Classifications

• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04J—MULTIPLEX COMMUNICATION
  • H04J3/00—Time-division multiplex systems
  • H04J3/02—Details
  • H04J3/06—Synchronising arrangements
  • H04J3/0635—Clock or time synchronisation in a network
  • H04J3/0685—Clock or time synchronisation in a node; Intranode synchronisation
  • H04J3/0697—Synchronisation in a packet node
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04J—MULTIPLEX COMMUNICATION
  • H04J3/00—Time-division multiplex systems
  • H04J3/02—Details
  • H04J3/06—Synchronising arrangements
  • H04J3/0635—Clock or time synchronisation in a network
  • H04J3/0638—Clock or time synchronisation among nodes; Internode synchronisation
  • H04J3/0658—Clock or time synchronisation among packet nodes
  • H04J3/0661—Clock or time synchronisation among packet nodes using timestamps
  • H04J3/0664—Clock or time synchronisation among packet nodes using timestamps unidirectional timestamps
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04J—MULTIPLEX COMMUNICATION
  • H04J3/00—Time-division multiplex systems
  • H04J3/02—Details
  • H04J3/06—Synchronising arrangements
  • H04J3/0635—Clock or time synchronisation in a network
  • H04J3/0638—Clock or time synchronisation among nodes; Internode synchronisation
  • H04J3/0658—Clock or time synchronisation among packet nodes
  • H04J3/0673—Clock or time synchronisation among packet nodes using intermediate nodes, e.g. modification of a received timestamp before further transmission to the next packet node, e.g. including internal delay time or residence time into the packet
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
  • H04W88/00—Devices specially adapted for wireless communication networks, e.g. terminals, base stations or access point devices
  • H04W88/08—Access point devices
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
  • H04W92/00—Interfaces specially adapted for wireless communication networks
  • H04W92/04—Interfaces between hierarchically different network devices
  • H04W92/12—Interfaces between hierarchically different network devices between access points and access point controllers

Definitions

• the present disclosure relates to communication networks, and more particularly, to a wireless packet transmission node transporting time sensitive packets without introducing wander.
• Wireless Packet Transmission Node any packet switching network node with at least one wireless interface and zero or more wired interfaces forming a transmission network
• Radio Junction (RJ) a wireless packet transmission node located between other wireless packet transmission nodes and connecting one node to other nodes providing multi-tier and multi-hop transmission network.
• End Point - a wireless packet transmission node that is located at the periphery of the transmission network and connects end user node to a Radio Junction (RJ).
• EP consists of one radio interface and several wired interfaces.
• WPBN Wireless Packet Backhaul Network
• the network also provides several hops and several tiers.
• the EP or root node provides connectivity to end user nodes.
• Packets - a relatively small sequence of digital symbols (e.g., several tens of binary octets up to several thousands of binary octets) that contains a payload and one or more headers.
• the payload is the information which the source wishes to send to the destination.
• the headers contain information about the nature of the payload and its delivery. Packets can be consumed by intermediate node or can be relayed to next node.
• Time Sensitive Packets - packets which carry timing information for synchronizing the network nodes or end user nodes.
• Frames - packets at the link layer of a communication system. These packets are consumed by the receiving node and not forwarded/relayed to another node the chain.
• Synchronization Master - a designated node in the WPBN which generates the radio clock.
• Synchronization Slave - these nodes receive control frames and synchronize themselves with the master.
• Radio Clock controls transmission and reception on radio interface(s) of WPTNs making a WPBN.
• Point-to-point Network - a communication network that provides a communication link from one source node to a destination node.
• Point-to-Multi-point Network P2MP - a communication network that provides a communication link from one source node to multiple destination nodes.
• a typical cellular communication system comprises Mobile Stations (MS), Base Station Subsystems and a Network Switching Subsystem (NSS).
• Each Base Station Subsystem is essentially a Base Station Controller (BSC) coupled to multiple Base Transceiver Stations (BTSs), located at some distance from the BSC.
• BSC Base Station Controller
• BTSs Base Transceiver Stations
• the BSC and its associated BTSs are linked together by means of a 'backhaul' network which may be a wired or wireless network, depending on the deployment requirements.
• the base stations and their controllers are known with different terminologies for varying networks definitions based on various radio technologies. However, in all types of wireless communication networks, the base stations as the wireless access node at remote places are connected to their network controller node through a backhaul network.
• TDMoP is one technology which uses the packet based transmission network and supports legacy TD systems to carry traffic and network synchronization information. The synchronization requirements are driven by the recognized standards.
• the TDMoP gateways are used to provide CES (circuit emulation service) for TDM traffic and network synchronization over packet networks.
• FIG. 1 illustrates a TDMoP (Time Division Multiplexing over Packets) network as known in the art.
• the TDM Gateway 101 converts the TDM contents into packets and routes the connected Wireless Packet Transmission Nodes (WPTN) of the Wireless Packet Backhaul Network (WPBN).
• WPTN Wireless Packet Transmission Nodes
• WPBN Wireless Packet Backhaul Network
• the Packet Node processes packets with payload and routes them towards the destination Gateway 102 connected with the destination Packet Node through intermediate packet transmission node/s. It supports both way communications.
• the processing at the Packet Nodes is required to meet digital transmission characteristics to ensure smooth clock recovery at the designation TDM gateway for smooth communication.
• the clock recovery in general is not smooth that easy because of the variations in clock rate over time. These variations in clock rate over time causes the problem of Wander.
• Packet Switching nodes are typically optimized for higher traffic handling without any consideration of time relationship of corresponding packets, causing another challenge for adaptive clock recovery methods for clocks distribution required for Constant Bit Rate (CBR) services. Specification of wander becomes more complex in case of differing time intervals. Moreover, each time sensitive packet is subjected to different transport characteristics. This leads to non-uniform arrival time of each packet. Ideally, the destination Gateway should receive a packet at every scheduled time interval. Since the intermediate packet system introduces systematic and random delays, the arrival is not exactly at the scheduled time.
• CBR Constant Bit Rate
• TIE time interval error
• the cited document considers highly deterministic systems where processing of data will always finish before transmission opportunity. Building such deterministic characteristics into a system increases complexity and cost. The computing resources are wasted during waiting time and the mechanism will result in a queue building at the input since there is no control over the input. The cited document further does not have mechanism to avoid output wander in data packets.
• Timing techniques over packet distribution methods involve IEEE 1588, Circuit Emulation services, where the service and the timing information are carried together.
• Embodiments of the present disclosure relate to the packet processing at WPTN and a Wireless Packet Backhaul Network (WPBN) thereof, to make it suitable for its usage to carry traffic of time sensitive packets without introducing wander.
• An embodiment of the present disclosure illustrates a Wireless Packet Transmission Node (WPTN) (200) comprising a packet processor (201) configured to receive, process and transmit time-sensitive packets without introducing wander on the basis of precise and accurate processing clock and a first set of control signals (203); a packet control unit (202) configured to generate said precise and accurate clock and said first set of control signals (203) on the basis of a low accuracy clock signal (204); said packet processor (201) being further configured to extract a synchronization clock signal (205) from received time sensitive packets when the WPTN is an intermediate node of a network; and said packet control unit (202) ) being further configured to generate said first set of control signals (203) in conformity to said extracted synchronization clock signal (205) when the WPTN is an intermediate node of a network.
• Yet another embodiment of the present disclosure illustrates a communication network comprising a Wireless Packet Transmission Node (WPTN) (200) comprising a packet processor (201) configured to receive, process and transmit time-sensitive packets without introducing wander on the basis of precise and accurate processing clock and a first set of control signals (203); a packet control unit (202) configured to generate said precise and accurate clock and said first set of control signals (203) on the basis of a low accuracy clock signal (204); said packet processor (201) being further configured to extract a synchronization clock signal (205) from received time sensitive packets when the WPTN is an intermediate node of a network; and said packet control unit (202) ) being further configured to generate said first set of control signals (203) in conformity to said extracted synchronization clock signal (205) when the WPTN is an intermediate node of a network.
• WPTN Wireless Packet Transmission Node
• An embodiment of the present disclosure illustrates a multi-tier communication network comprising a Wireless Packet Transmission Node (WPTN) (200) comprising a packet processor (201) configured to receive, process and transmit time-sensitive packets without introducing wander on the basis of precise and accurate processing clock and a first set of control signals (203); a packet control unit (202) configured to generate said precise and accurate clock and said first set of control signals (203) on the basis of a low accuracy clock signal (204); said packet processor (201) being further configured to extract a synchronization clock signal (205) from received time sensitive packets when the WPTN is an intermediate node of a network; and said packet control unit (202) ) being further configured to generate said first set of control signals (203) in conformity to said extracted synchronization clock signal (205) when the WPTN is an intermediate node of a network.
• WPTN Wireless Packet Transmission Node
• Another embodiment of the present disclosure illustrates a method of operating a wireless packet transmission node (WPTN) comprising: receiving, processing and transmitting time sensitive packets without introducing wander on the basis of precise and accurate processing clock and a first set of control signals (203); and generating said precise and accurate clock and said first set of control signals (203) on the basis of a low accuracy clock signal (204); said processing further extracts a synchronization clock signal (205) from received time sensitive packets when the WPTN is an intermediate node of a network; and said generating further generates said first set of control signals (203) in conformity to said extracted synchronization clock signal (205) when the WPTN is an intermediate node of a network.
• WPTN wireless packet transmission node
• Figure 2 illustrates a block diagram of a wireless packet transmission node as per the present disclosure.
• FIG. 3 illustrates a detailed block diagram representation of the packet control unit according to the present disclosure
• Figure 4 illustrates a multi-tier communication network with minimal wander according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
• FIG. 5 illustrates the functional block diagram of a Radio Junction (RJ) node according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
• Figure 6 illustrates the functional block diagram of an End Point (EP) network node according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
• RJ Radio Junction
• EP End Point
• Figure 7 illustrates medium access by synchronized master and synchronized slave in a deterministic wireless packet transmission network in a point to point link.
• Figure 8 illustrates medium access by synchronized master and multiple synchronized slaves in a deterministic wireless packet transmission network in a point to multipoint link.
• FIG. 9 illustrates a comparison between Time Interval Error (TIE) graph according to an embodiment of the present disclosure and according to conventional art.
• Figure 10 illustrates a comparison between the Fourier transform of output of the TIE graph according to an embodiment of the present disclosure and according to conventional art.
• FIG 11 illustrates a method of operating a wireless packet transmission node (WPTN) according to an embodiment of the present disclosure
• Wireless communication system includes any communication system or any combination of different communication systems.
• the communication system may be a fixed communication system or a wireless communication system or a communication system utilizing both fixed networks and wireless networks.
• embodiments of the present disclosure may be included in various types of wireless communication networks intended to be within the scope of the present disclosure, although not limited to, a GSM network, a CDMA network, TDMA, FDMA, OFDMA, SC-FDMA, a worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX) network, a WCDMA network, a time division synchronous code division multiple access (TD-SCDMA) network, a CDMA2000 network, a personal handy phone system (PHS) network, a cluster network, a long term evolution (LTE) network, and an air interface evolution (AIE) network.
• WiMAX worldwide interoperability for microwave access
• WCDMA Wideband Code Division Multiple Access
• TD-SCDMA time division synchronous code division multiple access
• CDMA2000 Code Division Multiple Access
• PHS personal handy phone system
• LTE long term evolution
• AIE air interface evolution
• all logical units described and depicted in the figures include the software and/or hardware components required for the unit to function. Further, each unit may comprise within itself one or more components, which are implicitly understood. These components may be operatively coupled to each other and be configured to communicate with each other to perform the function of the said unit .
• the present method and apparatus provide an alternative method of exploiting packet networks for telephony service that is evolutionary rather than revolutionary.
• This method uses packet networks as a drop in replacement for native TDM networks. It seamlessly interfaces to all existing equipment, such as legacy PBXs and switches, and inherently provides all the hundreds of telephony features and the PSTN quality to which customers have become accustomed.
• a wireless packet backhaul (hereinafter referred as "transmission") network may include a number of wireless packet transmissions Node and other network entities. For simplicity, only one Node 200 is shown in FIG. 2.
• a Node is a connection point (root node), either a redistribution point (an intermediate node) or a communication endpoint (some terminal equipment).
• the root node interfaces with multiple users and generates radio synchronization clock for complete network.
• the intermediate node provide transit path between two hops of a tier.
• the End points (EP) are the leaf level nodes. These nodes provide connectivity to the end user nodes. EP consists of one radio interface and several wired interface.
• the complete network is synchronized and provides deterministic access on radio interface to each media sharing node. To improve system capacity, the overall coverage area of a Node may be partitioned into multiple (e.g., three) smaller areas. Each smaller area may be served by a respective Node subsystem.
• FIG. 2 illustrates a block diagram of a wireless packet transmission node as per the present disclosure.
• the wireless packet transmission node 200 comprises a packet processor 201 operatively coupled to a packet control unit 202.
• the packet processor unit 201 is configured to receive time sensitive traffic data packets and transmit time-sensitive traffic data packets without introducing wander on the basis of precise and accurate processing clock and a first set of control signals 203. Further, the packet processor unit is configured to extract a synchronization clock signal 205 from received time sensitive packets when the WPTN is an intermediate node or a radio junction of a network.
• the packet control unit 201 is configured to generate said precise and accurate clock and said first set of control signals 203 on the basis of a low accuracy clock signal 204.
• the packet control unit 202 being further configured to generate said first set of control signals 203 in conformity to said extracted synchronization clock signal 205 when the WPTN is an intermediate node of a network.
• packet processor 201 receives configurations data inputs along with said precise and accurate clock and said first set of control signals 203 to generate processed output without introducing wander on wired and/or wireless interfaces.
• the configuration data inputs fed to the packet processor includes format conversion configuration data and prioritization configurations data.
• the time-sensitive packets fed to the Packet Processor 201 may be from wired and/or wireless interfaces. These received packets are user traffic (general IP traffic), TDM traffic (as TDMoP), and link control packets.
• the Link Control frames further includes radio clock frames for synchronization from available synchronization master node.
• discovery frames from synchronization master node contains attributes of the link, link management frames from synchronization master and synchronization slave node for access, authentication and link establishment and release.
• the packet processor does not receive link control frames containing radio clock information.
• Packet processing functions on receiving link control frames are as follows: for Radio Clock input frames, processing function is to extract the clock synchronization input 205 to be given to packet control unit 201; for discovery input frames, processing function is to Identify the available master and information related to its transmission controls; and Link Management input frames, processing function is to perform all link management functions as Access request and grant, authentication request, Link Establishment /Release Request.
• Packet processing treats different type of inputs packets differently and applies suitable priority in processing.
• Time-sensitive packets such as TDMoP, Radio Clock frames etc. are processed with high priority and the instruction required for their critical flows are executed from Cache.
• Packet processing unit is based on highly accurate and increased granularity of said precise and accurate clock and said first set of control signals 203 makes it an absolute deterministic from the task completion perspective.
• the time sensitive packet output so generated by the packet processer 201 is ensured to be wander free.
• WPTN is configured as synchronization slave Node
• the Packet Processor on initialization, if WPTN is configured as synchronization slave Node, is instructed to enable radio interface and listen to control frame from synchronization master.
• the timing interval information is generated as synchronization clock input signal 205 to be used by Packet Control Unit 202 for further control and synchronization purpose.
• Figure 3 illustrates a detailed block diagram representation of the packet control unit according to the present disclosure.
• the packet control unit 202 comprises and a selection and input processing unit 301, a radio clock generator 302 and a control cache 303. All three (301, 302 and 303) are operatively coupled with each other.
• the selection and input processing unit 301 is configured to generate said second set of control signals 304 based on feedback signal 305 providing drift data of said clock synchronization signal pertaining to said precise and accurate processing clock and a first set of control signals 203.
• the radio clock generator 302 configured to generate said precise and accurate clock and a first set of control signals 203 using cache- based processing, and said signal providing radio clock drift data 305 pertaining to said precise and accurate processing clock 203 on the basis of said second set of control signals 304.
• the control cache 303 configured to provide said cache-based processing, operating at the high priority.
• the radio clock generator 302 configured to generate said precise, accurate and wander free clock and first set of control signals 203 using cache-based processing, and operating at the high priority said signal providing radio clock drift data 305 pertaining to said precise and accurate processing clock 203 on the basis of said second set of control signals 304.
• the packet control unit 202 takes configuration input from user.
• the configuration inputs include TDM Clock configuration data, Radio Clock Configuration data and Radio Link Configuration data.
• the packet control unit 202 also takes clock synchronization input 205 from the packet processor unit 201 is extracted from data received from higher node in the packet network hierarchy. This input is not available at the root node (first WPTN) of Wireless Packet Backhaul Network.
• the packet control unit 202 processes input and generated control input for the radio clock generation unit. This unit checks the drift data of said clock synchronization signal for long term integration and adjusts the control output 304 to the radio clock generator 302.
• the radio clock generator 302 is coupled to the input processing unit 301 and control cache 303 and the low accuracy clock source 204.
• the radio clock generator 302 executes instructions from cache at high priority. 302 ensure that the generation of the wander free said precise and accurate clock and said control signals 203 to said Packet Processor 201 leading to generate a wander free output.
• the precise and accurate clock and said first set of control signals 203 as generated from radio clock generator 302 includes Radio Clock, TX/RX control for Wireless Interface, TX RX control for wired interface, and processing control based on given configuration data. It also generates drift data of said clock synchronization signal Selection and Input Processing Unit 301 as feedback signal.
• the selection and input processing unit uses said feedback signal 305 to determine drifts and does perform long term integration on the drift data to compensate wander.
• the wireless packet backhaul communication network comprises multiple (0 or more) long range tier comprising multiple Wireless Packets Transmission nodes (WPTN).
• the Wireless Packets Transmission node configured to provide long distance radio links and multiple (0 or more) short range tier comprising multiple WPTN configured to provide short distance radio links.
• RJ 401 WPTN arranged in long distance radio links
• EP End Points
• RJ 401 is coupled to the user gateway through wired or wireless link and RJ 402 through wireless link.
• RJ 402 is coupled to RJ 401 and possible next hope WPTN over a long distance point-to-point (p2p) or point-to-multipoint (p2mp) radio links.
• p2p point-to-point
• p2mp point-to-multipoint
• EPs 401a, 401b, 401c, 401d, 401e are coupled to RJ 401 through short distance radio links and EPs 402a, 402b, 402c, 402d, 402e are coupled to RJ 402 through short distance radio links.
• Such short distance radio link coupling between RJ and EP may be referred to as Tier 2.
• EP can be replaced with another RJ to provide yet another tier Tier-3.
• the tier levels can be expanded according to the network requirement.
• FIG. 5 illustrates the functional block diagram of a Radio Junction (RJ) node according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
• An RJ node comprises a WPTN (200) as illustrated in previous embodiments.
• the RJ acting as WPTN may be equipped with multiple wireless interfaces for radio links with Tier 1 (0 or more) and Tier 2 (0 or more).
• the RJ acting as WPTN may also be equipped with wired interfaces to serve service users such as time sensitive packet Gateway.
• RJ does necessary conversion between multiple Tier wireless interface and the also between wireless and wired interface.
• the root node is synchronization master for Tier-1 and RJ are synchronization masters for Tier-2.
• FIG. 6 illustrates the functional block diagram of an End Point (EP) network node according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
• An EP network node is a reduced capability RJ (601) as described earlier.
• EP has single wireless interface.
• EP does not support wireless transit (multi-hope) function and also does not support multiple wireless Tiers. It has the same wired interface/s as RJ and does necessary format conversions.
• a WPTN is configured to operate as a transmission synchronization master network node where the node is configured to indicate its presence to the secondary transmission synchronization slave nodes, to detect upcoming slave network nodes, to authenticate the slave network nodes, and to allocate the communication resources. These communication resources are monitored continuously and may be reconfigured to ensure high link level availability.
• the transmission master network node may additionally be configured to allocate transmission opportunity to the transmission slave network nodes.
• the total transmission time may equally be divided between the transmission master network node and the transmission slave network nodes as shown in Figure 7.
• the total transmission time is dynamically divided between the downlink and uplink communication depending upon the no of slave nodes sharing the common channel as shown in Figure 8.
• the total transmission time is the total time available for transmission, which is calculated by taking into account various parameters such as number of transmitters in the communication network sharing a common medium, the available spectrum, the encoding scheme used the network nodes and the maximum spatial distance ' .
• the total transmission time may vary with the changing throughput requirements of the communication network.
• the transmission synchronization master network node may transmit discovery frames at the time of initialization.
• the discovery frames may contain information such as the number of transmission slave network nodes being supported by the transmission master network node and parameters necessary to setup higher protocol layers with the transmission master network nodes.
• the discovery frames assist a transmission slave network node to select the most appropriate transmission master network node and set up lower layer connectivity.
• a WPTN node is configured to locate the position of an upcoming network node (EP or RJ) in a communication network by way of sector information.
• the upcoming network node is configured to detect the sector information and report the same to the centralized server of the communication network.
• the central server then identifies the location of the upcoming network node according to the reported sector information.
• FIG. 9 illustrates a comparison between the TIE (Time Interval Error) graph according to an embodiment of the present disclosure and the conventional art.
• TIE refers to error in scheduled arrival time of a data packet and the actual arrival time.
• TDM GW at ingress samples TDM contents every 2ms and packetizes it. The data packets are then sent to the destination TDM GW.
• TDM GW should receive a data packet every 2ms, however, introduction of random and systematic delays of Wireless Packet Backhaul Network (WPBN) results in actual arrival time greater or lesser than the ideal arrival time of 2ms.
• WPBN Wireless Packet Backhaul Network
• the graph 9(b) represents TIE against time, representing systematic TIE variations without wander.
• Figure 10 illustrates a comparison between the Fourier transform of the TIE graph according to an embodiment of the present disclosure and according to the conventional art respectively.
• the graph 10(a) represents various frequencies component in TIE characteristic of received data.
• the significant low frequency components (less than 20 Hz) present in the received data make TDM GW clock extraction mechanism to fail. Therefore graph 9(a) and 10(a) represent the problem prevailing in the present art.
• the graph represents that the frequent and systematic TIE variations are significantly reduced.
• Graph 10 (b) representing frequency components of TIE clearly confirm the absence of low frequency component ie wander.
• FIG. 11 illustrates a method of operating a wireless packet transmission node (WPTN) according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
• the method comprises in step 1101 receiving, processing and transmitting time sensitive packets without introducing wander; in step 1102 generating said precise and accurate clock and said first set of control signals (203) on the basis of a low accuracy clock signal (204); said processing further extracts a synchronization clock signal (205) from received time sensitive packets when the WPTN is an intermediate node of a network; and said generating further generates said first set of control signals (203) in conformity to said extracted synchronization clock signal (205) when the WPTN is an intermediate node of a network.
• Embodiments of the present disclosure deliver deterministic, contention free access, low latency, point to point links, point to multi point links, multi tier cluster, multi hop backhaul cluster and suitable transmission of TDM traffic and time sensitive packets without introducing wander.
• DSP digital signal processor
• ASIC application specific integrated circuit
• FPGA field programmable gate array
• a general-purpose processor may be a microprocessor, but in the alternative, the processor may be any conventional processor, controller, microcontroller, or state machine.
• a processor may also be implemented as a combination of computing devices, e.g., a combination of a DSP and a microprocessor, a plurality of microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in conjunction with a DSP core, or any other such configuration.
• a software module may reside in RAM memory, flash memory, ROM memory, EPROM memory, EEPROM memory, registers, hard disk, a removable disk, a CD- ROM, or any other form of storage medium known in the art.
• An exemplary storage medium is coupled to the processor such that the processor can read information from, and write information to, the storage medium.
• the storage medium may be integral to the processor.
• the processor and the storage medium may reside in an ASIC or FPGA.
• the ASIC or FPGA may reside in a user terminal.
• the processor and the storage medium may reside as discrete components in a user terminal.
• the functions described may be implemented in hardware, software, firmware, or any combination thereof. If implemented in software, the functions may be stored on or transmitted over as one or more instructions or code on a computer-readable medium.
• Computer-readable media includes both computer storage media and communication media including any medium that facilitates transfer of a computer program from one place to another.
• a storage media may be any available media that can be accessed by a general purpose or special purpose computer.
• such computer-readable media can comprise RAM, ROM, EEPROM, CD-ROM or other optical disk storage, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other medium that can be used to carry or store desired program code means in the form of instructions or data structures and that can be accessed by a general-purpose or special-purpose computer, or a general-purpose or special- purpose processor. Also, any connection is properly termed a computer-readable medium.
• Disk and disc includes compact disc (CD), laser disc, optical disc, digital versatile disc (DVD), floppy disk and blu-ray disc where disks usually reproduce data magnetically, while discs reproduce data optically with lasers. Combinations of the above should also be included within the scope of computer-readable media.

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• Synchronisation In Digital Transmission Systems (AREA)

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• 2010
  • 2010-12-16 WO PCT/IN2010/000821 patent/WO2011074012A1/en active Application Filing
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