EP2312126B1 - Système de génération d'énergie et procédé correspondant de génération d'énergie - Google Patents

Système de génération d'énergie et procédé correspondant de génération d'énergie Download PDF

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Publication number
EP2312126B1
EP2312126B1 EP09172601.8A EP09172601A EP2312126B1 EP 2312126 B1 EP2312126 B1 EP 2312126B1 EP 09172601 A EP09172601 A EP 09172601A EP 2312126 B1 EP2312126 B1 EP 2312126B1
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EP
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Prior art keywords
flow
air
fuel
stage
power generation
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Not-in-force
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EP09172601.8A
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German (de)
English (en)
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EP2312126A1 (fr
Inventor
Narendra Digamber Joshi
Venkat Eswarlu Tangirala
Kevin Michael Hinckley
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General Electric Co
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General Electric Co
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01D—NON-POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, e.g. STEAM TURBINES
    • F01D19/00—Starting of machines or engines; Regulating, controlling, or safety means in connection therewith
    • F01D19/02—Starting of machines or engines; Regulating, controlling, or safety means in connection therewith dependent on temperature of component parts, e.g. of turbine-casing
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02C—GAS-TURBINE PLANTS; AIR INTAKES FOR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS; CONTROLLING FUEL SUPPLY IN AIR-BREATHING JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
    • F02C5/00—Gas-turbine plants characterised by the working fluid being generated by intermittent combustion
    • F02C5/12—Gas-turbine plants characterised by the working fluid being generated by intermittent combustion the combustion chambers having inlet or outlet valves, e.g. Holzwarth gas-turbine plants
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02C—GAS-TURBINE PLANTS; AIR INTAKES FOR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS; CONTROLLING FUEL SUPPLY IN AIR-BREATHING JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
    • F02C7/00—Features, components parts, details or accessories, not provided for in, or of interest apart form groups F02C1/00 - F02C6/00; Air intakes for jet-propulsion plants
    • F02C7/08—Heating air supply before combustion, e.g. by exhaust gases
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02C—GAS-TURBINE PLANTS; AIR INTAKES FOR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS; CONTROLLING FUEL SUPPLY IN AIR-BREATHING JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
    • F02C7/00—Features, components parts, details or accessories, not provided for in, or of interest apart form groups F02C1/00 - F02C6/00; Air intakes for jet-propulsion plants
    • F02C7/22—Fuel supply systems
    • F02C7/224—Heating fuel before feeding to the burner
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23R—GENERATING COMBUSTION PRODUCTS OF HIGH PRESSURE OR HIGH VELOCITY, e.g. GAS-TURBINE COMBUSTION CHAMBERS
    • F23R7/00—Intermittent or explosive combustion chambers

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to pulse detonation engines, and in particular to liquid-fueled pulse detonation engines and using plenum air preheat for startup.
  • Pulse detonation combustors produce pressure rise from periodically pulsed detonations in fuel-air mixtures, resulting in a relatively high operational efficiency when compared to the operational efficiency of a conventional gas turbine engine.
  • pulse detonation engines/combustors As the use of pulse detonation engines/combustors grows, they are being used in a wider variety of applications. Many of those applications involve starting pulse detonation engines from startup and/or in cold environments. This is true in either power generation or aviation applications. However, because of the nature of the operation of PDCs, in particular those using liquid fuel, combustor initiation (startup) can be difficult, especially in cold environments.
  • EP 1 536 117 A2 discloses a system according to the preamble of claim 1.
  • EP 1 501 139 A2 relates to a hybrid fuel cell-pulse detonation power system.
  • JP2005065454 relates to a power generator and power generation method.
  • US2009/0241507 A1 relates to a ground-based pulse detonation combustor for use in power generation.
  • US2007/0180810 A1 relates to a pulse detonation combustor having a folded flow path.
  • a power generation system is provided according to claim 1 herein.
  • a method of generating power is provided according to claim 8 herein.
  • a pulse detonation combustor PDC (also including PDEs) is understood to mean any device or system that produces both a pressure rise and velocity increase from a series of repeating detonations or quasi-detonations within the device.
  • a "quasi-detonation” is a supersonic turbulent combustion process that produces a pressure rise and velocity increase higher than the pressure rise and velocity increase produced by a deflagration wave.
  • Embodiments of PDCs (and PDEs) include a means of igniting a fuel/oxidizer mixture, for example a fuel/air mixture, and a detonation chamber, in which pressure wave fronts initiated by the ignition process coalesce to produce a detonation wave.
  • Each detonation or quasi-detonation is initiated either by external ignition, such as spark discharge or laser pulse, or by gas dynamic processes, such as shock focusing, auto ignition or by another detonation (i.e. a cross-detonation tube).
  • the geometry of the detonation chamber is such that the pressure rise of the detonation wave expels combustion products out of the pulse detonation combustor and produces a high speed, high temperature and high pressure exhaust stream. Useful work and power are extracted from this exhaust stream, using a downstream multi-stage turbine.
  • pulse detonation may be accomplished in a number of types of detonation chambers, including detonation tubes, shock tubes, resonating detonation cavities and annular detonation chambers.
  • FIG. 1 depicts a diagrammatical representation of an exemplary embodiment of the power generation system 100 of the present invention.
  • this embodiment of the invention includes a compressor stage 101, a plenum stage 103 which contains pre-burners 105, an inlet valve portion 107, a combustor stage 109 which contains one or more PDCs 113 and a turbine stage 111.
  • the power generation system 100 is not limited to any type of power generation application. It is contemplated that embodiments of the present invention can be employed as ground based power generation machines such as electrical power generators and the like, and propulsion type devices such as turbfans, turbojets, ramjets or scramjets and the like. The present invention is not limited in this regard.
  • the compressor stage 101 is a conventionally known or used compressor stage which uses an amount of work to create a pressure rise of the fluid flow through it.
  • the fluid is air.
  • the compressor stage 101 can be made up of multiple stages or a single stage. The present invention is not limited in this regard.
  • a plenum stage 103 Downstream of the compressor stage 101 is a plenum stage 103, which receives the compressed fluid from the compressor stage 101.
  • a percentage of the compressor flow enters the plenum stage 103, whereas a remaining percentage is used by the pre-burners 105.
  • three (3) pre-burners are shown.
  • the present invention is not limited in this regard as it is contemplated that more or less pre-burners 105 can be utilized depending on performance and operational parameters.
  • the pre-burners 105 are employed to add additional heat to the compressor flow (the temperature of the compressor flow does increase due to the compression process) prior to entering the inlet valve 107 or combustion stage 109.
  • PDCs Due to the operational nature of PDCs it is difficult to start PDCs in cold environments or from a dead stop. This is particularly true in PDCs which use liquid fuel because the compressor flow temperature, by itself, is often insufficient to vaporize the liquid fuel. Fuel vaporization is beneficial to the PDC process, particularly in startup conditions. To aid in this process, the present invention preheats the compressor flow to a level which makes it easier to start the pulse detonation process.
  • the pre-burners 105 are constant pressure deflagration devices which use a portion of the compressor flow F PB combined with a fuel to heat a remaining portion of the compressor flow within the plenum stage 103.
  • the fuel used can be any known or used fuel, and depending on the embodiment, may or not come from the same fuel source used for the combustion stage 109.
  • the pre-burners 105 can be similar to v-gutter designs used in existing afterburners on aircraft propulsion systems or could be discrete burners (similar to DACRS burners). It is contemplated that each of these types of burners would be located within the flow path as described.
  • a portion of the compressor flow is directed to the pre-burners 105 (F PB ) via a manifold structure.
  • the amount of compressor flow to the pre-burners F PB is regulated by a control device (not shown), such that the heat produced by the pre-burners 105 is controlled based on operational parameters.
  • the pre-burners 105 are shut down and the compressor flow simply bypasses the pre-burners 105.
  • the pre-burners 105 are operating, using a portion of the compressor flow F PB , while a remaining portion of the compressor flow F is directed to the plenum 103 directly.
  • the majority of the compressor flow F is directed directly to the plenum 103 and a smaller amount of the flow F PB is used by the pre-burners 105.
  • the compressor flow F is mixed with the combustion gas from the pre-burners 105. This mixing raises the overall temperature of the fluid flow through the plenum 103 and into the inlet valve(s) 107.
  • the temperature of the fluid within the plenum 103 is raised to a temperature which facilitates and/or aids in the vaporization of the fuel used in the combustion stage 109 of the system 100.
  • Lobed mixer elements, vortex generators or other mixing geometric features can be used to help promote mixing of the main flow with the combustion gas from the pre-burners 105.
  • the temperature of the fluid within the plenum 103 is raised to approximately 371 degrees Celsius (700 degrees F) using the pre-burners 105.
  • approximately 5 to 10% of the compressor flow is directed to the pre-burners 105, whereas the remaining flow is directed directly to the plenum 105.
  • the overall percentage of the flow to the pre-burners 105 F PB can be increased or decreased to achieve the desired temperature increase within the plenum 103.
  • the percentage of the flow F PB should not be such that there is an insufficient amount of the remaining flow F to facilitate combustion/detonation within the combustion stage 109.
  • alternative heating mechanism can be employed.
  • electrical heating or arc heating can be employed.
  • the heating mechanism can be employed to heat the flow through the plenum and/or the heat the fuel.
  • additional heating mechanisms such as electrical heating mechanisms can be employed with the embodiment discussed above.
  • an inlet valve portion 107 As shown in the embodiment depicted in Fig. 1 downstream of the plenum 103 is an inlet valve portion 107.
  • the inlet valve portion 107 controls/regulates the flow of the fluid into the combustion stage 109.
  • the inlet valve portion 107 is depicted simply, as its structure and configuration is dictated by the inlet valving needs of the combustion stage 109. It is also contemplated that in a further embodiment of the present invention the combustion stage 109 is immediately downstream of the plenum 103 such that the inlet valving mechanisms are located within the combustion stage 109.
  • a fuel injection system (not shown) is located within the inlet valve portion 107 of the system 100.
  • a fuel is injected into the flow by any commonly known or used methodology such that fuel vaporization is enabled as the flow enters into the combustion stage 109.
  • the fuel injection system employed is to be such that proper operation of the combustion devices 113 located within the combustion stage 109 is ensured.
  • the combustion stage 109 comprises a plurality of combustion devices 113.
  • the devices 113 are a PDC and the remaining devices are standard deflagration/constant pressure combustion devices.
  • all of the devices 113 are PDCs.
  • Fig. 1 depicts a plurality of combustion devices 113 in the combustion stage 109, it is contemplated that in an embodiment of the invention only a single PDC is placed in the combustion stage 109.
  • the quantity, structure and operational characteristics of the combustion devices 113 and PDC(s) in the combustion stage 109 is a function of operational and performance criteria. Any known PDC configuration can be used as a combustion device 113.
  • the turbine stage 111 can be of any commonly known or used turbine configuration used to extract work energy from the combustion stage 109.
  • the present invention is not limited in this regard.
  • Fig. 2 depicts another exemplary embodiment of the present invention. (It is noted that like components are numbered the same as shown in Fig. 1 ). Specifically, Fig. 2 depicts a system 200 which is similar to that shown in Fig. 1 except that a fuel injection system 220 is shown coupled to the inlet valve portion 107.
  • the fuel injection system 220 comprises a fuel tank 221, a fuel line 223, a fuel heating system 225 and fuel injectors 227. It is noted that the present invention is not limited to the specific structure or configuration shown in either Figs. 1 or 2 and that the figures are exemplary representations.
  • the embodiment shown in Fig. 2 employs an electrical heating system to heat the fuel contained in the fuel system 220.
  • the fuel is heated to a temperature which aids in facilitating vaporization of the fuel during startup or in cold environments.
  • the electrical heating system 225 heats the fuel in the tank 221 as well as during its travel through the fuel line 223.
  • the fuel system 220 is depicted as using the fuel injectors 227 to inject the fuel in the inlet valve stage 107 of the system 200.
  • the present invention is equally not limited in this regard as the fuel can be introduced into the system 200 by any conventional methodology using any known system or structure.
  • Fig. 2 embodiment depicts a system 200 having both the plenum preheat of the compressor flow as shown in Fig. 1 coupled with a fuel heating system 225.
  • a fuel heating system 225 a fuel heating system 225.
  • an alternative embodiment of the present invention only employs the fuel preheat system 225 as described above.
  • the fuel heating system 225 heats up the fuel to a sufficient temperature such that only a partial evaporation or flash vaporization of the fuel occurs during the fuel injection process. In general, heating of the incoming fuel aids cold startup.
  • the fuel lines can be run through the plenum stage such that the fuel is heated by the preheating occurring in the plenum stage 103.
  • the fuel lines can run along the inner surface of the plenum walls (so as to not obstruct flow significantly) to allow the fuel to be heated in this fashion.
  • the present invention is not limited to running the fuel lines through the plenum stage 103, but also the inlet valve 107, or other structure where the fuel would be heated.
  • At least one of the PDCs used in the combustion stage 109 can be operated in constant pressure deflagration mode - using either plenum preheat, fuel preheat, or both - until such time that the overall system temperature reaches such a level that transition to pulse detonation operation can proceed effectively. If the combustion devices 113 are all PDCs then all or some can be operated in constant pressure deflagration mode until system pressure is sufficiently high so that transition to pulse detonation can be sustained in all or some of the devices 113. By using any one or a combination of the embodiments described above the transition to detonation mode is quicker.
  • Fig. 3 depicts another exemplary embodiment of the present invention. (It is noted that like components are numbered the same as shown in Fig. 1 ). Specifically, Fig. 3 depicts a system 200 which is similar to that shown in Fig. 1 except that the pre-burners 105 are positioned out of the main flow F. In this embodiment, rather than being obstructions within the flow path, the pre-burners 105 are positioned along the side of the structure (for example the plenum stage 103). By moving the pre-burners 105 out of the main flow path, pressure losses due to dry-loss may not be experienced. Stated differently, it is contemplated that the pre-burners 105 may only be used during engine start up.
  • the pre-burners 105 will be shut down, and if they remain in the flow path they will merely be obstructions in the flow path.
  • This embodiment moves the pre-burners 105 out of the main flow path, for example along the wall of the plenum stage 103, so that once the pre-burners 105 are shut down they do not act as mere obstructions in the main flow F.
  • the pre-burners can be fed via pre-burner bypass ducts 301. These ducts direct pre-burner flow F PB to the pre-burners 105 but also separate the main flow F from the pre-burner flow in the plenum stage 103. Additionally, the bypass flow ducts 301 can have an upstream bypass valve 303 which controls the flow to the ducts 301. For example, during start up the valves 303 can be opened to allow flow to the pre-burners 105, and then as the engine reaches operational power such that the need for pre-heated flow is diminished. For example, this can occur when the plenum stage 103 reaches an operational temperature.
  • valves 303 can be closed causing all of the flow to go through with the primary flow F. With the per-burners 105 not being in the direct flow path no (or a reduced) pressure drop will be incurred because of flow obstructions.
  • the valves 303 can be positioned at any suitable position to direct an amount of flow to the pre-burners 105. The valves do not have to be in a full open or full closed position.
  • the exact location of the pre-burners 105 with respect to the flow F, the plenum stage 103 or the remaining structure is to be based on operational and design parameters. In fact, it is also contemplated that at least some or all of the pre-burner flow to the pre-burners 105 comes from a source outside the engine, such that they are not fed from the main flow F.
  • various flow direction or flow mixers can be positioned downstream of the pre-burners 105 to maximize or at least promote mixing the preheated flow with the main flow.
  • the combustion devices 113 are made up of a combination of constant pressure deflagration combustors and PDCs.
  • the constant pressure deflagration combustors are operated until such time that the system temperature permits the PDCs to operate.
  • the constant pressure deflagration combustors can either stop functioning or continue functioning depending on the desired operational and performance parameters.
  • FIGs. 1 and 2 depict the system as co-axially configured, this is intended to merely exemplary in nature as the present invention is not limited in this regard.
  • the system is configured co-axially, whereas in an alternate embodiment various components are not positioned co-axially.
  • the compressor and turbine portions are not positioned co-axially, or along the same drive shaft (not shown).

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Structures Of Non-Positive Displacement Pumps (AREA)

Claims (9)

  1. Système de génération d'énergie (100), comprenant un étage de compression (101) qui fournit un écoulement d'air ;
    un étage de tranquillisation (103) en aval dudit étage de compression (101), qui reçoit ledit écoulement d'air dudit étage de compression (101), dans lequel ledit étage de tranquillisation (103) comprend au moins un dispositif de chauffage (105) ; et
    un étage de combustion (109) positionné en aval dudit étage de tranquillisation (103) et ayant au moins une chambre de combustion à détonations pulsées (113) qui y est positionnée,
    le au moins un dispositif de chauffage (105) étant à même d'élever la température dudit écoulement d'air pour fournir un écoulement d'air chauffé et dans lequel au moins une certaine partie dudit écoulement d'air chauffé est dirigée vers ledit étage de combustion (109) et combinée à un carburant pour créer une déflagration ou une détonation dans ledit étage de combustion (109) ; le système de génération d'énergie étant caractérisé en ce que :
    ledit au moins un dispositif de chauffage (105) est un pré-brûleur qui reçoit une première quantité dudit écoulement d'air dudit étage de compression (101) et une seconde quantité dudit écoulement d'air est dirigée vers ledit étage de tranquillisation (103), et en ce que :
    ledit pré-brûleur (105) utilise ladite première quantité dudit écoulement d'air pour brûler un carburant dans ledit étage de tranquillisation (103).
  2. Système de génération d'énergie (100) selon la revendication 1, dans lequel ledit pré-brûleur (105) augmente la température d'au moins une certaine quantité dudit écoulement d'air chauffé à approximativement 371 degrés Celsius (700 degrés F).
  3. Système de génération d'énergie (100) selon la revendication 1 ou la revendication 2, dans lequel ledit pré-brûleur (105) est un dispositif de déflagration à pression constante.
  4. Système de génération d'énergie (100) selon la revendication 1, 2 ou 3, dans lequel ladite première quantité dudit écoulement d'air est approximativement de 5 à 10 % dudit écoulement d'air issu dudit étage de compression (101).
  5. Système de génération d'énergie (100) selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, comprenant en outre un étage de turbine (111) en aval dudit étage de combustion (109).
  6. Système de génération d'énergie (100) selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, dans lequel ledit carburant est injecté dans ledit écoulement d'air chauffé en utilisant un système d'injection de carburant (220) et un système de chauffage de carburant (225) est couplé audit système d'injection de carburant (220) pour chauffer ledit carburant avant l'injection dans ledit écoulement d'air chauffé.
  7. Système de génération d'énergie (100) selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, dans lequel ledit pré-brûleur (105) est positionné adjacent à une structure de paroi dudit étage de tranquillisation (103) et reçoit au moins une partie de ladite première quantité dudit écoulement d'air via un conduit de dérivation (301).
  8. Procédé de génération d'énergie, ledit procédé comprenant les étapes consistant à :
    diriger un écoulement d'air vers une partie d'entrée (103) ;
    fournir un carburant à ladite partie d'entrée (103) ;
    chauffer (105) au moins ledit écoulement d'air pour fourni un écoulement d'air chauffé ;
    injecter ledit carburant dans ledit écoulement d'air dans ladite partie d'entrée (103) pour créer un mélange d'écoulement d'air chauffé et d'air ;
    diriger ledit mélange d'écoulement d'air chauffé et d'air vers un dispositif de combustion (113), dans lequel ledit dispositif de combustion (113) comprend au moins une chambre de combustion à détonations pulsées et au moins une certaine partie dudit mélange d'écoulement d'air chauffé et d'air est dirigée vers ledit dispositif de combustion à détonations pulsées ; et
    initier une détonation ou une déflagration dudit mélange d'écoulement d'air chauffé et d'air dans ledit dispositif de combustion (113), le procédé étant caractérisé en ce que :
    ledit écoulement d'air est chauffé par au moins un pré-brûleur (105) qui brûle au moins une certaine partie dudit écoulement d'air avec un second carburant.
  9. Procédé selon la revendication 8, dans lequel ledit au moins un pré-brûleur (105) chauffe ledit écoulement d'air à environ 371 degrés Celsius (700 degrés F).
EP09172601.8A 2009-10-08 2009-10-08 Système de génération d'énergie et procédé correspondant de génération d'énergie Not-in-force EP2312126B1 (fr)

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EP09172601.8A EP2312126B1 (fr) 2009-10-08 2009-10-08 Système de génération d'énergie et procédé correspondant de génération d'énergie

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EP2312126B1 true EP2312126B1 (fr) 2015-12-23

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GB201122512D0 (en) * 2011-12-31 2012-02-15 Lewis Stephen D A hypersonic ram/scramjet
FR3041701A1 (fr) * 2015-09-29 2017-03-31 Philippe Baron D Dispositif moteur comportant une turbine, notamment pour automobiles
CN111520767B (zh) * 2020-06-03 2023-07-25 西安热工研究院有限公司 一种可调整出口燃气能量分布的脉冲爆震燃烧室
US11619172B1 (en) 2022-03-01 2023-04-04 General Electric Company Detonation combustion systems

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US5873240A (en) * 1993-04-14 1999-02-23 Adroit Systems, Inc. Pulsed detonation rocket engine
US7150143B2 (en) 2003-07-21 2006-12-19 General Electric Company Hybrid fuel cell-pulse detonation power system
JP2005065454A (ja) 2003-08-19 2005-03-10 Jfe Engineering Kk 発電方法及び発電装置
US20050109010A1 (en) 2003-11-25 2005-05-26 General Electric Company Pulse detonation power system and plant with fuel preconditioning
US7966803B2 (en) 2006-02-03 2011-06-28 General Electric Company Pulse detonation combustor with folded flow path
US7721523B2 (en) 2008-04-01 2010-05-25 General Electric Company Ground based pulse detonation combustor for power generation

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