquence, amortissement, etc.). According to a second variant, the standard resonance wave is theoretically defined as a function of the characteristics of the impulse response of the first mode of torsion of the rotor (frequency, damping, etc.).
De préférence, le rotor est un rotor basse pression d'un moteur à turbine à gaz, on compare la composante dynamique filtrée à une onde de résonance étalon du rotor basse pression afin d'obtenir un indicateur d'ingestion, l'onde de résonance étalon correspondant à la réponse impulsionelle vibratoire d'un rotor basse pression. L'invention sera mieux comprise à l'aide du dessin annexé sur lequel : Preferably, the rotor is a low pressure rotor of a gas turbine engine, the filtered dynamic component is compared to a standard resonant wave of the low pressure rotor to obtain an ingestion indicator, the resonance wave standard corresponding to the vibratory impulse response of a low pressure rotor. The invention will be better understood with the aid of the appended drawing in which:
- la figure 1 représente une mesure du régime du rotor basse pression au cours du temps ;  - Figure 1 shows a measurement of the low pressure rotor regime over time;
- la figure 2 représente la composante dynamique du régime du rotor basse pression de la figure 1 ; FIG. 2 represents the dynamic component of the low-pressure rotor speed of FIG. 1;
- la figure 3 représente une onde de résonance étalon du rotor basse pression et FIG. 3 represents a standard resonance wave of the low-pressure rotor and
- la figure 4 représente l'indicateur d'ingestion correspondant à une mesure de ressemblance entre la composante dynamique du régime du rotor et une onde de résonance étalon dudit rotor. FIG. 4 represents the ingestion indicator corresponding to a measurement of resemblance between the dynamic component of the rotor speed and a standard resonant wave of said rotor.
L'invention concerne une méthode de détection précise d'une ingestion d'un corps étranger par un moteur à turbine à gaz à double corps comprenant un arbre de rotor basse pression et un arbre de rotor haute pression, une soufflante étant solidaire du rotor basse pression. The invention relates to a method for accurately detecting ingestion of a foreign body by a dual-body gas turbine engine comprising a low-pressure rotor shaft and a high-pressure rotor shaft, a fan being secured to the low rotor. pressure.
En référence à la figure 1, on mesure le régime de rotation (t) du rotor basse pression au cours du temps au moyen d'une roue phonique, connue en tant que tel de l'homme du métier, agencée pour mesurer la vitesse angulaire de l'arbre de rotor basse pression. Il va de soi que le régime du rotor basse pression pourrait également être mesuré par d'autres moyens, en particulier, par des accéléromètres disposés dans le moteur. With reference to FIG. 1, the rotational speed (t) of the low-pressure rotor is measured over time by means of a voice wheel, known as such to those skilled in the art, arranged to measure the angular velocity of the low pressure rotor shaft. It goes without saying that the low-pressure rotor speed could also be measured by other means, in particular by accelerometers arranged in the engine.
Suite à cette mesure, on obtient une courbe 1 sensiblement constante au cours du temps autour du régime statique du rotor basse pression Rs. Sur la figure 1, le régime de rotation R(t) est normalisé par rapport à la valeur maximale du régime de rotor basse pression. Sur la figure 1, le régime statique Rs du rotor basse pression est de l'ordre de 85% du régime maximal. Au cours de la période de mesure, un corps de faible masse (environ 50g) est ingéré par le moteur. La courbe 1, représentant le régime de la soufflante (t), présente une oscillation 2 au moment de l'ingestion du corps par le moteur, cette oscillation étant très faible, de l'ordre de 0.5% de la valeur du régime statique Rs. Cette oscillation ne peut être détectée directement suite à la mesure du régime du rotor basse pression R(t). En effet, de telles oscillations peuvent être liées à des bruits de mesure ou à des phénomènes autres que l'ingestion, en particulier, les phénomènes de pompage du moteur. De manière connue, le régime du rotor basse pression R(t) mesuré par la roue phonique possède une composante statique Rs et une composante dynamique Rd(t) et se décompose sous la forme suivante : Following this measurement, a substantially constant curve 1 is obtained over time around the static speed of the low-pressure rotor Rs. In FIG. 1, the rotational speed R (t) is normalized with respect to the maximum value of the operating speed. low pressure rotor. In Figure 1, the static Rs of the low-pressure rotor is of the order of 85% of the maximum speed. During the measurement period, a body of low mass (about 50g) is ingested by the engine. Curve 1, representing the speed of the fan (t), has an oscillation 2 at the time of ingestion of the body by the engine, this oscillation being very small, of the order of 0.5% of the value of the static speed Rs This oscillation can not be detected directly following the measurement of the low pressure rotor R (t). Indeed, such oscillations may be related to measurement noise or to phenomena other than ingestion, in particular, the pumping phenomena of the engine. In known manner, the low-pressure rotor R (t) regime measured by the phonic wheel has a static component Rs and a dynamic component Rd (t) and decomposes in the following form:
(1) R(t) = Rs + Rd(t) (1) R (t) = Rs + Rd (t)
Pour mettre en exergue l'oscillation 2, on filtre le régime de rotor basse pression R(t) pour ne conserver que la composante dynamique Rd(t) du signal, par exemple, au moyen d'un filtrage passe-bande centré sur la fréquence de l'onde de résonance étalon. To highlight the oscillation 2, the low pressure rotor R (t) regime is filtered to retain only the dynamic component Rd (t) of the signal, for example, by means of bandpass filtering centered on the frequency of the standard resonance wave.
La demanderesse s'est aperçue que lorsqu'un corps heurte la soufflante suite à une ingestion, le rotor basse pression, lié à la soufflante, répond en vibrant selon son premier mode de torsion, à la manière d'une cloche, en émettant une onde de résonance dont la fréquence et la forme est propre au rotor. Cette réponse vibratoire suite à un choc bref est la réponse impulsionelle du premier mode de torsion du rotor basse pression. Grâce à cette réponse caractéristique, on peut discriminer les perturbations vibratoires consécutives aux ingestions de corps des perturbations consécutives aux bruits ou à des phénomènes externes, et ce, bien que leurs influences sur le régime du rotor basse pression (t) soient quasiment identiques d'un point de vue global. The Applicant has noticed that when a body strikes the blower after ingestion, the low pressure rotor, connected to the blower, responds by vibrating in its first mode of torsion, in the manner of a bell, by emitting a resonance wave whose frequency and shape is specific to the rotor. This vibratory response following a brief shock is the impulse response of the first mode of torsion of the low pressure rotor. Thanks to this characteristic response, it is possible to discriminate the vibratory disturbances resulting from the body ingestions of disturbances resulting from noise or external phenomena, and this, well, that their influences on the low-pressure rotor regime (t) are almost identical from a total point of view.
En effet, une ingestion ou un pompage entraînent l'apparition d'oscillations dont les allures globales sont similaires lorsque l'on analyse le régime moteur. Néanmoins, seules les oscillations dont la forme et l'amplitude sont similaires à celles de la réponse impulsionelle du rotor basse pression correspondent à une ingestion d'un corps étranger. Indeed, ingestion or pumping lead to the appearance of oscillations whose overall appearance is similar when analyzing the engine speed. Nevertheless, only the oscillations whose shape and amplitude are similar to those of the impulse response of the low-pressure rotor correspond to ingestion of a foreign body.
Suite à une ingestion d'un corps étranger, la composante dynamique Rd(t) du signal de régime du rotor basse pression R(t) se présente ainsi globalement sous la forme suivante : Following ingestion of a foreign body, the dynamic component Rd (t) of the low pressure rotor speed signal R (t) is thus generally in the following form:
(2) Rd(t) = C(t).cos(wx(t)*t+(D) (2) Rd (t) = C (t) .cos (w x (t) * t + ( D)
Dans cette formule, C(t).cos(wx(t)*t+<I>) est la perturbation due à la réponse vibratoire du rotor basse pression suite à l'ingestion. Cette perturbation dépend d'un paramètre d'amplitude C(t), d'un paramètre de phase Φ et d'un paramètre de pulsation wT correspondant au premier mode de torsion du rotor basse pression. In this formula, C (t) .cos (w x (t) * t + <I>) is the perturbation due to the vibratory response of the low-pressure rotor following ingestion. This perturbation depends on an amplitude parameter C (t), a phase parameter Φ and a pulse parameter w T corresponding to the first torsion mode of the low pressure rotor.
Le rotor basse pression possède plusieurs modes de torsion à basse fréquence. Lors d'une ingestion de corps étranger, seul le premier mode de torsion répondra de manière significative. La réponse impulsionelle de ce dernier constituera donc une signature caractéristique d'une ingestion. Suite à une ingestion, C(t) va varier fortement suivant une forme : The low pressure rotor has several low frequency twist modes. When ingesting foreign bodies, only the first mode of torsion will respond significantly. The impulse response of the latter will therefore be a signature characteristic of ingestion. Following ingestion, C (t) will vary strongly in one form:
(3) C(t) = C.exp(-t/xT) C est l'amplitude de la perturbation et est fonction de la « sévérité » de l'ingestion, l'amplitude de la perturbation étant très faible par rapport à la valeur du régime statique Rs. Le paramètre d'amortissement ττ est fonction de l'amortissement du premier mode de torsion du rotor basse pression et de la fréquence propre de ce mode. (3) C (t) = C.exp (-t / x T ) This is the amplitude of the disturbance and is a function of the "severity" of the ingestion, the amplitude of the disturbance being very small compared to the value of the static regime Rs. The damping parameter τ τ is a function of the damping of the first mode of torsion of the low pressure rotor and the natural frequency of this mode.
Ainsi, lors d'une ingestion d'un corps étranger par le moteur, la composante dynamique Rd(t) du rotor basse pression ressemble fortement à la réponse impulsionelle du premier mode de torsion e(t) du rotor basse pression, représentée sur la figure 3. La réponse impulsionelle du premier mode de torsion du rotor e(t) est comparée avec la réponse dynamique Rd(t) du régime du rotor basse pression R(t) afin de déterminer si un corps a été ingéré par le moteur. En d'autres termes, on compare la composante dynamique filtrée à une onde de résonance étalon e(t) du rotor basse pression afin d'obtenir un indicateur d'ingestion TING correspondant à une mesure de ressemblance entre l'onde de résonance étalon e(t) et la composante dynamique Rd(t) du signal de régime mesuré. Afin de réaliser la comparaison, il est nécessaire de déterminer préalablement l'onde de résonance étalon e(t). Thus, during an ingestion of a foreign body by the engine, the dynamic component Rd (t) of the low-pressure rotor strongly resembles the impulse response of the first torsion mode e (t) of the low-pressure rotor, shown in FIG. Figure 3. The impulse response of the first rotor twist mode e (t) is compared with the dynamic response Rd (t) of the low-pressure rotor R (t) to determine whether a body has been ingested by the engine. In other words, the filtered dynamic component is compared with a standard resonance wave e (t) of the low-pressure rotor in order to obtain an ingestion indicator T ING corresponding to a measurement of resemblance between the standard resonant wave e (t) and the dynamic component Rd (t) of the measured speed signal. In order to make the comparison, it is necessary to previously determine the standard resonance wave e (t).
Selon une première mise en œuvre de l'invention, cette onde correspond à la réponse impulsionelle du premier mode de torsion du rotor. According to a first implementation of the invention, this wave corresponds to the impulse response of the first mode of torsion of the rotor.
Selon une première variante, le premier mode de torsion du rotor est un mode « spécifique », les caractéristiques (fréquence, amortissement) du premier mode de torsion étant mesurées directement sur le rotor basse pression sur lequel va être mise en œuvre la détection d'une ingestion, la détection étant alors réalisée « sur mesure » avec comme onde de résonance étalon la réponse impulsionelle vibratoire premier mode de torsion du rotor. Le paramétrage de la méthode de détection avec un mode spécifique permet de mettre en œuvre une détection précise, adaptée audit rotor basse pression. En effet, chaque rotor possède une réponse impulsionelle de son premier mode de torsion qui lui est propre. Autrement dit, des modèles de rotor différents possèdent des réponses impulsionelles différentes. According to a first variant, the first mode of torsion of the rotor is a "specific" mode, the characteristics (frequency, damping) of the first mode of torsion being measured directly on the low pressure rotor on which will be implemented the detection of ingestion, the detection being then carried out "Custom-made" with the standard resonance wave the vibratory impulse response first mode of torsion of the rotor. The setting of the detection method with a specific mode makes it possible to implement an accurate detection adapted to said low pressure rotor. Indeed, each rotor has an impulse response of its first mode of torsion of its own. In other words, different rotor models have different impulse responses.
Selon une deuxième variante, la réponse impulsionelle du premier mode de torsion du rotor est déterminée de manière analytique par calcul. According to a second variant, the impulse response of the first mode of torsion of the rotor is determined analytically by calculation.
Selon une deuxième variante, l'onde de résonance étalon e(t) correspond à la somme d'une pluralité de modes de torsion d'un même rotor basse pression, de préférence les 2 ou 3 premiers modes de torsion d'un rotor basse pression. Une onde de résonance étalon e(t) comprenant plusieurs modes de torsion permet d'augmenter la fiabilité de la détection et sa précision. According to a second variant, the standard resonance wave e (t) corresponds to the sum of a plurality of torsion modes of the same low-pressure rotor, preferably the first 2 or 3 modes of torsion of a low rotor. pressure. A standard resonant wave e (t) comprising several torsion modes makes it possible to increase the reliability of the detection and its accuracy.
A titre d'exemple, pour mettre en œuvre la comparaison, on réalise un produit de convolution entre la réponse dynamique du rotor basse pression d(t) et l'onde étalon e(t) pour obtenir un indicateur d'ingestion TING. By way of example, to implement the comparison, a convolution product is produced between the dynamic response of the low pressure rotor d (t) and the standard wave e (t) to obtain a ingestion indicator T ING .
(4) TING (0 = J e(u) - R(t - u) - du ( 4 ) T ING (0 = J e ( u ) - R (t - u) - from
Il va de soi que d'autres algorithmes de comparaison pourraient également convenir. De préférence, les algorithmes de comparaison sont paramétrés pour prendre en compte des distorsions de l'onde de résonance étalon (retard, bruit, etc.). L'indicateur d'ingestion TING, représenté sur la figure 4, permet de qualifier l'oscillation suspecte 2 détectée dans la mesure du régime du rotor basse pression R(t). Plus la réponse dynamique du rotor basse pression Rd(t) ressemble à la réponse impulsionelle théorique caractéristique d'une réponse à un choc (ici, une ingestion d'un corps étranger), plus la valeur de l'indicateur d'ingestion TING sera élevée. It goes without saying that other comparison algorithms could also be suitable. Preferably, the comparison algorithms are set to take into account distortions of the standard resonance wave (delay, noise, etc.). The ingestion indicator T ING , shown in FIG. 4, makes it possible to qualify the suspicious oscillation 2 detected in the measurement of the low-pressure rotor R (t) regime. The more the dynamic response of the low pressure rotor Rd (t) resembles the theoretical impulse response characteristic of a shock response (here, ingestion of a foreign body), plus the value of the ingestion indicator T ING will be high.
Après calcul de l'indicateur d'ingestion TING; on le compare à un seuil de détection S de valeur déterminée, une alarme d'ingestion étant émise lorsque l'indicateur d'ingestion TING excède ledit seuil détection S. After calculating the ingestion indicator T ING; it is compared with a detection threshold S of determined value, an ingestion alarm being emitted when the ingestion indicator T ING exceeds said detection threshold S.
La valeur du de détection S est déterminée de manière à ne pas générer d'alarme pour des valeurs d'indicateur TING correspondant au fonctionnement normal du moteur et que l'on peut qualifier de bruit. Ce seuil de détection est donc obtenu en appliquant une marge au niveau moyen du « bruit » Sb. Cette marge est fonction des caractéristiques du signal « bruit » ainsi que du niveau de fiabilité de détection souhaitée. En référence à la figure 4, une marge de 70% sépare le seuil de détection du niveau moyen de bruit. The value of the detection S is determined so as not to generate an alarm for T ING indicator values corresponding to the normal operation of the engine and which can be described as noise. This detection threshold is thus obtained by applying a margin to the average level of the "noise" Sb. This margin is a function of the characteristics of the signal "noise" as well as the desired level of detection reliability. With reference to FIG. 4, a margin of 70% separates the detection threshold from the average noise level.
Cette méthode est très sélective car l'indicateur d'ingestion TING pour un signal de bruit (hors ingestion) est faible étant donné qu'en l'absence d'ingestion, la réponse impulsionelle du premier mode de torsion n'est pas présente dans le signal. Le signal de bruit ne ressemble pas à la réponse impulsionelle du premier mode de torsion. This method is very selective because the ingestion indicator T ING for a noise signal (excluding ingestion) is low since, in the absence of ingestion, the impulse response of the first mode of torsion is not present. in the signal. The noise signal does not resemble the impulse response of the first mode of torsion.
Lorsqu'une ingestion est détectée, l'alarme générée peut être soit dirigée directement vers le pilote de l'aéronef, sur lequel est monté le moteur, pour être consultée en temps réel, soit stockée dans une mémoire pour être consultée ultérieurement, par exemple, en vue d'une inspection du moteur, soit transmise en temps réel aux services de maintenance de la compagnie aérienne pour permettre à celle-ci d'anticiper et d'organiser, lors de la prochaine escale, une inspection détaillée du moteur impacté et toutes les actions de maintenance nécessaires. When ingestion is detected, the alarm generated can be directed directly to the pilot of the aircraft, on which the engine is mounted, to be consulted in real time, or stored in a memory to be consulted. subsequently, for example, for an inspection of the engine, be transmitted in real time to the maintenance services of the airline to allow it to anticipate and organize, at the next stopover, a detailed inspection impacted engine and all necessary maintenance actions.
Il va de soi que différents seuils d'alarme peuvent être définis de manière à distinguer différentes sortes d'ingestion (ingestions plus ou moins énergétiques, ingestions plus ou moins sévères). It goes without saying that different alarm thresholds can be defined so as to distinguish different kinds of ingestion (more or less energetic ingestions, more or less severe ingestions).
L'invention a été ici décrite pour un turbomoteur à double corps mais il va de soi que l'invention s'applique de manière similaire à un moteur avec un unique ou plus de deux rotors. The invention has been described here for a double-shaft turbine engine but it goes without saying that the invention applies similarly to an engine with a single or more than two rotors.

Claims

Revendications claims
1) Méthode de détection automatisée de l'ingestion d'au moins un corps étranger par un moteur à turbine à gaz comprenant un rotor, méthode selon laquelle : 1) Method for automated detection of the ingestion of at least one foreign object by a gas turbine engine comprising a rotor, the method according to which:
- on mesure le régime instantané du rotor (R(t));  the instantaneous speed of the rotor (R (t)) is measured;
- on filtre le signal de régime du rotor (R(t)) de manière à dissocier sa composante statique (Rs(t)) de sa composante dynamique (Rd(t)); the rotor speed signal (R (t)) is filtered so as to separate its static component (Rs (t)) from its dynamic component (Rd (t));
- on compare la composante dynamique filtrée (Rd(t)) à une onde de résonance étalon (e(t)) du rotor afin d'obtenir un indicateur d'ingestion (TING), l'onde de résonance étalon (e(t)) correspondant à la réponse impulsionelle vibratoire d'un rotor; comparing the filtered dynamic component (Rd (t)) with a standard resonance wave (e (t)) of the rotor in order to obtain an ingestion indicator (T ING ), the standard resonant wave (e ( t)) corresponding to the vibration impulse response of a rotor;
- on compare l'indicateur d'ingestion obtenu (TING) à un seuil de détection (S); comparing the ingestion indicator obtained (T ING ) with a detection threshold (S);
- on émet un signal de détection d'une ingestion d'un corps étranger lorsque l'indicateur d'ingestion (TING) est supérieur au seuil de détection (S). a signal for detecting ingestion of a foreign body is emitted when the ingestion indicator (T ING ) is greater than the detection threshold (S).
2) Méthode selon la revendication 1, dans laquelle l'onde de résonance étalon (e(t)) du rotor correspond à la réponse impulsionelle du premier mode de torsion du rotor. 2) Method according to claim 1, wherein the standard resonant wave (e (t)) of the rotor corresponds to the impulse response of the first mode of torsion of the rotor.
3) Méthode selon la revendication 2, dans laquelle l'onde de résonance étalon (e(t)) est définie de manière théorique en fonction des caractéristiques de la réponse impulsionelle du premier mode de torsion du rotor. 3) Method according to claim 2, wherein the standard resonant wave (e (t)) is defined theoretically according to the characteristics of the impulse response of the first mode of torsion of the rotor.
4) Méthode selon la revendication 2, dans laquelle on mesure l'onde de résonance étalon (e(t)) directement sur le rotor du moteur sur lequel est mise en œuvre la méthode de détection. 5) Méthode selon l'une des revendications 1 à 4, dans laquelle on réalise un produit de convolution entre la composante dynamique filtrée (Rd(t)) et l'onde de résonance étalon (e(t)). 4) Method according to claim 2, wherein the standard resonant wave (e (t)) is measured directly on the rotor of the motor on which the detection method is implemented. 5) Method according to one of claims 1 to 4, wherein a convolution product is produced between the filtered dynamic component (Rd (t)) and the standard resonant wave (e (t)).
6) Méthode selon l'une des revendications 1 à 5, dans laquelle le rotor est un rotor basse pression d'un moteur à turbine à gaz, on compare la composante dynamique filtrée (Rd(t)) à une onde de résonance étalon (e(t)) du rotor basse pression afin d'obtenir un indicateur d'ingestion (TING), l'onde de résonance étalon (e(t)) correspondant à la réponse impulsionelle vibratoire d'un rotor basse pression. 6) Method according to one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the rotor is a low-pressure rotor of a gas turbine engine, comparing the filtered dynamic component (Rd (t)) with a standard resonance wave ( e (t)) of the low pressure rotor to obtain an ingestion indicator (T ING ), the standard resonance wave (e (t)) corresponding to the vibratory impulse response of a low pressure rotor.
EP11707886.5A 2010-02-08 2011-02-02 Method for the automated detection of the ingestion of at least one foreign body by a gas turbine engine Active EP2534341B1 (en)

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