EP2380169A1 - Method and means for the scalable improvement of the quality of a signal encoding method - Google Patents

Method and means for the scalable improvement of the quality of a signal encoding method

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Publication number
EP2380169A1
EP2380169A1 EP09807441A EP09807441A EP2380169A1 EP 2380169 A1 EP2380169 A1 EP 2380169A1 EP 09807441 A EP09807441 A EP 09807441A EP 09807441 A EP09807441 A EP 09807441A EP 2380169 A1 EP2380169 A1 EP 2380169A1
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Prior art keywords
signal
reference signals
error signal
pulses
quality
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Granted
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EP09807441A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP2380169B1 (en
Inventor
Stefan Schandl
Panji Setiawan
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Unify GmbH and Co KG
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Siemens Enterprise Communications GmbH and Co KG
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G10—MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS; ACOUSTICS
    • G10L—SPEECH ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES OR SPEECH SYNTHESIS; SPEECH RECOGNITION; SPEECH OR VOICE PROCESSING TECHNIQUES; SPEECH OR AUDIO CODING OR DECODING
    • G10L19/00—Speech or audio signals analysis-synthesis techniques for redundancy reduction, e.g. in vocoders; Coding or decoding of speech or audio signals, using source filter models or psychoacoustic analysis
    • G10L19/04—Speech or audio signals analysis-synthesis techniques for redundancy reduction, e.g. in vocoders; Coding or decoding of speech or audio signals, using source filter models or psychoacoustic analysis using predictive techniques
    • G10L19/16—Vocoder architecture
    • G10L19/18—Vocoders using multiple modes
    • G10L19/24—Variable rate codecs, e.g. for generating different qualities using a scalable representation such as hierarchical encoding or layered encoding

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method for the scalable improvement of the quality of a signal coding method
  • the audio signals to be transmitted are compressed by means of coding methods and decompressed after the transmission.
  • Such a coding method which is intended for transmission of a speech signal in a frequency range of 300 to 3400 Hz with a data rate of 8 kbit / s, is known, for example, from ITU-T Recommendation G.729.
  • the transmission of an extended frequency range from 50 Hz to
  • a so-called broadband voice codec provided for this purpose is, for example, in ITU-T Recommendation G.722. EV described.
  • the method uses subband adaptive differential pulse code modulation (SB-ADPCM) to encode audio signals.
  • SB-ADPCM subband adaptive differential pulse code modulation
  • the invention has for its object to provide a method for scalable improvement of the quality of a coding method according to the Subband Adaptive Differential Pulse Code principle.
  • the information about the reference signal with the minimum error signal is transmitted.
  • FIG. 2 shows the structure of a codec according to the invention
  • FIG. 3 shows the structure of a decoder according to the invention.
  • the reference signal according to FIG. 1 comprises a number of N discrete pulses ⁇ ⁇ n).
  • the Dirac pulses may have a predetermined number of amplitude values L.
  • FIG. 2 shows the structural design of an encoder according to the invention which, in addition to a conventional coder ADPCM according to the Subband Adaptive Differential Pulse Code principle according to IT-U Recommendation G.722, comprises means for generating reference signals which each have one for each stage of the extension Signal generator EHDSl, ... EHDSS for generating the reference signals c (n) and a control unit CB 1, ... CB S has.
  • the reference signals c (n) are compared with a digital error signal e H over a predetermined time interval, a so-called frame, which in a conventional coding method corresponds to IT-U recommen- tion G.722 was determined from an input signal to be coded and a prognosis signal.
  • the reference signal c (n) with the lowest error amount E n is now determined and the information about this signal is transmitted as additional information I ⁇ imin f • ⁇ iHSmin and used in the receiver for decoding the useful signal ,
  • the starting point is a sampling rate of 8 KHz and thus a duration of a sampling interval of 125 ⁇ sec.
  • the duration of a comparison section is 5 msec, the number of possible amplitude values L for the Dirac pulses is 2.
  • Fig. 3 shows the structure of a decoder according to the invention in the received signal from the I H, Im, IH 2 - the audio signal is obtained I HS - -.
  • the received signal includes the recovered with the invention, additional information Inimm / • • • I HS ⁇ H ⁇ depending on the number of selected channels in the expansion stages.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Quality & Reliability (AREA)
  • Computational Linguistics (AREA)
  • Signal Processing (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Audiology, Speech & Language Pathology (AREA)
  • Human Computer Interaction (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Acoustics & Sound (AREA)
  • Multimedia (AREA)
  • Compression, Expansion, Code Conversion, And Decoders (AREA)

Abstract

The invention relates to a method for the scalable improvement of the quality of an encoding method according to IT-U Recommendation G.722, including the following steps: - a digital error signal (E) derived from an input signal to be encoded and a prognosis signal is compared in sections to a number of M*LN different reference signals in an iterative process having a number of repeated steps depending on the scope of the expansion, and the reference signal having a minimum error signal of a prescribed error criteria is derived therefrom, - the reference signals are each made up of equidistant Dirac impulses δ(n) according to (I), wherein off = [0.. M-1], indicates the distance of the first impulse from a zero time point, αP ∈ { α0,α1,..,αL-1 } indicates the amplitude value, M the distance between the individual pulses, N the number of pulses, and L the number of different levels, - the information about the reference signal having the minimum error signal is transmitted.

Description

Beschreibungdescription
Verfahren und Mittel zur skalierbaren Verbesserung der Qualität eines SignalcodierverfahrensMethod and means for scalably improving the quality of a signal coding method
Die Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren zur skalierbaren Verbesserung der Qualität eines SignalcodierverfahrensThe invention relates to a method for the scalable improvement of the quality of a signal coding method
In digitalen Kommunikationssystemen werden zur Reduktion der benötigen Datenraten die zu übertragenden Audiosignale mittels Kodierungsverfahren komprimiert und nach der Übertragung dekomprimiert .In digital communication systems, in order to reduce the required data rates, the audio signals to be transmitted are compressed by means of coding methods and decompressed after the transmission.
Ein derartiges Codierverfahren, welches für eine Übertragung eines Sprachsignals in einem Frequenzbereich von 300 bis 3400 Hz mit einer Datenrate von 8 kbit/s vorgesehen ist, ist beispielsweise aus der ITU-T-Empfehlung G.729 bekannt.Such a coding method, which is intended for transmission of a speech signal in a frequency range of 300 to 3400 Hz with a data rate of 8 kbit / s, is known, for example, from ITU-T Recommendation G.729.
Für die Übertragung mit einer höheren Qualität ist die Über- tragung eines erweiterten Frequenzbereiches von 50 Hz bisFor transmission with a higher quality, the transmission of an extended frequency range from 50 Hz to
7000 Hz bekannt. Ein hierfür vorgesehener, sogenannter breit- bandiger Sprach-Codec ist beispielsweise in der ITU-T- Empfehlung G.722. EV beschrieben.7000 Hz known. A so-called broadband voice codec provided for this purpose is, for example, in ITU-T Recommendation G.722. EV described.
Das Verfahren nutzt die sogenannte Subband- Adaptive Differential Pulse Code Modulation (SB-ADPCM) zur Codierung von Audiosignalen .The method uses subband adaptive differential pulse code modulation (SB-ADPCM) to encode audio signals.
Zur weiteren Erhöhung der Qualität des übertragenen Audiosig- nales besteht die Forderung nach einem skalierbaren Codierungsverfahren .To further increase the quality of the transmitted audio signal, there is the demand for a scalable coding method.
Die Skalierbarkeit gestattet einerseits eine empfängerseitige Abwärtskompatibilität mit herkömmlichen Dekodierungsverfahren und andererseits bietet sie eine einfache Möglichkeit, im Falle von eingeschränkten Datenübertragungskapazitäten im Übertragungskanal eine sender- und empfängerseitige Anpassung der Datenrate und der Größe von übertragenen Datenrahmen vor- zunehmen.On the one hand, scalability allows backward compatibility with conventional decoding methods On the other hand, it offers a simple possibility, in the case of limited data transmission capacities in the transmission channel, to carry out a transmitter and receiver adaptation of the data rate and the size of transmitted data frames.
Der Erfindung liegt die Aufgabe zugrunde, ein Verfahren zur skalierbaren Verbesserung der Qualität eines Codierungsverfahrens nach dem Subband- Adaptive Differential Pulse Code Prinzip anzugeben.The invention has for its object to provide a method for scalable improvement of the quality of a coding method according to the Subband Adaptive Differential Pulse Code principle.
Die Aufgabe wird erfindungsgemäß gelöst mit einem Verfahren zur skalierbaren Verbesserung der Qualität eines Codierungsverfahrens gemäß IT-U Recommendation G.722 mit folgenden Ver- fahrensschritten, in einem iterativen Prozess mit einer vom Umfang der Erweiterung abhängigen Anzahl von Wiederholungsschritten wird ein aus einem zu codierenden Eingangssignal und einem Prognosesignal ermitteltes digitales Fehlersignal abschnittsweise mit einer Anzahl von M*LN unterschiedlichen Referenzsignalen verglichen und daraus das Referenzsignal mit einem minimalen Fehlersignal hinsichtlich eines vorgegebenen Fehlerkriteriums ermittelt, die Referenzsignale c(n) sind jeweils aus äquidistanten Di- rac-Impulsen O\Yl) gemäß p~ aufgebaut, wobei off = [0 .. M-I], den Abstand des ersten Impulses von demThe object is achieved according to the invention with a method for the scalable improvement of the quality of a coding method according to IT-U Recommendation G.722 with the following method steps, in an iterative process with a number of repetition steps depending on the extent of the extension becomes one of an input signal to be coded and a predicted signal digital error signal compared in sections with a number of M * L N different reference signals and from the reference signal with a minimum error signal determined with respect to a given error criterion, the reference signals c (n) are each of equidistant discrete rac-pulses O \ Yl ) according to p ~ , where off = [0 .. MI], the distance of the first pulse from the
u Begi-nn *des wVergl1ei•cKhsabKscvh,ni•*t-+t■es angi-Kb+t-, apμE toθ ax '--'CCL-) den Amplitudenwert , M den Abstand zwischen zwei einzelnen Pulsen, N die Anzahl der Pulse und L die Anzahl der unterschiedlichen Pegel ά ;u Begi-nn * of the wi-wlgg • cKhsabKscvh, ni • * t- + t ■ it angi-Kb + t-, a p μE toθ a x '-' CCL-) the amplitude value, M the distance between two individual ones Pulses, N the number of pulses and L the number of different levels ά;
Die Information über das Referenzsignal mit dem minimalen Fehlersignal wird übertragen.The information about the reference signal with the minimum error signal is transmitted.
Dabei ist es vorteilhaft, wenn als Fehlerkriterium ein erweitertes Fehlersignal eHi(n) gemäß eHi(n)= eH -c(n) ermittelt wird und wenn über den Zeitraum des Vergleichab- Schnittes gemäß w=0 ein Fehlerbetrag ermittelt und zur Bestimmung des minimalen Fehlersignales herangezogen wird.It is advantageous if an extended error signal e H i (n) according to e H i (n) = e H -c (n) is determined as an error criterion and if over the period of Vergleichab- section according to w = 0 an error amount is determined and used to determine the minimum error signal.
Vorteilhaft ist auch eine Anordnung zur Durchführung des erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens, bei dem neben einem herkömmlichen Kodierer (ADPCM) nach dem Subband Adaptive Differential Pulse Code Prinzip gemäß IT-U Recommendation G.722 Mittel zur Erstellung von Referenzsignalen vorgesehen sind, die für jede Stufe der Erweiterung jeweils einen Signalgenerator EHDSl ,... EHDSS zur Erzeugung der Referenzsignale c(n) und eine Steuereinheit CB 1, ...CB S aufweisen.Also advantageous is an arrangement for carrying out the method according to the invention, in which in addition to a conventional encoder (ADPCM) according to the Subband Adaptive Differential Pulse Code principle according to IT-U Recommendation G.722 means for generating reference signals are provided for each stage of the extension each have a signal generator EHDSl, ... EHDSS for generating the reference signals c (n) and a control unit CB 1, ... CB S have.
Im Folgenden wird eine Ausführungsform des erfindungsgemäßenIn the following, an embodiment of the invention
Verfahrens anhand der Figuren erläutert.Method explained with reference to the figures.
Es zeigen beispielhaft:They show by way of example:
Fig.l den Aufbau eines erfindungsgemäßen ReferenzsignalesFig.l the structure of a reference signal according to the invention
Fig. 2 die Struktur eines erfindungsgemäßen Codecs und Fig. 3 die Struktur eines erfindungsgemäßen Decoders. Das Referenzsignal gemäß Fig. 1 umfasst eine Anzahl von N Di- rac-Impulsen δ{n) . Die Abstände zwischen den einzelnen Impulsen betragen jeweils M Abtastperioden, der Abstand des ersten Impulses δ(l) vom Beginn des Vergleichsabschnittes beträgt off = [0 .. M-I] Abtastperioden. Die Dirac-Impulse können eine vorgegebene Anzahl von Amplitudenwerten L aufweisen.2 shows the structure of a codec according to the invention, and FIG. 3 shows the structure of a decoder according to the invention. The reference signal according to FIG. 1 comprises a number of N discrete pulses δ {n). The distances between the individual pulses are each M sampling periods, the distance of the first pulse δ (l) from the beginning of the comparison section is off = [0 .. MI] sampling periods. The Dirac pulses may have a predetermined number of amplitude values L.
Die mathematische Definition eines Referenzsignales ist wie folgt:The mathematical definition of a reference signal is as follows:
Durch Variation der Parameter Amplitudenwert OC mit L unterschiedlichen Werten und des Offsets off = [0 .. M-l]wird nun eine Gruppe mit einer Anzahl M-LN von unterschiedlichen Re- ferenzsignalen erzeugt.By varying the parameters amplitude value OC with L different values and the offset off = [0 .. Ml], a group with a number ML N of different reference signals is now generated.
Der erfindungsgemäße Vergleich der solcherart erhaltenen Referenzsignale c(n) wird anhand der Figuren 2 und 3 näher erläutert. Fig. 2 zeigt den strukturellen Aufbau eines erfin- dungsgemäßen Kodierers, der neben einem herkömmlichen Kodierer ADPCM nach dem Subband Adaptive Differential Pulse Code Prinzip gemäß IT-U Recommendation G.722 Mittel zur Erstellung von Referenzsignalen umfasst, die für jede Stufe der Erweiterung jeweils einen Signalgenerator EHDSl ,... EHDSS zur Er- zeugung der Referenzsignale c(n) und eine Steuereinheit CB 1, ...CB S aufweist.The comparison according to the invention of the reference signals c (n) obtained in this way will be explained in more detail with reference to FIGS. 2 and 3. FIG. 2 shows the structural design of an encoder according to the invention which, in addition to a conventional coder ADPCM according to the Subband Adaptive Differential Pulse Code principle according to IT-U Recommendation G.722, comprises means for generating reference signals which each have one for each stage of the extension Signal generator EHDSl, ... EHDSS for generating the reference signals c (n) and a control unit CB 1, ... CB S has.
Erfindungsgemäß werden die Referenzsignale c(n) über einen vorgegebenen zeitlichen Abschnitt, , ein sogenanntes Frame, mit einem digitalen Fehlersignal eH verglichen, welches in einem herkömmlichen Codierungsverfahren gemäß IT-U Recommen- dation G.722 aus einem zu codierenden Eingangssignal und einem Prognosesignal ermittelt wurde.According to the invention, the reference signals c (n) are compared with a digital error signal e H over a predetermined time interval, a so-called frame, which in a conventional coding method corresponds to IT-U recommen- tion G.722 was determined from an input signal to be coded and a prognosis signal.
Daraus ergibt sich gemäß eHi(n)= eH -c(n) ein erweitertes Fehlersignal eHi(n) zu dem über den Zeitraum des Vergleichabschnittes gemäß From this, according to e H i (n) = e H -c (n), an extended error signal e H i (n) results at that over the period of the comparison section according to FIG
H=OH = O
ein Fehlerbetrag ermittelt wird.an error amount is determined.
Mittels Steuereinheit CB 1, ...CB S wird nun das Referenzsignal c(n) mit dem geringsten Fehlerbetrag En ermittelt un- die Information über dieses Signal als zusätzliche Information Iπiminf • ■ • iHSmin übertragen und im Empfänger zur Dekodierung des Nutzsignales herangezogen.By means of the control unit CB 1,... CBS, the reference signal c (n) with the lowest error amount E n is now determined and the information about this signal is transmitted as additional information Iπimin f • ■ iHSmin and used in the receiver for decoding the useful signal ,
Dabei haben sich in der Praxis für den Aufbau des Referenzsignales c(n) folgende Parameter bewährt.The following parameters have proven useful in practice for the construction of the reference signal c (n).
Ausgangspunkt ist eine Abtastrate von 8 KHz und damit eine Dauer eines Abtastintervalles von 125 μsec. Die Dauer eines Vergleichsabschnittes beträgt 5 msec, die Anzahl der möglichen Amplitudenwerte L für die Dirac-Impulse beträgt 2. Die Zahl der Dirac-Impulse selbst in einem Vergleichsabschnitt beträgt N = 5. Der Abstand zwischen jeweils 2 Dirac-Impulsen beträgt M= 8 Abtastintervalle.The starting point is a sampling rate of 8 KHz and thus a duration of a sampling interval of 125 μsec. The duration of a comparison section is 5 msec, the number of possible amplitude values L for the Dirac pulses is 2. The number of Dirac pulses itself in a comparison section is N = 5. The distance between every 2 Dirac pulses is M = 8 sampling intervals ,
Der oben beschriebene Vergleichsvorgang der Referenzsignale c(n) mit dem digitalen Fehlersignal eH wird nun in Abhängig- keit von der gewählten Skalierung iterativ mehrfach wiederholt, was in der Fig.2 für den S- ten Wiederholungsvorgang durch einen Funktionsblock mit Signalgenerator EHDSS, Steuer- einheit CB S und zusätzliche Informationssignal IHSΠHΠ dargestellt ist.The above-described comparison process of the reference signals c (n) with the digital error signal e H is iteratively repeated several times, depending on the selected scaling, which is shown in FIG. 2 for the repetition process by a function block with signal generator EHDSS, Steuer - unit CB S and additional information signal I HSΠHΠ is shown.
Das heißt für den ersten Wiederholungsschritt, dass die Refe- renzsignale c(n) mit dem erweiterten ersten Fehlersignal eHi(n) verglichen und daraus ein erweitertes zweites Fehlersignal EH2(n) generiert wird. Dieser Vorgang wird typisch viermal wiederholt.For the first repetition step, this means that the reference signals c (n) are compared with the extended first error signal e H i (n) and an extended second error signal E H2 (n) is generated therefrom. This process is typically repeated four times.
Fig. 3 zeigt die Struktur eines erfindungsgemäßen Dekoders in dem aus dem empfangenen Signal IH, Im, IH2- - - IHS das Audiosignal gewonnen wird. Das empfangene Signal umfasst neben dem Ausgangssignal IH des herkömmlichen Kodierers ADPCM die mit der Erfindung gewonnene zusätzliche Information Inimm/ • • • IHSΠHΠ in Abhängigkeit von der Anzahl der im Sender gewählten Erweiterungsstufen.Fig. 3 shows the structure of a decoder according to the invention in the received signal from the I H, Im, IH 2 - the audio signal is obtained I HS - -. Next to the output I H of the conventional encoder ADPCM the received signal includes the recovered with the invention, additional information Inimm / • • • I HSΠHΠ depending on the number of selected channels in the expansion stages.
Dabei besteht ein wesentlicher Vorteil auch darin, dass nicht alle Informationen, die im empfangenen Signal vorhanden sind, auch tatsächlich ausgewertet werden müssen. So is es möglich, dass ein Empfänger mit nur einem herkömmlichen Dekoder Core Decoder ein Signal empfängt, welches auch die Zusatzinformationen iHiπunj ••• iHSmin enthält, diese aber für die Gewinnung des Audiosignales nicht heranziehtIn this case, a significant advantage is also that not all information that is present in the received signal, actually need to be evaluated. Thus, it is possible that a receiver with only one conventional decoder core decoder receives a signal which also contains the additional information iHiπunj ••• iHSmin, but this does not refer to the extraction of the audio signal
Diese Möglichkeit wird als Abwärtskompatibilität bezeichnet.This possibility is called backward compatibility.
Bei einem Empfänger, der die erfindungsgemäßen Erweiterungsstufen EDSl, EDS2, ... EDSS zur Dekodierung der Zusatzinfor- mationen IHIΠHΠ/ ••• IHSΠUΠ umfasst, wird hingegen das Signal in voller Qualität dekodiert, sofern nicht aus anderen Gründen eine Einschränkung geboten ist. In the case of a receiver which comprises the expansion stages EDS1, EDS2,... EDSS according to the invention for decoding the additional information IHIΠHΠ / ••• IHSΠUΠ, the signal is decoded in full quality, unless a restriction is required for other reasons.

Claims

Patentansprüche claims
1. Verfahren zur skalierbaren Verbesserung der Qualität eines Codierungsverfahrens gemäß IT-U Recommendation G.722 mit folgenden Verfahrensschritten,1. A method for the scalable improvement of the quality of a coding method according to IT-U Recommendation G.722 with the following method steps,
- in einem iterativen Prozess mit einer vom Umfang der Erweiterung abhängigen Anzahl von Wiederholungsschritten wird ein aus einem zu codierenden Eingangssignal und einem Prognosesignal ermitteltes digitales Fehlersignal (eH) abschnittsweise mit einer Anzahl von M*LN unterschiedlichen Referenzsignalen c(n) verglichen und daraus das Referenzsignal mit einem minimalen Fehlersignal hin- sichtlich eines vorgegebenen Fehlerkriteriums ermittelt,in an iterative process with a number of repetition steps dependent on the extent of the expansion, a digital error signal (e H ) determined from an input signal to be coded and a prognosis signal is compared in sections with a number of M * L N different reference signals c (n) and therefrom determines the reference signal with a minimum error signal with respect to a predetermined error criterion,
- die Referenzsignale c(n) sind jeweils aus äquidistanten- The reference signals c (n) are each of equidistant
Dirac-Impulsen uyVl) gemäß Dirac pulses uyVl) according to
P~ aufgebaut, wobei off = [0 .. M-I], den Abstand des ersten Impulses von dem Beginn des Vergleichsabschnittes angibt,P ~ , where off = [0 .. MI], indicates the distance of the first pulse from the beginning of the comparison section,
IXp OCo'tXi'-'tXi-i den Amplitudenwert , M den Abstand zwischen zwei einzelnen Pulsen, Ν die Anzahl der Pulse und L die Anzahl der unterschiedlichen Pegel ά ;IXp OC o'tX i '-'tX i - i the amplitude value, M the distance between two individual pulses, Ν the number of pulses and L the number of different levels ά;
- Die Information (Immin* • • • iHSmm) über das Referenzsignal mit dem minimalen Fehlersignal wird übertragen.- The information (Immin * • • iHSmm) is transmitted via the reference signal with the minimum error signal.
2. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass als Fehlerkriterium ein erweitertes Fehlersignal eHi(n) gemäß eHi(n)= eH -c(n) ermittelt wird und dass über den Zeitraum des Vergleichabschnittes gemäß 2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that as an error criterion an extended error signal e H i (n) according to e H i (n) = e H -c (n) is determined and that over the period of the comparison section according to
H=O ein Fehlerbetrag ermittelt und zur Bestimmung des minimalen Fehlersignales herangezogen wird.H = O determined an error amount and used to determine the minimum error signal.
3. Anordnung zur Durchführung des erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens nach einem der Ansprüche 1 oder 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass neben einem herkömmlichen Kodierer (ADPCM) nach dem Subband Adaptive Differential Pulse Code Prinzip gemäß IT-U3. Arrangement for carrying out the method according to one of claims 1 or 2, characterized in that in addition to a conventional encoder (ADPCM) according to the subband Adaptive Differential Pulse Code principle according to IT-U
Recommendation G.722 Mittel zur Erstellung von Referenzsignalen vorgesehen sind, die für jede Stufe der Erweiterung jeweils einen Signalgenerator EHDSl , ... EHDSS zur Erzeugung der Referenzsignale c(n) und eine Steuereinheit CB 1, ...CB S aufweisen. Recommendation G.722 means are provided for generating reference signals, each having a signal generator EHDSl, ... EHDSS for generating the reference signals c (n) and a control unit CB 1, ... CB S for each stage of the extension.
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