EP2461497A1

EP2461497A1 - Method and apparatus for synthesizing ultra-wide bandwidth waveforms

Info

Publication number: EP2461497A1
Application number: EP11183170A
Authority: EP
Inventors: Jean-Paul Bulot; Matthew J.Klotz
Original assignee: Raytheon Co
Current assignee: Raytheon Co
Priority date: 2010-12-03
Filing date: 2011-09-28
Publication date: 2012-06-06
Anticipated expiration: 2031-09-28
Also published as: EP2461497B1; US20120141141A1; JP2012128400A; US8543009B2; JP6001105B2; JP2015121796A

Abstract

In accordance with various aspects of the disclosure, a method and apparatus is disclosed for increasing waveform bandwidth of a radio frequency waveform during optical double sideband suppressed carrier modulation. An optical modulator is configured to operate in double sideband, suppressed carrier modulation (DSB-SC) mode producing multiple optical sidebands and optical sideband harmonics. Proper selection of the appropriate optical harmonic via optical filter enables the synthesis of ultra-wideband single-sideband, suppressed carrier (SSB-SC) optical waveforms while simultaneously simplifying the radio frequency (RF) circuitry that generates the radio frequency waveform.

Description

This disclosure relates generally to the field of optics and, more specifically, to a method and apparatus for synthesizing ultra-wide bandwidth optical waveforms.
As waveforms are synthesized with increasing larger bandwidths, radio frequency (RF) design tends to grow in complexity. RF component design criteria such as power, amplitude ripple, gain flatness, phase distortion over bandwidth become increasingly more difficult to maintain with increasing bandwidths. What is need is an improved mechanism to increase waveform bandwidth of a radio frequency waveform during double sideband suppressed carrier modulation.

SUMMARY

In accordance with various embodiments of this disclosure, a method of increasing waveform bandwidth of a radio frequency waveform during double sideband suppressed carrier modulation is disclosed. The method comprises receiving a radio frequency waveform by a bandwidth multiplier and increasing a bandwidth of the received radio frequency waveform; and providing the bandwidth increased radio frequency waveform to a radio-frequency input of an optical modulator to generate additional waveform bandwidth of a radio frequency waveform during double sideband suppressed carrier modulation.
The method according to the invention may also present one or more of the characteristics below, considered individually or according to all technically possible combinations:

the optical modulator includes a Mach-Zehnder optical modulator;
the method according to the invention further comprises:
- o biasing the Mach-Zehnder optical modulator by a direct current power source;
- suppressed carrier mode; and
- o creating multiple harmonics of the radio frequency waveform during modulation of an optical carrier to produce a dual sideband suppressed carrier optical waveform;
the method according to the invention further comprises optically filtering the dual sideband suppressed carrier optical waveform to create a single sideband suppressed carrier waveform by an optical bandpass filter;
the bandwidth of the radio frequency waveform is increased by performing one or more bandwidth doubling operations by a radio frequency doubler prior to being modulated onto an optical carrier by the optical modulator;
the method according to the invention further comprises providing one or more digital waveform samples into a digital to analog converter to produce the received radio frequency waveform;
the optical bandpass filter includes a Fiber Bragg Grating;
the bandwidth increased radio frequency waveform is provided to a radio-frequency input of the optical modulator.

In accordance with various embodiments of this disclosure, an apparatus for increasing waveform bandwidth of a radio frequency waveform during double sideband suppressed carrier modulation is disclosed. The apparatus comprises a bandwidth multiplier arranged to receive a radio frequency waveform and to increase a bandwidth of the received radio frequency waveform; and an optical modulator including a radio-frequency input that is arranged to receive the bandwidth increased radio frequency waveform, wherein the optical modulator is arranged to generate additional waveform bandwidth of the radio frequency waveform during double sideband suppressed carrier modulation.
The apparatus according to the invention may also present one or more of the characteristics below, considered individually or according to all technically possible combinations:

the optical modulator includes a Mach-Zehnder optical modulator;
the Mach-Zehnder optical modulator is arranged to be biased by a direct current power source and operated in a dual sideband suppressed carrier mode to create multiple harmonics of the radio frequency waveform during modulation of an optical carrier to produce a dual sideband suppressed carrier optical waveform;
the apparatus according to the invention further comprises an optical bandpass filter that is configured to filter the dual sideband suppressed carrier optical waveform and create a single sideband suppressed carrier waveform at an output thereof;
the bandwidth of the radio frequency waveform is increased by performing one or more bandwidth doubling operations by a radio frequency doubler prior to being modulated onto an optical carrier by an optical modulator;
the optical modulator includes a radio-frequency input arranged to receive the bandwidth increased radio frequency waveform;
the optical bandpass filter includes a Fiber Bragg Grating;
the optical modulator includes a Mach-Zehnder optical modulator.

These and other features and characteristics, as well as the methods of operation and functions of the related elements of structure and the combination of parts and economies of manufacture, will become more apparent upon consideration of the following description and the appended claims with reference to the accompanying drawings, all of which form a part of this specification, wherein like reference numerals designate corresponding parts in the various Figures. It is to be expressly understood, however, that the drawings are for the purpose of illustration and description only and are not intended as a definition of the limits of claims. As used in the specification and in the claims, the singular form of "a", "an", and "the" include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Figure 1 shows an example block diagram for high bandwidth optical waveform synthesis in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.
Figure 2 shows an example of a frequency diagram for double sideband suppressed carrier modulation in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.
Figure 3 shows an example of a frequency diagram for single sideband suppressed carrier modulation in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.
Figure 4 shows an example block diagram of radio frequency doubling stage in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.
Figure 5 shows an example block diagram of a Mach-Zehnder RF-to-optical modulator in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.
Figure 6 shows Matlab simulation of Mach-Zehnder RF-to-Optical Transfer Function.
Figure 7 shows optical filtering of sidebands via a Fiber Bragg Grating.
Figure 8 shows a bandwidth measurement of first-order (N=1) upper optical sideband.
Figure 9 shows a bandwidth measurement of second-order (N=2) upper optical sideband.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In the description that follows, like components have been given the same reference numerals, regardless of whether they are shown in different embodiments. To illustrate an embodiment(s) of the present disclosure in a clear and concise manner, the drawings may not necessarily be to scale and certain features may be shown in somewhat schematic form. Features that are described and/or illustrated with respect to one embodiment may be used in the same way or in a similar way in one or more other embodiments and/or in combination with or instead of the features of the other embodiments.
Figure 1 shows an example block diagram for synthesizing high bandwidth, single-sideband, linear frequency modulated optical waveforms. Waveform synthesis begins with the creation of digital samples of a baseband waveform on a computer, using numerical software platform (1). Software platform (1) can be software such as MATLAB manufactured by The MathWorks headquartered in Natick, Massachusetts; however, other suitable software platform may be used. Digital samples (2) are transferred from the computer to a memory inside Arbitrary Waveform Generator (3). Arbitrary Waveform Generator (3) clocks waveform samples from memory to a digital-to-analog converter, producing the baseband radio frequency (RF) waveform (18) with bandwidth Δƒ_BASEBAND .
Conversion of the baseband RF waveform (18) to the final RF waveform (19) with bandwidth Δƒ_FINAL requires a total of M stages of RF upconversion, or frequency doubling circuitry (4), (5) and (6). Equation 1 describes the relationship between the baseband RF waveform (18), the number of modification stages, M, and the final RF waveform bandwidth (19).
$Δ f_{FINAL} = (2^{M}) * Δ f_{BASEBAND}$
Final RF waveform (19) is amplified by RF amplifier (7) and injected into RF waveform port (14) of optical modulator (9). Optical modulator (9) can be a Mach-Zehnder optical modulator; however, other suitable optical modulators may be used. For ease of discussion in this disclosure, optical modulator (9) will be described as a Mach-Zehnder optical modulator. A nominal 1.5µm wavelength narrow-linewidth laser source (8) is injected into optical input (13) and a voltage bias source (10) is injected into bias port (15). Optical modulator (9) modulates optical carrier (13) based upon RF input (14) and voltage bias (15), producing a modulated optical signal at output (16).
Optical modulator (9) can be configured to produce modulated optical signal (16) known as a double-sideband suppressed carrier (DSB-SC) waveform. For example, optical modulator (9) can be a Mach-Zehnder optical modulator. Figure 2 depicts the frequency spectrum of a DSB-SC optical waveform (16) showing residual optical carrier (101), first-order upper sideband (102) and first-order lower sideband (100). As can be seen in Figure 2, optical carrier signal (101) is suppressed in strength in relation to both first-order upper sideband waveform (102) and first-order lower sideband waveform (100). The upper and lower sidebands waveforms have bandwidth ƒ_BW Hertz shown by a dotted line. The upper sideband starts at frequency ƒ_λ + ƒ_RF and extends in bandwidth to ƒ_λ + ƒ_RF + ƒ_BW . The lower sideband starts at frequency ƒ_λ ― ƒ_RF and extends in bandwidth to ƒ_λ ― ƒ_RF ― ƒ_BW . The upper and lower sidebands define the frequency offset from the carrier at ƒ_λ . By way of a non-limiting example, at optical wavelengths near λ=1.55µm,ƒ_λ is approximately 192 THz, while ƒ_RF is approximately 16GHz.
The DSB-SC optical waveform can be passed through optical circulator (12) to bandpass optical filter (11), such as Fiber Bragg Grating which can be configured to filter out one sideband while operating in reflection mode. As shown in Figure 1, bandpass optical filter (11) may be a Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG); however, other suitable optical filters may be used. Optical filter (11) can be configured to act as an optical bandpass filter reflecting the optical sideband of interest while removing the other optical sideband and residual optical carrier. The result of the optical filtering is a single-sideband (SSB) optical modulation and the resulting SSB optical waveform has the RF signal characteristics imposed onto the optical carrier. Final optical waveform (17) is known as a single-sideband suppressed-carrier waveform (SSB-SC).
Figure 3 depicts the frequency spectrum of a SSB-SC optical waveform, showing residual optical carrier (111), residual first-order lower sideband (110), first-order upper sideband signal (112) (also shown at 17 in Figure 1) and optical filter (113), such as the Fiber Bragg Grating (also shown at 11 in Figure 1). As can be seen in Figure 3, both the residual carrier at a frequency of ƒ_λ and the lower sideband starting at frequency ƒ_λ ― ƒ_RF and with bandwidth extending to ƒ_λ―ƒ_RF ― ƒ_BW are both suppressed in strength in relation to the upper sideband waveform. In an embodiment, the Fiber Bragg Grating does not eliminate the residual carrier and lower sideband entirely; however it is attenuated by 30dBc or more, relative to the signal power of the upper sideband. The dotted-dashed line around the upper sideband waveform the selection of this sideband waveform resulting from the FBG filter.
Each of the RF upconversion or doubling stages (4,) (5) and (6) of Figure 1 can be expanded to show individual components; this is depicted in Figure 4. Input RF signal (25) can be filtered via bandpass (27) and low-pass (28) filters before amplification of filtered signal (35) by amplifier (29). Amplifier (29) can boost the signal level, and amplified signal (36) can then pass through RF isolator (30) and additional bandpass (31) and low-pass (32) filters to remove unwanted signal components from amplified signal (37). Amplified signal (37) can then be injected into RF doubler circuit (33) that multiplies the signal time-bandwidth property by a factor of two, for example. Doubled waveform (38) can then pass through another RF isolator (34) and emerge at output (26) of the radio frequency doubling stage. This waveform time-bandwidth modification process can be repeated M times to achieve final waveform bandwidth (19), as described by Equation 1.
Typically, creating final RF waveform (19) from baseband RF waveform (18) tends to include significant amounts of extremely high performance RF circuitry, such as (4), (5) and (6) shown in Figure 1 and the components described above in Figure 4, to modify the time-bandwidth properties of the RF waveform. As the ratio of RF waveform to RF device bandwidth, or fractional bandwidth, approaches unity, RF performance specifications, including gain, gain uniformity, output power, output ripple, phase shift and group delay are extremely difficult to achieve. Thus, a simpler method for creating optical waveforms with large time-bandwidth products is desired.
In accordance with various aspect of the present disclosure, a Mach-Zehnder RF to Optical Transfer Function can be exploited to simplify the overall system architecture of Figure 1. As such, the synthesis of multiple optical harmonics can be used to reduce the number of stages, M, of RF upconversion circuitry, such as (4), (5) and (6) of Figure 1 and the components shown in Figure 4.
Figure 5 shows a block diagram of Mach-Zehnder RF to optical modulator of Reference 9 of Figure 1, and the associated phase terms that describe the optical wavefronts inside the device at the locations specified by the dashed lines. The optical carrier is injected into the Mach-Zehnder input port (50) (also shown at 13 in Figure 1) and is divided (58) into optical signals of equal power but with 90 degree phase shift (52), (55). After the voltage bias (53) is applied, one optical path, arm 2, of the Mach-Zehnder has phase given by the amplitude and phase (54) in Figure 5. The other signal (55) in arm 1 is modified according to the RF input signal (56) (also shown at 19 in Figure 1) and has resulting amplitude and phase (57). The optical paths of the Mach-Zehnder are optically mixed (59), producing the final output optical waveform (51).
Equation 2 defines the complex electric field of the optical carrier at the Mach-Zehnder output 51.
$E_{OUT 1} = \frac{E_{0}}{2} e^{jkL_{1} (n + \frac{\partial n}{\partial V} V_{RF} (t))} - \frac{E_{0}}{2} e^{jkL_{2} (n + \frac{\partial n}{\partial V} V_{BIAS})}$
Equation 3, which defines the optical intensity at the Mach-Zehnder output 51, can be derived from Equation 2.
$I_{OUT 1}^{2} = E_{OUT 1} E_{OUT 1}^{*} = \frac{E_{0}^{2}}{2} [1 - \cos (k L_{2} (n + \frac{\partial n}{\partial V} V_{BIAS}) + k L_{1} (n + \frac{\partial n}{\partial V} V_{RF} (t)))]$
The first cosine function term in Equation 3, involving V_BIAS , is purely a static phase term that changes when the applied bias voltage is altered. The second cosine function term in Equation 3 is related to the input RF signal (56) (also shown at 14 in Figure 1), V_RF(t), defined below in Equation 4. The bandwidth of the signal, Δƒ_FINAL , in Equation 4 is determined by modifying the baseband RF waveform (18) time-bandwidth product M times, per Equation 1.
Equation 4. Definition of Input RF Signal, V_RF(t).
$V_{RF} (t) = Δ f_{BASEBAND} * 2^{M} = \sin (2 πft + \frac{μ t^{2}}{2}) * 2^{M}$
Terms in Equation 3 can be redefined and substituted into Equation 4 to produce Equations 5, 6 and 7 which define the Mach-Zehnder optical output signal (51) as a function of the bias voltage (53) and input RF signal (56). Collectively, Equations 5, 6 and 7 are known as the Mach-Zehnder RF-to-Optical Transfer Function.
$I_{OUT 1}^{2} = E_{OUT 1} E_{OUT 1}^{*} = \frac{E_{0}^{2}}{2} [1 - \cos (ϕ_{BIAS} + ϕ_{RF} (t))]$
$ϕ_{BIAS} = k L_{2} (n + \frac{\partial n}{\partial V} V_{BIAS})$
$ϕ_{RF} (t) = k L_{1} (n + \frac{\partial n}{\partial V} [\sin (2 πft + \frac{u t^{2}}{2}) * 2^{M}])$
Figure 6 shows Matlab simulation of Equations 5, 6 and 7 using arbitrarily chosen final RF waveform (19) signal properties. The optical output of Mach-Zehnder (51) or the magnitude of the transfer function as described in relation to Equations 5, 6 and 7 is plotted on the y-axis with optical power in dB. The x-axis represents frequency in GHz relative to the Mach-Zehnder optical carrier input (50) (also shown at 13 in Figure 1). Applying the proper voltage bias to V_BIAS on the Mach-Zehnder bias port (53) can set ϕ_BIAS of Equation 6 to be equal to π/2 radians. This bias point causes the Mach-Zehnder modulator to produce a DSB-SC optical signal (51) (also shown at 16 in Figure 1) containing multiple harmonic sidebands of the optical carrier. Figure 6 depicts this multi-harmonic DSB-SC optical signal containing the first-order upper sideband (76), first-order lower sideband (75), second-order upper sideband (77) and second-order lower sideband (78).
As can been seen in Figure 6, second-order optical sidebands (77), (78) have twice the bandwidth of first-order optical sidebands (75), (76). Exploiting the Mach-Zehnder RF to Optical Transform function enables M stages of waveform time-bandwidth modification to be split between RF circuitry (4), (5) and (6) and Mach-Zehnder modulator (9). Thus, Equation 1 can be re-written as Equation 8 below, describing how the synthesis of the N^th optical harmonic in the Mach-Zehnder modulator ( Equations 5, 6, 7 and Figure 6) can be used to simplify the design of RF doubler stages (4), (5) and (6), thus reducing the stage count from M to M-N+1.
$Δ f_{FINAL} = (2^{M - N + 1}) (2^{N - 1}) * Δ f_{BASEBAND}$
Figure 7 shows an optical spectrum measured by an Ando AQ6319 Optical Spectrum Analyzer, and represents the laboratory measurements of the system architecture described in Figure 1 and the Mach-Zehnder modulator simulation of Figure 6. The multisideband DSB-SC optical waveform (dotted line, Figure 7) possessing frequency spectrum similar to Figure 2 can be filtered via Fiber Bragg Grating (11) to remove unwanted sidebands leaving a SSB-SC optical waveform (17); the black trace in Figure 7 represents the optically filtered SSB-SC optical waveform (17) possessing a frequency spectrum depicted in Figure 3. The x-axis of Figure 7 is shown in nanometers, instead of frequency, hence the upper sidebands are shown on the left hand side near the shorter wavelength and corresponding higher frequency portion of the plot.
Baseband RF waveform 18 with 500MHz bandwidth underwent three stages (M=3) of time-bandwidth modification (4), (5) and (6), producing final RF waveform (19) with 4GHz bandwidth. 4GHz final RF waveform (19) was modulated onto 1.5µm optical carrier (8), and used to produce 4GHz first-order (N=1) SSB-SC optical waveform (17, Figure 3) shown on the dotted line of Figure 8.
Creating 8GHz SSB-SC optical waveform 17 would require 4 stages (M=4) of time-bandwidth modification (4), (5) and (6) given an identical baseband RF waveform (18) of 500MHz bandwidth and a Mach-Zehnder producing a first-order (N=1) optical harmonic. Exploitation of Mach-Zehnder RF to Optical Transfer Function, as described in Equations 5, 6 and 7, in conjunction with Fiber Bragg Grating filters (11), enabled the synthesis of an 2^nd harmonic (N=2) 8GHz SSB-SC optical waveform (17) using the same three stages (M=3) of time-bandwidth modification (4), (5) and (6) as the 4GHz waveform. This 8GHz SSB-SC optical waveform, including bandwidth measurement, is plotted as the black trace in Figure 9.
Although the above disclosure discusses what is currently considered to be a variety of useful embodiments, it is to be understood that such detail is solely for that purpose, and that the appended claims are not limited to the disclosed embodiments, but, on the contrary, are intended to cover modifications and equivalent arrangements that are within the spirit and scope of the appended claims.

Claims

A method of increasing waveform bandwidth of a radio frequency waveform during double sideband suppressed carrier modulation, the method comprising:
receiving a radio frequency waveform by a bandwidth multiplier;

increasing a bandwidth of the received radio frequency waveform; and

providing the bandwidth increased radio frequency waveform to an optical modulator to generate additional waveform bandwidth of a radio frequency waveform during double sideband suppressed carrier modulation.
The method according to claim 1, wherein the optical modulator includes a Mach-Zehnder optical modulator.
The method according to claim 2, further comprising:
biasing the Mach-Zehnder optical modulator by a direct current power source;

operating the Mach-Zehnder optical modulator in a dual sideband suppressed carrier mode; and

creating multiple harmonics of the radio frequency waveform during modulation of an optical carrier to produce a dual sideband suppressed carrier optical waveform.
The method according to claim 3, further comprising:
optically filtering the dual sideband suppressed carrier optical waveform to create a single sideband suppressed carrier waveform by an optical bandpass filter.
The method according to claim 4, wherein the optical bandpass filter includes a Fiber Bragg Grating.
The method according to anyone of the previous claims, wherein the bandwidth of the radio frequency waveform is increased by performing one or more bandwidth doubling operations by a radio frequency doubler prior to being modulated onto an optical carrier by the optical modulator.
The method according to anyone of the previous claims, further comprising:
providing one or more digital waveform samples into a digital to analog converter to produce the received radio frequency waveform.
The method according to anyone of the previous claims, wherein the bandwidth increased radio frequency waveform is provided to a radio-frequency input of the optical modulator.
An apparatus for increasing waveform bandwidth of a radio frequency waveform during double sideband suppressed carrier modulation, the apparatus comprising:
a bandwidth multiplier arranged to receive a radio frequency waveform and to increase a bandwidth of the received radio frequency waveform; and

an optical modulator arranged to receive the bandwidth increased radio frequency waveform, wherein the optical modulator is arranged to generate additional waveform bandwidth of the radio frequency waveform during double sideband suppressed carrier modulation.
The apparatus according to claim 9, wherein the optical modulator includes a Mach-Zehnder optical modulator.
The apparatus according to claim 10, wherein the Mach-Zehnder optical modulator is arranged to be biased by a direct current power source and operated in a dual sideband suppressed carrier mode to create multiple harmonics of the radio frequency waveform during modulation of an optical carrier to produce a dual sideband suppressed carrier optical waveform.
The apparatus according to claim 11, further comprising:
an optical bandpass filter that is configured to filter the dual sideband suppressed carrier optical waveform and create a single sideband suppressed carrier waveform at an output thereof.
The apparatus according to claim 12, wherein the optical bandpass filter includes a Fiber Bragg Grating.
The apparatus according to anyone of the claims 9 to 13, wherein the bandwidth of the radio frequency waveform is increased by performing one or more bandwidth doubling operations by a radio frequency doubler prior to being modulated onto an optical carrier by an optical modulator.
The apparatus according to anyone of the claims 9 to 14, wherein the optical modulator includes a radio-frequency input arranged to receive the bandwidth increased radio frequency waveform.
The apparatus according to anyone of the claims 13 to 15, wherein the optical modulator includes a Mach-Zehnder optical modulator.