Classifications

• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B24—GRINDING; POLISHING
  • B24D—TOOLS FOR GRINDING, BUFFING OR SHARPENING
  • B24D3/00—Physical features of abrasive bodies, or sheets, e.g. abrasive surfaces of special nature; Abrasive bodies or sheets characterised by their constituents
  • B24D3/02—Physical features of abrasive bodies, or sheets, e.g. abrasive surfaces of special nature; Abrasive bodies or sheets characterised by their constituents the constituent being used as bonding agent
  • B24D3/20—Physical features of abrasive bodies, or sheets, e.g. abrasive surfaces of special nature; Abrasive bodies or sheets characterised by their constituents the constituent being used as bonding agent and being essentially organic
  • B24D3/28—Resins or natural or synthetic macromolecular compounds
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B24—GRINDING; POLISHING
  • B24D—TOOLS FOR GRINDING, BUFFING OR SHARPENING
  • B24D11/00—Constructional features of flexible abrasive materials; Special features in the manufacture of such materials
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B24—GRINDING; POLISHING
  • B24D—TOOLS FOR GRINDING, BUFFING OR SHARPENING
  • B24D3/00—Physical features of abrasive bodies, or sheets, e.g. abrasive surfaces of special nature; Abrasive bodies or sheets characterised by their constituents
  • B24D3/34—Physical features of abrasive bodies, or sheets, e.g. abrasive surfaces of special nature; Abrasive bodies or sheets characterised by their constituents characterised by additives enhancing special physical properties, e.g. wear resistance, electric conductivity, self-cleaning properties
  • B24D3/342—Physical features of abrasive bodies, or sheets, e.g. abrasive surfaces of special nature; Abrasive bodies or sheets characterised by their constituents characterised by additives enhancing special physical properties, e.g. wear resistance, electric conductivity, self-cleaning properties incorporated in the bonding agent
  • B24D3/344—Physical features of abrasive bodies, or sheets, e.g. abrasive surfaces of special nature; Abrasive bodies or sheets characterised by their constituents characterised by additives enhancing special physical properties, e.g. wear resistance, electric conductivity, self-cleaning properties incorporated in the bonding agent the bonding agent being organic
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
  • C08K5/00—Use of organic ingredients
  • C08K5/0008—Organic ingredients according to more than one of the "one dot" groups of C08K5/01 - C08K5/59
  • C08K5/005—Stabilisers against oxidation, heat, light, ozone
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
  • C08K5/00—Use of organic ingredients
  • C08K5/04—Oxygen-containing compounds
  • C08K5/10—Esters; Ether-esters
  • C08K5/101—Esters; Ether-esters of monocarboxylic acids
  • C08K5/103—Esters; Ether-esters of monocarboxylic acids with polyalcohols

Definitions

• phenolic resin describes a wide variety of resin products that result from the reaction product of phenols and aldehydes. Phenols react with formaldehydes under both acidic and basic conditions. If a based-catalyzed mixture of a phenol and a formaldehyde contains one or more moles of formaldehyde per moles of phenol, it will produce a thermosetting (one-step) resin, or "resole.”
• Common base compounds employed as catalysts for resole resins include the hydroxides of alkali metals, such as sodium, potassium, or lithium. While alkali metal hydroxide-catalyzed phenolic resins are commercially useful, they have an undesirable tendency to darken as they age, are heated or otherwise cured. The extent of darkening is known to be dependent on the curing or use temperature of the resin and the time of exposure to such temperature.
• Alkali metal hydroxide-catalyzed phenolic resins are commonly used as a component of the bond system of abrasive products, such as coated, bonded, and three-dimensional, low density abrasive products.
• the resin darkening problem is particularly pronounced in coated abrasive and three-dimensional, low density abrasive products because of the more visible presence of the bond system.
• any variation in the temperature profile of the product results in color variation within the product itself. Color variation is particularly noticeable for light-colored products, causing such products to be unacceptable for aesthetic or other reasons.
• abrasive bond systems may comprise colorants to identify the manufacturer, type of product, application, etc.
• the darkening of the resin can interfere with the desired coloration, causing the final product to have a different color from the colorant added.
• a resin that normally turns yellow after curing will yield a green colored product when combined with a blue dye or pigment.
• the resin will typically result in simply another shade of green.
• One known method for imparting color stability in phenolic resoles include adding melamine formaldehyde resin into the formulation. While this achieves color stability, it also imparts brittleness, takes longer to cure, and results in mechanical weakness and therefore reduced grinding performance in the finished product.
• Another proposed method includes the addition of an ammonium based salt to the phenolic resole.
• this method is not sufficiently effective in stabilizing the color of phenolic resin products having certain colorants, such as light blue and orange pigments or dyes.
• the present invention is directed to a color-stable abrasive article that includes a phenolic resin binder; a color stabilizer, a colorant, and abrasive grains.
• the color stabilizer includes at least one acrylate.
• the present invention is directed to a method of making a color- stable abrasive article including the steps of blending a resole and a color stabilizer to form a resole composition; contacting a plurality of abrasive particles with the resole composition; and curing the resole composition to produce the color-stable abrasive article.
• the color stabilizer comprises at least one acrylate.
• the present invention is directed to a method for abrading a work surface including applying color-stable abrasive article to a work surface in an abrading motion to remove a portion of the work surface.
• the abrasive product includes a binder having a phenolic resin, a color-stabilizer that includes at least one acrylate, and abrasive grains.
• FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of a cross-sectional view of one embodiment of coated abrasive tools of the invention.
• FIG. 2 is a schematic representation of a cross-sectional view of another embodiment of coated abrasive tools of the invention.
• the present invention relates to abrasive articles which include a phenolic resin binder that is color-stabilized by acrylates.
• the color-stabilized abrasive article further includes a colorant and abrasive grains.
• an abrasive article or resin is considered to be "color-stable” if it has essentially the same color after about 8 hours of curing at about 235 0 F as it does after about 2 hours of curing at about 235 0 F.
• phenolic resin refers to any resinous reaction product of a phenol, such as phenol, resorcinol, alkyl-substituted phenol such as cresol, xylenol, p-tert-butylphenol, and p- phenylphenol and the like, with an aldehyde, such as formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and furfuraldehyde, and the like.
• phenol-stabilized alkali metal hydroxide catalyzed phenolic resin refers to a cured alkali metal hydroxide phenolic resin which is color-stabilized by a color stabilizing agent.
• the abrasive products are characterized by having a phenolic resin binder, one or more acrylate color-stabilizers, one or more optional colorants, abrasive grains, a support member or backing, and can further include curing agents, non-reactive thermoplastic resins, fillers, grinding aids, and other additives.
• the color-stable abrasive article includes a phenolic resin binder, a color stabilizer, and an abrasive material.
• the color-stable abrasive article can be either a bonded, structured, or coated abrasive.
• Coated abrasive tools of the invention can include a substrate, an abrasive material and at least one phenolic resin binder to hold the abrasive material to the substrate.
• the term "coated abrasive tool” encompasses a nonwoven abrasive tool.
• the abrasive material such as abrasive grains, particles or agglomerate thereof, can be present in one layer (e.g., resin-abrasive layer) or in two layers (e.g., make coat and size coat) of the coated abrasive tools.
• coated abrasive tools Examples of such coated abrasive tools that can be made by the methods of the invention are shown in FIGs. 1 and 2.
• substrate 12 is treated with optional backsize coat 16 and optional presize coat 18.
• abrasive material 14 such as abrasive grains or particles, are applied.
• Size coat 22 is optionally applied over make coat 20 and abrasive material 14.
• Overlaying size coat 22 is optional supersize coat 24.
• coated abrasive tool 10 may or may not include backsize coat 16 and/or presize coat 18. Also, depending upon their specific applications, coated abrasive tool 10 may or may not include size coat 22 and/or supersize coat 24. Shown in FIG. 2 is an example of coated abrasive tools that can be formed by the methods of the invention, where coated abrasive tool 30 includes a single binder/abrasive layer 32 of an abrasive material and adhesive(s) and optional backsize coat 16.
• presize coat 18, size coat 22 and supersize coat 24, as shown in FIG. 1 can be included in coated abrasive tool 30.
• the coated abrasive article can include a color stable phenolic resin binder in at least one layer selected from the group consisting of a binder-abrasive layer, a backsize coat, a presize coat, a make coat, a size coat, and a supersize coat.
• abrasive materials can be applied separately by gravity, electrostatic deposition, air stream, or as a slurry together with the polyurethane adhesive compositions.
• the make coat 20 adheres the abrasive material to the surface of the substrate, and can be formed by impregnating the support substrate with the phenolic resin binder without abrasive grains.
• the support substrate may be impregnated with a resin/abrasive slurry that includes an abrasive material and a resin composition including a phenolic resin binder and a color-stabilizer, to form a binder/abrasive layer 32.
• a method of making a color-stable abrasive article includes: blending a resole and a color-stabilizer comprising at least one acrylate to form a resole composition; contacting a plurality of abrasive particles with the resole composition; and curing the resole composition to produce the color-stable abrasive product.
• color-stable abrasive articles formed by this method include, for example, structured abrasives and bonded abrasives.
• the article is formed by any of those techniques known in the art in which abrasive structures are shaped prior to curing.
• Such techniques include, for example, embossing techniques.
• a mixture of phenolic resin binder, acrylate color-stabilizer, optional colorants, and abrasive grains can be contacted with a backing and a production tool wherein the mixture adheres to one surface of the backing.
• Abrasive structures are thus formed that have the shape of an inside surface of the production tool.
• a bonded abrasive article can be formed by preparing an agglomerate that includes the phenolic resin binder, acrylate color-stabilizer, optional colorants, and abrasive grains.
• the agglomerate is then shaped using any of the techniques known in the art for preparing a bonded abrasive. Suitable techniques for preparing bonded abrasives are further described in, for example, U.S. Patent Nos. 5,738,696 of Wu; 5,738,697 of Wu, el al ; and 6,679,758 of Bright, et al ; and U.S. Patent Publication No. 2003/0192258 Al of Simon, the entire contents of each of which are incorporated herein by reference.
• a work surface is abraded by applying the color-stable abrasive article to a work surface in an abrading motion to remove a portion of the work surface.
• Typical phenolic resins employed in the present invention are resoles, which result from the alkali metal hydroxide catalyzed reaction of phenol and formaldehyde in a mole ratio of phenol :formaldehyde of about 1 :1 to about 1 :3 moles and a mole ratio of phenohalkali metal hydroxide of about 1 :1 to about 100:1.
• the color of such resole, or base- catalyzed phenolic resin is stabilized by the addition of one or more acrylates.
• Durez Varcum Resin No. 94908 manufactured by Durez Corporation is one example of a water-based, single-staged liquid phenolic resin that can be used as the binder. Other examples are provided in Table 1 below. Table 1 : Phenolic Resin Binders
• the color-stabilizers employed in the present invention include acrylates.
• acrylates include ethyl acrylate, epoxy acrylate, pentacrylate, and trimethylolpropane triacrylate (TMPTA).
• TMPTA trimethylolpropane triacrylate
• the optimal amount of acrylate present in the binder formulation can vary.
• the percentage of the acrylate resin can be between about 2% and about 60% by weight of the phenolic resin, between about 5% and about 60% by weight of the phenolic resin, between about 10% and about 60% by weight of the phenolic resin, or between about 7% and about 15% by weight of the phenolic resin.
• the acrylate is preferably present in a larger percentage, such as between about 10% and about 60% by weight.
• the percentage of acrylate can be between about 5% and about 60% by weight.
• the color-stabilizer is one or more acrylate resins having high a functionality of acrylic groups, such as pentacrylate and trimethylolpropane triacrylate (TMPTA).
• acrylic groups such as pentacrylate and trimethylolpropane triacrylate (TMPTA).
• TMPTA trimethylolpropane triacrylate
• suitable resins include methyl lactate, ethyl lactate, n-propyl lactate, butyl lactate, epoxy acrylate, and 2-ethylhexyl lactate.
• the one or more acrylate resin is a water soluble resin, such as ethoxylated TMPTA.
• water soluble means completely miscible in water.
• the one or more acrylate resin is not water soluble.
• the insoluble acrylate resin can be present in an amount between about 2% and about 15% by weight.
• the composition further includes a co-solvent, such as glycol.
• vitamins E and C can be added between 1% and 20% by weight of resin.
• acrylates impart color stability to phenolic resins by reacting with phenoxy radicals that would otherwise oxidize and form darkly colored quinine structures.
• Reactions 1 and 2 represent an example of the mechanism that is believed to occur when an acrylate is not present in the phenolic resin, while reaction 3 represents an alternative to reaction 2 that occurs when an acrylate is present.
• reaction 1 the phenol ionizes in basic media, forming a phenolate ion and a corresponding resonant phenoxy radical structure.
• the abrasive product can include a colorant, for example, dyes or pigments. Generally, a portion of the colorant can be visible through the cured resin. In some embodiments, a portion of the colorant is included in the cured resin, in an optional support substrate, and/or in a coating between the optional support substrate and the cured resin.
• the colorant can include organic polycyclic dyes, organic monoazo dyes, organic diazo dyes, organometal complexes, inorganic pigments such as metal oxides or complexes. Dyes can be perinone, anthraquinone, azo dye complexes and thioindigoid.
• a fluorescent colorant is a dye or pigment containing a fluorescent organic molecule.
• a fluorescent colorant can be, for example, a xanthene, thioxanthene, fluorene (e.g., fluoresceins, rhodamines, eosines, phloxines, uranines, succineins, sacchareins, rosamines, and rhodols), napthylamine, naphthylimide, naphtholactam, azalactone, methine, oxazine, thiazine, benzopyran, coumarin, aminoketone, anthraquinone, isoviolanthrone, anthrapyridone, pyranine, pyrazolone, benzothiazene, perylene, or thioindigoid.
• fluorene e.g., fluoresceins, rhodamines, eosines, phloxines, uranines, succineins, sacchareins
• a fluorescent colorant is selected from the group consisting of xanthenes, thioxanthenes, benzopyrans, coumarins, aminoketones, anthraquinones, isoviolanthrones, anthrapyridones, pyranines, pyrazolones, benzothiazenes, thioindigoids and fluorenes.
• the fluorescent colorant is a thioxanthene or thioxanthene.
• Examples of preferred fluorescent colorants include C.I. Solvent Orange 63 (Hostasol Red GG, Hoechst AG, Frankfurt, Germany), C.I. Solvent Yellow 98 (Hostasol Yellow 3G, Hoechst AG, Frankfurt, Germany), and C.I. Solvent Orange 1 18 (FL Orange SFR, Keystone Aniline Corporation, Chicago, Illinois).
• the amount of colorant that can be employed depends on the particulars of the intended use, the characteristics of the colorant, the other components in the composition, and the like. One skilled in the art will know how to judge these details to determine the amount of colorant for a particular use. Typically, the amount of colorant will be a weight fraction of the total composition of between about 0.01 and about 2%, more preferably between about 0.05 and about 0.5%, and most preferably, about 0.2%.
• the colorant is a red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, or violet colorant.
• the colorant is fluorescent, for example, a fluorescent red, fluorescent orange (blaze orange), fluorescent yellow, fluorescent green, or the like.
• the colorant can be employed to identify the abrasive product, e.g., for commercial branding, for usage indication such as wet, dry, wood, metal, or the like, or for identification of grit size, or the like.
• Abrasive grains can include of any one or a combination of grains, including, but not limited to, silica, alumina (fused or sintered), zirconia, zirconia/alumina oxides, silicon carbide, garnet, diamond, cubic boron nitride (CBN), silicon nitride, ceria, titanium dioxide, titanium diboride, boron carbide, tin oxide, tungsten carbide, titanium carbide, iron oxide, chromia, flint, and emery.
• silica alumina (fused or sintered)
• zirconia zirconia/alumina oxides
• silicon carbide garnet, diamond, cubic boron nitride (CBN), silicon nitride, ceria, titanium dioxide, titanium diboride, boron carbide, tin oxide, tungsten carbide, titanium carbide, iron oxide, chromia, flint, and emery.
• CBN cubic
• the abrasive grains may be selected from a group consisting of silica, alumina, zirconia, silicon carbide, silicon nitride, boron nitride, garnet, diamond, cofused alumina zirconia, ceria, titanium diboride, boron carbide, flint, emery, alumina nitride, and a blend thereof.
• dense abrasive grains comprised principally of alpha-alumina and/or gamma alumina can be used.
• the abrasive grains can also include abrasive agglomerate grains, also known as agglomerated abrasive grains.
• Abrasive agglomerate grains include abrasive particles adhered together by a particle binder material.
• the abrasive particles present in abrasive agglomerate grains can include one or more of the abrasives known for use in abrasive tools such as, for example, silica, alumina (fused or sintered), zirconia, zirconia/alumina oxides, silicon carbide, garnet, diamond, cubic boron nitride (CBN), silicon nitride, ceria, titanium dioxide, titanium diboride, boron carbide, tin oxide, tungsten carbide, titanium carbide, iron oxide, chromia, flint, emery, and combinations thereof.
• abrasives known for use in abrasive tools such as, for example, silica, alumina (fused or sintered), zirconia, zirconia/alumina oxides, silicon carbide, garnet, diamond, cubic boron nitride (CBN), silicon nitride, ceria, titanium dioxide, titanium dibor
• the abrasive particles can be of any size or shape
• the abrasive agglomerate grains can be adhered together by a particle binder material such as, for example, a metallic, organic, or vitreous material, or a combination of such materials.
• a particle binder material such as, for example, a metallic, organic, or vitreous material, or a combination of such materials.
• Abrasive agglomerate grains suitable for use in the present invention are further described in U.S. Patent No. 6,797,023, to Knapp, et ah, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.
• the abrasive grains can have one or more particular shapes.
• Example of such particular shapes include rods, triangles, pyramids, cones, solid spheres, hollow spheres and the like.
• the abrasive grains can be randomly shaped.
• the abrasive grains have an average grain size not greater than 2000 microns such as, for example, not greater than about 1500 microns.
• the abrasive grain size is not greater than about 750 microns, such as not greater than about 350 microns.
• the abrasive grain size may be at least 0.1 microns, such as from about 0.1 microns to about 1500 microns, and, more typically, from about 0.1 microns to about 200 microns or from about 1 micron to about 100 microns.
• the grain size of the abrasive grains is typically specified to be the longest dimension of the abrasive grain. Generally, there is a range distribution of grain sizes. In some instances, the grain size distribution is tightly controlled.
• the abrasive articles can include a support member, or backing.
• the backing can be flexible or rigid.
• the backing can be made of any number of various materials including those conventionally used as backings in the manufacture of coated abrasives.
• Suitable backings can include polymeric films (for example, a primed film), such as polyolefin films ⁇ e.g., polypropylene including biaxially oriented polypropylene), polyester films (e.g., polyethylene terephthalate), polyamide films, or cellulose ester films; metal foils; meshes; foams ⁇ e.g., natural sponge material or polyurethane foam); cloth (e.g., woven, non-woven, fleeced, stitch bonded, or quilted, or cloth made from fibers or yams comprising polyester, nylon, silk, cotton, poly-cotton or rayon); paper; vulcanized paper; vulcanized rubber; vulcanized fiber; nonwoven materials; a treated backing thereof; or any combination thereof.
• the backing can have at least one of a saturant, a presize layer or a backsize layer.
• the purpose of these layers typically is to seal the backing or to protect yarn or fibers in the backing. If the backing is a cloth material, at least one of these layers typically is used.
• the addition of the presize layer or backsize layer may additionally result in a "smoother" surface on either the front or the back side of the backing.
• Other optional layers known in the art can also be used (for example, a tie layer; see U.S. Patent No. 5,700,302 of Stoetzel, et al, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference).
• the abrasive articles are intended for use as fine grinding materials and hence a very smooth surface can be preferred.
• smooth surfaced backings include finely calendered papers, plastic films or fabrics with smooth surface coatings.
• the backing can have antistatic properties.
• the addition of an antistatic material can reduce the tendency of the abrasive article to accumulate static electricity when sanding wood or wood-like materials. Additional details regarding antistatic backings and backing treatments can be found in, for example, U.S. Patent Nos. 5,108,463 of Buchanan, et al ;
• the backing can include a fibrous reinforced thermoplastic such as described, for example, in U.S. Patent No. 5,417,726 of Stout, et al, or an endless spliceless belt, as described, for example, in U.S. Patent No. 5,573,619 of Benedict, et al, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.
• the backing can include a polymeric substrate having hooking stems projecting therefrom such as that described, for example, in U.S. Patent No. 5,505,747 of Chesley, et al, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.
• the backing can include a loop fabric such as that described, for example, in U.S. Patent No. 5,565,011 of Follett, et al, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.
• the abrasive articles of the present invention can also include various other components, such as curing additives, non-reactive thermoplastic resins, fillers, grinding aids; and other additives.
• the abrasive article includes a curing additive, such as a photoinitiator, which generates free radicals when exposed to radiation, e.g., UV radiation.
• a curing additive such as a photoinitiator
• Free-radical generators can include organic peroxides, azo compounds, quinones, benzophenones, nitroso compounds, acryl halides, hydrozones, mercapto compounds, pyrylium compounds, triacrylimidazoles, bisimidazoles, chloroalkyltriazines, benzoin ethers, benzil ketals, thioxanthones and acetophenones, including derivatives of such compounds.
• photoinitiators are the benzil ketals such as 2,2- dimethoxy-2 -phenyl acetophenone (available from Ciba Specialty Chemicals under the trademark IRGACURE ® 651) and acetophenone derivatives such as 2,2- diethoxyacetophenone ("DEAP", which is commercially available from First Chemical Corporation), 2-hydroxy-2-methyl-l-phenyl-propan-l-one ("HMPP,” which is commercially available from Ciba Specialty Chemicals under the trademark DAROCUR ® 1 173), 2-benzyl- 2-N,N-dimethylamino- 1 -(4-morpholinophenyl)- 1 -butanone, (which is commercially available from Ciba Specialty Chemicals under the trademark IRGACURE ® 369); and 2- methyl-l-(4-(methylthio)phenyl)-2-morpholinopropan-l-one, (available from Ciba Specialty Chemicals under the trademark IRGACURE ® 369
• the abrasive articles can include a non-reactive thermoplastic resin such as, for example, polypropylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, and polyoxypropylene-polyoxyethene block copolymer.
• a non-reactive thermoplastic resin such as, for example, polypropylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, and polyoxypropylene-polyoxyethene block copolymer.
• Fillers include organic fillers, inorganic fillers, and nano-fillers.
• suitable fillers include, but are not limited to, metal carbonates such as calcium carbonate and sodium carbonate; silicas such as quartz, glass beads, glass bubbles; silicates such as talc, clays, calcium metasilicate; metal sulfate such as barium sulfate, calcium sulfate, aluminum sulfate; metal oxides such as calcium oxide, aluminum oxide; aluminum trihydrate, and combinations thereof.
• the abrasive articles can include a grinding aid to increase the grinding efficiency and cut rate.
• Useful grinding aids can be inorganic, such as halide salts, e.g., sodium cryolite and potassium tetrafluoroborate; or organic based, such as chlorinated waxes, e.g., polyvinyl chloride.
• the abrasive article includes cryolite and potassium tetrafluoroborate with particle size ranging from about 1 micron to about 80 microns, most typically from about 5 microns to about 30 microns.
• the concentration of grinding aid in a make coat is generally not greater than about 50 wt%, for example, the concentration of grinding aid is often about 0.1 wt% to 50 wt%, and most typically about 10 wt% to 30 wt% (all wt% based on make coat weight including abrasive grains).
• additional additives include coupling agents, such as silane coupling agents, e.g., A-174 and A-1100 available from Osi Specialties, Inc., titanate, and zircoalurminates; anti-static agents, such as graphite, carbon black, and the like; suspending agent, such as fumed silica, e g , Cab-O-Sil M5, Aerosil 200; anti-loading agents such as zinc stearate and calcium stearate; lubricants such as wax, PTFE powder, polyethylene glycol, polypropylene glycol, and polysiloxanes; wetting agents; pigments; dispersants; and defoamers.
• coupling agents such as silane coupling agents, e.g., A-174 and A-1100 available from Osi Specialties, Inc., titanate, and zircoalurminates
• anti-static agents such as graphite, carbon black, and the like
• suspending agent such as fumed silica, e g
• phenolic resin compositions Four phenolic resin compositions were formulated. Each composition contained the components shown in Table 2.
• formulations 2-4 each contained the same amounts of a different acrylate.
• Table 3 indicates the amount of acrylate present in each of the formulations.
• the table shows that the compositions containing the acrylates were resistant to darkening upon exposure to heat during curing.
• pentacrylate and TMPTA were found to be the most effective in stabilizing the color of the phenolic resin.

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