EP2409202B1 - Electrical switching apparatus - Google Patents
Electrical switching apparatus Download PDFInfo
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- EP2409202B1 EP2409202B1 EP10753907.4A EP10753907A EP2409202B1 EP 2409202 B1 EP2409202 B1 EP 2409202B1 EP 10753907 A EP10753907 A EP 10753907A EP 2409202 B1 EP2409202 B1 EP 2409202B1
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- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- coil
- magnetic field
- current
- auxiliary switches
- predetermined value
- Prior art date
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- CWYNVVGOOAEACU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fe2+ Chemical compound [Fe+2] CWYNVVGOOAEACU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 17
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- CXXRQFOKRZJAJA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2,3,5-tetrachloro-4-(2,5-dichlorophenyl)benzene Chemical compound ClC1=CC=C(Cl)C(C=2C(=C(Cl)C(Cl)=CC=2Cl)Cl)=C1 CXXRQFOKRZJAJA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
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Images
Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
- H01H47/00—Circuit arrangements not adapted to a particular application of the relay and designed to obtain desired operating characteristics or to provide energising current
- H01H47/002—Monitoring or fail-safe circuits
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
- H01H47/00—Circuit arrangements not adapted to a particular application of the relay and designed to obtain desired operating characteristics or to provide energising current
- H01H47/02—Circuit arrangements not adapted to a particular application of the relay and designed to obtain desired operating characteristics or to provide energising current for modifying the operation of the relay
- H01H47/04—Circuit arrangements not adapted to a particular application of the relay and designed to obtain desired operating characteristics or to provide energising current for modifying the operation of the relay for holding armature in attracted position, e.g. when initial energising circuit is interrupted; for maintaining armature in attracted position, e.g. with reduced energising current
- H01H2047/046—Circuit arrangements not adapted to a particular application of the relay and designed to obtain desired operating characteristics or to provide energising current for modifying the operation of the relay for holding armature in attracted position, e.g. when initial energising circuit is interrupted; for maintaining armature in attracted position, e.g. with reduced energising current with measuring of the magnetic field, e.g. of the magnetic flux, for the control of coil current
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
- H01H50/00—Details of electromagnetic relays
- H01H50/54—Contact arrangements
- H01H50/541—Auxiliary contact devices
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
- H01H71/00—Details of the protective switches or relays covered by groups H01H73/00 - H01H83/00
- H01H71/10—Operating or release mechanisms
- H01H71/12—Automatic release mechanisms with or without manual release
- H01H71/123—Automatic release mechanisms with or without manual release using a solid-state trip unit
Definitions
- the disclosed concept pertains generally to electrical switching apparatus and, more particularly, to electrical switching apparatus, such as, for example, relays, contactors or solenoid-actuated switches, including a coil and a number of auxiliary switches.
- electrical switching apparatus such as, for example, relays, contactors or solenoid-actuated switches, including a coil and a number of auxiliary switches.
- the disclosed concept also pertains to methods of controlling such electrical switching apparatus.
- the disclosed concept further pertains to control systems for such electrical switching apparatus.
- Figure 1 shows a conventional three-phase contactor 2 including three main contacts 4,6,8 controlled by a coil 10.
- a number of sets of electromechanical auxiliary contacts 12 are responsive to the closed position or the open position of the three main contacts 4,6,8.
- the contactor 2 employs two conductors, such as 14,16, for each set of the electromechanical auxiliary contacts 12.
- the contactor 2 has a relatively large size and weight, includes individual mechanical adjustments (e.g., without limitation, an adjustment to provide "wear allowance" to ensure proper function as various parts wear).
- each set of the electromechanical auxiliary contacts 12 requires adjustment to ensure that it is actuated when the main contacts 4,6,8 are actuated.
- Each set of the electromechanical auxiliary contacts 12 includes an electromechanical auxiliary switch that provides the corresponding auxiliary contact function (e.g., normally closed (NC); normally open (NO)). While no power is required for NC auxiliary switches, the electromechanical auxiliary switches are susceptible to foreign object debris (FOD) and contaminates.
- NC normally closed
- NO normally open
- European Patent Application Publication No. 1998351 provides a switchgear operated by an electromagnetic actuator and having a condition-monitoring device for monitoring a condition of the actuator.
- the actuator includes a stationary core, a moveable core, magnetic coils for moving the core, and a permanent magnet disposed around the moveable core.
- the condition-monitoring device is configured to measure current flowing through the magnetic coils and magnetic flux in the stationary core and to calculate, based on these, a condition of the actuator, such as driving velocity, or start and end timing of an actuation.
- the condition determination result may be transmitted to a monitoring system by an output signal.
- embodiments of the disclosed concept which monitor a magnetic field of a magnetic frame cooperating with a coil, detect a predetermined characteristic of a current flowing through the coil, and change a state of a number of auxiliary switches if the magnetic field is greater than a predetermined value and if the predetermined characteristic is detected.
- a method controls an electrical switching apparatus including a coil which controls main contacts, a magnetic frame cooperating with the coil, and a number of auxiliary switches that are responsive to a position of the main contacts.
- the method comprises: monitoring a magnetic field of the magnetic frame; detecting a predetermined characteristic of a current flowing through the coil, wherein the predetermined characteristic is a momentary decrease in the current flowing through the coil before subsequently reaching a larger current value; and changing a state of the number of auxiliary switches to a first state if the magnetic field is greater than a first predetermined value and if the predetermined characteristic is detected.
- the method further comprises reducing the current flowing through the coil; and determining if the magnetic field decreases to less than a second predetermined value, which is smaller than the first predetermined value, and responsively changing the state of the number of auxiliary switches to a different second state.
- the coil current When power is applied to the coil, the coil current increases to a final value that is a function of the coil resistance.
- the wave shape of increasing coil current is influenced by several factors, including a magnetic back-EMF effect.
- the magnetic back-EMF effect causes a momentary decrease in the current flowing through the coil before it subsequently reaches a larger current value.
- This predetermined characteristic, or 'glitch' indicates a normal result.
- the back-EMF may not be sufficient to cause a dip in the coil current and so the glitch is not present, even though the coil current still reaches the full inrush value.
- the control system can ensure that the auxiliary switches are in their proper state.
- the method may further comprise employing a ferrous plunger with the coil; and detecting the predetermined characteristic of the current flowing through the coil when the ferrous plunger moves both far enough and fast enough responsive to the magnetic field.
- the method may further comprise determining a magnitude of the current flowing through the coil; and adjusting the predetermined value as a function of the magnitude of the current.
- a control system is for an electrical switching apparatus including a coil which controls main contacts, a magnetic frame cooperating with the coil, and a number of auxiliary switches that are responsive to a position of the main contacts.
- the control system comprises: a current sensor structured to sense a current flowing through the coil; a magnetic sensor structured to sense a magnetic field of the magnetic frame; and a circuit structured to detect a predetermined characteristic of the sensed current flowing through the coil and output a control signal responsive to the magnetic field being greater than a predetermined value and the predetermined characteristic being detected, wherein the predetermined characteristic is a momentary decrease in the current flowing through the coil before subsequently reaching a larger current value; wherein the control signal is structured to cause a change in state of the number of auxiliary switches to a first state when the magnetic field is greater than said predetermined value and the predetermined characteristic is detected; wherein the predetermined value is a first predetermined value; wherein a second predetermined value is smaller than the first predetermined value; and wherein the circuit is further
- an electrical switching apparatus comprises: a control system according to the first aspect and a number of separable contacts controlled by the coil of the control system.
- the coil may include a ferrous plunger; the separable contacts may include a number of fixed contacts and a number of movable contacts movable by the ferrous plunger; and the current flowing through the coil may cooperate with the magnetic frame to cause the magnetic field to move the ferrous plunger from a first position wherein the separable contacts are open to a different second position wherein the number of movable contacts electrically engage the number of fixed contacts.
- the circuit may be further structured to determine a magnitude of the current flowing through the coil and adjust the predetermined value as a function of the magnitude of the current.
- number shall mean one or an integer greater than one ( i . e ., a plurality).
- processor means a programmable analog and/or digital device that can store, retrieve, and process data; a computer; a workstation; a personal computer; a microprocessor; a microcontroller; a microcomputer; a central processing unit; a mainframe computer; a mini-computer; a server; a networked processor; or any suitable processing device or apparatus.
- glitch means a momentary decrease in a current flowing through a coil before it subsequently reaches a larger current value.
- auxiliary switch means auxiliary contacts, an electromechanical auxiliary switch or an electronic auxiliary switch.
- coil means a relay coil, a contactor coil or a solenoid coil.
- the disclosed concept is described in association with three-phase relays and three-phase contactors having a plurality of electronic auxiliary switches, although the disclosed concept is applicable to a wide range of electrical switching apparatus including a coil, any number of phases, and any number of auxiliary switches, such as auxiliary contacts, electromechanical auxiliary switches or electronic auxiliary switches.
- FIG. 2 shows a contactor 20 including a plurality of bi-directional electronic auxiliary switches 22 and actuation logic 24 therefor.
- the example bi-directional electronic auxiliary switches 22 mimic electromechanical auxiliary switches, such as 12 of Figure 1 .
- a power input 26 provides power to activate any normally closed (NC) electronic auxiliary switches 22.
- a control input 28 is provided to an economizer 30, which is discussed, below, in connection with Figure 9 .
- the economizer 30, controls a coil 54, which controls the main contacts 4,6,8 with a plunger 52.
- the actuation logic 24 is discussed, below, in connection with Figures 7 and 10 .
- Figure 3 shows another contactor 40 including a plurality of electronic auxiliary switches 42 and actuation logic 44 therefor.
- the example electronic auxiliary switches 42 mimic electromechanical auxiliary switches, such as 12 of Figure 1 , except that a common and independent auxiliary switch ground 45 of power input 46 is employed to provide single-ended auxiliary outputs 43, in order to reduce external conductor count.
- the independent auxiliary switch ground 45 preferably reduces EMI issues.
- the electronic auxiliary switches 42 can employ any suitable relatively high or relatively low voltage logic, and corresponding power connections. For example, MOSFET or bipolar transistors (not shown) can be employed depending on individual auxiliary switch needs. High-side or low-side transistor circuits (not shown) can be employed.
- the example contactor 40 employs switch-to-ground low side auxiliary switches 42 as shown in Figure 3 .
- example electronic auxiliary switches 22,42 of Figures 2 and 3 can be logic level switches and/or can control other relays within a system.
- the electronic auxiliary switches 22,42 can drive up to about 1 A for logic level applications, while relay-type auxiliary switches can typically be rated up to about 10 A.
- Figure 4 includes plots 60, 62 and 64 of magnetic frame magnetic field 66, coil current 68 and the state 70 (e.g., off or open is high; on or closed is low) of the main contacts (see 4,6,8 of Figure 2 ) of an electrical switching apparatus, such as a contactor or relay switch, being switched to a first state (e.g., off), respectively.
- an electrical switching apparatus such as a contactor or relay switch
- the magnetic field 66 of the magnetic frame 50 drops to a magnetic strength (e.g., at 74) where the auxiliary switches 22,42 ( Figures 2 and 3 ) change state (and function) and the main contacts open (e.g., at 76).
- Figure 5 includes plots 80, 82 and 84 of magnetic frame magnetic field 86, coil current 88 and the state 90 of the main contacts (see 4,6,8 of Figure 2 ) being attempted to be switched to a second state (e.g., on), respectively, but with an abnormal result since the state 90 does not change.
- the coil current 88 increases to a final value 92 that is a function of the coil resistance; however, the wave shape of the increasing coil current 88 is influenced by several factors.
- the coil current 88 still reaches the full inrush value 92 (e.g., based on the coil resistance) (e.g., without limitation, about 3.1 A at 25°C), because the plunger did not seat, there is an air gap that limits the final value 96 of the magnetic field 86. As a result, the state 90 remains high corresponding to the open or off state of the main contacts.
- the full inrush value 92 e.g., based on the coil resistance
- a control method to change the state of the auxiliary switches 22,42 includes: (1) determining if the glitch 94 ( Figure 6 ) is present; and (2) determining if the magnetic field strength 96,96' is sufficient; and (3) creating a control signal 27,47 ( Figures 2 and 3 ) from the actuation logic 24,44 ( Figures 2 and 3 ), which changes the state of the corresponding auxiliary switches 22,42 (i.e., to a state corresponding to the main contacts 4,6,8 being closed).
- Figure 6 includes plots 100,102,104 of magnetic frame magnetic field 106, coil current 108 and the state 110 of the main contacts (see 4,6,8 of Figure 2 ) being switched to a second state (e.g., on), respectively, with a normal result.
- the "glitch” 94 is detected. This detection is ANDed with the detection of the magnetic field strength signal 96' being over the threshold 112. As is shown in Figure 5 , the "glitch” 94 is not present in area 94' when, for example, the plunger (not shown, but see plunger 52 of Figures 7 and 8 ) is stalled.
- a coil current value 113 is detected with a suitable sensor (e.g., without limitation, a Hall sensor 114 ( Figure 7 )).
- This current value 113 can be used, as will be explained, to set or adjust the threshold 112 for the magnetic field strength 86,106.
- the threshold 112 of the magnetic field strength 86,106 can be determined using the coil current value 113, as is discussed in Examples 4, 9 and 10, below.
- One of the variables controlling the final magnetic field strength 96,96' in the magnetic frame is the final magnitude 92,113 of the current 88,108.
- the magnitude of the current 88,108 varies with temperature inversely.
- the magnitude 92,113 of the coil current 88,108 can be employed to set this threshold for such magnetic field strength.
- control logic e.g., an algorithm
- This control logic includes: (1) determining if the magnetic field 66,106 in the magnetic frame 50 decreases below a different predefined threshold (e.g., without limitation, smaller than the threshold 112; determined empirically; adjusted for ambient temperature, coil current and/or coil voltage) (see, for example, 74 of Figure 4 ) known to be less than that needed to maintain contact closure; and (2) providing the control signal 27,47 to command the auxiliary switches 22,42 to revert to their original state.
- a different predefined threshold e.g., without limitation, smaller than the threshold 112; determined empirically; adjusted for ambient temperature, coil current and/or coil voltage
- Figure 7 shows the auxiliary switch actuation logic 24 of Figure 2 , the corresponding current sensor 114 structured to sense current flowing through the coil 54, and the corresponding magnetic field sensor 120 structured to sense the magnetic field 106 ( Figure 6 ) of the magnetic frame 50.
- the actuation logic 44 of Figure 3 can be the same as or similar to the actuation logic 24.
- Both of the actuation logics 24,44 can be implemented with a suitable processor, such as for example and without limitation, a microcontroller or microcomputer including a suitable analog to digital converter 122.
- the actuation logic 24 and sensors 114,120 provide a control system (control circuit) to control the auxiliary switches 22,42 for an electrical switching apparatus based on the sensed magnetic field 124 of the magnetic frame 50 and the sensed current 126 flowing through the coil 54.
- This control system monitors and detects the strength of the magnetic field in the magnetic frame 50 and detects the "glitch" characteristic 94 of the coil current waveform.
- a relay 130 (portions of which are shown in Figure 8 ) includes a positive electrical terminal 132 and a negative electrical terminal 134, which input a single actuation signal (e.g., without limitation, 28 VDC; any suitable DC voltage).
- the actuation logic 24 outputs the electronic auxiliary switch control signal 27, which is structured to change the state of the auxiliary switches 22,42 ( Figures 2 and 3 ).
- the magnetic field sensor 120 is preferably sensitive to the full range of the magnetic strength present during the operation of the coil 54.
- the actuation logic 24 is structured to detect a predetermined characteristic, such as the glitch 94 of the sensed current 126 flowing through the coil 54, and output the control signal 27 responsive to the sensed magnetic field 124 being greater than the threshold 112 ( Figure 6 ) and the predetermined characteristic being detected.
- a predetermined characteristic such as the glitch 94 of the sensed current 126 flowing through the coil 54
- an electrical switching apparatus e.g., without limitation, such as the example relay 130; a contactor; a solenoid-actuated electrical switch
- the coil 54 also shown in Figure 9
- the magnetic frame 50 cooperating with the coil 54
- a number of separable contacts 137 not fully shown, but see the main contacts 4,6,8 of Figure 2
- auxiliary switches 136 e.g., auxiliary switches 22,42 of Figures 2 or 3
- the current sensor 114 Figure 7
- the magnetic sensor 120 structured to sense the magnetic field of the magnetic frame 50
- a circuit such as 24, and the economizer 30.
- the relay 130 functions as a coil-actuated (e.g., solenoid-actuated) electrical switch in which the magnetic field generated by an electromagnet formed by the coil 54 and the magnetic frame 50 causes the axial ferrous plunger 52 to move from a rest position (e.g., up with respect to Figures 7 and 8 ) to an energized position (e.g., down with respect to Figures 7 and 8 ) when the coil 54 is suitably energized.
- the predetermined characteristic e.g., glitch 94
- the actuation logic 24 detects this predetermined characteristic when the ferrous plunger 52 moves both far enough and fast enough responsive to the magnetic field.
- the separable contacts 137 (not fully shown, but see the main contacts 4,6,8 of Figure 2 ), which are coupled to the plunger 52, can be moved from a rest position to an energized position.
- the separable contacts 137 can include a number of fixed contacts 138 and a number of movable contacts 140 (also shown in Figure 8 ) movable by the ferrous plunger 52.
- the current flowing through the coil 54 cooperates with the magnetic frame 50 to cause the magnetic field to move the ferrous plunger 52 from a first position (e.g., up with respect to Figures 7 and 8 ) wherein the separable contacts 137 are open to a different second position (e.g., down with respect to Figures 7 and 8 ) wherein the number of movable contacts 140 electrically engage the number of fixed contacts 138.
- the separable contacts 137 can switch any suitable voltage (e.g., AC; DC). Although three sets of separable contacts 137 are shown, any suitable number can be employed. In the example of Figure 2 , the three sets of movable contacts 140 are driven by the plunger 52 of the coil 54.
- the example relay 130 also includes a cover (not shown), a printed circuit board (PCB) 142 including the electronic auxiliary contacts 136, a PCB 144 including the actuating logic 24 and the economizer 30, a base 146, and a plurality of terminals 148 in electrical communication with the fixed contacts 138 of Figure 2 (only three of six terminals 148 are shown).
- a terminal 150 provides the power input 26 ( Figure 2 ) to activate any NC electronic auxiliary switches 22.
- the terminals 132,134 provide power to the economizer 30 and the PCB 144 as shown in Figure 7 .
- the terminals 132,134,150 can be employed as part of a common connector. Power terminals, such as 148, typically include bus bars (not shown) or threaded stud terminals (not shown) for external electrical connections.
- FIG 9 shows the economizer 30 and coil 54 of Figure 2 .
- the economizer 30 is a conventional coil relay/contactor control circuit that allows for a relatively much greater magnetic field in an electrical switching apparatus during, for instance, the initial (e.g., without limitation, 50 mS) time following application of power to ensure that the plunger 52 completes it travel and overcomes its own inertia, friction and spring forces. This is achieved by using a dual coil arrangement in which there is a suitable relatively low resistance circuit or coil 160 and a suitable relatively high resistance circuit or coil 162 in series with the coil 160. Initially, the economizer 30 allows current to flow through the low resistance circuit 160, but after a suitable time period, the economizer 30 turns off the low resistance path. This approach reduces the amount of power consumed during static states (e.g., relatively long periods of being energized).
- the dual bifilar coil 54 is employed inside the magnetic frame 50.
- the RC timing components 164 control the inrush time period.
- the coil 160 is, for example and without limitation, 9 ohms and the coil 162 is, for example and without limitation, 90 ohms.
- the FET 166 provides a coil current shunt path to dramatically increase current through the coil 160 during the initial period after the application of power. Based on the coil design, the coil 160 creates a relatively very strong magnetic field even though no appreciable current flows through the other coil 162 during this time. Magnetic field strength is a function of the product of the coil current and the number of turns of the corresponding coil(s) 160,162.
- the control logic 170 turns FET 166 off, the shunt path is no longer present, and the coil current now flows through both of the coils 160,162.
- the coil design is such that the coil current creates enough magnetic force to hold the electrical switching apparatus in the energized state. In this case, the current would be reduced to (e.g., without limitation, 28 VDC / (9 + 90 ohms) or about 0.28 A), which is fewer amps, but with many more turns of the coils 160,162.
- Figure 10 shows a routine 180 executed by the actuation logic 24 of Figure 7 .
- the control input 28 control voltage
- Figure 2 the coil economizer 30 and actuation logic circuit 24 are activated, and the actuation logic circuit 24 begins to monitor the coil current for the glitch 94 ( Figure 6 ).
- the inrush current glitch 94 it is determined if the inrush current glitch 94 is present. If not, then at 188, the state of the auxiliary switches 22 ( Figure 2 ) is not changed (e.g., maintain the normally open auxiliary switches and the normally closed auxiliary switches in their prior states).
- the normally open auxiliary switches are activated and the normally closed auxiliary switches are de-activated by changing the state of the control signal 27 ( Figure 2 ).
- the state of the auxiliary switches 22 ( Figure 2 ) is not changed (the state of the control signal 27 is not changed).
- the routine 180 monitors the magnetic field of the magnetic frame 50, detects the predetermined characteristic of the current flowing through the coil 54, and changes the state of the number of auxiliary switches 22,42 if the sensed magnetic field 124 is greater than the predetermined value (threshold 112) and if the predetermined characteristic 94 is detected.
- the magnetic field of the magnetic frame 50 is preferably characterized throughout the voltage/temperature range of the corresponding electrical switching apparatus. For example, as a typical contactor or relay is energized, the magnetic field is changing.
- the magnetic field in the magnetic frame 50 is influenced by the amount of coil current flowing and the effect of position and movement of the plunger 52. Copper resistance (R) varies dramatically with temperature (T), therefore, the current that flows through the coil 54 varies as a function of temperature as shown in Equation 1.
- R R 0 1 + ⁇ T ⁇ T 0
- the force on the plunger 52 when it is energized is changed resulting in more or less acceleration of the plunger 52 from its de-energized position to its energized position.
- the energized state is defined by the completion of transfer of position of the plunger 52 and the separable contacts 137 coming to rest in the transferred (e.g., closed) position.
- the coil current 108 ( Figure 6 ) continues to increase for a brief period of time as a result of the inductance of the coil 54.
- the magnetic field in the magnetic frame 50 is in a dynamic state until this time and it is different from apparatus to apparatus depending on temperature and variations in spring and friction forces.
- a suitable adjustment of the predetermined value can be made as a function of the magnitude of the coil current.
- the actuation logic circuit 24 can control auxiliary switches 22,42 to change their proper state according to the determined position of the plunger 52.
- the disclosed concept employs a single control input 28 (single actuation signal) ( Figure 2 ).
- This can employ electronic auxiliary switches 22,42 ( Figures 2 and 3 ) and, thus, avoid the need for multiple mechanical adjustments.
- This provides reduced size and weight, is not susceptible to FOD or contaminants, and improves reliability and life expectancy of the electrical switching apparatus.
- the example electronic auxiliary switches 42 potentially reduce aircraft conductor count.
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Description
- The disclosed concept pertains generally to electrical switching apparatus and, more particularly, to electrical switching apparatus, such as, for example, relays, contactors or solenoid-actuated switches, including a coil and a number of auxiliary switches. The disclosed concept also pertains to methods of controlling such electrical switching apparatus. The disclosed concept further pertains to control systems for such electrical switching apparatus.
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Figure 1 shows a conventional three-phase contactor 2 including threemain contacts coil 10. A number of sets of electromechanicalauxiliary contacts 12 are responsive to the closed position or the open position of the threemain contacts contactor 2 employs two conductors, such as 14,16, for each set of the electromechanicalauxiliary contacts 12. Thecontactor 2 has a relatively large size and weight, includes individual mechanical adjustments (e.g., without limitation, an adjustment to provide "wear allowance" to ensure proper function as various parts wear). For example, each set of the electromechanicalauxiliary contacts 12 requires adjustment to ensure that it is actuated when themain contacts auxiliary contacts 12 includes an electromechanical auxiliary switch that provides the corresponding auxiliary contact function (e.g., normally closed (NC); normally open (NO)). While no power is required for NC auxiliary switches, the electromechanical auxiliary switches are susceptible to foreign object debris (FOD) and contaminates. - European Patent Application Publication No.
1998351 provides a switchgear operated by an electromagnetic actuator and having a condition-monitoring device for monitoring a condition of the actuator. The actuator includes a stationary core, a moveable core, magnetic coils for moving the core, and a permanent magnet disposed around the moveable core. The condition-monitoring device is configured to measure current flowing through the magnetic coils and magnetic flux in the stationary core and to calculate, based on these, a condition of the actuator, such as driving velocity, or start and end timing of an actuation. The condition determination result may be transmitted to a monitoring system by an output signal. - There is room for improvement in electrical switching apparatus, such as relays, contactors or solenoid-actuated switches, including a coil and a number of auxiliary switches. It would be desirable to provide an improved electrical switching apparatus in which the auxiliary switches can be changed to their proper state without the need for multiple mechanical adjustments, such those required to provide for wear allowance. This can ensure proper function of the electrical switching apparatus is maintained and can improve reliability and life expectancy.
- There is also room for improvement in methods of controlling such electrical switching apparatus.
- There is further room for improvement in control systems for such electrical switching apparatus.
- These needs and others are met by embodiments of the disclosed concept, which monitor a magnetic field of a magnetic frame cooperating with a coil, detect a predetermined characteristic of a current flowing through the coil, and change a state of a number of auxiliary switches if the magnetic field is greater than a predetermined value and if the predetermined characteristic is detected.
- In accordance with a first aspect of the disclosed concept, a method controls an electrical switching apparatus including a coil which controls main contacts, a magnetic frame cooperating with the coil, and a number of auxiliary switches that are responsive to a position of the main contacts. The method comprises: monitoring a magnetic field of the magnetic frame; detecting a predetermined characteristic of a current flowing through the coil, wherein the predetermined characteristic is a momentary decrease in the current flowing through the coil before subsequently reaching a larger current value; and changing a state of the number of auxiliary switches to a first state if the magnetic field is greater than a first predetermined value and if the predetermined characteristic is detected.
- The method further comprises reducing the current flowing through the coil; and determining if the magnetic field decreases to less than a second predetermined value, which is smaller than the first predetermined value, and responsively changing the state of the number of auxiliary switches to a different second state.
- When power is applied to the coil, the coil current increases to a final value that is a function of the coil resistance. However, the wave shape of increasing coil current is influenced by several factors, including a magnetic back-EMF effect. When the power is applied to the coil, with a normal result, the magnetic back-EMF effect causes a momentary decrease in the current flowing through the coil before it subsequently reaches a larger current value. This predetermined characteristic, or 'glitch', indicates a normal result. However, with an abnormal result, the back-EMF may not be sufficient to cause a dip in the coil current and so the glitch is not present, even though the coil current still reaches the full inrush value.
- By monitoring the magnetic field of the magnetic frame and also detecting the predetermined characteristic of the current flowing through the coil, and changing the state of the auxiliary switches based on both characteristics, the control system can ensure that the auxiliary switches are in their proper state.
- The method may further comprise employing a ferrous plunger with the coil; and detecting the predetermined characteristic of the current flowing through the coil when the ferrous plunger moves both far enough and fast enough responsive to the magnetic field.
- The method may further comprise determining a magnitude of the current flowing through the coil; and adjusting the predetermined value as a function of the magnitude of the current.
- As a second aspect of the disclosed concept, a control system is for an electrical switching apparatus including a coil which controls main contacts, a magnetic frame cooperating with the coil, and a number of auxiliary switches that are responsive to a position of the main contacts. The control system comprises: a current sensor structured to sense a current flowing through the coil; a magnetic sensor structured to sense a magnetic field of the magnetic frame; and a circuit structured to detect a predetermined characteristic of the sensed current flowing through the coil and output a control signal responsive to the magnetic field being greater than a predetermined value and the predetermined characteristic being detected, wherein the predetermined characteristic is a momentary decrease in the current flowing through the coil before subsequently reaching a larger current value; wherein the control signal is structured to cause a change in state of the number of auxiliary switches to a first state when the magnetic field is greater than said predetermined value and the predetermined characteristic is detected; wherein the predetermined value is a first predetermined value; wherein a second predetermined value is smaller than the first predetermined value; and wherein the circuit is further structured to determine if the magnetic field is subsequently less than the smaller second predetermined value and to cause a further change in state of the number of auxiliary switches to a different second state.
- As a third aspect of the disclosed concept, an electrical switching apparatus comprises: a control system according to the first aspect and a number of separable contacts controlled by the coil of the control system.
- The coil may include a ferrous plunger; the separable contacts may include a number of fixed contacts and a number of movable contacts movable by the ferrous plunger; and the current flowing through the coil may cooperate with the magnetic frame to cause the magnetic field to move the ferrous plunger from a first position wherein the separable contacts are open to a different second position wherein the number of movable contacts electrically engage the number of fixed contacts.
- The circuit may be further structured to determine a magnitude of the current flowing through the coil and adjust the predetermined value as a function of the magnitude of the current.
- A full understanding of the disclosed concept can be gained from the following description of the preferred embodiments when read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which:
-
Figure 1 is a block diagram of a contactor. -
Figure 2 is a block diagram of a contactor including electronic auxiliary switches and actuation logic therefor in accordance with embodiments of the disclosed concept. -
Figure 3 is a block diagram of a contactor including electronic auxiliary switches and actuation logic therefor in accordance with another embodiment of the disclosed concept. -
Figure 4 includes plots of magnetic frame magnetic field, coil current and the state of the main contacts of a contactor or relay switch being switched to a first state in accordance with another embodiment of the disclosed concept. -
Figure 5 includes plots of magnetic frame magnetic field, coil current and the state of the main contacts of a contactor or relay switch being switched to a second state with an abnormal result in accordance with another embodiment of the disclosed concept. -
Figure 6 includes plots of magnetic frame magnetic field, coil current and the state of the main contacts of a contactor or relay switch being switched to a second state with a normal result in accordance with another embodiment of the disclosed concept. -
Figure 7 is a block diagram in schematic form of the auxiliary switch actuation logic ofFigure 2 and corresponding current and magnetic sensors in accordance with another embodiment of the disclosed concept. -
Figure 8 is a cross section of a vertical elevation view of a relay in accordance with another embodiment of the disclosed concept. -
Figure 9 is a block diagram in schematic form of the economizer and coil ofFigure 2 . -
Figure 10 is a flowchart of a routine executed by the logic circuit ofFigure 7 . - As employed herein, the term "number" shall mean one or an integer greater than one (i.e., a plurality).
- As employed herein, the term "processor" means a programmable analog and/or digital device that can store, retrieve, and process data; a computer; a workstation; a personal computer; a microprocessor; a microcontroller; a microcomputer; a central processing unit; a mainframe computer; a mini-computer; a server; a networked processor; or any suitable processing device or apparatus.
- As employed herein, the term "glitch" means a momentary decrease in a current flowing through a coil before it subsequently reaches a larger current value.
- As employed herein, the term "auxiliary switch" means auxiliary contacts, an electromechanical auxiliary switch or an electronic auxiliary switch.
- As employed herein, the term "coil" means a relay coil, a contactor coil or a solenoid coil.
- The disclosed concept is described in association with three-phase relays and three-phase contactors having a plurality of electronic auxiliary switches, although the disclosed concept is applicable to a wide range of electrical switching apparatus including a coil, any number of phases, and any number of auxiliary switches, such as auxiliary contacts, electromechanical auxiliary switches or electronic auxiliary switches.
-
Figure 2 shows acontactor 20 including a plurality of bi-directional electronicauxiliary switches 22 andactuation logic 24 therefor. The example bi-directional electronic auxiliary switches 22 mimic electromechanical auxiliary switches, such as 12 ofFigure 1 . Apower input 26 provides power to activate any normally closed (NC) electronicauxiliary switches 22. Acontrol input 28 is provided to aneconomizer 30, which is discussed, below, in connection withFigure 9 . Theeconomizer 30, in turn, controls acoil 54, which controls themain contacts plunger 52. Theactuation logic 24 is discussed, below, in connection withFigures 7 and10 . -
Figure 3 shows anothercontactor 40 including a plurality of electronicauxiliary switches 42 andactuation logic 44 therefor. The example electronicauxiliary switches 42 mimic electromechanical auxiliary switches, such as 12 ofFigure 1 , except that a common and independent auxiliary switch ground 45 ofpower input 46 is employed to provide single-endedauxiliary outputs 43, in order to reduce external conductor count. The independentauxiliary switch ground 45 preferably reduces EMI issues. The electronicauxiliary switches 42 can employ any suitable relatively high or relatively low voltage logic, and corresponding power connections. For example, MOSFET or bipolar transistors (not shown) can be employed depending on individual auxiliary switch needs. High-side or low-side transistor circuits (not shown) can be employed. Theexample contactor 40 employs switch-to-ground low side auxiliary switches 42 as shown inFigure 3 . - It will be appreciated that although
example contactors Figures 2 and3 are shown, the disclosed concept is applicable to a wide range of different contactors, relays or solenoid-actuated electrical switch configurations in order to address a wide range of electrical switching applications. - In addition, the example electronic
auxiliary switches Figures 2 and3 can be logic level switches and/or can control other relays within a system. As non-limiting examples, the electronicauxiliary switches - Referring to
Figures 4-6 , when a relay or contactor coil, such as 54, is energized, the magnetic field strength inside a corresponding magnetic frame (not shown, but seemagnetic frame 50 ofFigures 7 and8 ) generally does not reach full strength until the moving plunger (not shown, but seeplunger 52 ofFigures 7 and8 ) of the coil (seecoil 54 ofFigures 7 and8 ) is moved completely to the energized position where it comes to rest in such a way as to reduce the reluctance of the magnetic frame magnetic circuit. The decrease in reluctance, which occurs when the plunger completes the magnetic circuit path, allows the magnetic field strength inside the plunger to reach its fullest strength. -
Figure 4 includesplots magnetic field 66, coil current 68 and the state 70 (e.g., off or open is high; on or closed is low) of the main contacts (see 4,6,8 ofFigure 2 ) of an electrical switching apparatus, such as a contactor or relay switch, being switched to a first state (e.g., off), respectively. When turning-off the example relay or contactor, in response to a removal or sufficient drop in the coil current 68 (e.g., at 72), themagnetic field 66 of the magnetic frame 50 (Figures 7 and8 ) drops to a magnetic strength (e.g., at 74) where theauxiliary switches 22,42 (Figures 2 and3 ) change state (and function) and the main contacts open (e.g., at 76). -
Figure 5 includesplots magnetic field 86, coil current 88 and thestate 90 of the main contacts (see 4,6,8 ofFigure 2 ) being attempted to be switched to a second state (e.g., on), respectively, but with an abnormal result since thestate 90 does not change. When power is applied to the contactor or relay coil 54 (Figures 7 and8 ), the coil current 88 increases to afinal value 92 that is a function of the coil resistance; however, the wave shape of the increasing coil current 88 is influenced by several factors. Current waveforms observed during the period following the initial application of power normally display a "glitch" 94 (Figure 6 ) resulting from the magnetic "back-EMF" effect of the moving plunger (not shown, but seeplunger 52 ofFigures 7 and8 ), which momentarily results in coil current decreasing before achieving thefinal value 92. If the plunger does not move, or if it moves slowly or partially (e.g., not far enough; not fast enough), then the glitch 94 (Figure 6 ) will not be present as shown in area 94' ofFigure 5 . This is because the moving plunger, in this instance, does not create "back-EMF" sufficient to cause the dip in the coil current 88. Although the coil current 88 still reaches the full inrush value 92 (e.g., based on the coil resistance) (e.g., without limitation, about 3.1 A at 25°C), because the plunger did not seat, there is an air gap that limits thefinal value 96 of themagnetic field 86. As a result, thestate 90 remains high corresponding to the open or off state of the main contacts. - As will be discussed, below, in connection with
Figure 10 , a control method to change the state of theauxiliary switches 22,42 (Figures 2 and3 ) includes: (1) determining if the glitch 94 (Figure 6 ) is present; and (2) determining if themagnetic field strength 96,96' is sufficient; and (3) creating acontrol signal 27,47 (Figures 2 and3 ) from theactuation logic 24,44 (Figures 2 and3 ), which changes the state of the correspondingauxiliary switches 22,42 (i.e., to a state corresponding to themain contacts -
Figure 6 includes plots 100,102,104 of magnetic framemagnetic field 106, coil current 108 and thestate 110 of the main contacts (see 4,6,8 ofFigure 2 ) being switched to a second state (e.g., on), respectively, with a normal result. Here, the "glitch" 94 is detected. This detection is ANDed with the detection of the magnetic field strength signal 96' being over thethreshold 112. As is shown inFigure 5 , the "glitch" 94 is not present in area 94' when, for example, the plunger (not shown, but seeplunger 52 ofFigures 7 and8 ) is stalled. A coilcurrent value 113 is detected with a suitable sensor (e.g., without limitation, a Hall sensor 114 (Figure 7 )). Thiscurrent value 113 can be used, as will be explained, to set or adjust thethreshold 112 for the magnetic field strength 86,106. Thethreshold 112 of the magnetic field strength 86,106 can be determined using the coilcurrent value 113, as is discussed in Examples 4, 9 and 10, below. - One of the variables controlling the final
magnetic field strength 96,96' in the magnetic frame (not shown, but seemagnetic frame 50 ofFigures 7 and8 ) is the final magnitude 92,113 of the current 88,108. The magnitude of the current 88,108 varies with temperature inversely. To set thethreshold 112 for determining whether themagnetic field strength 96,96' is sufficient, the magnitude 92,113 of the coil current 88,108 can be employed to set this threshold for such magnetic field strength. - When it is desired to return the state of the
auxiliary switches 22,42 (i.e., to a state corresponding to themain contacts coil 54 being de-energized with no or sufficiently reduced current flowing therethrough), suitable control logic (e.g., an algorithm) can be employed. This control logic includes: (1) determining if the magnetic field 66,106 in themagnetic frame 50 decreases below a different predefined threshold (e.g., without limitation, smaller than thethreshold 112; determined empirically; adjusted for ambient temperature, coil current and/or coil voltage) (see, for example, 74 ofFigure 4 ) known to be less than that needed to maintain contact closure; and (2) providing thecontrol signal -
Figure 7 shows the auxiliaryswitch actuation logic 24 ofFigure 2 , the correspondingcurrent sensor 114 structured to sense current flowing through thecoil 54, and the correspondingmagnetic field sensor 120 structured to sense the magnetic field 106 (Figure 6 ) of themagnetic frame 50. It will be appreciated that theactuation logic 44 ofFigure 3 can be the same as or similar to theactuation logic 24. Both of theactuation logics digital converter 122. Theactuation logic 24 and sensors 114,120 provide a control system (control circuit) to control theauxiliary switches magnetic field 124 of themagnetic frame 50 and the sensed current 126 flowing through thecoil 54. This control system monitors and detects the strength of the magnetic field in themagnetic frame 50 and detects the "glitch" characteristic 94 of the coil current waveform. - A relay 130 (portions of which are shown in
Figure 8 ) includes a positiveelectrical terminal 132 and a negativeelectrical terminal 134, which input a single actuation signal (e.g., without limitation, 28 VDC; any suitable DC voltage). Theactuation logic 24 outputs the electronic auxiliaryswitch control signal 27, which is structured to change the state of theauxiliary switches 22,42 (Figures 2 and3 ). Themagnetic field sensor 120 is preferably sensitive to the full range of the magnetic strength present during the operation of thecoil 54. Theactuation logic 24 is structured to detect a predetermined characteristic, such as theglitch 94 of the sensed current 126 flowing through thecoil 54, and output thecontrol signal 27 responsive to the sensedmagnetic field 124 being greater than the threshold 112 (Figure 6 ) and the predetermined characteristic being detected. - Referring to
Figure 8 , an electrical switching apparatus (e.g., without limitation, such as theexample relay 130; a contactor; a solenoid-actuated electrical switch) includes the coil 54 (also shown inFigure 9 ), themagnetic frame 50 cooperating with thecoil 54, a number of separable contacts 137 (not fully shown, but see themain contacts Figure 2 ) controlled by thecoil 54, a number of auxiliary switches 136 (e.g.,auxiliary switches Figures 2 or3 ), the current sensor 114 (Figure 7 ) structured to sense the current flowing through thecoil 54, themagnetic sensor 120 structured to sense the magnetic field of themagnetic frame 50, a circuit, such as 24, and theeconomizer 30. - The
relay 130 functions as a coil-actuated (e.g., solenoid-actuated) electrical switch in which the magnetic field generated by an electromagnet formed by thecoil 54 and themagnetic frame 50 causes the axialferrous plunger 52 to move from a rest position (e.g., up with respect toFigures 7 and8 ) to an energized position (e.g., down with respect toFigures 7 and8 ) when thecoil 54 is suitably energized. The predetermined characteristic (e.g., glitch 94) of the sensed current 126 flowing through thecoil 54 is responsive to a magnetic "back-EMF" effect of theferrous plunger 52 when moved by the magnetic field of the electromagnet. Theactuation logic 24 detects this predetermined characteristic when theferrous plunger 52 moves both far enough and fast enough responsive to the magnetic field. - The separable contacts 137 (not fully shown, but see the
main contacts Figure 2 ), which are coupled to theplunger 52, can be moved from a rest position to an energized position. As shown inFigure 2 , theseparable contacts 137 can include a number of fixedcontacts 138 and a number of movable contacts 140 (also shown inFigure 8 ) movable by theferrous plunger 52. The current flowing through thecoil 54 cooperates with themagnetic frame 50 to cause the magnetic field to move theferrous plunger 52 from a first position (e.g., up with respect toFigures 7 and8 ) wherein theseparable contacts 137 are open to a different second position (e.g., down with respect toFigures 7 and8 ) wherein the number ofmovable contacts 140 electrically engage the number of fixedcontacts 138. Theseparable contacts 137 can switch any suitable voltage (e.g., AC; DC). Although three sets ofseparable contacts 137 are shown, any suitable number can be employed. In the example ofFigure 2 , the three sets ofmovable contacts 140 are driven by theplunger 52 of thecoil 54. - The
example relay 130 also includes a cover (not shown), a printed circuit board (PCB) 142 including the electronicauxiliary contacts 136, aPCB 144 including theactuating logic 24 and theeconomizer 30, abase 146, and a plurality ofterminals 148 in electrical communication with the fixedcontacts 138 ofFigure 2 (only three of sixterminals 148 are shown). A terminal 150 provides the power input 26 (Figure 2 ) to activate any NC electronic auxiliary switches 22. The terminals 132,134 provide power to theeconomizer 30 and thePCB 144 as shown inFigure 7 . The terminals 132,134,150 can be employed as part of a common connector. Power terminals, such as 148, typically include bus bars (not shown) or threaded stud terminals (not shown) for external electrical connections. -
Figure 9 shows theeconomizer 30 andcoil 54 ofFigure 2 . Theeconomizer 30 is a conventional coil relay/contactor control circuit that allows for a relatively much greater magnetic field in an electrical switching apparatus during, for instance, the initial (e.g., without limitation, 50 mS) time following application of power to ensure that theplunger 52 completes it travel and overcomes its own inertia, friction and spring forces. This is achieved by using a dual coil arrangement in which there is a suitable relatively low resistance circuit orcoil 160 and a suitable relatively high resistance circuit orcoil 162 in series with thecoil 160. Initially, theeconomizer 30 allows current to flow through thelow resistance circuit 160, but after a suitable time period, theeconomizer 30 turns off the low resistance path. This approach reduces the amount of power consumed during static states (e.g., relatively long periods of being energized). - The dual
bifilar coil 54 is employed inside themagnetic frame 50. TheRC timing components 164 control the inrush time period. Thecoil 160 is, for example and without limitation, 9 ohms and thecoil 162 is, for example and without limitation, 90 ohms. When thecoil 162 is shunted byFET 166 during the initial time after the application of power, the current is relatively high (e.g., without limitation, 28 VDC / 9 ohms = 3.1 A). TheFET 166 provides a coil current shunt path to dramatically increase current through thecoil 160 during the initial period after the application of power. Based on the coil design, thecoil 160 creates a relatively very strong magnetic field even though no appreciable current flows through theother coil 162 during this time. Magnetic field strength is a function of the product of the coil current and the number of turns of the corresponding coil(s) 160,162. - When the capacitor 168 charges to a predefined threshold voltage, the
control logic 170 turnsFET 166 off, the shunt path is no longer present, and the coil current now flows through both of the coils 160,162. The coil design is such that the coil current creates enough magnetic force to hold the electrical switching apparatus in the energized state. In this case, the current would be reduced to (e.g., without limitation, 28 VDC / (9 + 90 ohms) or about 0.28 A), which is fewer amps, but with many more turns of the coils 160,162. - Because the power is a function of the current squared times the resistance, a reduction of the coil current by a factor of about 11 causes the power needed to hold the corresponding electrical switching apparatus closed to be significantly reduced. The relatively high power at the time of the application of power ensures that the electrical switching apparatus closes properly and completely.
-
Figure 10 shows a routine 180 executed by theactuation logic 24 ofFigure 7 . Initially, at 182, the control input 28 (control voltage) (Figure 2 ) is applied between the electrical terminals 132,134. Next, at 184, thecoil economizer 30 andactuation logic circuit 24 are activated, and theactuation logic circuit 24 begins to monitor the coil current for the glitch 94 (Figure 6 ). Then, at 186, it is determined if the inrushcurrent glitch 94 is present. If not, then at 188, the state of the auxiliary switches 22 (Figure 2 ) is not changed (e.g., maintain the normally open auxiliary switches and the normally closed auxiliary switches in their prior states). Otherwise, at 190, if the magnetic field strength is within acceptable limits (e.g., above a suitable predetermined value (threshold 112 ofFigure 6 ); above a suitable empirically determined value; above a value from a look-up table as a function of a suitable predetermined value, ambient temperature, voltage and/or current), then, at 192, the normally open auxiliary switches are activated and the normally closed auxiliary switches are de-activated by changing the state of the control signal 27 (Figure 2 ). - Otherwise, at 194, the state of the auxiliary switches 22 (
Figure 2 ) is not changed (the state of thecontrol signal 27 is not changed). The routine 180 monitors the magnetic field of themagnetic frame 50, detects the predetermined characteristic of the current flowing through thecoil 54, and changes the state of the number ofauxiliary switches magnetic field 124 is greater than the predetermined value (threshold 112) and if the predetermined characteristic 94 is detected. - The magnetic field of the
magnetic frame 50 is preferably characterized throughout the voltage/temperature range of the corresponding electrical switching apparatus. For example, as a typical contactor or relay is energized, the magnetic field is changing. The magnetic field in themagnetic frame 50 is influenced by the amount of coil current flowing and the effect of position and movement of theplunger 52. Copper resistance (R) varies dramatically with temperature (T), therefore, the current that flows through thecoil 54 varies as a function of temperature as shown inEquation 1. - R0 is the initial resistance (ohms);
- T0 is the initial temperature (°C); and
- α is the temperature coefficient of the material (e.g., α for copper is 3.9 x 10-10/°C).
- If the coil current varies as a function of temperature, then the force on the
plunger 52 when it is energized is changed resulting in more or less acceleration of theplunger 52 from its de-energized position to its energized position. The energized state is defined by the completion of transfer of position of theplunger 52 and theseparable contacts 137 coming to rest in the transferred (e.g., closed) position. After the electricalswitching apparatus coil 54 is energized, the coil current 108 (Figure 6 ) continues to increase for a brief period of time as a result of the inductance of thecoil 54. The magnetic field in themagnetic frame 50 is in a dynamic state until this time and it is different from apparatus to apparatus depending on temperature and variations in spring and friction forces. Hence, by determining the magnitude of the current flowing through thecoil 54, a suitable adjustment of the predetermined value (threshold 112) can be made as a function of the magnitude of the coil current. - By monitoring the magnetic field with suitable instrumentation, it can be possible to identify characteristics in the magnetic field to determine the state of the
plunger 52. By incorporating a suitable sensing and control circuit in the apparatus that identifies the state of theplunger 52, theactuation logic circuit 24 can controlauxiliary switches plunger 52. - The disclosed concept employs a single control input 28 (single actuation signal) (
Figure 2 ). This can employ electronicauxiliary switches 22,42 (Figures 2 and3 ) and, thus, avoid the need for multiple mechanical adjustments. This provides reduced size and weight, is not susceptible to FOD or contaminants, and improves reliability and life expectancy of the electrical switching apparatus. - The example electronic
auxiliary switches 42 potentially reduce aircraft conductor count. - While specific embodiments of the disclosed concept have been described in detail, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that various modifications and alternatives to those details could be developed in light of the overall teachings of the disclosure. Accordingly, the particular arrangements disclosed are meant to be illustrative only and not limiting as to the scope of the disclosed concept which is to be given the full breadth of the claims appended and any and all equivalents thereof.
Claims (9)
- A method of controlling an electrical switching apparatus (130) including a coil (54) which controls main contacts (4, 6, 8), a magnetic frame (50) cooperating with the coil, and a number of auxiliary switches (22) that are responsive to a position of the main contacts (4, 6, 8), said method comprising:monitoring (120) a magnetic field (66,106) of the magnetic frame;detecting (186) a predetermined characteristic (94) of a current (108) flowing through the coil, wherein the predetermined characteristic is a momentary decrease (94) in the current flowing through the coil before subsequently reaching a larger current value (113);changing (192) a state of the number of auxiliary switches to a first state if (190) the magnetic field is greater than a first predetermined value and if (186) the predetermined characteristic is detected;reducing the current flowing through the coil; anddetermining if the magnetic field decreases to less than a second predetermined value, which is smaller than the first predetermined value, and responsively changing the state of the number of auxiliary switches to a different second state.
- The method of claim 1 further comprising:employing a ferrous plunger (52) with the coil; anddetecting (186) the predetermined characteristic of the current flowing through the coil when the ferrous plunger moves both far enough and fast enough responsive to the magnetic field.
- The method of claim 1 further comprising:determining a magnitude (113) of the current flowing through the coil; andadjusting the predetermined value (112) as a function of the magnitude of the current.
- A control system (144) for an electrical switching apparatus (130) including a coil (54) adapted to control main contacts (4, 6, 8), a magnetic frame (50) cooperating with the coil, and a number of auxiliary switches (22) that are responsive to a position of the main contacts (4, 6, 8), said control system comprising:a current sensor (114) structured to sense a current (108,126) flowing through the coil;a magnetic sensor (120) structured to sense a magnetic field (66,106) of the magnetic frame; anda circuit (24) structured (180) to detect a predetermined characteristic (94) of the sensed current (126) flowing through the coil and output a control signal (27) responsive to the magnetic field being greater than a predetermined value and the predetermined characteristic being detected, wherein the predetermined characteristic is a momentary decrease (94) in the current flowing through the coil before subsequently reaching a larger current value (113); wherein the control signal is structured to cause a change in state of the number of auxiliary switches to a first state when the magnetic field is greater than said predetermined value and the predetermined characteristic is detected; wherein the predetermined value is a first predetermined value; wherein a second predetermined value (74) is smaller than the first predetermined value; and wherein the circuit is further structured to determine if the magnetic field is subsequently less than the smaller second predetermined value and to cause a further change in state of the number of auxiliary switches to a different second state.
- The control system (144) of Claim 4 wherein said number of auxiliary switches are a number of electronic auxiliary switches (22); and wherein said control signal is an electronic signal (27) structured to open or close said number of electronic auxiliary switches.
- The control system (144) of Claim 4 wherein said coil includes a ferrous plunger (52); and wherein the predetermined characteristic of the sensed current flowing through the coil is responsive to a magnetic "back-EMF" effect of the ferrous plunger when moved by the magnetic field of the magnetic frame.
- An electrical switching apparatus (130) comprising the control system (144) of Claim 4, said electrical switching apparatus further including:
a number of separable contacts (137) controlled by said coil (54). - The electrical switching apparatus (130) of Claim 7 wherein said coil includes a ferrous plunger (52); wherein said separable contacts include a number of fixed contacts (138) and a number of movable contacts (140) movable by said ferrous plunger; and wherein the current flowing through the coil cooperates with the magnetic frame to cause the magnetic field to move the ferrous plunger from a first position wherein said separable contacts are open to a different second position wherein said number of movable contacts electrically engage said number of fixed contacts.
- The electrical switching apparatus (130) of Claim 7 wherein said circuit is further structured to determine a magnitude (113) of the current flowing through the coil and adjust the predetermined value as a function of the magnitude of the current.
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PCT/US2010/026992 WO2010107655A1 (en) | 2009-03-16 | 2010-03-11 | Electrical switching apparatus |
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EP2409202A4 EP2409202A4 (en) | 2018-01-17 |
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GB2567894A (en) * | 2017-10-31 | 2019-05-01 | Elaut Nv | Improvements to the operation of electromagnetic actuators |
CN109961987A (en) * | 2017-12-14 | 2019-07-02 | 国网湖南省电力有限公司 | Antimagnetic interference method, device and the intelligent micro-circuit breaker of intelligent micro-circuit breaker |
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US6061217A (en) * | 1997-12-16 | 2000-05-09 | Eaton Corporation | Electrical switching apparatus employing twice-energized trip actuator |
AU2002367347A1 (en) * | 2001-12-21 | 2003-07-24 | Caltek Corporation | Miniaturized motor overload protector |
AU2003903787A0 (en) * | 2003-07-22 | 2003-08-07 | Sergio Adolfo Maiocchi | A system for operating a dc motor |
WO2005111641A1 (en) * | 2004-05-13 | 2005-11-24 | Mitsubishi Denki Kabushiki Kaisha | State recognizing device and switching controller of power switching apparatus using state recognizing device |
WO2007108063A1 (en) * | 2006-03-17 | 2007-09-27 | Mitsubishi Denki Kabushiki Kaisha | State grasping device and open/closure controller having this state grasping device |
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