EP2342935A2 - Out-of-synchronization handling method and apparatus - Google Patents
Out-of-synchronization handling method and apparatusInfo
- Publication number
- EP2342935A2 EP2342935A2 EP09793202A EP09793202A EP2342935A2 EP 2342935 A2 EP2342935 A2 EP 2342935A2 EP 09793202 A EP09793202 A EP 09793202A EP 09793202 A EP09793202 A EP 09793202A EP 2342935 A2 EP2342935 A2 EP 2342935A2
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- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- transport channels
- sync
- window
- combination set
- highest
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L47/00—Traffic control in data switching networks
- H04L47/10—Flow control; Congestion control
- H04L47/34—Flow control; Congestion control ensuring sequence integrity, e.g. using sequence numbers
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04J—MULTIPLEX COMMUNICATION
- H04J3/00—Time-division multiplex systems
- H04J3/02—Details
- H04J3/06—Synchronising arrangements
- H04J3/0635—Clock or time synchronisation in a network
- H04J3/0638—Clock or time synchronisation among nodes; Internode synchronisation
- H04J3/0658—Clock or time synchronisation among packet nodes
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L47/00—Traffic control in data switching networks
- H04L47/10—Flow control; Congestion control
- H04L47/27—Evaluation or update of window size, e.g. using information derived from acknowledged [ACK] packets
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L47/00—Traffic control in data switching networks
- H04L47/10—Flow control; Congestion control
- H04L47/41—Flow control; Congestion control by acting on aggregated flows or links
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
- H04W28/00—Network traffic management; Network resource management
- H04W28/02—Traffic management, e.g. flow control or congestion control
- H04W28/0205—Traffic management, e.g. flow control or congestion control at the air interface
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
- H04W56/00—Synchronisation arrangements
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04J—MULTIPLEX COMMUNICATION
- H04J3/00—Time-division multiplex systems
- H04J3/02—Details
- H04J3/06—Synchronising arrangements
- H04J3/0635—Clock or time synchronisation in a network
- H04J3/0638—Clock or time synchronisation among nodes; Internode synchronisation
- H04J3/0641—Change of the master or reference, e.g. take-over or failure of the master
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
- H04W56/00—Synchronisation arrangements
- H04W56/004—Synchronisation arrangements compensating for timing error of reception due to propagation delay
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
- H04W72/00—Local resource management
- H04W72/50—Allocation or scheduling criteria for wireless resources
- H04W72/56—Allocation or scheduling criteria for wireless resources based on priority criteria
- H04W72/563—Allocation or scheduling criteria for wireless resources based on priority criteria of the wireless resources
Definitions
- a data network can transmit identical streams of data packets through multiple data links to a terminal. Different data links, however, experience different data packet errors. Due to the best effort type network and varying latency between the core network and base stations, the data links can have varying delays to each other larger than the size of a window utilized by a processing unit of a terminal. They can be categorized as an out-of-synchronization (SYNC) data link. When the data links are out of SYNC, the data processing capability at the terminal is degraded, and various problems such as the following may be introduced. The error rate seen by an upper layer of a signaling protocol stack is increased. A window at the terminal cannot maintain all the out-of-sequence data packets.
- SYNC out-of-synchronization
- a communication device comprises a generation module, a ranking module, and a delivery module.
- the generation module is configured to generate a plurality of combination sets of transport channels utilized by the communication device.
- the ranking module is configured to select, based on a window-based parameter, a highest-ranking combination set of transport channels out of the plurality of combination sets of transport channels.
- the highest-ranking combination set of transport channels excludes one or more out-of-SYNC transport channels.
- the delivery module is configured to provide, to a window-based data processing unit, data packets from transport channels in the highest-ranking combination set of transport channels, without providing data packets from the one or more out-of-SYNC transport channels to the window-based data processing unit.
- a method for handling out-of-SYNC comprises: generating a plurality of combination sets of transport channels utilized by a communication device; and selecting, based on a window-based parameter, a highest- ranking combination set of transport channels out of the plurality of combination sets of transport channels.
- the highest-ranking combination set of transport channels excludes one or more out-of-SYNC transport channels.
- the method further comprises providing, to a window-based data processing unit, data packets from transport channels in the highest-ranking combination set of transport channels, without providing data packets from the one or more out-of-SYNC transport channels to the window-based data processing unit.
- a communication device comprises: means for generating a plurality of combination sets of transport channels utilized by the communication device; and means for selecting, based on a window-based parameter, a highest-ranking combination set of transport channels out of the plurality of combination sets of transport channels.
- the highest-ranking combination set of transport channels excludes one or more out-of-SYNC transport channels.
- the communication device further comprises means for providing, to a window-based data processing unit, data packets from transport channels in the highest-ranking combination set of transport channels, without providing data packets from the one or more out-of-SYNC transport channels to the window-based data processing unit.
- a machine -readable medium comprises instructions executable by a processing system in a communication device.
- the instructions comprise code for generating a plurality of combination sets of transport channels utilized by the communication device and code for selecting, based on a window-based parameter, a highest-ranking combination set of transport channels out of the plurality of combination sets of transport channels.
- the highest-ranking combination set of transport channels excludes one or more out-of-SYNC transport channels.
- the instructions further comprise code for providing, to a window-based data processing unit, data packets from transport channels in the highest-ranking combination set of transport channels, without providing data packets from the one or more out-of-SYNC transport channels to the window-based data processing unit.
- a communication device comprises a sequence ranking module, a sequence range module, and a delivery module.
- the sequence ranking module is configured to determine the highest sequence number of data packets received from all transport channels utilized by the communication device.
- the sequence range module is configured to determine a range of sequence numbers based on the highest sequence number and a window size of a window-based data processing unit.
- the delivery module is configured to provide, to the window-based data processing unit without providing data packets that are outside the range of sequence numbers, data packets that are within the range of sequence numbers and that are available to the delivery module.
- a method for out-of-SYNC avoidance comprises: determining the highest sequence number of data packets received from all transport channels utilized by a communication device; and determining a range of sequence numbers based on the highest sequence number and a window size of a window-based data processing unit. The method further comprises providing, to the window-based data processing unit without providing data packets that are outside the range of sequence numbers, data packets that are within the range of sequence numbers and that are available to the delivery module.
- a communication device comprises: means for determining the highest sequence number of data packets received from all transport channels utilized by a communication device; and means for determining a range of sequence numbers based on the highest sequence number and a window size of a window-based data processing unit.
- the communication device further comprises means for providing, to the window-based data processing unit without providing data packets that are outside the range of sequence numbers, data packets that are within the range of sequence numbers and that are available to the delivery module.
- a machine -readable medium comprises instructions executable by a processing system in a communication device.
- the instructions comprise code for determining the highest sequence number of data packets received from all transport channels utilized by a communication device and code for determining a range of sequence numbers based on the highest sequence number and a window size of a window-based data processing unit.
- the instructions further comprise code for providing, to the window-based data processing unit without providing data packets that are outside the range of sequence numbers, data packets that are within the range of sequence numbers and that are available to the delivery module.
- FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating an example of a communication system according to a Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) network topology.
- UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications System
- FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustrating an example of an UMTS signaling protocol stack.
- FIG. 3 is a conceptual block diagram illustrating an example of a communication system.
- FIGS. 4A-4D illustrate an example of a transport channel (TCH) out-of-SYNC problem.
- FIG. 5 is a diagram illustrating an example of a communication system.
- FIG. 6 is a diagram illustrating an example of a communication system.
- FIG. 7 is a flow chart illustrating an example of an out-of-SYNC avoidance and detection operation according to one aspect of the disclosure.
- FIG. 8 is a flow chart illustrating an example of an operation (e.g., block 710 of FIG. 7) for generating all possible combination sets of transport channels according to one aspect of the disclosure.
- FIG. 9 is a flow chart illustrating an example of an operation (e.g., block 720 of FIG. 7) for determining the distance value (W) of each of the combination sets of transport channel and selecting the combination set(s) that have a distance value less than a predetermined window size according to one aspect of the disclosure.
- FIG. 10 is a flow chart illustrating an example of an operation (e.g., block 736 of FIG. 7) for determining the highest-ranking combination set based on jump values (g) and/or overlap values (h) according to one aspect of the disclosure.
- FIG. 11 is a flow chart illustrating an example of an operation (e.g., block 740 of FIG. 7) for providing data packets in the highest-ranking combination set to the next data processing unit (e.g., a DAR unit) according to one aspect of the disclosure.
- FIG. 12 is a flow chart illustrating an example of an operation (e.g., block 750 of FIG. 7) for managing the out-of-SYNC detection according to one aspect of the disclosure.
- FIG. 13 is a diagram illustrating an example of a communication system.
- FIG. 14 is a flow chart illustrating an example of a method for handling out-of- SYNC.
- FIG. 15 is a flow chart illustrating an example of a method for out-of-SYNC avoidance.
- transport channel may refer to a communication route or a data link for data transport between peer physical layer entities.
- Transport channels may relate to the manner in which information is transmitted. Generally, there can be two types of transport channels known as Common Transport Channels and Dedicated Transport Channels.
- a transport channel can be defined by how and with what characteristics data can be transferred over the air interface on the physical layer, for example, whether using dedicated or common physical channels, or multiplexing of logical channels.
- Transport channels may serve as service access points (SAPs) for the physical layer.
- SAPs service access points
- UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications System
- Transport channels can be used to carry signaling and user data between a Medium Access Control (MAC) layer and a Physical Layer (Ll) (see FIG. 2).
- a Radio Network Controller (RNC) can see transport channels.
- Information may pass to the physical layer from the MAC layer over any one of a number of transport channels that can be mapped to physical channels.
- Transport channels may include other types of channels.
- cell may refer to either hardware or a geographic coverage area depending on the context in which the term is used.
- radio bearer may refer to a service provided by Layer 2 (see FIG. 2) for transfer of user data between User Equipment (UE) and the UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN).
- UE User Equipment
- UTRAN UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network
- FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating an example of a communication system according to a Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) network topology.
- a UMTS system may include a User Equipment (UE) 10, an access network 20, and a core network 30.
- the UE 10 is coupled to the access network 20, which is coupled to the core network 30.
- the core network 30 can be coupled to an external network.
- a UE 10 may include mobile equipment 12 and a Universal Subscriber Identity Module (USIM) 14 that contains a user's subscription information.
- a Cu interface (not shown) is the electrical interface between the USIM 14 and the mobile equipment 12.
- a UE 10 is generally a device that allows a user to access UMTS network services.
- a UE 10 may be a mobile device or a mobile station such as a cellular telephone, a fixed station, or other data terminal.
- a UE 10 may be, for an example, a radio terminal used for radio communications over an air interface (Uu) 26.
- a UE 10 can be a computer, a laptop computer, a telephone, a mobile telephone, a personal digital assistant (PDA), an audio player, a game console, a camera, a camcorder, an audio device, a video device, a multimedia device, a component(s) of any of the foregoing (such as a printed circuit board(s), an integrated circuit(s), and/or a circuit component(s)).
- PDA personal digital assistant
- a UE 10 can be stationary or mobile, and it can be a digital device.
- a Uu interface 26 is an interface through which a UE 10 may access the fixed part of the system.
- the USIM 14 is generally an application that resides on a "smartcard" or other logic card that includes a microprocessor.
- a smart card may hold the subscriber identity, perform authentication algorithms, and store authentication in encryption keys and subscription information needed at the terminal.
- the access network 20 may include the radio equipment for accessing the network. In a WCDMA system, the access network 20 is the Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN).
- the UTRAN may include at least one Radio Network Subsystem (RNS) that includes at least one base station or "Node B" 22 coupled to at least one Radio Network Controller (RNC) 24.
- RNS Radio Network Subsystem
- the RNCs 24 control the radio resources of the UTRAN.
- the RNCs 24 of the access network 20 may communicate with the core network 30 via an Iu interface 25.
- the Uu interface 26, Iu interface 25, Iub interface 23, and Iur interface (not shown) allow for internetworking between equipment from different vendors and are specified in the 3GPP standards. Implementation of the Radio Network Controller (RNC) varies from vendor to vendor, and therefore will be described in general terms below.
- the Radio Network Controller (RNC) 24 can serve as the switching and controlling element of the UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN), and is located between the Iub interface 23 and the Iu interface 25.
- the RNC 24 can act as a service access point for all services the UTRAN provides to the core network 30, for example, management of connections to the user equipment.
- the Iub interface 23 connects a Node B 22 and a Radio Network Controller (RNC) 24.
- the Iu interface 25 can connect the UTRAN 20 to the core network 30.
- An RNC 24 can provide a switching point between the Iu bearer and the base stations.
- a UE 10 may have several radio bearers between itself and the RNC 24.
- the radio bearer is related to the UE context, which is a set of definitions required by the Iub in order to enrage common connections and dedicated connections between the UE and RNC.
- the respective RNCs 24 may communicate with each other over an optional Iur interface that allows soft handover between cells connected to different nodes 22. The Iur interface thus allows for inter-RNC connections.
- a serving RNC 24 maintains the Iu connection 25 to the core network 30 and performs selector and outer loop power control functions, while a drift RNC transfers frames that can be exchanged over the Iur interface to mobile station 10 via one or more base stations 22.
- the RNC that controls one Node B 22 can be referred to as the controlling RNC of the Node B, and controls the load and congestion of its own cells, and also executes admission control and code allocations for new radio links to be established in those cells.
- RNCs 24 and base stations can be connected via and communicate over the Iub interface 23.
- the RNCs 24 can control use of the radio resources by each base station 22 coupled to a particular RNC 24.
- Each base station 22 controls one or more cells and provides a radio link to a UE 10.
- a base station 22 may perform interface processing such as channel coding and interleaving, rate adaptation and spreading.
- the base station 22 may also perform basic radio resource management operations such as the interloop power control.
- the base station 22 may convert the data flow between the Iub and Uu interfaces 23, 26.
- the base station 22 may also participate in radio resources management.
- An over-the air interface Uu 26 couples each base station 22 to a UE 10.
- the base stations 22 can be responsible for radio transmission in one or more cells to a UE 10, and for radio reception in one or more cells from a UE 10.
- a UE 10 is shown with three transport channels 2, 3, and 4, each of which is from a different Node B.
- Transport channels utilized by a UE may be from one or more Node B's.
- the core network 30 may include all of the switching and routing capability for (1) connecting to either the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) 42 if a circuit switched call is present, or to an Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) or a Packet Data Network if a packet-switched call is present, (2) mobility and subscriber location management, and (3) authentication services.
- the core network 30 can include a home location register (HLR) 32, a mobile switching services center/visitor location register (MSC/VLR) 34, a gateway mobile switching center (GMSC) 36, a serving general packet radio service support node (SGSN) 38, and a gateway GPRS support node (GGSN) 40.
- HLR home location register
- MSC/VLR mobile switching services center/visitor location register
- GMSC gateway mobile switching center
- SGSN serving general packet radio service support node
- GGSN gateway GPRS support node
- the core network 30 may be coupled to an external circuit-switched (CS) network 42 that provides circuit-switched connections, such as PSTN, or ISDN if a packet switched call is present, or may be coupled to a PS network 44, such as the Internet, that provides connections for packet data services if a packet switched call is present.
- CS circuit-switched
- FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustrating an example of an UMTS signaling protocol stack 110.
- the UMTS signaling protocol stack 110 may include an access stratum and a non-access stratum (NAS).
- the access stratum typically includes a physical layer 120, layer 2 130 which includes a medium access control (MAC) layer 140 and a radio link control (RLC) layer 150, and a radio resources control (RRC) layer 160.
- MAC medium access control
- RLC radio link control
- RRC radio resources control
- the UMTS non-access stratum layer is essentially the same as GSM upper layers and can be divided into a circuit switched portion 170 and a packet switched portion 180.
- the circuit switched portion 170 may include a connection management (CM) layer 172 and a mobility management (MM) layer 178.
- the CM layer 172 handles circuit- switched calls and includes various sublayers.
- the call control (CC) sublayer 174 executes functions such as establish and release.
- the supplementary services (SS) sublayer 176 executes functions such as call forwarding and three-way calling.
- a short message-services (SMS) sublayer 177 executes short message services.
- the MM layer 178 handles location updating and authentication for circuit-switched calls.
- the packet switched portion 180 includes a session management (SM) sublayer 182 and a GPRS mobility management (GMM) sublayer 184.
- the session management (SM) sublayer 182 handles packet-switched calls by executing functions such as establish and release, and also includes a short message services (SMS) section.
- the GMM sublayer 184 handles location updating and authentication for packet- switched calls.
- FIG. 3 is a conceptual block diagram illustrating an example of a communication system.
- a communication system 301 may be a UE 10, a Node B 22, an RNC 24, or another type of device.
- the communication system 301 includes a processing system 302.
- the processing system 302 is capable of communication with a receiver 306 and a transmitter 308 through a bus 304 or other structures or devices. It should be understood that communication means other than busses could be utilized with the disclosed configurations.
- the processing system 302 can generate audio, video, multimedia, and/or other types of data to be provided to the transmitter 308 for communication. In addition, audio, video, multimedia, and/or other types of data can be received at the receiver 306, and processed by the processing system 302.
- the processing system 302 may include a general-purpose processor or a specific-purpose processor for executing instructions and may further include a machine-readable medium 318, such as a volatile or non- volatile memory, for storing data and/or instructions for software programs.
- the instructions which may be stored in a machine-readable medium 310 and/or 318, may be executed by the processing system 302 to control and manage access to the various networks, as well as provide other communication and processing functions.
- the instructions may also include instructions executed by the processing system 302 for various user interface devices, such as a display 312 and a keypad 314.
- the processing system 302 may include an input port 322 and an output port 324. Each of the input port 322 and the output port 324 may include one or more ports.
- the input port 322 and the output port 324 may be the same port (e.g., a bi-directional port) or may be different ports.
- the processing system 302 may be implemented using software, hardware, or a combination of both.
- the processing system 302 may be implemented with one or more processors.
- a processor may be a general-purpose microprocessor, a microcontroller, a Digital Signal Processor (DSP), an Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC), a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA), a Programmable Logic Device (PLD), a controller, a state machine, gated logic, discrete hardware components, or any other suitable entity that can perform calculations or other manipulations of information.
- DSP Digital Signal Processor
- ASIC Application Specific Integrated Circuit
- FPGA Field Programmable Gate Array
- PLD Programmable Logic Device
- a machine -readable medium can be one or more machine -readable media.
- Software shall be construed broadly to mean instructions, data, or any combination thereof, whether referred to as software, firmware, middleware, microcode, hardware description language, or otherwise. Instructions may include code (e.g., in source code format, binary code format, executable code format, or any other suitable format of code).
- Machine-readable media may include storage integrated into a processor, such as might be the case with an ASIC.
- Machine-readable media may also include storage external to a processor, such as a Random Access Memory (RAM), a flash memory, a Read Only Memory (ROM), a Programmable Read-Only Memory (PROM), an Erasable PROM (EPROM), registers, a hard disk, a removable disk, a CD-ROM, a DVD, or any other suitable storage device.
- RAM Random Access Memory
- ROM Read Only Memory
- PROM Erasable PROM
- registers a hard disk, a removable disk, a CD-ROM, a DVD, or any other suitable storage device.
- machine- readable media may include a transmission line or a carrier wave that encodes a data signal.
- a machine-readable medium is a computer-readable medium encoded or stored with instructions and is a computing element, which defines structural and functional interrelationships between the instructions and the rest of the system, which permit the instructions' functionality to be realized.
- Instructions may be executable, for example, by a UE 10, a Node B 22, or an RNC 24 or by a processing system of a UE 10, a Node B 22, or an RNC 24.
- Instructions can be, for example, a computer program including code.
- An interface 316 may be any type of interface and may reside between any of the components shown in FIG. 3.
- An interface 316 may also be, for example, an interface to the outside world (e.g., an Internet network interface).
- a transceiver block 307 may represent one or more transceivers, and each transceiver may include a receiver 306 and a transmitter 308.
- a functionality implemented in a processing system 302 may be implemented in a portion of a receiver 306, a portion of a transmitter 308, a portion of a machine-readable medium 310, a portion of a display 312, a portion of a keypad 314, or a portion of an interface 316, and vice versa.
- This disclosure provides methods and apparatus for avoiding and detecting out- of-SYNC transport channels.
- the disclosure provides methods and apparatus for (i) optimizing RLC duplicate avoidance and reordering (DAR) and (ii) detecting out-of-SYNC MTCHs for the MBMS p-t-m mode, according to certain aspects of the subject technology.
- RLC DAR is a WCDMA Rel6 feature for selectively combining multiple MTCHs.
- a MTCH is an example of a transport channel (TCH).
- MTCHs are utilized for a Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service (MTMS). While this disclosure refers to MTCHs in many of the examples provided herein, the term “MTCH” may be substituted with "TCH” or "channel,” and the subject technology is not limited to MTCHs or any particular type of transport channels.
- DAR duplicate avoidance and reordering
- FIGS. 4A-4D illustrate an example of a transport channel (TCH) out-of-SYNC problem.
- TCH transport channel
- PDUs 13 and 14 are missing although TCHl or TCH2 may deliver them in a later transmission time interval (TTI).
- TTI transmission time interval
- the DAR unit fails to optimally combine the multiple TCHs into a continuous and ordered stream of PDUs to provide them to an upper layer (e.g., an RRC 160 in FIG. 2).
- FIG. 4 A shows an example of the contents of three transport channels TCHl, TCH2, and TCH3.
- TCHl contains PDUs 7 and 8.
- TCH2 contains PDUs 11 and 12.
- TCH3 contains PDUs 17 and 18.
- the window size of the DAR unit (DAR Window Size) is 4.
- the timer of the DAR unit is any value longer than the transmission time interval (TTI). It shows PUDs that in the queue as well as PUDs that are not in the queue ( II — I I).
- PDUs 13 and 14 will be discarded in the future because VR(UDR), which is VR(UDH)-D AR Window Size, is greater than 14, which is the highest missing sequence number (SN).
- FIG. 5 is a diagram illustrating an example of a communication system.
- a communication system 500 may include an access network UTRAN 20, a UE 10, and a radio interface Uu 26.
- a UTRAN 20 may include a transmitting UM RLC entity 530 (e.g., an RNC).
- a transmitting UM RLC entity 530 may include a transmission buffer 531 for receiving SDUs from higher layers through a radio bearer 565, a segmentation & concatenation unit 533 for splitting the SDUs into various rows and producing PDUs, and an RLC header adder 535 for adding RLC headers to the encoded PDUs.
- a UE 10 may include a receiving UM RLC entity 540, which may represent, for example, an RLC layer of a cell phone.
- the receiving UM RLC entity 540 may include an out-of-SYNC avoidance & detection unit 549, a duplicate avoidance and reordering (DAR) unit 547, a reception buffer 545, an RLC header remover unit 543, and a reassembly unit 541.
- DAR duplicate avoidance and reordering
- the out-of-SYNC avoidance & detection unit 549 can filter out the PDUs from a certain transport channel(s), which is detected to be out-of-SYNC relative to other transport channels for a short time period (e.g., less than a predetermined time period). In other words, the unit 549 may filter out the PDUs from out-of-SYNC transport channel(s). In addition, it can call back a controller (e.g., an RRC) for a "type-1" out- of-SYNC detection when a transport channel is under out-of-SYNC for a long period of time (e.g., longer than the predetermined time period). The term "type-1" is explained in the next paragraph. This method can improve the RLC DAR performance and is transparent to the UTRAN network.
- a controller e.g., an RRC
- type-1 out-of-SYNC transport channels may refer to those transport channels that are out-of-SYNC relative to other transport channel(s) for a period longer than the predetermined time period.
- type-1 out-of-SYNC transport channels may refer to those transport channels whose out-of-SYNC timers have expired after a predetermined time period.
- the term "out-of-SYNC timer" will be described in more detail later.
- Type-2 out-of-SYNC transport channels may refer to those transport channels that are out-of-SYNC relative to other transport channel(s) for a period less than a predetermined time period.
- the DAR unit 547 can reorder PDUs, detect duplicate PDUs, and eliminate duplicates.
- the reception buffer 545 can accumulate PDUs.
- the RLC header remover unit 543 can remove the RLC headers so that the headers are not sent to a Reed- Solomon (RS) decoder (not shown).
- the reassembly unit 541 can reassemble or reconstruct the SDUs. Once SDUs are successfully put together, the SDUs can be transmitted over a radio bearer 555 to deliver the SDUs to higher layers (e.g., RRC).
- the subject technology relates to multimedia broadcast multicast service (MBMS), radio link control (RLC), duplicate avoidance and reordering (DAR), window-based mechanism, and selection combining.
- MBMS multimedia broadcast multicast service
- RLC radio link control
- DAR duplicate avoidance and reordering
- window-based mechanism selection combining.
- One example of the conceptual mechanism of an algorithm is described according to one aspect of the subject technology.
- a communication system may perform the following functions in accordance with one aspect of the subject technology: o Out-of-SYNC Avoidance: This may refer to finding a subset of transport channels (e.g., MTCHs) in SYNC with a data processing window (e.g., the current DAR window). This provides the following properties or advantages:
- ⁇ RLC PDU SNs are in SYNC.
- FIG. 6 is a diagram illustrating an example of a communication system.
- a communication system 600 includes an out-of-SYNC avoider 610 and an out-of-SYNC detector 620.
- the out-of-SYNC avoider 610 may include a generation module 612, a distance module 614, a ranking module 616, and a delivery module 618.
- the out-of- SYNC detector 620 may include an out-of-SYNC timer manager 630, which includes a timer start/stop manager 632 and a timer expiration manager 634.
- the out-of-SYNC avoider 610 may filter out the data packets or data units arriving from the out-of-SYNC transport channels, and the out-of-SYNC detector 620 may call back a controller (e.g., an RRC 160 in FIG. 2) for a type-1 out-of-SYNC detection after a predetermined period of time.
- the communication system 620 may operate using various window-based parameters and variables.
- the window-based parameters and variables may be based on SNs. These parameters and variables are described below according to one aspect of the disclosure. It should be noted that the term "window-based parameter" may refer to one or more window-based parameters and/or one or more window-based variables.
- the window-based parameters may include, among others, the following two parameters that are configurable. o Predetermined window size : This may refer to, for example, a pre selected maximum out-of-SYNC window size. This can be used as a criteria to determine if a combination set of transport channels is out of SYNC.
- Out-of-SYNC timer (or Out of SYNC Timer): This may refer to a timer used to determine if a certain transport channel is out of SYNC for a long period of time (e.g., longer than a predetermined time period) and to determine whether such finding needs to be reported to a controller (e.g., an RRC). For instance, when an out-of-SYNC timer expires, a data link layer (e.g., an RLC 150 in FIG. 2) calls back the controller (e.g., an RRC 160 in FIG. 2) to indicate that a type-1 out-of-SYNC transport channel has been detected.
- a data link layer e.g., an RLC 150 in FIG. 2
- the controller e.g., an RRC 160 in FIG.
- the window-based variables may include, among others, the following three variables.
- o Distance value (W) This may refer to a sequence number distance of a combination set of transport channels in a given TTI.
- a distance value (W) may refer to the distance between the largest SN and the smallest SN of a given combination set of transport channels (i.e., the largest SN of a given combination set of transport channels - the smallest SN of the combination set of transport channels).
- o Jump value (g) This may refer to an SN jump amount from a data processing window (e.g., the current DAR window) to the smallest SN of a given combination set of transport channels.
- o Overlap value (h) This may refer to an overlapping SN area of a given combination set of transport channels and a processing window (e.g., the current DAR window).
- the generation module 612 may be configured to generate all possible combination sets of transport channels.
- a combination set of transport channels may refer to a set of transport channels that may be utilized by a UE.
- a combination set of transport channels may include one or more transport channels. [0071] For example, if there are three transport channels and then there may be seven possible combination sets of transport channels. These are shown below in Table 3.
- the distance module 614 may be configured to determine a distance value (W) for a combination set of transport channels in a given TTI. This determination may be made for each of the combination sets generated by the generation module 612.
- the distance module 614 may be configured to select the combination set(s) whose distance value is less than a predetermined window size This selection process can allow the distance module 614 to select the combination set(s) that are in SYNC based on the criteria.
- the transport channels included in the selected combination set(s) may be considered to be roughly in SYNC according to one aspect of the disclosure.
- the ranking module 616 may be configured to determine the highest-ranking combination set based on the window-based parameters and/or variables.
- the highest- ranking combination set may be selected by any of the following methods according to one aspect of the disclosure. If the combination set that includes all of the transport channels (e.g., all of the transport channels utilized by a UE) has a distance value (W) that is less than a predetermined window size then the ranking module 616 may select that particular combination set as the highest-ranking combination set. Otherwise, the ranking module 616 may determine the highest-ranking combination set based on jump values (g) and/or overlap values (h). For example, the ranking module 616 may select, as the highest-ranking combination set, a combination set having the smallest jump value (g) and the largest overlap value (h).
- W distance value
- the highest-ranking combination set may be considered to be an in-SYNC set and the other combination sets (i.e., the combination sets that are not in the highest-ranking combination set) may be considered to be an out-of-SYNC set (e.g., ⁇ c ).
- the delivery module 618 may be configured to selectively provide data packets or data units (e.g., PDUs). For example, it can filter out the data packets arriving from transport channels that are out-of-SYNC and thus provide data packets from the transport channels in the highest-ranking combination set to a window-based data processing unit (e.g., a DAR unit 547 in FIG. 5), without providing data packets from out-of-SYNC transport channels to the window-based data processing unit.
- data packets or data units e.g., PDUs
- the delivery module 618 may provide the data streams of the data units (e.g., PDU streams) to a data processing unit (e.g., a DAR unit) in an ascending SN order to reduce the number of data units (e.g., PDUs) that become discarded.
- a data processing unit e.g., a DAR unit
- the highest-ranking combination set includes one combination set.
- the highest-ranking combination set may include multiple combination sets.
- the ranking module 616 may select multiple high-ranking combination sets by selecting, for example, combination sets having jump values below a maximum jump value and overlap values above a minimum overlap value.
- the delivery module 618 may provide data packets or data units in the selected high-ranking combination sets to a data processing unit.
- the timer start/stop manager 632 may be configured to stop an out-of-SYNC timer of each of the transport channels in the in-SYNC set (e.g., the highest-ranking combination set).
- the timer start/stop manager 632 may also start an out-of-SYNC timer of each of the transport channels in the out-of-SYNC set (e.g., all of the combination sets that are not in the highest-ranking combination set).
- the timer start/stop manager 632 may utilize one out-of-SYNC timer per transport channel.
- the timer expiration manager 634 may provide a type-1 out-of-SYNC transport channel detection indication to another module (e.g., a higher layer such as an RRC 160 in FIG. 2). If multiple out-of-SYNC timers expire, then the timer expiration manager 634 may sort the type-1 out-of-SYNC transport channels in a predetermined order (e.g., in a descending order of the overlap value (g)).
- a predetermined order e.g., in a descending order of the overlap value (g)
- a controller or a controller module such as the RRC 160 in FIG. 2 can remove all or some of the type-1 out-of-SYNC transport channels and select other transport channels for communication (e.g., one or more transport channels from neighbor cells or neighbor Node B's).
- an operation of a communication system 600 for out-of-SYNC avoidance and detection may be described as follows:
- this can be a combination set that includes all of the transport channels and that has a distance value (W) less than ; or this can be a combination set ( ⁇ i) / having a distance value ( ⁇ W) / less than and having the smallest g and the largest h among all combination sets.
- a module e.g., an RLC 150 in FIG. 2 sorts the type-1 out-of-SYNC transport channel list, for example, in a descending order of the overlap value (g)). 10.
- a controller such as an RRC 160 in FIG. 2 can remove the type-1 out-of- SYNC transport channel(s) and select one or more transport channels from other neighbor cells.
- FIG. 7 is a flow chart illustrating an example of an out-of-SYNC avoidance and detection operation according to one aspect of the disclosure.
- all possible combination sets of transport channels are generated. This may be performed by, for example, the generation module 612 of FIG. 6.
- a distance value (W) is determined, and the combination set(s) that have a distance value less than a predetermined window size are selected. The operation described for block 720 may be performed by, for example, the distance module 614 of FIG. 6.
- the highest-ranking combination set is determined based on the window-based parameters and/or variables.
- the operations described for blocks 732, 734, and 736 may be performed by, for example, the ranking module 616 of FIG. 6.
- data packets or data units in the highest-ranking combination set is provided to the next data processing unit (e.g., a DAR unit).
- the data packets (sometimes referred to as data units or data streams) may be provided to the next data processing unit in an ascending SN order to reduce the number of data units that become discarded.
- the operation described for block 740 may be performed by, for example, the delivery module 618 of FIG. 6.
- the out-of-SYNC detection is managed.
- an indication of such detection may be notified to a controller.
- the operation described for block 750 may be performed by, for example, the out-of-SYNC detector 620 or the out-of-SYNC timer manager 630 of FIG. 6.
- the controller may remove the type-1 out-of-SYNC transport channel(s) and select new transport channel(s).
- FIG. 8 is a flow chart illustrating an example of an operation (e.g., block 710 of FIG. 7) for generating all possible combination sets of transport channels according to one aspect of the disclosure.
- a determination is made as to whether any of the transport channels is reconfigured (e.g., some or all of the transport channels have been removed, or new transport channel(s) are added). If yes, then at block 820, a table (e.g., Table 3) of all possible combination sets of transport channels is generated. If no, then at block 830, a table of all possible combination sets of transport channels is retrieved from a memory (e.g., 318 or 310 in FIG. 3).
- a memory e.g., 318 or 310 in FIG. 3
- FIG. 9 is a flow chart illustrating an example of an operation (e.g., block 720 of FIG. 7) for determining the distance value (W) of each of the combination sets of transport channel and selecting the combination set(s) that have a distance value less than a predetermined window size according to one aspect of the disclosure.
- the operation described with reference to FIG. 9 is performed for each combination set of transport channels.
- the distance value (W) of a combination set of transport channels is determined.
- a determination is made as to whether this combination set is the last set of all possible combination sets. If yes, then the operation ends at block 960. If no, then at block 950, the next combination set is brought in for computation, and the operation proceeds to block 910.
- FIG. 10 is a flow chart illustrating an example of an operation (e.g., block 736 of FIG. 7) for determining the highest-ranking combination set based on jump values (g) and/or overlap values (h) according to one aspect of the disclosure.
- a determination is made as to whether the jump value (g) of this combination set is less than the jump value (g) of the highest-ranking combination set.
- a determination is made as to whether the jump value (g) of this combination set and the jump value (g) of the highest-ranking combination set are the same or equal. If the determination at block 1020 is positive (yes), then at block 1040, this combination set of transport channels is set as the highest-ranking combination set.
- this combination set of transport channels For this combination set of transport channels, its overlap value (h) is determined.
- a determination is made as to if the overlap value (h) of this combination set is greater than the overlap value (h) of the highest-ranking combination set.
- a determination is made as to whether the overlap value (h) of this combination set and the overlap value (h) of the highest-ranking combination set are the same.
- a determination is made as to whether the channel condition of this combination set is better than the channel condition of the highest-ranking combination set. If the determination at block 1080 is positive (yes), then at block 1040, this combination set of transport channels is set as the highest- ranking combination set.
- a determination is made as to whether this combination set is the last combination set. If no, then at block 1095, the operation goes to the next combination set of transport channels. If yes, then the process ends at block 1097.
- FIG. 11 is a flow chart illustrating an example of an operation (e.g., block 740 of FIG. 7) for providing data packets in the highest-ranking combination set to the next data processing unit (e.g., a DAR unit) according to one aspect of the disclosure.
- the next data processing unit e.g., a DAR unit
- the smallest SN among the transport channels in the highest-ranking combination set is determined.
- data packets e.g., PDUs
- the next data packets are obtained from a memory (e.g., 318 or 310 in FIG. 3).
- a determination is made as to whether the memory is empty. If yes, then the process ends at block 1150. If no, then the process continues to block 1110.
- FIG. 12 is a flow chart illustrating an example of an operation (e.g., block 750 of FIG. 7) for managing the out-of-SYNC detection according to one aspect of the disclosure.
- the process begins for each transport channel in the highest- ranking combination set.
- a determination is made as to whether the Out of SYNC Timer is ON for this given transport channel. If the determination is positive (yes), then at block 1214, the Out of SYNC Timer for the transport channel is turned off.
- a determination is made as to whether this transport channel is the last transport channel in the highest-ranking combination set. If yes, the process moves to block 1220. If no, then the process goes back to block 1210.
- the process continues for each transport channel not in the highest-ranking combination set. In other words, the process continues for each transport channel in the out-of-SYNC set.
- a determination is made as to whether the Out of SYNC Timer is ON for the transport channel. If yes, then at block 1224, the Out of SYNC Timer for that transport channel is turned on.
- a determination is made as to whether this transport channel is the last transport channel in the out-of-SYNC set (i.e., not in the highest-ranking combination set). If yes, then the process moves to block 1230. If no, then the process goes back to block 1220.
- a controller e.g., RRC
- RRC Radio Resource Control
- Transport channel M 1 has PDU 7 and PDU 8.
- Transport channel M 2 has PDU 11 and PDU 12.
- Transport channel M 3 has PDU 17 and PDU 18.
- ⁇ n maximum number of blocks from a transport channel per TTI
- the transport channel set is a set of SN of RLC PDU passing to the RLC DAR unit
- ⁇ o a complete set of transport channels for the MBMS service o it is initiated to hold the complete set of transport channels when the RLC is established
- ⁇ G a function to generate all combination sets o example:
- ⁇ f a a function to calculate smallest SN of a combination set A
- a e ⁇ f b a function to calculate largest SN of a combination set A
- Out-of-SYNC window is the difference of the largest and smallest SN among multiple transport channels o W
- M 1 is 8 PDUs delay of M 2
- n ⁇ DAR_Window_Size o a set to contain all the combination sets of Cc 1 g : a function to calculate the distance of the SN jump by set A, A e ⁇ o if g is negative, then A is overlapping the current DAR window h : a function to calculate the distance of the SN overlapped with the DAR window by a set A, A e ⁇
- CH a function to determine the overall channel quality of set A, A e ⁇ o
- the channel quality can be based on the following:
- ⁇ a subset of ⁇ such that it is not in the ⁇ set of the last TTI of data o ⁇ is initiated to an empty set, ⁇ , when the RLC is established
- ⁇ ⁇ a subset of ⁇ such that it is in the ⁇ and ⁇ set o a set of transport channels which are in SYNC now but was out of SYNC before
- ⁇ ⁇ a subset of ⁇ such that it is not in the ⁇ and ⁇ set o a set of transport channels which are out of SYNC now but was in SYNC till the last TTI of data
- ⁇ ⁇ a subset of ⁇ such that their Out of SYNC Timer are started and expired o when the Out of SYNC Timer is expired, RLC informs RRC about the transport channel being out of SYNC
- ⁇ Out of SYNC Timer a timer per transport channel to determine if the transport channel is out of SYNC o the timer is started when the transport channel enters into the ⁇ c o when the timer is expired, the RLC calls back RRC for the transport channel being out of SYNC 4]
- FIG. 13 is a diagram illustrating an example of a communication system.
- a communication system 1300 includes an out-of-SYNC avoidance and detection unit 1349, which includes an out-of-SYNC avoider 1310.
- the out-of-SYNC avoider 1310 may include a sequence ranking module 1312, a sequence range module 1316, and a delivery module 1318.
- a sequence ranking module 1312 may be configured to determine the highest sequence number of data packets received from all transport channels utilized by the communication system 1300. These data packets may include data packets received within one transmission time interval.
- a sequence range module 1316 may be configured to determine a range of sequence numbers based on the highest sequence number and a window size of a window-based data processing unit (e.g., a DAR unit 547 in FIG. 5).
- a delivery module 1318 may be configured to provide, to the window-based data processing unit without providing data packets that are outside the range of sequence numbers, data packets that are within the range of sequence numbers and that are available to the delivery module.
- the range of sequence numbers may be consecutive sequence numbers including the highest sequence number.
- the range of sequence numbers may be determined by subtracting S2 from S 1 , wherein S 1 is the highest sequence number, and S2 is Sl minus the window size of the window-based data processing unit plus one.
- S 1 is the highest sequence number
- S2 is Sl minus the window size of the window-based data processing unit plus one.
- An out-of-SYNC avoider 1310 may determine the highest sequence number, S 1 , among the PDUs received from all of the transport channels at a given TTI.
- the out-of-SYNC avoider 1310 may then supply PDUs having sequence numbers between Sl and S2, inclusively, where S2 is the highest sequence number minus the window size of a processing unit (e.g., the window size of the processing unit that is subsequent to the unit 1310, which can be a DAR unit 547) plus one. If one or more PDUs are missing within the sequence number range determined by Sl and S2, then the unit 1310 supplies only the available PDUs within the sequence number range.
- Sl the highest sequence number
- S2 is 15, which is determined as follows: Sl (18) minus the window size of the DAR unit 547 (4) plus 1.
- an out-of-SYNC avoidance and detection unit 549 tries to supply PDUs 15, 16, 17 and 18 to the DAR unit 547.
- PDUs 15 and 16 are missing, the unit 547 supplies only the available PDUs, which are PDUs 17 and 18.
- the unit 547 would supply PDUs 15, 16, 17 and 18 to the DAR unit 547.
- FIG. 14 is a flow chart illustrating an example of a method for out-of-SYNC avoidance and/or detection.
- a generation module e.g., module 612 in FIG. 6
- a ranking module e.g., module 616
- a delivery module (e.g., module 618) may provide, to a window-based data processing unit, data packets from transport channels in the highest-ranking combination set of transport channels, without providing data packets from the one or more out-of-SYNC transport channels to the window-based data processing unit.
- a machine-readable medium may comprise instructions executable by a processing system (e.g., module 302 in FIG. 3) in a communication device (e.g., unit 301 in FIG. 3 or unit 600 in FIG. 6).
- the instructions may comprise code for the operations described with reference to FIG. 14.
- FIG. 15 is a flow chart illustrating an example of a method for out-of-SYNC avoidance.
- a sequence ranking module e.g., module 1312 in FIG. 13
- a sequence range module (e.g., module 1316) may determine a range of sequence numbers based on the highest sequence number and a window size of a window-based data processing unit.
- a delivery module (e.g., module 1318) may provide, to the window-based data processing unit, data packets that are within the range of sequence numbers and that are available to the delivery module. The delivery module does not provide data packets that are outside the range of sequence numbers.
- a machine-readable medium e.g., module 318 and/or 310 in FIG. 3 may comprise instructions executable by a processing system (e.g., module 302 in FIG. 3) in a communication device (e.g., unit 301 in FIG.
- a UE can selectively combine the data packets from multiple transport channels or data links by using a window-based mechanism that utilizes sequence numbers.
- a window-based mechanism allows a continuous stream of data packet to be formed.
- a window may be a buffer at a UE, and a window can allow the data packets, which arrive earlier from one transport channel or data link, to wait for the other transport channels or data links. This facilitates selectively combining of data packets. This selective combining technique is used in a broadcast/multicast environment.
- the transport channels from any Node B have relative delays to each other larger than the DAR Window Size.
- the DAR Window Size may not maintain all the out-of-sequence PDUs. A continuous and in-sequence PDU streams would be difficult to form.
- any of the transport channels is out of SYNC, it would potentially degrade the RLC DAR performance.
- the DAR would not able to maintain all the outstanding PDUs.
- it would introduce large sequence number (SN) jumps as a result of missing service data unit (SDU) to an upper layer of a signaling protocol stack (e.g., RRC 160 in FIG. 2). It would eventually degrade the quality of the MBMS service.
- Some of the problems introduced by the out-of-SYNC transport channels include the following.
- the error rate e.g., RLC SDU error rate
- the DAR window cannot maintain all of the out of sequence PDUs.
- the PDUs from transport channels that are running behind will be discarded by the RLC DAR unit.
- a continuous and ordered PDU sequence cannot be formed and delivered to the upper layer.
- An out-of-SYNC avoidance and detection technique utilizing a window-based mechanism provides various advantages. Some of these are described herein according to various aspects of the disclosure: The selective combining performance is improved. The error rate seen by an upper layer of a signaling protocol stack is reduced. A greater number of out-of-sequence data packets can be maintained within a window of a processing unit of a UE (e.g., within the window of a DAR unit 549 in FIG. 5). The number of data packets being discarded by a processing unit (e.g., DAR unit 549) of a UE using the window-based mechanism is reduced. A continuous and ordered data packet stream can be provided to an upper layer of a signaling protocol stack.
- the technique can detect out-of-SYNC transport channels or data links. A long-term out-of- SYNC problem can be avoided.
- the technique can also increase the gain of the selection combining.
- the technique is simple to deploy. According to one aspect of the disclosure, a purely mobile software based implementation can be utilized for the technique, and network interactions and involvements are not necessary. This mobile- based solution is transparent to the network, and only one module is needed to add into the data link layer in the mobile software. A mobile-based solution is simpler and more feasible in a network deployment.
- the subject technology may be implemented using software, hardware, or a combination of both.
- a window-based technique can achieve two solutions: out-of-SYNC avoidance and out-of-SYNC detection.
- the out- of-SYNC avoidance may be a short term and microscopic methodology to guarantee that the data packets or data units passed into a window-based data processing unit (e.g., a DAR unit 547 in FIG. 5) are in SYNC.
- the out-of-SYNC detection may be a long- term strategy to recover from an out-of-SYNC problem.
- this out-of-SYNC avoidance technique filters out the data packets that are out of SYNC in the transmission time interval (TTI) such that the window of a data processing unit (e.g., a DAR unit) is not negatively affected by the out-of-SYNC transport channels.
- This technique can guide the window-based data processing unit (e.g., a DAR unit) to follow the main group of the transport channels, which are in SYNC with the current window of the data processing unit.
- a more continuous and ordered packet sequence can be delivered to an upper layer of a signaling protocol stack. The error rate seen by the upper layer can also be reduced.
- this out-of-SYNC detection technique can call back a controller with an indication that a type-1 out-of-SYNC transport channel is detected after the certain transport channels have been out of SYNC for a period of time. It allows the controller to prioritize and select the transport channels that are more likely to be in SYNC with the other transport channels.
- This technique can allow a communication system to avoid the long-term out- of-SYNC problem.
- This technique can increase the probability that the transport channels are in SYNC. The probability of the out-of-sequence data packets falling within the window of a data processing unit is thus increased, and the chances of discarding incoming data packets are reduced.
- the various illustrative blocks, modules, elements, components, methods, and algorithms described herein may be implemented as electronic hardware, computer software, or combinations of both.
- the communication system 600 of FIG. 6, the entity 530 of FIG. 5, the entity 540 of FIG. 5, and their components may be implemented as electronic hardware, computer software, or combinations of both.
- the entity 530 and its components may be implemented in a processing system 302 of a Node B 22 or an RNC 24. (See FIGS. 1, 3, and 5).
- the entity 540 and its components may be implemented in a processing system 302 of a UE 10. (See FIGS. 1, 3, and 5).
- the term "communication device” may refer to any communication system, a communication device, a processing system, a processing device, or a component thereof
- a phrase such as an "aspect” does not imply that such aspect is essential to the subject technology or that such aspect applies to all configurations of the subject technology.
- a disclosure relating to an aspect may apply to all configurations, or one or more configurations.
- a phrase such as an “embodiment” does not imply that such embodiment is essential to the subject technology or that such embodiment applies to all configurations of the subject technology.
- a disclosure relating to an embodiment may apply to all embodiments, or one or more embodiments.
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