EP2403062A1 - Structure d'antenne - Google Patents

Structure d'antenne Download PDF

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Publication number
EP2403062A1
EP2403062A1 EP10275068A EP10275068A EP2403062A1 EP 2403062 A1 EP2403062 A1 EP 2403062A1 EP 10275068 A EP10275068 A EP 10275068A EP 10275068 A EP10275068 A EP 10275068A EP 2403062 A1 EP2403062 A1 EP 2403062A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
antenna
feed
impedance
assembly according
antenna assembly
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Ceased
Application number
EP10275068A
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German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
designation of the inventor has not yet been filed The
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
BAE Systems PLC
Original Assignee
BAE Systems PLC
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by BAE Systems PLC filed Critical BAE Systems PLC
Priority to EP10275068A priority Critical patent/EP2403062A1/fr
Priority to US13/702,328 priority patent/US9024840B2/en
Priority to EP11735516.4A priority patent/EP2589107A1/fr
Priority to PCT/GB2011/000985 priority patent/WO2012001359A1/fr
Publication of EP2403062A1 publication Critical patent/EP2403062A1/fr
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q9/00—Electrically-short antennas having dimensions not more than twice the operating wavelength and consisting of conductive active radiating elements
    • H01Q9/04—Resonant antennas
    • H01Q9/16—Resonant antennas with feed intermediate between the extremities of the antenna, e.g. centre-fed dipole
    • H01Q9/26—Resonant antennas with feed intermediate between the extremities of the antenna, e.g. centre-fed dipole with folded element or elements, the folded parts being spaced apart a small fraction of operating wavelength
    • H01Q9/27—Spiral antennas
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q1/00—Details of, or arrangements associated with, antennas
    • H01Q1/27—Adaptation for use in or on movable bodies
    • H01Q1/273—Adaptation for carrying or wearing by persons or animals
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q1/00—Details of, or arrangements associated with, antennas
    • H01Q1/36—Structural form of radiating elements, e.g. cone, spiral, umbrella; Particular materials used therewith
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q1/00—Details of, or arrangements associated with, antennas
    • H01Q1/36—Structural form of radiating elements, e.g. cone, spiral, umbrella; Particular materials used therewith
    • H01Q1/38—Structural form of radiating elements, e.g. cone, spiral, umbrella; Particular materials used therewith formed by a conductive layer on an insulating support

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a structure for an antenna.
  • Embodiments of the invention find particular application in flexible structures for radio antennas, such as those which can be incorporated into clothing.
  • Wearable antennas have been developed for use in variety of communications applications.
  • the construction of an antenna using thin, flexible materials has been investigated, giving a lightweight, discrete result which does not hinder the wearer's movements.
  • Both the antenna and its feed need to be relatively undetectable and also sufficiently robust, for instance to withstand normal movement and handling of the clothing, and washing.
  • antennas require a balanced feed in order to prevent the feed itself from radiating as well as the antenna. If the feed radiates, it reduces the efficiency of the antenna, can distort the radiation/reception pattern and can interfere with other equipment.
  • the output of a radio for use with a wearable communications antenna is unbalanced. It is known to use a transmission line plus a balun to convert the radio output to a balanced antenna feed. Available baluns tend to be easily detectable however.
  • Spiral antennas which have an "infinite balun". These have a feed which winds into the centre of the spiral. They were originally published by J. D. Dyson, for example in 1959 in a paper entitled “The Equiangular Spiral Antenna,” in Transactions of the Institute of Radio Engineers. US patent 5815122 discloses a structure of this type. Such arrangements function without an additional balun structure but have significant depth, making them very detectable.
  • “Spiral” in the context of this specification includes any path on a plane that winds around a fixed centre point at an increasing or decreasing distance from the point. Although the increase or decrease of the distance may be continuous and/or regular, it is not essentially so.
  • the term “spiral” therefore encompasses shapes that might be described as non-circular.
  • wearable antennas and their feeds are impedance matching, compatibility with broadband operation, delivery of adequate signal power for use in the field, for example 5 Watts or more, and the effect of variable proximity to the body.
  • an antenna assembly for use as a wearable antenna, the antenna comprising at least two spiral arms, one of the arms being constructed to provide a feed structure to a feed connection to at least one other arm in the central region of the spiral antenna, the feed structure comprising a coplanar waveguide.
  • the arm constructed to provide the feed structure may indeed consist of said coplanar waveguide. That is, the arm comprises slots and a line conductor in a coplanar ground plane, the outer edges of the ground plane providing the width of the arm.
  • a spiral antenna of this type does not require a separate balun, benefitting from the "infinite balun" effect mentioned above.
  • the coplanar waveguide feed structure may provide one or more impedance transforming structures for matching the impedance of a signal feed line, for example from a radio source, to that of the spiral antenna.
  • impedance transforming structures for matching the impedance of a signal feed line, for example from a radio source, to that of the spiral antenna.
  • the ratio of the width of the slots to the width of the line conductor can be changed to alter the impedance of the coplanar waveguide.
  • coplanar waveguide In use, the coplanar waveguide will not generally present a flat surface since a wearable antenna may often be subjected to bending or folding.
  • coplanar is intended to mean a waveguide in which wave-guiding is provided by the feed structure when its elements share a common plane but encompasses such feed structures when bent or folded.
  • the coplanar waveguide feed structure can easily be designed to provide a quarter wave impedance transformer at the central region of the antenna, where there is a feed connection between the feed structure and the spiral antenna. This can be done by positioning a step change in the ratio of the width of the slots to the width of the line conductor at a point along the slot waveguide which lies one quarter wavelength of the carrier signal wavelength of the antenna, in use, along the waveguide from the feed connection.
  • Microstrip transmission line feeds using flat conductors give low attenuation and high power handling when the strip width is maximised but this leads to inconveniently low impedance because of the small thickness generally provided by wearable fabrics.
  • Typical, wearable cloth substrates, such as cotton are often no more than 1mm thick and can be no more than 0.5mm or 0.3mm.
  • a coplanar waveguide for a wearable spiral antenna is best suited to impedances of 75 ⁇ to 125 ⁇ , for instance of the order of 100 ⁇ , where the ratio of the air gap to the conductor width is suitable large and the slot width can be of order 1mm, reducing the chance of accidental short circuits when the material is crumpled
  • Wearable antennas according to embodiments of the invention have been found to have impedances of 150 ⁇ and above, for example of the order of 190 ⁇ .
  • the quarter wave impedance transformer described above might be constructed to provide impedance matching between the antenna and a feed structure having an impedance in the range 75 ⁇ to 125 ⁇ , for instance of the order of 100 ⁇ . This allows the bulk of the spiral arm providing the feed structure to be constructed with practical dimensions in respect of slot width while also being integral with a suitable quarter wave impedance transformer at the feed connection.
  • Typical radio feed lines for wearable antennas have an impedance of about 50 ⁇ .
  • Feed structures used in embodiments of the invention can conveniently provide impedance matching to the feed line as well as to the antenna.
  • the coplanar waveguide feed structure may have an extension with respect to the outer edge of the spiral antenna, which extension provides an impedance matching section for matching the impedance of the coplanar waveguide of the feed structure to that of a signal feed line.
  • this extension might be linear and may be tangential to the outer edge of the spiral antenna.
  • Some spiral antennas have an absorbing cavity behind them.
  • the wearable antenna, or at least the wearable fabric it is constructed on can be worn close to or against the human body which provides the absorption.
  • Embodiments of the invention can be constructed in just one plane, on a flexible material, making them difficult to detect, even by a body search, and easily incorporated into clothing. They allow a suitable antenna plus feed structure to be provided in spite of the tight requirements of wearable antennas in terms of detectability, robustness and electrical parameters.
  • a two-arm spiral antenna 100, 105 has a feed structure constructed in one of the arms 105.
  • the two arms 100, 105 are joined at the centre 110 of the antenna and the feed structure comprises a pair of slots 125 and a line conductor 130 in a ground plane 200, 205.
  • the slots 125 effectively give a coplanar waveguide ("CPW") feed line constructed in an arm 105 of the antenna which begins at the outside of the antenna spiral and winds into the centre 110 where the centre conductor 130 has a feed connection 305 to the unmodified arm 100 of the antenna.
  • CPW coplanar waveguide
  • the arm 105 providing the feed structure consists of the feed structure, the outer edges of the ground plane 200, 205 defining the width of the arm 105.
  • the antenna described here is intended for use with Multiband Inter/Intra Team Radios ("MBITRs”), these being operable at 5W power level and providing a 50 ⁇ feed.
  • MBITRs Multiband Inter/Intra Team Radios
  • the winding of the transmission line around the spiral creates a balanced feed.
  • an impedance transformer between the 50 ⁇ impedance of the signal feed line from the radio and that of the antenna which is roughly 200 ⁇ . This can be done in sections of the waveguide feed line by changes in the width of the slots 125.
  • a section adjoining the feed connection 305 of the antenna has the widest slot width, giving a roughly 150 ⁇ impedance, and the outer end of the arm 105 has an extension 145 along a tangent to the antenna where the slots 125 have a reduced slot width in order to match to the feed from the radio.
  • the main length of the feed structure has slots whose width is designed for 100 ⁇ impedance as, in the embodiments described below, these are sufficiently robust in use while allowing a quarter wave transformer to be constructed at the feed connection to the antenna.
  • the gap between the conductors at this impedance is greater than 1 mm which gives a reasonable lack of sensitivity to fabrication errors, crumpling of the material, or damage due to washing, etc.
  • the antenna is a symmetrical two-arm spiral, so it might be expected that it needs a symmetrical feed at the centre but it has been found unnecessary in embodiments of the invention.
  • the antenna is an Archimedean spiral of known type.
  • the widths of the arms 100, 105 is 20mm each, leaving a gap of 17.5mm between them.
  • the centre conductor 130 of the CPW feed is 5 mm wide.
  • One arm 105 carries the CPW feed, while the other arm 100 is unmodified.
  • the antenna is therefore not quite the Babinet dual of itself, but its input impedance is close to the ideal impedance of a self-complementary antenna, which in this case would be 188 ⁇ .
  • the overall diameter of a spiral antenna is usually at least one wavelength at the lowest frequency used.
  • the embodiment described here is of a size that ideally would carry frequencies from about 500 MHz upwards.
  • a quarter wavelength of the carrier signal in the CPW feed is 210mm.
  • the spiral antenna can be fed in known manner, using a coaxial cable (not shown).
  • both arms 100, 105 (20mm) and the width of the centre conductor 130 (5mm) have been made as large as possible so as to minimise the resistive loss in the feed structure 200, 125, 130, 205.
  • the slots 125 are each 1.25 mm wide, leaving the ground plane conductors 200, 205 each 6.25 mm wide.
  • a centre conductor 130 wider than 5mm could be used, but the outer ground plane conductors 200, 205 would then be relatively narrow and this might affect the impedance of the CPW feed structure.
  • the currents associated with the spiral-mode and CPW mode of the antenna are approximately orthogonal.
  • the currents flow in the same direction on all three conductors 200, 130, 205 of the CPW line.
  • the currents are equal and opposite on the centre and outer conductors.
  • the antenna is fabricated from a sheet of conductive, flexible material, prior to mounting on a wearable fabric 140. As shown in Figure 1 , it has several fine connecting structures 115 to give it stability during production but these would be removed in the finished antenna.
  • the material of the antenna may be any suitable conductive material.
  • a conductive material for use with wearable fabrics 140 is Nora Dell Nickel-Copper-Silver plated nylon plain weave fabric, manufactured by Shieldex Trading Incorporated, with a quoted average resistivity of 0.005 ⁇ /sq.
  • the antenna 100, 105 and its impedance matching extension 120, 145 can be laser cut from this material.
  • An important feature of a wearable antenna and its feed is the power handling. For example, in order to handle the 5W output of an MBITR radio, it is important that materials in the antenna assembly do not overheat. It was found that the spiral antenna assembly was acceptable in this respect, as long as relatively low resistivity material was used and the Nora Dell fabric was good in this respect.
  • the antenna is mounted on cotton T-shirt style fabric 140. Typical thicknesses of wearable cotton fabric are of the order of 0.3mm. Although other attachment techniques might be desirable in practice, a working embodiment of the invention can be constructed using adhesive TESA ® tape (manufactured by TESA SE) applied to one side of the laser cut Nora Dell material. The backing is removed from the TESA tape and the design can be pressed on to a wearable fabric such as cotton sheet.
  • adhesive TESA ® tape manufactured by TESA SE
  • the antenna has an expected impedance of 188 ⁇ while the main length of the CPW feed has an impedance of 100 ⁇ .
  • a quarter-wave transformer of 137 ⁇ is introduced to match the expected impedance of the antenna to the 100 ⁇ feed.
  • the length of this transformer might be any odd multiple of quarter wavelengths, such as three, but in this case is 210mm, which is one quarter-wavelength at 300MHz, allowing for the empirically measured velocity factor of 0.84 for CPW on the 0.3mm cotton fabric.
  • a three quarter-wavelength transformer would only be matched over a narrower bandwidth.
  • the feed arm 105 has an extension 120, 145 at a tangent for a distance of 500mm to provide matching to the 50 ⁇ signal feed line of the radio.
  • the extension has a first section 120 adjoining the antenna arm 105 which is 300 mm long and maintains the slot width at 1.25 mm, as it is in the arm 105.
  • the second section 145 steps down the 100 ⁇ impedance of the feed arm 105 to a suitable impedance, approximately 70 ⁇ , for connection to the 50 ⁇ radio feed line.
  • the two slots 125 of the feed line are the Babinet dual of an edge-coupled transmission line having conductors 500A, 500B of width "w" and separation "s".
  • "s" represents the width of the centre conductor 130 and "w” the gap between the centre conductor 130 and the outer ground planes 200, 205.
  • the impedance 600 of the feed line 200, 130, 125, 205 can be derived from the impedance 605 of the complementary edge-coupled transmission line of Figure 2 .
  • the impedance is approximately: 376.7 ⁇ K ⁇ s / s + 2 ⁇ w when the lines are in vacuum.
  • this gives an impedance 600 for the coplanar feed line 200, 130, 125, 205 which, for example, rises above 100 ⁇ at a ratio w/s of approximately 0.26.
  • a prototype feed line having a centre conductor of width "s" and slot width "w” was constructed in copper tape on a metallised nylon fabric with a surface resistivity of 0.1 ⁇ /sq.
  • the attenuation 700 was measured for a fixed slot width "w" of 1 mm and a varying width "s" of the centre conductor 130.
  • a further function of the slots 125 is to match the impedance of the antenna to the impedance of the feed to it, which is typically 50 ⁇ . This can be done by stepping the width "w" of the slots 125 from a low value at the outside of the antenna spiral to a higher value at the centre 110.
  • a two-stage transformer is shown in Figure 8 , having a first part 805 where the slot width "w" has a low value and a second part 800 where the slot width "w" has a high value.
  • a three stage transformer was constructed, in copper tape on a metallised nylon fabric, in order to match from the 50 ⁇ input line to the approximately 200 ⁇ seen at the feed connection 305 of the antenna. This had a return loss of 20 dB across a 3:1 band.
  • the centre conductor 130 line width was 5 mm.
  • the impedances and slot widths "w" of the three stages were as follows: Section Impedance ( ⁇ ) "w" (mm) Input 50 0.055 1 67 0.25 2 100 1.3 3 150 5.4
  • a 200 ⁇ termination was created to represent the antenna.
  • the return loss 900 of the prototype three-stage transformer was substantially as predicted.
  • the predicted return loss 1000 of the spiral antenna was found to be lowest in the upper half of the band, that is 250-500 MHz. Efficiency was lower in the lower part of the band, 50-250 MHz, partly as a result of a poorer match to 50 ⁇ and partly because of the small physical size of the antenna in relation to the signal carrier wavelength, in use.
  • a transmission line 200, 205, 130 connected to an arm 105 in an antenna assembly will generally need to be connected to a radio in use.
  • This can be done for example by using a length of coaxial cable 1100 connected to the TNC ("threaded Neill-Concelman") plug of the radio.
  • the free end is held to the wearable fabric 140 (not shown) by using a clip or plastic tie 1105 such as Tywrap ® and the outer braid divided into two parts 1110 and attached to the ground plane 200, 205 of the transmission line using a conductive epoxy resin such as silver-filled Araldite ® .
  • the inner conductor 1115 is similarly attached to the line conductor 130 of the transmission line.

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  • Details Of Aerials (AREA)
EP10275068A 2010-06-30 2010-06-30 Structure d'antenne Ceased EP2403062A1 (fr)

Priority Applications (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP10275068A EP2403062A1 (fr) 2010-06-30 2010-06-30 Structure d'antenne
US13/702,328 US9024840B2 (en) 2010-06-30 2011-06-29 Antenna structure
EP11735516.4A EP2589107A1 (fr) 2010-06-30 2011-06-29 Structure d'antenne
PCT/GB2011/000985 WO2012001359A1 (fr) 2010-06-30 2011-06-29 Structure d'antenne

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP10275068A EP2403062A1 (fr) 2010-06-30 2010-06-30 Structure d'antenne

Publications (1)

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EP2403062A1 true EP2403062A1 (fr) 2012-01-04

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EP10275068A Ceased EP2403062A1 (fr) 2010-06-30 2010-06-30 Structure d'antenne

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EP (1) EP2403062A1 (fr)

Cited By (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN104681932A (zh) * 2015-02-11 2015-06-03 华南理工大学 一种中距离无线能量传输柱面螺旋电小天线
GB2544279A (en) * 2015-11-10 2017-05-17 South Midlands Communications Ltd Radio frequency antennas
CN106848559A (zh) * 2017-02-15 2017-06-13 河南师范大学 一种共面波导馈电的多频天线
CN108987927A (zh) * 2018-08-16 2018-12-11 昆山恩电开通信设备有限公司 一种具有空间透波特性的碗状天线辐射单元
CN113067126A (zh) * 2021-03-11 2021-07-02 中国人民解放军空军通信士官学校 一种可穿戴式短波通信天线
CN113533919A (zh) * 2021-09-07 2021-10-22 湖北工业大学 用于电力设备局部放电检测的小型化内置柔性天线传感器

Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5815122A (en) 1996-01-11 1998-09-29 The Regents Of The University Of Michigan Slot spiral antenna with integrated balun and feed
US20040056812A1 (en) * 2000-01-12 2004-03-25 Emag Technologies, Inc. Multifunction antenna
DE202007006339U1 (de) * 2007-05-01 2007-07-12 Schmieg, Rainer Textiler asymmetrischer Breitbandoszillator

Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5815122A (en) 1996-01-11 1998-09-29 The Regents Of The University Of Michigan Slot spiral antenna with integrated balun and feed
US20040056812A1 (en) * 2000-01-12 2004-03-25 Emag Technologies, Inc. Multifunction antenna
DE202007006339U1 (de) * 2007-05-01 2007-07-12 Schmieg, Rainer Textiler asymmetrischer Breitbandoszillator

Non-Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
MULLER D J ET AL: "Design and Analysis of a 3-Arm Spiral Antenna", IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, IEEE SERVICE CENTER, PISCATAWAY, NJ, US LNKD- DOI:10.1109/TAP.2006.889798, vol. 55, no. 2, 1 February 2007 (2007-02-01), pages 258 - 266, XP011184027, ISSN: 0018-926X *

Cited By (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN104681932A (zh) * 2015-02-11 2015-06-03 华南理工大学 一种中距离无线能量传输柱面螺旋电小天线
GB2544279A (en) * 2015-11-10 2017-05-17 South Midlands Communications Ltd Radio frequency antennas
CN106848559A (zh) * 2017-02-15 2017-06-13 河南师范大学 一种共面波导馈电的多频天线
CN106848559B (zh) * 2017-02-15 2023-07-25 河南师范大学 一种共面波导馈电的多频天线
CN108987927A (zh) * 2018-08-16 2018-12-11 昆山恩电开通信设备有限公司 一种具有空间透波特性的碗状天线辐射单元
CN108987927B (zh) * 2018-08-16 2023-08-15 昆山恩电开通信设备有限公司 一种具有空间透波特性的碗状天线辐射单元
CN113067126A (zh) * 2021-03-11 2021-07-02 中国人民解放军空军通信士官学校 一种可穿戴式短波通信天线
CN113533919A (zh) * 2021-09-07 2021-10-22 湖北工业大学 用于电力设备局部放电检测的小型化内置柔性天线传感器
CN113533919B (zh) * 2021-09-07 2021-12-17 湖北工业大学 用于电力设备局部放电检测的小型化内置柔性天线传感器

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