EP2360702B1 - Superconducting cable - Google Patents
Superconducting cable Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP2360702B1 EP2360702B1 EP09306154A EP09306154A EP2360702B1 EP 2360702 B1 EP2360702 B1 EP 2360702B1 EP 09306154 A EP09306154 A EP 09306154A EP 09306154 A EP09306154 A EP 09306154A EP 2360702 B1 EP2360702 B1 EP 2360702B1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- conductor
- superconductive
- cable
- ribbon
- dielectric
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Not-in-force
Links
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 claims description 45
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 21
- 229910021521 yttrium barium copper oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000003466 welding Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000002826 coolant Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910010293 ceramic material Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 3
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 244000089486 Phragmites australis subsp australis Species 0.000 description 2
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002887 superconductor Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920001817 Agar Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000005751 Copper oxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OSOKRZIXBNTTJX-UHFFFAOYSA-N [O].[Ca].[Cu].[Sr].[Bi] Chemical compound [O].[Ca].[Cu].[Sr].[Bi] OSOKRZIXBNTTJX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BTGZYWWSOPEHMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N [O].[Cu].[Y].[Ba] Chemical compound [O].[Cu].[Y].[Ba] BTGZYWWSOPEHMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002318 adhesion promoter Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910000431 copper oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229960004643 cupric oxide Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011888 foil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000001307 helium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052734 helium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N helium atom Chemical compound [He] SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052754 neon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GKAOGPIIYCISHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N neon atom Chemical compound [Ne] GKAOGPIIYCISHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004065 semiconductor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007493 shaping process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002356 single layer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000006641 stabilisation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011105 stabilization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004804 winding Methods 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
- H01B12/00—Superconductive or hyperconductive conductors, cables, or transmission lines
- H01B12/02—Superconductive or hyperconductive conductors, cables, or transmission lines characterised by their form
- H01B12/12—Hollow conductors
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E40/00—Technologies for an efficient electrical power generation, transmission or distribution
- Y02E40/60—Superconducting electric elements or equipment; Power systems integrating superconducting elements or equipment
Definitions
- the invention relates to a superconducting cable according to the preamble of patent claim 1.
- a superconducting cable in today's technology has electrical conductors made of a composite material containing ceramic material which changes to the superconductive state at sufficiently low temperatures.
- the electrical DC resistance of a correspondingly constructed conductor is zero with sufficient cooling, as long as a certain current is not exceeded.
- Suitable ceramic materials are, for example, rare-earth-doped materials which have become known as ReBCO (rare-earth-barium-copper-oxide), which in particular includes YBCO (yttrium-barium-copper-oxide).
- ReBCO rare-earth-barium-copper-oxide
- YBCO yttrium-barium-copper-oxide
- Another of these superconductive materials is, for example, BSCCO (bismuth-strontium-calcium-copper-oxide).
- Sufficiently low temperatures to bring such a material into the superconductive state are, for example, between 67 K and 110 K.
- Suitable coolants are, for example, nitrogen,
- the DE 197 24 618 A1 describes a superconductor consisting of a longitudinally welded, corrugated metal tube with a superconductive layer based on ceramic materials.
- the wall of the superconductor consists of a metallic carrier to which a metal foil carrying the superconductive layer is attached by means of an adhesion promoter.
- the invention has the object of developing the above-described cable so that it is easier to manufacture in a simplified structure.
- the central conductor to be regarded as a superconducting conductor consists of a single-layered tube, which is longitudinally formed from a band carrying the superconductive material.
- the tube is inherently stable so that no separate carrier is needed for the central conductor.
- This consists of only one, determined by the thickness of the tape position so that its radial dimensions can be kept small. This has an advantageous effect on the radial dimensions of the dielectric, which can be reduced overall in comparison with known cables.
- the band of semiconducting material surrounding the conductor stabilizes the conductor and avoids dielectric problems that could arise from the edges present at the slot of the conductor. Including return conductor results in a total of a compact superconducting cable with relatively small radial dimensions and correspondingly reduced material costs.
- the dimensions of the cable receiving cryostat can also be kept smaller than usual with advantage.
- the return conductor may also advantageously be formed from a longitudinally-starting, superconducting material-bearing band into a single-layered tube.
- the pressure of an impregnating agent present in the dielectric can thereby be kept constant in a simple manner, independently of the pressure of the coolant, so that the dielectric properties of the dielectric also remain constant.
- ReBCO As the superconducting material for the tape, from which the central conductor and possibly also the return conductor are formed, ReBCO is preferably used. With particular advantage, YBCO is used as one of these superconducting materials.
- the superconducting cable shown in section has a central conductor (conductor) 1 designed as a single-layered tube.
- the conductor 1 is formed from a longitudinal strip of predetermined width, which carries superconductive material, to form a tube with a longitudinal slot 2, at which the two edges of the band lie together.
- the superconducting material used is preferably ReBCO and, with particular advantage, YBCO.
- the conductor 1 is from one Fig. 4 apparent band 14 surrounded of semiconductive material, which is wrapped in at least one layer around the conductor 1.
- the band 14 is in Fig. 1 for the sake of clarity not shown.
- a pressurized impregnating agent can be present in conventional technology.
- the coolant passed through the surrounding cryostat under pressure can likewise be used in conventional technology with a corresponding construction of the return conductor 4.
- a pressure drop of the coolant or impregnating agent may degrade the dielectric properties of the dielectric 3 in such a way that the same disruptive breakdown occurs between the conductor 1 and the return conductor 4. If in the superconducting cable after Fig. 1 the return conductor 4 is executed in the described manner as a closed tube, the dielectric 3 is closed to the outside. It is then possible to use a constant pressure impregnating agent independent of the external coolant, whereby the dielectric properties of the dielectric remain constant.
Landscapes
- Superconductors And Manufacturing Methods Therefor (AREA)
Description
Die Erfindung bezieht sich auf ein supraleitfähiges Kabel gemäß dem Oberbegriff des Patentanspruchs 1.The invention relates to a superconducting cable according to the preamble of
Ein solches Kabel geht aus der
Ein supraleitfähiges Kabel hat in der heutigen Technik elektrische Leiter aus einem Verbundwerkstoff, welcher keramisches Material enthält, das bei ausreichend tiefen Temperaturen in den supraleitfähigen Zustand übergeht. Der elektrische Gleichstromwiderstand eines entsprechend aufgebauten Leiters ist bei ausreichender Kühlung Null, solange eine bestimmte Stromstärke nicht überschritten wird. Geeignete keramische Materialien sind beispielsweise mit seltenen Erden dotierte Materialien, die unter der Bezeichnung ReBCO (Rare-earth-Barium-Kupfer-Oxid) bekannt geworden sind, zu denen insbesondere YBCO (Yttrium-Barium-Kupfer-Oxid) gehört. Ein anderes dieser supraleitfähigen Materialien ist beispielsweise BSCCO (Wismut-Strontium-Kalzium-Kupfer-Oxid). Ausreichend niedrige Temperaturen, um ein derartiges Material in den supraleitfähigen Zustand zu bringen, liegen beispielsweise zwischen 67 K und 110 K. Geeignete Kühlmittel sind beispielsweise Stickstoff, Helium, Neon und Wasserstoff oder Gemische dieser Stoffe.A superconducting cable in today's technology has electrical conductors made of a composite material containing ceramic material which changes to the superconductive state at sufficiently low temperatures. The electrical DC resistance of a correspondingly constructed conductor is zero with sufficient cooling, as long as a certain current is not exceeded. Suitable ceramic materials are, for example, rare-earth-doped materials which have become known as ReBCO (rare-earth-barium-copper-oxide), which in particular includes YBCO (yttrium-barium-copper-oxide). Another of these superconductive materials is, for example, BSCCO (bismuth-strontium-calcium-copper-oxide). Sufficiently low temperatures to bring such a material into the superconductive state are, for example, between 67 K and 110 K. Suitable coolants are, for example, nitrogen, helium, neon and hydrogen or mixtures of these substances.
Die
Aus der eingangs erwähnten
Der Erfindung liegt die Aufgabe zugrunde, das eingangs geschilderte Kabel so weiterzubilden, daß es bei vereinfachtem Aufbau einfacher herzustellen ist.The invention has the object of developing the above-described cable so that it is easier to manufacture in a simplified structure.
Diese Aufgabe wird entsprechend den kennzeichnenden Merkmalen des Patentanspruchs 1 gelöst.This object is achieved according to the characterizing features of
Bei diesem Kabel besteht der als supraleitfähiger Hinleiter anzusehende zentrale Leiter aus einem einlagigen Rohr, das längseinlaufend aus einem das supraleitfähige Material tragenden Band geformt ist. Das Rohr ist aus sich heraus so stabil, daß kein gesonderter Träger für den zentralen Leiter benötigt wird. Dieser besteht selbst nur aus einer, durch die Dicke des Bandes bestimmten Lage, so daß seine radialen Abmessungen klein gehalten werden können. Das wirkt sich vorteilhaft auf die radialen Abmessungen des Dielektrikums aus, die insgesamt gegenüber bekannten Kabeln verkleinert werden können. Das den Leiter umgebende Band aus halbleitendem Material stabilisiert den Leiter und vermeidet dielektrische Probleme, die durch die am Schlitz des Leiters vorhandenen Kanten entstehen könnten. Einschließlich Rückleiter ergibt sich insgesamt ein kompaktes supraleitfähiges Kabel mit relativ geringen radialen Abmessungen und entsprechend vermindertem Materialaufwand. Die Abmessungen des das Kabel aufnehmenden Kryostats können mit Vorteil ebenfalls kleiner als üblich gehalten werden.In this cable, the central conductor to be regarded as a superconducting conductor consists of a single-layered tube, which is longitudinally formed from a band carrying the superconductive material. The tube is inherently stable so that no separate carrier is needed for the central conductor. This consists of only one, determined by the thickness of the tape position so that its radial dimensions can be kept small. This has an advantageous effect on the radial dimensions of the dielectric, which can be reduced overall in comparison with known cables. The band of semiconducting material surrounding the conductor stabilizes the conductor and avoids dielectric problems that could arise from the edges present at the slot of the conductor. Including return conductor results in a total of a compact superconducting cable with relatively small radial dimensions and correspondingly reduced material costs. The dimensions of the cable receiving cryostat can also be kept smaller than usual with advantage.
Der Rückleiter kann mit Vorteil ebenfalls aus einem längseinlaufenden, supraleitfähiges Material tragenden Band zu einem einlagigen Rohr geformt werden. Wenn derselbe durch Verschweißen des in Längsrichtung verlaufenden Schlitzes als geschlossenes Rohr ausgeführt wird, ergibt sich als weiterer Vorteil eine wirksame Trennung des Dielektrikums vom außerhalb des Rückleiters im Kryostat bewegten Kühlmittel. Der Druck eines im Dielektrikum vorhandenen Imprägniermittels kann dadurch - unabhängig vom Druck des Kühlmittels - auf einfache Weise konstant gehalten werden, so daß auch die dielektrischen Eigenschaften des Dielektrikums konstant bleiben.The return conductor may also advantageously be formed from a longitudinally-starting, superconducting material-bearing band into a single-layered tube. When the same is carried out by welding the longitudinal slot as a closed tube, there is a further advantage of effective separation of the dielectric from the coolant moved outside the return conduit in the cryostat. The pressure of an impregnating agent present in the dielectric can thereby be kept constant in a simple manner, independently of the pressure of the coolant, so that the dielectric properties of the dielectric also remain constant.
Als supraleitfähiges Material für das Band, aus dem der zentrale Leiter und gegebenenfalls auch der Rückleiter geformt werden, wird vorzugsweise ReBCO eingesetzt. Mit besonderem Vorteil wird als eines dieser supraleitfähigen Materialien YBCO verwendet.As the superconducting material for the tape, from which the central conductor and possibly also the return conductor are formed, ReBCO is preferably used. With particular advantage, YBCO is used as one of these superconducting materials.
Ausführungsbeispiele des Erfindungsgegenstandes sind in den Zeichnungen dargestellt.Embodiments of the subject invention are illustrated in the drawings.
Es zeigen:
-
Fig. 1 ein Querschnittsbild eines supraleitfähigen Kabels nach der Erfindung. -
Fig. 2 schematisch eine Anordnung zur Herstellung eines Leiters des Kabels nachFig. 1 . -
Fig. 3 einen Schnitt durchFig. 2 längs der Linie 111 - 111 in vergrößerter Darstellung. -
Fig. 4 eine gegenüber denFig. 2 und 3 abgewandelte Ausführungsform des Leiters.
-
Fig. 1 a cross-sectional image of a superconducting cable according to the invention. -
Fig. 2 schematically an arrangement for producing a conductor of the cable afterFig. 1 , -
Fig. 3 a cut throughFig. 2 along the line 111 - 111 in an enlarged view. -
Fig. 4 one opposite theFIGS. 2 and 3 modified embodiment of the conductor.
Das in
Über dem Leiter 1 bzw. über dem um denselben herumgewickelten Band 14 ist ein an sich bekanntes Dielektrikum 3 angeordnet, das von einem supraleitfähigen Rückleiter 4 umgeben ist. Der Rückleiter 4 kann an sich beliebig ausgeführt sein. Er ist mit Vorteil aber ebenfalls als einlagiges Rohr ausgeführt, das supraleitfähiges Material trägt und längseinlaufend zu einem Rohr geformt ist, an dessen in Längsrichtung verlaufendem Schlitz 5 die beiden Kanten des Bandes aneinander liegen. Für den Rückleiter 4 werden mit Vorteil die gleichen supraleitfähigen Materialien wie für den Leiter 1 eingesetzt. Der Schlitz 5 des Rückleiters 4 kann mit Vorteil durch Schweißen verschlossen werden, so daß sich ein geschlossenes Rohr ergibt. Ein solches Rohr wird gemäß
- Ein supraleitfähiges Material
tragendes Band 6 vorgegebener Breite wird von einerSpule 7 abgezogen und in Richtung desPfeiles 8 durch eineFormungseinrichtung 9 geführt, die durch zweiRollen 10 und 11 schematisch angedeutet ist. In der Formungseinrichtung wird ein Rohr mit einem in Längsrichtung verlaufenden Schlitz geformt, an dem die beiden Kanten desBandes 6 aneinander liegen. In einer in Abzugsrichtungfolgenden Schweißeinheit 12 wird der Schlitz verschlossen. Es liegt dann als Rückleiter 4 ein inFig. 3 dargestelltes Rohr vor, das durch eineSchweißnaht 13 verschlossen ist.
- A superconducting
material carrying tape 6 predetermined width is subtracted from acoil 7 and guided in the direction ofarrow 8 by ashaping device 9, which is indicated schematically by tworollers 10 and 11. In the forming device, a tube is formed with a longitudinally extending slot on which the two edges of theband 6 abut each other. In a following in the withdrawaldirection welding unit 12, the slot is closed. It is then as return conductor 4 inFig. 3 illustrated tube before, which is closed by aweld 13.
In dem Dielektrikum 3 kann in üblicher Technik ein unter Druck stehendes Imprägniermittel vorhanden sein. Dazu kann ebenfalls in üblicher Technik bei entsprechendem Aufbau des Rückleiters 4 das durch den umgebenden Kryostat unter Druck geleitete Kühlmittel verwendet werden. Ein Druckabfall des Kühlmittels bzw. Imprägniermittels kann die dielektrischen Eigenschaften des Dielektrikums 3 so verschlechtern, daß es zu einem dasselbe zerstörenden Durchschlag zwischen Leiter 1 und Rückleiter 4 kommt. Wenn bei dem supraleitfähigen Kabel nach
Claims (5)
- A superconductive cable, which has a central superconductive electrical conductor(1), a dielectric (3) which surrounds the same and a superconductive return conductor (4) which is arranged above the same, characterized in- that the central conductor (1) is formed from a ribbon (6), which carries a superconductive material, longitudinally into a tube having a slot (2) which runs in the axial direction and at which the two edges of the ribbon (6) abut to each other, and- that at least one layer of a ribbon (14) of semiconductive material is wound around the central conductor (1).
- Cable according to claim 1, characterized in that the return conductor (4) is also formed from a ribbon which carries superconductive material longitudinally into a tub e having a slot (5) which runs in the axial direction, and at which the two edgesofthe ribbon abut to each other.
- Cable according to claim 2, characterized in that the slot (5) in the return conductor (4) is closed by welding.
- Cable according to one of the claims 1 to 3, characterized in that Re BC O is used as the superconductive material.
- Cable according to claim 4, characterized in that YBCO is used as the superconductive material.
Priority Applications (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
EP09306154A EP2360702B1 (en) | 2009-11-30 | 2009-11-30 | Superconducting cable |
US12/952,587 US8521242B2 (en) | 2009-11-30 | 2010-11-23 | Superconducting cable |
CN2010106250888A CN102082007A (en) | 2009-11-30 | 2010-11-30 | Superconducting cable |
KR1020100120739A KR20110060862A (en) | 2009-11-30 | 2010-11-30 | Superconduction cable |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
EP09306154A EP2360702B1 (en) | 2009-11-30 | 2009-11-30 | Superconducting cable |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP2360702A1 EP2360702A1 (en) | 2011-08-24 |
EP2360702B1 true EP2360702B1 (en) | 2012-08-29 |
Family
ID=41857117
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP09306154A Not-in-force EP2360702B1 (en) | 2009-11-30 | 2009-11-30 | Superconducting cable |
Country Status (4)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US8521242B2 (en) |
EP (1) | EP2360702B1 (en) |
KR (1) | KR20110060862A (en) |
CN (1) | CN102082007A (en) |
Family Cites Families (15)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
GB1285441A (en) * | 1968-05-09 | 1972-08-16 | Central Electr Generat Board | Improvements in or relating to superconducting cables |
DE2146953A1 (en) * | 1971-08-19 | 1973-03-22 | Siemens Ag | PROCESS FOR MANUFACTURING TUBULAR CONDUCTORS, IN PARTICULAR FOR SUPRALCONDUCTIVE CABLES |
DE19520587A1 (en) * | 1995-06-06 | 1996-12-12 | Siemens Ag | AC cable with two concentric conductor arrangements made of stranded single conductors |
DE19724618A1 (en) * | 1997-06-11 | 1998-12-17 | Alsthom Cge Alcatel | Corrugated tubular superconductor especially for HF cable |
KR100498972B1 (en) * | 1997-08-05 | 2005-07-01 | 피렐리 카비 에 시스테미 소시에떼 퍼 아찌오니 | High temperature superconducting cable and process for manufacturing the same |
CN1331831A (en) * | 1998-12-24 | 2002-01-16 | 皮雷利·卡维系统有限公司 | Superconducting cable |
JP2002533894A (en) * | 1998-12-24 | 2002-10-08 | ピレリー・カビ・エ・システミ・ソチエタ・ペル・アツィオーニ | Superconducting cable |
ID30151A (en) * | 1998-12-24 | 2001-11-08 | Pirelli Cavi E Sistemi Spa | ELECTRIC POWER TRANSMISSION SYSTEM USING SUPER-CONDUCTORS |
KR20010092758A (en) * | 1998-12-24 | 2001-10-26 | 지아네시 피에르 지오반니 | Superconducting cable |
US6985761B2 (en) * | 2000-08-14 | 2006-01-10 | Pirelli S.P.A. | Superconducting cable |
CN1230835C (en) * | 2003-03-10 | 2005-12-07 | 北京云电英纳超导电缆有限公司 | Thermal insulative high-temperature superconductive cable with double-layer cooling channel structure |
US7237317B2 (en) * | 2003-05-20 | 2007-07-03 | Nexans | Process for producing a superconducting cable |
US7608785B2 (en) * | 2004-04-27 | 2009-10-27 | Superpower, Inc. | System for transmitting current including magnetically decoupled superconducting conductors |
ES2524924T3 (en) * | 2007-07-17 | 2014-12-15 | Nexans | Supraconductor power cable |
CN101404193B (en) * | 2008-11-18 | 2011-06-08 | 华北电力大学 | Design method for coaxial bidirectional transmission direct-current high-temperature superconducting cable body |
-
2009
- 2009-11-30 EP EP09306154A patent/EP2360702B1/en not_active Not-in-force
-
2010
- 2010-11-23 US US12/952,587 patent/US8521242B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2010-11-30 KR KR1020100120739A patent/KR20110060862A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2010-11-30 CN CN2010106250888A patent/CN102082007A/en active Pending
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
US20110152105A1 (en) | 2011-06-23 |
US8521242B2 (en) | 2013-08-27 |
KR20110060862A (en) | 2011-06-08 |
EP2360702A1 (en) | 2011-08-24 |
CN102082007A (en) | 2011-06-01 |
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