EP2429035A1 - Matériau hybride pour absorption électromagnétique - Google Patents

Matériau hybride pour absorption électromagnétique Download PDF

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Publication number
EP2429035A1
EP2429035A1 EP10175887A EP10175887A EP2429035A1 EP 2429035 A1 EP2429035 A1 EP 2429035A1 EP 10175887 A EP10175887 A EP 10175887A EP 10175887 A EP10175887 A EP 10175887A EP 2429035 A1 EP2429035 A1 EP 2429035A1
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Prior art keywords
hybrid material
thickness
grid panel
polymer composite
composite material
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EP10175887A
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German (de)
English (en)
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EP2429035B1 (fr
Inventor
Christophe Detrembleur
Isabelle Huynen
Jean-Michel Thomassin
Quentin Furnemont
Thomas Pardoen
Christian Bailly
Stéphanie Eggermont
Nicolas Quievy
Laetitia Urbanczyk
Isabel Molenberg
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Universite Catholique de Louvain UCL
Universite de Liege ULG
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Universite Catholique de Louvain UCL
Universite de Liege ULG
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Priority to EP10175887A priority Critical patent/EP2429035B1/fr
Priority to PCT/EP2011/065554 priority patent/WO2012032117A1/fr
Publication of EP2429035A1 publication Critical patent/EP2429035A1/fr
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q17/00—Devices for absorbing waves radiated from an antenna; Combinations of such devices with active antenna elements or systems
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q15/00—Devices for reflection, refraction, diffraction or polarisation of waves radiated from an antenna, e.g. quasi-optical devices
    • H01Q15/0006—Devices acting selectively as reflecting surface, as diffracting or as refracting device, e.g. frequency filtering or angular spatial filtering devices
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q17/00—Devices for absorbing waves radiated from an antenna; Combinations of such devices with active antenna elements or systems
    • H01Q17/002—Devices for absorbing waves radiated from an antenna; Combinations of such devices with active antenna elements or systems using short elongated elements as dissipative material, e.g. metallic threads or flake-like particles

Definitions

  • the present invention relates generally to the field of electromagnetic absorption.
  • the invention relates to a hybrid material for absorbing electromagnetic radiation and a method for making such a material.
  • Electromagnetic pollution is a subject of worldwide preoccupation regarding potentially harmful health issues and proper operation of a wide range of electrical devices. Indications of potential health problems due to electromagnetic pollution are indeed sometimes related (see for instance the article by Adang D. et al., entitled “Results of a long-term low-level microwave exposure of rats” in IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, 57, 2488-2497 (2009 )). Electromagnetic interferences (EMI) can also have dramatic consequences on the functioning of electrical devices such as in medical or airspace applications.
  • EMI Electromagnetic interferences
  • a simple metallic foil is sufficient to reflect an incident electromagnetic wave and to preserve the electrical integrity of a system, or to avoid the electromagnetic radiations to escape the system.
  • true absorption of the electromagnetic radiation is recommended and sometimes mandatory.
  • the self reflection of the waves can be detrimental on proper operation.
  • True electromagnetic absorption is also required in anechoic chambers for testing electronic devices, antennas and the like and in stealth military applications (naval or air crafts than cannot be detected).
  • Figure 1 shows a semi-infinite slab 70 of thickness t that is subjected to a normally incident electromagnetic radiation 60 of frequency f.
  • the medium is air.
  • equation (Eq. 2) carried out by the slab by using transmission line formalism and by imposing the required conditions of continuity of the electric and magnetic field at the interfaces of the slab. The result of such a calculation is given in equation (Eq.
  • the absorption index A of equation (Eq. 2) can be calculated for all existing materials based on known material properties data by using equation (Eq. 3). From such calculations, one can deduce that the best absorbing materials combine a dielectric constant ⁇ r as close as possible to 1 and a moderately high electrical conductivity ⁇ around 1 S/m. No existing simple material is found in this optimum area. Metals present a large conductivity such that the norm of the reflection coefficient
  • is almost equal to 1 and the electromagnetic wave is entirely reflected.
  • the best possibilities of single materials are, in principle, leather and plaster of Paris but these two materials do not present sufficiently high absorption indices for moderate thickness.
  • Composite materials emerge naturally as the solution when seemingly antagonist properties are required as in the present case involving a low dielectric constant (around 1) and moderately high conductivity (around 1 S/m).
  • Most polymers are electrical insulators such that they are transparent to electromagnetic radiations.
  • Reinforcing polymers with carbon based conductive loads such as carbon fillers, carbon nanotubes (CNT), carbon black or a mixture thereof constitutes an attractive option to reach the expected level of conductivity, around 1 S/m, at high frequency (see for instance the article by A. Saib et al.
  • Salisbury screens are well-known by the persons skilled in the art as panels for strongly decreasing the reflection of an incident electromagnetic wave.
  • a radiation strikes the surface of the panel, it is split into two waves of equal intensity thanks to the use of a specific layer.
  • the first wave is reflected on the external surface of the panel whereas the second wave passes through a dielectric layer before being reflected by a second surface.
  • the thickness of the dielectric layer is chosen to be equal to a quarter of the wavelength of the frequency of the electromagnetic radiation.
  • the extra distance the second wave travels causes it to be 180° out of phase with the first wave.
  • the two waves combine and cancel each other. Therefore, there is no electromagnetic energy that is reflected by the panel.
  • this material should also have a tunable thermal conductivity, high or low depending on the need, such a property being critical for electronic or housing applications, should be light and able to withstand mechanical deformations.
  • the present invention relates to a hybrid material that efficiently absorbs electromagnetic radiation and to a method for making such a material.
  • a hybrid material comprises at least one grid panel of thickness t 1 having holes traversing said thickness t 1 , at least one polymer composite material of thickness t 2 filling at least partially the holes of the at least one grid panel, said at least one polymer composite material including a polymer matrix and conductive particles dispersed into said polymer matrix, characterized in that the internal surface of the holes of the at least one grid panel is metallic.
  • the thickness t 2 of the at least one polymer composite material filling at least partially the holes of the at least one grid panel is smaller than the thickness t 1 of the at least one grid panel.
  • the shape of the holes traversing the thickness t 1 of the grid panel is a prism with a hexagonal base.
  • the conductive particles dispersed into the polymer matrix of the at least one polymer composite material are carbon based conductive loads.
  • the carbon based conductive loads comprise carbon based fillers, carbon nanotubes, carbon black or a mixture thereof.
  • carbon nanotubes are chosen as carbon based conductive loads, one could preferably choose to position them in such a manner that their axes are perpendicular to the thickness t 1 of the at least one grid panel.
  • the at least one grid panel is metallic.
  • the at least one grid panel (20) is not metallic and the internal surface of the holes of the grid panel is metalized.
  • hybrid material is characterized in that the lateral surfaces of said hybrid material are covered by additional sheets of materials whereby the bending stiffness and / or the mechanical strength of the resultant panel are increased.
  • Another possibility to improve the absorption of an incident electromagnetic radiation in a range of frequency is to deform the hybrid material.
  • the at least one polymer composite material is a foam.
  • the at least one polymer composite material is a foam
  • hybrid material further comprises at least one dielectric layer between said hybrid material and at least one additional hybrid material.
  • the hybrid material further comprises at least one dielectric layer between said hybrid material and at least one additional hybrid material
  • a dielectric layer that comprises a polymer matrix
  • a process for making a hybrid material that absorbs an electromagnetic radiation includes the steps of: forming a polymer composite material by dispersion of particles in a melt polymer matrix or by a co precipitation process, inserting a grid panel of thickness t 1 having holes traversing said thickness t 1 in the polymer composite material, optionally foaming the composite material before or after the step of insertion of the grid panel.
  • the method includes the steps of: casting in a grid panel of thickness t 1 having holes traversing said thickness t 1 reactants that are monomers, solvent, particles, catalyst or polymerization initiator, exposing the set obtained in the first step to polymerization conditions, optionally foaming the resultant material.
  • Fig.1 shows an electromagnetic radiation that is normally incident to a semi-infinite slab of thickness t.
  • Fig.2 shows a preferred embodiment of the hybrid material of the invention.
  • Fig. 2(a) represents a grid panel when the holes have the shape of a prism with a regular hexagonal base.
  • Fig. 2(b) relates to the polymer composite material filling the holes of the grid panel when said polymer composite material has a foam structure.
  • Fig. 2(c) is a zoom inside the polymer composite material comprising a polymer matrix and conductive particles when said conductive particles are carbon nanotubes (CNT).
  • CNT carbon nanotubes
  • Fig.3 shows the frequency variation of the measured absorption index A per unit thickness of a hybrid material of the invention and of a polymer composite material alone.
  • Fig.4 shows the frequency variation of the calculated absorption index A per unit thickness of a hybrid material of the invention and of a polymer composite material alone.
  • Fig.5 shows the frequency variation of the calculated dielectric constant of a hybrid material of the invention and of a polymer composite material alone.
  • Fig.6 shows the frequency variation of the measured reflection index R of a hybrid material of the invention and of a polymer composite material alone.
  • Fig.7 shows the frequency evolution around 30 GHz of the calculated absorption index A of a hybrid material and of a polymer composite material alone when the thickness of the corresponding slabs is equal to 3 cm.
  • Fig.8 shows the measured evolution of the absorption index A in percent with frequency of a hybrid material of the invention and of a polymer composite material alone when said polymer composite material has a thickness t 2 that is smaller than the thickness t 1 of the grid panel.
  • Fig.9 shows the geometries used with the Finite-Element simulations.
  • Fig.9(a) represents the used geometry when the simulations consider that the absorbing slab only comprises a polymer composite material.
  • Fig.9(b) shows the used geometry when the absorbing slab is made of a hybrid material according to the invention.
  • Fig.10 shows the results of the analytical calculations and of the Finite-Element simulations for the variation of the absorption index A (in percent) with respect to frequency when the electrical conductivity of the polymer composite material is equal to 0.5 S/m.
  • the thickness of the slab is equal to 5 mm and both calculations are carried out for a hybrid material according to the invention and for a polymer composite material alone.
  • Fig.11 shows the results of the analytical calculations and of the Finite-Element simulations for the variation of the absorption index A (in percent) with respect to frequency when the electrical conductivity of the polymer composite material is equal to 1 S/m.
  • the thickness of the slab is equal to 5 mm and both calculations are carried out for a hybrid material according to the invention and for a polymer composite material alone.
  • Fig.12 shows the calculated reflection index R (in decibels) versus frequency of a hybrid material according to the invention and of a polymer composite material alone.
  • Fig.13 shows the results of the analytical calculations and of the Finite-Element simulations for the variation of the absorption index A (in percent) with respect to frequency when the electrical conductivity of the polymer composite material is equal to 0.5 S/m.
  • the thickness of the slab is equal to 10 mm and both calculations are carried out for a hybrid material according to the invention and for a polymer composite material alone.
  • Fig.14 shows the frequency evolution of the absorption capabilities of a hybrid material according to the invention when said hybrid material is deformed.
  • Fig.15 shows at several frequencies the value of the performance index M 1 for different materials for which the absorption index A has been fixed to 90 %.
  • Fig.16 presents the frequency evolution of the performance index M 2 versus frequency for different materials for which the absorption index A has been fixed to 90 %.
  • Fig.17 represents the equivalent circuit of the hybrid material.
  • Fig.18 represents the equivalent circuit of a material comprising at least two hybrid materials separated by a dielectric layer.
  • Fig.19 shows the calculated absorption index A versus frequency carried out by a hybrid material of the invention and by a material composed of fifteen hybrid materials, each separated by a dielectric layer.
  • the inventors have found that inserting a specific grid panel 20 into such a polymer composite material 30 reduces the dielectric constant ⁇ r of the resulting material over the whole electromagnetic spectrum, ⁇ r being even equal to 1 in a specific frequency range which leads to an efficient absorbing material.
  • the inventors propose to combine the wave guide properties of the grid panel 20 and the dissipative properties of the polymer composite material 30.
  • the grid panel 20 has a thickness t 1 and holes 25 traversing said thickness t 1 .
  • the grid panel 20 presents good wave guide properties if the internal surface of the holes 25 is composed of a material presenting a very high electrical conductivity, which means an electrical conductivity ⁇ that is equal or higher than 10 6 S/m at 20 °C (293.15 K). So, to obtain the material of the invention, that we name hybrid material 10, one needs to use a grid panel 20 such that the internal surface of the holes 25 of said grid panel 20 is metallic. Examples of metals that can be used for the internal surface of the holes 25 of the grid panel 20 are silver, aluminium, gold, copper or other metals having a high electrical conductivity. Inserting a grid panel in a polymer charged with conductive particles has been notably proposed in the article by H Yanfei et al.
  • the grid panel is only used to enhance the mechanical properties of the resulting material.
  • the grid panel 20 of the hybrid material 10 of the invention is used for its waveguide properties.
  • FIG 2 shows a preferred embodiment of the hybrid material 10 of the invention.
  • a hybrid material 10 comprises a grid panel 20 having a thickness t 1 and holes 25 traversing said thickness t 1 (see figure 2(a) ) and a polymer composite material 30 having a thickness t 2 .
  • a cross-section of the polymer composite material 30 that fills the holes 25 of the grid panel 20 is shown in figure 2(b) .
  • t 2 t 1 , t 2 ⁇ t 1 or t 2 > t 1 . So, the holes 25 of the grid panel 20 can be only partially filled by the polymer composite material 30.
  • the embodiment corresponding to t 2 ⁇ t 1 allows one to use the unfilled portion of the grid panel 20 as a reflective protection when such an unfilled portion is placed at the exit of the hybrid material 10. Then, the part of the electromagnetic radiation 60 that is not be absorbed by the polymer composite material 30 during its first crossing of the hybrid material 10 is reflected by the unfilled part of the grid panel 20 and undergoes a second absorption during its backward crossing into the polymer composite material 30.
  • the grid panel 20 has the form of a honeycomb lattice, which means that the holes 25 have the form of a prism with a regular hexagonal base, but other shapes could be used (square holes, circular holes, irregular polygons).
  • the angle ⁇ depicted in figure 2(a) is equal to 60 °.
  • the parameter X in figure 2(a) represents the size of a side of a hexagonal hole of the honeycomb lattice.
  • Only the internal surface of the holes 25 of the grid panel 20 needs to be metallic. So, one can use for instance a non-metallic grid panel 20 if the internal surface of the holes 25 of the grid panel 20 is covered by a metallic layer.
  • a metallic layer can be deposited by any suitable chemical or physical deposition method (sputtering, electrochemical deposition methods are two possible examples). In applications requiring a good thermal dissipation, one would rather choose a metallic grid panel 20.
  • the inventors have notably used an aluminium grid panel 20 because of its combined properties of lightness and stiffness.
  • Such grid panels 20 can be purchased or made by conventional techniques used for producing honeycomb lattices (extrusion as an example).
  • the holes 25 of the honeycomb lattice of figure 2(a) are filled at least partially along the thickness t 1 with a polymer composite material 30 that is shown in figure 2(b) .
  • the composite polymer material 30 comprises a polymer matrix 40 and conductive particles 50 that are dispersed into said polymer matrix 40 (see figure 2(c) ). All known polymer material can be used for the polymer matrix 40.
  • the polymer matrix 40 can be selected from the group consisting of polylactic acid, polyglycolic acid, poly( ⁇ -caprolactone), polyhydroxyalkanoate, polyacrylates, polymethacrylates, polyurethanes, polycarbonates, polyamides, polyetheretherketones, polyvinylalcohols, polyesteramines, polyesteramides, polysulfones, polyimides, polyethyleneglycol, fluronated polymers, polystyrene and derivatives, or mixtures thereof.
  • conductive particles 50 are dispersed into the polymer matrix 40.
  • Different types of conductive particles 50 can be used and mixed. The only requirement is that such particles have a much higher electrical conductivity than the polymer matrix 40.
  • Carbon based particles can have the form of carbon based fillers, carbon nanotubes (CNT), carbon black. A few percent of CNT has indeed shown to raise electrical conductivity of the resulting charged polymer at high frequency owing to virtual connections created by electrical capacitances existing between closely spaced nanotubes.
  • CNT are used as conductive particles 50
  • the predominant propagation mode does not have typically any component of the electric field along the thickness t 1 of the grid panel 20.
  • the composite polymer material 30 has a foam structure.
  • a foam structure for the polymer composite material 30 is preferred to induce a decrease of reflection of an incident electromagnetic radiation 60, such a structure is not necessary in the present invention.
  • the grid panel 20 can be inserted in the polymer composite material 30 that is already formed, for example by heating the grid panel 20 and/or the polymer composite material 30 and by pressing to the grid panel 20 for its insertion in the polymer composite material 30. If a foamed polymer composite material 30 is wanted, the foaming process can be applied after or before the insertion of the grid panel 20. Foams can be obtained by using supercritical carbon dioxide or by using classical foaming agents. All known methods by persons skilled in the art can be used for the preparation of the polymer composite material 30. In particular, the conductive particles 50 can be dispersed in the melt polymer matrix 40 or by a co precipitation process.
  • the preparation of the polymer composite material 30 can be carried out in the grid panel 20 itself.
  • a liquid mixture including the required reactants is then casted in the grid panel 20 and exposed to polymerization conditions to obtain the polymer composite material 30.
  • a foaming process can be applied if requested.
  • the polymer composite material 30 is a foamed structure that comprises a polyurethane (TPU) or poly( ⁇ -caprolactone) matrix and carbon nanotubes (CNT). Samples prepared by this technique were used for evaluating the absorbing capabilities of the hybrid material 10 of the invention.
  • TPU polyurethane
  • CNT carbon nanotubes
  • Polyurethane (PU, Desmopan ® 2590A, Bayer) or poly( ⁇ -caprolactone) (PCL, CAPA6500, Perstorp UK) is melt blended with 1 or 2 wt% of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (Nanocyl 7000, 90%) in a counter-rotating twin-screw static mixer (Brabender ® ) at 180°C (PU) or 100°C (PCL) for 5 min at 60 rpm.
  • the polymer composite material 30 is then pressed for 5 min in a hot press at 180°C (PU) or 100°C (PCL) in order to obtain ready-to-foam 4 mm-thick sheets.
  • the sheets are then placed in a high pressure vessel at 60°C (PU) or 50°C (PCL) and the vessel is then pressurized with CO 2 (99.5%, Air Liquide, Belgium) at 250 bar (ISCO pump) for 24h in order to ensure equilibrium of saturation. The pressure is then released within 30 s. PCL composites foam under these conditions, while saturated PU-based sheets are quickly transferred between two hot plates at 120°C for two minutes to induce foaming. The foams are finally quenched in an ice/water bath.
  • PU 60°C
  • PCL 50°C
  • an aluminium honeycomb lattice (Liming HoneycombComposites Co., Ltd., China), forming 6 mm-sided hexagons, is incorporated in the composite foam mechanically after heating at 220°C (PU) or 120°C (PCL) in an oven. The heated honeycomb is slowly penetrated into the foam by manual pressing.
  • PU 220°C
  • PCL 120°C
  • the honeycomb lattice that represents the grid panel 20 has a thickness t 1 equal to 5 mm and the polymer composite material 30 comprises a polyurethane foam matrix with a concentration of 2 wt% of CNT.
  • the thickness t 2 of the polymer composite material 30 is equal to t 1 and said polymer composite material 30 fills the holes 25 of the grid panel 20 all along the thickness t 1 .
  • the reflection and absorption characteristics have been measured by using a Vector Network Analyser Model Wiltron 360. A set of calibration measurements has been primarily performed in order to remove the influence of connectors.
  • Figure 3 shows the measured absorption index per unit thickness in percent A / mm versus frequency.
  • the solid curve represents the absorption index of sample 1 (hybrid material 10 of the invention) whereas the dashed curve has been obtained with the same polymer composite material 30 as sample 1 but without the grid panel 20.
  • the curve discontinuities are due to changes of the measurement probe in the different frequency intervals.
  • the absorption carried out by sample 1 (hybrid material 10) is larger than the absorption carried out by the polymer composite material 30 alone in a range of frequency. More specifically, the absorption index of the hybrid material 10 presents a peak at 6.6 GHz.
  • Equation (Eq. 3) one can calculate the absorption index A of the hybrid material 10. Then, one needs to know its complex effective dielectric constant ⁇ eff, h .
  • equations of propagation of an electromagnetic wave in a waveguide filled with a material having a complex effective dielectric constant ⁇ eff,c the polymer composite material 30 in our case
  • ⁇ h j ⁇ ⁇ eff , c ⁇ ⁇ 2 c 0 2 - m ⁇ a 2 - n ⁇ b 2
  • n and m are integers representing different modes of propagation in the metallic grid.
  • Figure 7 shows the frequency evolution around 30 GHz of the calculated absorption indices of two materials when their thickness is equal to 3 cm.
  • the thickness t 1 of the grid panel 20 is equal to the thickness t 2 of the polymer composite material 30.
  • a sample having t 2 ⁇ t 1 and that we name sample 2 has been prepared by the same technique as sample 1.
  • Figure 8 shows the measured evolution of the absorption index A in percent with frequency for sample 2 (solid line) and for the polymer composite material 30 alone (dashed curve).
  • sample 1 we observe that the insertion of the grid panel 20 allows one to increase the absorption capabilities.
  • the increase is large: for f-8 GHz, the absorption index A increases from around 30 % for the polymer composite material 30 alone to around 90 % when the grid panel 20 is inserted.
  • the slab is sandwiched between two thin air layers modeling the surrounding environment.
  • the advantage of using analytical calculations and Finite-Element simulations is that the parameters characterizing the hybrid material 10 can be changed easily to study their effect on the absorbing power.
  • the following parameters were varied: the electrical conductivity ⁇ of the polymer composite material 30, the thickness t of the slab, and the size X of the side of a hexagonal hole 25.
  • Figures 10 and 11 show the results of the analytical calculations and of the simulations for the variation of the absorption index A (in percent) with respect to frequency.
  • the electrical conductivity ⁇ of the polymer composite material 30 is equal to 0.5 S/m (respectively 1 S/m).
  • the absorption index A is increased when the metallic honeycomb grid panel 20 is inserted in the polymer composite material 30.
  • the absorption index also increases.
  • the size X of the side of a honeycomb hole is decreased (from 2 mm to 0.9 mm)
  • the frequency for which the absorption presents a peak is increased (from f ⁇ 30 GHz to f ⁇ 60 GHz). This is due to the increase of the cut-off frequency of the metallic grid as X decreases.
  • an additional advantage of the hybrid material 10 of the invention is to allow one to change the frequency range corresponding to a high power absorption by modifying the size of the holes 25 of the grid panel 20.
  • the dashed curve represents the frequency variation of the reflection index for the polymer composite material 30 alone.
  • ⁇ r 3.
  • figure 2(a) shows how ⁇ is defined and it is assumed in these calculations that the thickness t 1 of the grid panel 20 is equal to the thickness t 2 of the polymer composite material 30. From figure 14 , we see that the frequency corresponding to a peak of the index A decreases as ⁇ decreases. Hence, the variation of the angle ⁇ is another possibility to modulate the peak of maximum absorption of the hybrid material 10.
  • the hybrid material 10 Compared to a single polymer composite material 30, the hybrid material 10 introduces additional degrees of freedom towards multifunctional panels, with a potential to optimize density, stiffness, and thermal insulation.
  • two material selection procedures involving an electromagnetic absorption constraint and an objective towards optimizing another material property are described now, following the rationale developed by M. F. Ashby in "Materials Selection in Mechanical Design, Third edition” (Elsevier 2005 ).
  • a first important design constraint typical of transportation or human body protection is lightness.
  • the performance index M 1 can be calculated by using equations (Eq.3) and equation (Eq. 10) for different materials for which p, ⁇ r and ⁇ are known.
  • Figure 15 shows at several frequencies the value of the performance index M 1 for different materials for which the absorption index A has been fixed to 90 %.
  • the nanocomposite foam has a dielectric constant ranging between 3 and 3.5, an electrical conductivity ranging between 0.7 and 1.2 S/m, and a relative density of 0.3.
  • Hybrid 1 (respectively hybrid 2) has a relative density of 0.39 (respectively 0.44).
  • the plaster of Paris does not reach an absorption level of 0.9 with as consequence that M 1 is equal to zero.
  • hybrid materials 10 could be obtained with a metalized polymer based grid panel 20.
  • face sheets can be added on one or on the two sides of the hybrid material 10. It can be noted that the corresponding thickness relative to the hybrid materials are realistic for applications (between 5 and 15 mm).
  • the second selection procedure aims at finding the optimum material for an application involving electromagnetic absorption and thermal dissipation. This is typical of an electric or electronic device from which heat must be evacuated.
  • the grid panel 20 is an aluminium honeycomb lattice.
  • the performance indices M 2 of the six materials used in the first selection procedure were calculated and compared.
  • the absorption index A has been fixed to 90 %.
  • the thermal conductivity can be predicted from a simple multi-steps homogenization theory starting from the CNT reinforced polymer up to the hybrid material 10.
  • the thermal conductivity of the hybrid material 10 essentially comes from the aluminium grid panel 20 for which a minimum value of 100 W/(m K) was chosen for the thermal conductivity.
  • Figure 16 presents the evolution of the performance indices M 2 versus frequency for the six studied materials. The evolution of the index M 2 of the plaster of Paris is too low to be visible on figure 16 . From this figure, we see that once again the hybrid materials 10 show very interesting properties. Leather and SiC foam could compete with the nanocomposite foam but are far to reach the performance of hybrid 1 over the whole frequency range and hybrid 2 from 30 GHz.
  • one face metallic sheet could be added (on the outer surface, to avoid reflectivity).
  • the metallic grid panel 20 can be replaced by a polymer grid panel 20 such that the internal surface of its holes 25 is metalized.
  • the bending stiffness or strength of the hybrid material 10 can be optimized by addition and proper selection of face sheet materials. Additional degrees of freedom are provided by using graded foam densities for the polymer composite material 30 and more complex hole shapes. To widen the frequency range where the hybrid material 10 presents a large absorption index, one could use a superposition of grid panels 20 filled with eventually different polymer composite materials 30, each grid panel 20 having a different hole size. Hence, the hybrid material 10 can include more than one grid panel 20 and more than one polymer composite material 30.
  • hybrid material 10 one possibility to decrease the frequency corresponding to a high power of absorption of the hybrid material 10 is to increase the size of the holes 25 of the grid panel 20. Then, one also has to increase the thickness t of the hybrid material 10 to keep high levels of absorption. However, such an increase cannot be too large except for anechoic chambers and other building applications.
  • the inventors propose to superpose different hybrid materials 10 separated by dielectric layers 80. To obtain such a material, one can simply glue the different layers (hybrid material 10 and dielectric layer 80) by using all known gluing techniques.
  • the hybrid material 10 can be represented by the equivalent circuit of figure 17 .
  • the inductance L 2 and the capacitance C 2 of figure 17 form a resonant circuit characterized by a cut-off frequency. Below this frequency, there is no transmission and total reflection because L 2 dominates over C 2 , forming the circuit ⁇ L 1 ,L 2 ⁇ . Above the cut-off frequency of the hybrid material 10, there is transmission with attenuation following the transmission characteristics of the circuit composed of ⁇ L 1 ,C 2 ⁇ . If now, a dielectric layer 80 composed of a polymer composite material 30 as an example is inserted between two layers of hybrid material 10, the resultant equivalent circuit is the one depicted in figure 18 .
  • the equivalent circuit of the resultant material includes two resonant circuits ⁇ L 1 ,C 1 ⁇ and ⁇ L 2 ,C 2 ⁇ . From this circuit, we deduce that transmission (with absorption) is possible when L 1 dominates over C 1 and C 2 dominates over L 2 (circuit ⁇ L 1 ,C 2 ⁇ ) or when C 1 dominates over L 1 and L 2 dominates over C 2 (circuit ⁇ C 1 ,L 2 ⁇ ).
  • Transmission with circuit ⁇ C 1 ,L 2 ⁇ is not classical and is called « left-handed » because the group and phase velocities of the transmitted signal are in opposite direction. More than two hybrid materials 10 can be used, each separated by a dielectric layer 80 in order to get a quasi-homogeneous structure with respect to the wavelength in the direction of propagation.
  • Figure 19 shows the calculated absorption index versus frequency carried out by a hybrid material 10 (dashed curve) and by a material comprising fifteen hybrid materials 10, each separated by a dielectric layer 80 (solid curve).
  • the used grid panel 20 is an aluminium honeycomb lattice with a hole size X equal to 1 cm.
  • Each hybrid material 10 has a thickness equal to 1 mm, whereas the thickness of the dielectric layers 80 between each hybrid material 10 is equal to 0.25 mm.
  • Such a combination of hybrid materials can thus be used to absorb electromagnetic waves at lower frequencies while keeping reasonable overall thickness.
  • the measured and calculated performances of the hybrid material 10 and of the material including two or more hybrid materials 10 separated by dielectric layers 80 according to the invention show that efficient power of electromagnetic absorption can be obtained in the form of light stiff panels, said panels eventually forming a closed enclosure, with thermal management coming from the choice of the grid panel 20 and the polymer composite material 30, opening to many applications requiring electromagnetic absorption in housing, electronics, health protection as well as electromagnetic active filtering by changing the dimensions of the grid panel 20.
  • the absorption index increases from 30 % for a polymer composite material 30 alone to around 90 % for a hybrid material 10 according to the invention.
  • the invention also relates to the use of a hybrid material 10 or the use of two or more hybrid materials 10 separated by dielectric layers 80 for absorbing an electromagnetic radiation.

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EP10175887A 2010-09-09 2010-09-09 Matériau hybride pour absorption électromagnétique Not-in-force EP2429035B1 (fr)

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EP10175887A EP2429035B1 (fr) 2010-09-09 2010-09-09 Matériau hybride pour absorption électromagnétique
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CN108774390A (zh) * 2018-06-22 2018-11-09 四川大学 一种层状发泡吸波材料及其制备方法
CN113067165A (zh) * 2021-03-19 2021-07-02 西安电子科技大学 宽带小型化法布里-珀罗谐振腔天线
US20230226785A1 (en) * 2020-08-27 2023-07-20 Industry-Academic Cooperation Foundation Gyeongsang National University Anti-icing/de-icing honeycomb core composite material and method for manufacturing same

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CN109873251A (zh) * 2019-04-08 2019-06-11 郭长来 一种减少天线受到无线电磁波干扰的装置

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CN108774390A (zh) * 2018-06-22 2018-11-09 四川大学 一种层状发泡吸波材料及其制备方法
US20230226785A1 (en) * 2020-08-27 2023-07-20 Industry-Academic Cooperation Foundation Gyeongsang National University Anti-icing/de-icing honeycomb core composite material and method for manufacturing same
US11931978B2 (en) * 2020-08-27 2024-03-19 Industry-Academic Cooperation Foundation Gyeongsang National University Anti-icing/de-icing honeycomb core composite material and method for manufacturing same
CN113067165A (zh) * 2021-03-19 2021-07-02 西安电子科技大学 宽带小型化法布里-珀罗谐振腔天线
CN113067165B (zh) * 2021-03-19 2022-06-10 西安电子科技大学 宽带小型化法布里-珀罗谐振腔天线

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