EP2272248A2 - Systèmes et procédés de création d'une fenêtre virtuelle - Google Patents

Systèmes et procédés de création d'une fenêtre virtuelle

Info

Publication number
EP2272248A2
EP2272248A2 EP09726469A EP09726469A EP2272248A2 EP 2272248 A2 EP2272248 A2 EP 2272248A2 EP 09726469 A EP09726469 A EP 09726469A EP 09726469 A EP09726469 A EP 09726469A EP 2272248 A2 EP2272248 A2 EP 2272248A2
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
imaging
imaging sensor
row
sensors
sensor
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP09726469A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP2272248A4 (fr
Inventor
Peter W. J. Jones
Ellen Cargill
Dennis W. Purcell
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
SCALLOP IMAGING, LLC
Original Assignee
Tenebraex Corp
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Tenebraex Corp filed Critical Tenebraex Corp
Publication of EP2272248A2 publication Critical patent/EP2272248A2/fr
Publication of EP2272248A4 publication Critical patent/EP2272248A4/fr
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N23/00—Cameras or camera modules comprising electronic image sensors; Control thereof
    • H04N23/45—Cameras or camera modules comprising electronic image sensors; Control thereof for generating image signals from two or more image sensors being of different type or operating in different modes, e.g. with a CMOS sensor for moving images in combination with a charge-coupled device [CCD] for still images
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N23/00—Cameras or camera modules comprising electronic image sensors; Control thereof
    • H04N23/58—Means for changing the camera field of view without moving the camera body, e.g. nutating or panning of optics or image sensors
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N23/00—Cameras or camera modules comprising electronic image sensors; Control thereof
    • H04N23/60—Control of cameras or camera modules
    • H04N23/698—Control of cameras or camera modules for achieving an enlarged field of view, e.g. panoramic image capture
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N23/00—Cameras or camera modules comprising electronic image sensors; Control thereof
    • H04N23/70—Circuitry for compensating brightness variation in the scene

Definitions

  • An imaging system capable of providing 180- or 360-degree situational awareness involves perceiving critical factors in the environment or scene. It may include the ability to identify, process, and comprehend the critical elements of information about events occurring in the scene, such as object movement.
  • An imaging system capable of providing situational awareness may be used in battlefield settings to get a real-time view of a combat situation or track movements in hazardous surroundings to better strategize patrolling routes or combat zones.
  • imaging systems that provide panoramic views of a scene may exhibit distortion within the image. Distorted images misrepresent the imaged scene and may lead to incorrect judgments. For example, a distortion of the position of a military target in a battlefield may result in unintended casualties and wasted resources. This is true of devices such as that described by Foote et al. in U.S. Patent No. 7,277,1 18, which employs multiple sensors to create the panoramic image and utilizes software techniques for distortion correction.
  • the systems and methods described herein provide imaging systems with multiple imaging sensors arranged in an optical head that create a seamless panoramic view by reducing parallax distortion and adaptively adjusting exposure levels of the recorded images.
  • an optical head is described with a stacked configuration of CCD imaging sensors in which charge is transferred from a sensor to a processor beginning with an array of photosensitive elements nearest another sensor.
  • the systems and methods described herein include systems for imaging a scene.
  • a system may include an optical head including a plurality of imaging sensors arranged in a plurality of rows, each row disposed substantially vertically of an adjacent row and having one or more imaging sensors.
  • each imaging sensor is capable of imaging an associated horizontal range of the scene, and an associated horizontal range of a first imaging sensor in a row overlaps an associated horizontal range of a second imaging sensor in the row different from the first imaging sensor.
  • the intersection of a plurality of horizontal ranges associated with a plurality of imaging sensors forms a continuous horizontal range of the scene, which may include a 1 80- degree or a 360-degree view of the scene.
  • a respective one of said imaging sensors in a first row may have an optical axis lying substantially on a first plane and a respective one of said imaging sensors in a second row may have an optical axis lying substantially on a second plane such that the first plane is substantially parallel to the second plane and the number of
  • each row has an associated plane containing the optical axes of the imaging sensors in the row such that the associated plane is parallel to the analogously- defined plane associated with a different row.
  • An optical axis of a first imaging sensor in a selected row may intersect an optical axis of a second imaging sensor in the selected row different from the first imaging sensor.
  • Certain embodiments of the optical head include three rows of imaging sensors.
  • a bottom row has two imaging sensors
  • a middle row has one imaging sensor
  • a top row has two imaging sensors.
  • a rightmost imaging sensor in the bottom row is disposed substantially directly below the one imaging sensor in the middle row
  • the one imaging sensor in the middle row is disposed substantially directly below the leftmost imaging sensor in the top row.
  • the bottom, middle and top rows are horizontally centered with respect to each other.
  • Such a system may also include a processor connected to the optical head and configured with circuitry for receiving imaging sensor data from each imaging sensor, and generating an image of a scene by assembling the received imaging sensor data.
  • each imaging sensor is a charge-coupled device having columns of photosensitive elements.
  • the system also includes output amplifier circuitry configured for receiving, column-wise, charge accumulated at the photosensitive elements in each sensor; and generating imaging sensor data.
  • the output amplifier circuitry receives charge from each imaging sensor in a row from a column of photosensitive elements nearest to another imaging sensor in the row.
  • the systems and methods described herein include a system for imaging a scene, comprising an optical head including a plurality of imaging sensors, each imaging sensor disposed substantially vertically of another imaging sensor along a vertical axis. In certain embodiments, each imaging sensor is disposed substantially vertically adjacent to another imaging sensor along a vertical axis.
  • Each imaging sensor may be oriented at a different offset angle about the vertical axis.
  • a difference in offset angle between two substantially vertically adjacent imaging sensors is the same for any other two substantially vertically adjacent imaging sensors.
  • Each imaging sensor may have an optical axis that forms a non-zero tilt angle with respect to the vertical axis.
  • the tilt angle of an optical axis is about 10 degrees below horizontal.
  • Each of the non-zero tilt angles may be substantially identical.
  • the intersection of a plurality of horizontal ranges associated with a plurality of imaging sensors forms a continuous horizontal range of the scene, which may include a 180-degree or 360-degree view of the scene.
  • Such a system may also include a processor connected to the optical head configured with circuitry for receiving imaging sensor data from each imaging sensor, and assembling the received imaging sensor data into an image of a scene.
  • a processor connected to the optical head configured with circuitry for receiving imaging sensor data from each imaging sensor, and assembling the received imaging sensor data into an image of a scene.
  • the systems and methods described herein provide imaging systems with multiple imaging sensors arranged in an optical head that create a seamless panoramic view by reducing parallax distortion and adaptively adjusting exposure levels of the recorded images.
  • an optical head is described with a stacked configuration of CCD imaging sensors in which charge is transferred from a sensor to a processor beginning with an array of photosensitive elements nearest another sensor.
  • FIG. 1 depicts an imaging system having two imaging sensors
  • FIG. 2 depicts an imaging system for creating a seamless panoramic view having a plurality of imaging sensors in an optical head
  • FlG. 3 A depicts an a set of unaltered exposure values for multiple imaging sensors
  • FIGS. 3B-3D depict various methods for adaptively altering the best exposure value of each image
  • FIG. 4A-4C show various embodiments of a display
  • FIG. 5 depicts a first optical head having five imaging sensors
  • FIG. 6 depicts a second optical head having five imaging sensors
  • FIGS. 7A-7B depict top and side views of a single imaging sensor module for use in an optical head
  • FIG. 7C depicts a side view of an arrangement of sensor modules in a stacked array to form an optical head
  • FIGS. 7D-7E depict top views of two fanned arrangements of multiple imaging sensors in a stacked array; [0026] FIGS. 8A-8C depict a single tilted imaging sensor and various arrangements of such sensors in a stacked array.
  • FIG. 1 depicts an imaging system 100 having two sensors positioned adjacent to each other, according to an illustrative embodiment of the invention.
  • system 100 includes imaging sensors 102a and 102b that are positioned adjacent to each other.
  • system 100 may include two or more imaging sensors arranged vertically or horizontally with respect to one another without departing from the scope of the invention.
  • system 100 may include five sensors arranged in the configurations shown in FIGS. 5 and 6.
  • Many additional embodiments featuring several exemplary sensors will be discussed in detail with respect to FIGS. 5-8C.
  • Light meters 108a and 108b are connected to the sensors 102a and 102b for determining incident light on the sensors.
  • the light meters 108a and 108b and the sensors 102a and 102b are connected to exposure circuitry 1 10.
  • the exposure circuitry 1 10 is configured to determine an exposure value for each of the sensors 102a and 102b. In certain embodiments, the exposure circuitry 1 10 determines the best exposure value for a sensor for imaging a given scene.
  • the exposure circuitry 1 10 is optionally connected to miscellaneous mechanical and electronic shuttering systems 1 18 for controlling the timing and intensity of incident light and other electromagnetic radiation on the sensors 102a and 102b.
  • the sensors 102a and 102b may optionally be coupled with one or more filters 122. In certain embodiments, filters 122 may preferentially amplify or suppress incoming electromagnetic radiation in a given frequency range.
  • sensor 102a includes an array of photosensitive elements (or pixels) 106a distributed in an array of rows and columns.
  • the sensor 102a may include a charge-coupled device (CCD) imaging sensor.
  • the sensor 102a includes a complimentary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) imaging sensor.
  • the sensor 102b is similar to the sensor 102a.
  • the sensor 102b may include a CCD and/or CMOS imaging sensor.
  • the sensors 102a and 102b may be positioned adjacent to each other, either vertically or horizontally.
  • the sensors 102a and 102b may be included in an optical head of an imaging system.
  • the sensors 102a and 102b may be configured, positioned or oriented to capture different fields-of-view of a scene, as will be discussed in detail below.
  • the sensors 102a and 102b may be angled depending on the desired extent of the field-of-view, as will be discussed further below.
  • incident light from a scene being captured may fall on the sensors 102a and 102b.
  • the sensors 102a and 102b may be coupled to a shutter and when the shutter opens, the sensors 102a and 102b are exposed to light. The light may then converted to a charge in each of the photosensitive elements 106a and 106b.
  • the sensors can be of any suitable type and may include CCD imaging sensors, CMOS imaging sensors, or any analog or digital imaging sensor.
  • the sensors may be color sensors.
  • the sensors may be responsive to electromagnetic radiation outside the visible spectrum, and may include thermal, gamma, multi-spectral and x-ray sensors.
  • the sensors may generate a file in any format, such as the raw data, GIF, JPEG, TIFF, PBM, PGM, PPM, EPSF, X l 1 bitmap, Utah Raster Toolkit RLE, PDS/V1CAR, Sun Rasterfile, BMP, PCX, PNG, IRIS RGB, XPM, Targa, XWD, PostScript, and PM formats on workstations and terminals running the Xl 1 Window System or any image file suitable for import into the data processing system. Additionally, the system may be employed for generating video images, including digital video images in the .AVI, .WMV, .MOV, .RAM and .MPG formats.
  • the shutter closes, light is blocked and the charge may then be transferred from an imaging sensor and converted into an electrical signal.
  • charge from each column is transferred along the column to an output amplifier 1 12, a technique referred to as a rolling shutter.
  • the term "rolling shutter” may also be used to refer to other processes which generally occur column-wise at each sensor, including charge transfer and exposure adjustment.
  • Charge may first be transferred from each pixel in the columns 104a and 104b.
  • charges from columns 124a and 124b are first transferred to columns 104a and 104b, respectively, and then transferred along columns 104a and 104b to the output amplifier 1 12.
  • the output amplifier 1 12 may be configured to transfer charges and/or signals to a processor 1 14.
  • the processor 1 14 may include microcontrollers and microprocessors programmed to receive data from the output amplifier 1 12 and exposure values from the exposure circuitry 1 10, and determine interpolated exposure values for each column in each of the sensors 102a and 102b.
  • processor 1 14 may include a central processing unit (CPU), a memory, and an interconnect bus 606.
  • the CPU may include a single microprocessor or a plurality of microprocessors for configuring the processor 1 14 as a multi-processor system.
  • the memory may include a main memory and a read-only memory.
  • the processor 1 14 and/or the databases 1 16 also include mass storage devices having, for example, various disk drives, tape drives, FLASH drives, etc.
  • the main memory also includes dynamic random access memory (DRAM) and high-speed cache memory. In operation, the main memory stores at least portions of instructions and data for execution by a CPU.
  • DRAM dynamic random access memory
  • the mass storage 1 16 may include one or more magnetic disk or tape drives or optical disk drives, for storing data and instructions for use by the processor 1 14. At least one component of the mass storage system 1 16, possibly in the form of a disk drive or tape drive, stores the database used for processing the signals measured from the sensors 102a and 102b.
  • the mass storage system 1 16 may also include one or more drives for various portable media, such as a floppy disk, a compact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM), DVD, or an integrated circuit non-volatile memory adapter (i.e. PC-MCIA adapter) to input and output data and code to and from the processor 1 14.
  • PC-MCIA adapter integrated circuit non-volatile memory adapter
  • the processor 1 14 may also include one or more input/output interfaces for data communications.
  • the data interface may be a modem, a network card, serial port, bus adapter, or any other suitable data communications mechanism for communicating with one or more local or remote systems.
  • the data interface may provide a relatively high-speed link to a network, such as the Internet.
  • the communication link to the network may be, for example, optical, wired, or wireless (e.g., via satellite or cellular network).
  • the processor 1 14 may include a mainframe or other type of host computer system capable of communications via the network.
  • the processor 1 14 may also include suitable input/output ports or use the interconnect bus for interconnection with other components, a local display 120, and keyboard or other local user interface for programming and/or data retrieval purposes (not shown).
  • the processor 1 14 includes circuitry for an analog-to-digital converter and/or a digital-to-analog converter.
  • the analog-to-digital converter circuitry converts analog signals received at the sensors to digital signals for further processing by the processor 1 14.
  • the components of the processor 1 14 are those typically found in imaging systems used for portable use as well as fixed use.
  • the processor 1 14 includes general potpose computer systems used as servers, workstations, personal computers, network terminals, and the like. In fact, these components are intended to represent a broad category of such computer components that are well known in the art.
  • Certain aspects of the invention may relate to the software elements, such as the executable code and database for the server functions of the imaging system 100.
  • the methods described herein may be executed on a conventional data processing platform such as an IBM PC-compatible computer running the Windows operating systems, a SUN workstation running a UNIX operating system or another equivalent personal computer or workstation.
  • the data processing system may comprise a dedicated processing system that includes an embedded programmable data processing unit.
  • Certain of the processes described herein may also be realized as software component operating on a conventional data processing system such as a UNIX workstation.
  • the processes may be implemented as a computer program written in any of several languages well-known to those of ordinary skill in the art, such as (but not limited to) C, C++, FORTRAN, Java or BASIC.
  • the processes may also be executed on commonly available clusters of processors, such as Western Scientific Linux clusters, which may allow parallel execution of all or some of the steps in the process.
  • Certain of the methods described herein may be performed in either hardware, software, or any combination thereof, as those terms are currently known in the art.
  • these methods may be carried out by software, firmware, or microcode operating on a computer or computers of any type, including pre-existing or already-installed image processing facilities capable of supporting any or all of the processor's functions.
  • software embodying these methods may comprise computer instructions in any form (e.g., source code, object code, interpreted code, etc.) stored in any computer-readable medium (e.g., ROM, RAM, magnetic media, punched tape or card, compact disc (CD) in any form, DVD, etc.).
  • computer-readable medium e.g., ROM, RAM, magnetic media, punched tape or card, compact disc (CD) in any form, DVD, etc.
  • such software may also be in the form of a computer data signal embodied in a carrier wave, such as that found within the well-known Web pages transferred among devices connected to the Internet. Accordingly, these methods and systems are not limited to any particular platform, unless specifically stated otherwise in the present disclosure.
  • FIG. 2 depicts an imaging system 200 with multiple sensors mounted in an optical head in which each sensor is directed to capture a portion of a panoramic scene.
  • Each imaging sensor is exposed to a different amount of light and has a different optimum exposure value that best captures the image, sometimes referred to as a best exposure value.
  • An exposure circuitry 206 similar to exposure circuitry 1 10, determines and assigns the best exposure value for each sensor when the sensor is capturing an image. In some embodiments, the exposure circuitry 206 focuses on the center of a field-of-view captured by the respective sensor when determining the best exposure value for the respective sensor.
  • images recorded by the sensors are aligned next to each other. These images may be aligned proximal to each other, or in any number of overlapping arrangements. As a result, when unprocessed images from the multiple sensors are aligned, there exists a discontinuity where the two images meet.
  • the exposures of the images taken by the sensors may be adaptively adjusted to form a seamless panoramic view.
  • FIG. 2 depicts one embodiment of system 200 in which a plurality of sensors 202a-202h, similar to the sensors 102a and 102b of FIG. 1 , are statically mounted in an optical head 201. Each of the sensors 202a-202h is directed to capture a portion of a scene.
  • FIG. 2 also depicts exposure circuitry 206, a logic/processor 208, a memory 212, a multiplexer 210, and a display 214.
  • Exposure circuitry 206 coupled to the sensors 202a- 202h, adjusts the exposure for each sensor, resulting in each sensor recording an image at its best exposure.
  • the digital signals recorded by the sensors 202a-202h are sent to the multiplexer 210.
  • the logic/processor 208 is in communication with the multiplexer 210.
  • the logic/processor 208 upon receiving data signals from the sensors 202a- 202h, accesses the received data signal and adjusts the exposure of each image recorded by the sensors.
  • Digital signals representing a panoramic view may be stored in the memory 212 for further analysis (e.g. for higher-order pattern or facial recognition).
  • a view having images joined in a sequential manner is formed and displayed on the display 214.
  • FIGS. 3B-3D Various methods for adjusting the best exposure values of the images are depicted in FIGS. 3B-3D.
  • optical head 201 having a diameter of 3 inches.
  • the diameter of optical head 201 may be larger or smaller depending on the application.
  • multiple imaging sensors are positioned in a closed circle having a combined field-of-view of about 360 degrees.
  • a plurality of imaging sensors may be positioned in a semi-circle having a combined field-of- view of about 180 degrees.
  • Optical head 201 may be sized and shaped to receive a cover. The cover may have clear windows that are sized and positioned to allow the sensors to capture a panoramic image.
  • Imaging system 200 may be connected to a display (e.g.. a laptop monitor) through a USB interface.
  • each capacitor when an image is projected to a capacitor array of a CCD sensor, each capacitor accumulates an electric charge proportional to the light intensity at the location of its field-of-view.
  • a control circuit then causes each capacitor to transfer its contents to the adjacent capacitor.
  • the last capacitor in the array transfers its charge into an amplifier that converts the charge into a voltage.
  • the control circuit converts the entire contents of the ai ⁇ ay to a varying voltage and stores in a memory.
  • the multiple sensors record images as though they were one sensor.
  • a first row of a capacitor array of a first sensor accumulates an electric charge proportional to its field-of-view and a control circuit transfers the contents of each capacitor array to its neighbor. The last capacitor in the array transfers its charge into an amplifier.
  • a microcontroller included in the system causes the first row of the capacitor array of the adjacent sensor (e.g., sensor 202d if the first sensor was sensor 202c) to accumulate an electric charge proportional to its field-of-view.
  • the logic/processor 208 may comprise any of the commercially available microcontrollers.
  • the logic/processor 208 may execute programs for implementing the image processing functions and the calibration functions, as well as for controlling the individual system, such as image capture operations.
  • the micro-controllers can include signal processing functionality for performing the image processing, including image filtering, enhancement and for combining multiple fields-of-view.
  • FlG. 3 A shows an example 300 of the best exposure values of five imaging sensors 302a-302e.
  • FIG. 3 A may also be illustrative of the best exposure values of the five imaging sensors depicted in FIGS. 5 and 6, or any of the optical head configurations described herein. The number of exposure values is purely illustrative, and any number would be equally amenable to the methods described herein.
  • Points 304a-304e represent the best exposure values for each sensor. For example in FIG. 3A, a best exposure value for frame 1 , corresponding to sensor 302a, is 5. A best exposure value for frame 2, corresponding to sensor 302b, is 12. The images may appear truncated without adjusting the exposure of the images.
  • FIGS. 3B-3D depict various methods for adaptively adjusting the best exposure values of the images.
  • FIG. 3B depicts linear interpolation between the best exposures of each sensor.
  • An optimal exposure for each camera remains in the center of the frame and is linearly adjusted from a center of a frame to a center of an adjacent frame. For example, if frame 1 has a best exposure value of 5 (at point 40) and frame 2 has 12 (at point 42), the exposure values between the two center points (40 and 42) are linearly adjusted to gradually control the brightness of the frames. The exposure values between two center points 40 and 42 start at 5 and increase up to 12 linearly. With such a method, there may be some differences in brightness at the centers of each frame.
  • FlG. 3C depicts an alternative method for adjusting exposure values across the images. Similar to FIG. 2B, an optimal exposure for each camera remains in the center of the frame. In FIG. 3C, a spline interpolation between the best exposure values at the centers of the frames is shown, resulting in a panoramic view having fewer discontinuities or abrupt changes across the images.
  • FIG. 3D depicts yet another method for adjusting the best exposure value of each sensor.
  • Best exposure values across seams e.g., seam 50
  • a fraction of a length of a frame e.g. 20% of the frame width
  • the best exposure value at the seam is adjusted to a calculated average best exposure.
  • frame 1 has a best exposure value of 5 in zone X and frame 2 has a best exposure value of 1 1 in zone Y.
  • the average of the best exposure values across seam 50 is 8.
  • the best exposure value at seam 50 is adjusted to 8.
  • the linear interpolation method as depicted in FlG.
  • the spline interpolation method as depicted in FlG. 3C may be used to adjust the best exposure values between the same points (points 52-54).
  • an interpolated exposure value of the column in the first sensor nearest to the second sensor is substantially the same as an interpolated exposure value of the column in the second sensor nearest to the first sensor.
  • One or more interpolated exposure values may be calculated based on a linear interpolation between the first and second exposure values.
  • One or more interpolated exposure values may be calculated based on a spline interpolation between the first and second exposure values.
  • at least one column in the first sensor has an exposure value equal to the first exposure value and at least one column in the second sensor has an exposure value equal to the second exposure value.
  • the methods may include disposing one or more additional charge-coupled device imaging sensors adjacent to at least one of the first and second sensor.
  • recording the image includes exposing the one or more additional sensors at a third exposure value and determining interpolated exposure values for columns between the one or more additional sensors and the first and second sensors based on the first, second and third exposure values.
  • a panoramic window is formed by a plurality of imaging sensors.
  • the panoramic window may include a center window and steering window.
  • the center window may tell a viewer where the center of the panoramic image is.
  • the center of a panoramic view is an arbitrarily selected reference point which establishes a sense of direction or orientation. Since a person's ability to interpret a 360- degree view may be limited, noting the center of a panoramic view helps a viewer determine whether an image is located to the right or left of a reference point.
  • a separate screen shows the area enclosed by steering window.
  • the separate screen may be a zoomed window showing a portion of the panoramic image.
  • the steering window may be movable within panoramic window.
  • the zoomed window may show the image contained in the steering window at a higher resolution.
  • a user wanting to get a closer look at a specific area may move the steering window to the area of interest within the panoramic window to see an enlarged view of the area of interest in the zoomed window.
  • the zoomed window may have the same pixel count as the panoramic window. In some embodiments, the zoomed window may have a higher pixel count than the panoramic window.
  • the optical head may be a CCD array of the type commonly used in the industry for generating a digital signal representing an image.
  • the optical head takes an alternate sensor configuration, including those depicted in FIGS. 5-8C.
  • the CCD digital output is fed into a multiplexer.
  • the multiplexer 210 receives data signals from the sensors in the optical head at low and high resolution.
  • the data signal received at a low resolution forms the image shown in the panoramic window.
  • the data signal received at a high resolution is localized and only utilized in the area that a user is interested in. Images selected by a steering window use the data signal received at a high resolution.
  • the embodiments described herein allow an instant electronic slewing of high- resolution zoom windows without moving the sensors.
  • the system used 3 megapixel sensors instead of 1 .3 megapixel, even with a smaller steering window, the area selected by the steering window would show the selected image at a higher resolution.
  • This image data may be transferred by the multiplexer 210 to the memory 212.
  • the image presented in the zoomed window may be stored in a memory for later processing.
  • FIG. 4A-4B show different embodiments of a display (e.g., the display 214 of FIG. 2) having three windows: a front- view window 80, a rear-view window 82, and a zoomed window 84.
  • the windows may be arranged in any logical order.
  • the windows are vertically arranged with the front- view window 80 at the top, the rear-view window 82 in the middle, and the zoomed window 84 at the bottom.
  • the zoomed window 84 may be positioned between the front- view window 80 and the rear-view window 82.
  • a mirror image of a rear-view image may be shown in a rear- view window since most people are accustomed to seeing views that they cannot see using mirrors such as a rear- view mirror in a car.
  • FIG. 4C depicts the display 214 with two windows showing mirror-image rear views (86 and 88).
  • the rear view captured by the imaging sensors is divided into left and right rear views.
  • the mirror-image rear views may be presented in a single window.
  • parallax distortion results from separation of the entrance pupils of the individual imaging sensors, and generally depends upon the location of the entrance pupils and the relative orientations of the axes through each of the entrance pupils (referred to as the optical axes).
  • the choice of an appropriate arrangement depends on many factors, including, among other things, distortion reduction, ease of manufacturing, size of the resulting optical head, mechanical and electrical connection limitations, and application-specific limitations.
  • a common practice for arranging multiple imaging sensors in an optical head for producing a panoramic image of a scene is to arrange them side-by-side into a fanned array, in which the optical axes are radial to a point.
  • Such an embodiment, as depicted in FlG. 2 has advantageous distortion properties.
  • many applications require an optical head with a small physical footprint.
  • the physical footprint of a device generally refers to a dimension of the device, e.g. the area of the base of the device or the vertical height of the device.
  • a dimension of the device e.g. the area of the base of the device or the vertical height of the device.
  • optical head's physical footprint is important in many applications with size and position constraints. For example, optical heads that are to be mounted in narrow places, such as the comer of a room or within a rack of surveillance equipment, will preferentially have a correspondingly small base.
  • imaging sensors in an optical head are arranged both horizontally and vertically in order to minimize parallax distortion while satisfying geometrical and mechanical constraints on the optical head.
  • FIG. 5 depicts a first optical head 500 having five imaging sensors 501 a-501 e, according to an illustrative embodiment.
  • Such an optical head can be readily used in an imaging system such as the system 200 or the system 100.
  • the imaging sensors in the optical head are arranged so that the configuration exhibits minimum total parallax for all of the combinations of imaging sensors when taken pair-wise.
  • the arrangement of the imaging sensors 501 a-501e in the optical head 500 of FIG. 5 is one configuration that satisfies this minimum total parallax condition in accordance with the present invention.
  • the imaging sensors in the optical head are positioned so that the distance between their entrance pupils is minimized (e.g.
  • the imaging sensors are arranged so that the distance between their entrance pupils is minimized when compared to another geometric or mechanical constraint on the optical head 500, such as the height of the optical head 500, the volume of the optical head 500, the shapes of the imaging sensors comprising the optical head 500, an angular limitation on the orientations of the imaging sensors (e.g., the imaging sensors 501 a-501e), or the manufacturability of the optical head 500.
  • the imaging sensors are arranged so that the configuration exhibits minimum total parallax for all pairs of adjacent imaging sensors.
  • Two imaging sensors may be considered adjacent when they are, for example, horizontally abutting, vertically abutting, within a given proximity of each other or disposed proximally as part of a regular pattern of imaging sensors.
  • the optical head includes imaging sensors arranged in rows.
  • each row of imaging sensors is disposed substantially vertically of another row.
  • the optical head 500 includes a first row of sensors (e.g., sensor 50 I d and sensor 50I e), a second row of sensors (e.g., sensor 501 b) and a third row of sensors (e.g., sensor 501 a and sensor 501 c).
  • an optical head has two rows of imaging sensors in which the optical axes of the sensors in the first row lie substantially on a first plane and the optical axes of the sensors in the second row lie substantially on a second plane.
  • the first plane is substantially parallel to the second plane.
  • the optical head 500 has rows of imaging sensors satisfying these criteria.
  • a first row of sensors including the sensor 50 I d and the sensor 50 I e has optical axes that form a plane, with that plane being substantially parallel to a plane containing the optical axes of the sensors in a second row (e.g., the sensor 501b).
  • each row corresponds to such a plane, and all such planes are substantially parallel.
  • two rows are able to image different horizontal ranges of the scene, and these horizontal ranges may overlap.
  • FIG. 6 depicts a second optical head having five imaging sensors, according to an illustrative embodiment of the invention.
  • the arrangement of the imaging sensors 601a-601 e in the optical head 600 is another configuration in accordance with the present invention that satisfies the minimum total parallax condition described above.
  • the imaging sensors in the optical head are further arranged so that the configuration introduces parallax in one dimension only for adjacent camera modules. This requirement allows for simpler parallax correction when the composite image is created, for example, by processor 1 14 or an external computing device connected via a communications interface as described above.
  • the arrangement of the imaging sensors 601 a-601 e in the optical head 600 is one configuration in accordance with the present invention that satisfies this one-dimensional parallax requirement. More or fewer than five imaging sensors may be arranged to satisfy this criterion. In other embodiments, the imaging sensors are arranged to satisfy the one-dimensional parallax requirement while satisfying a geometric or mechanical constraint on the optical head 600, such as the height of the optical head 600, the volume of the optical head 600, the shapes of the imaging sensors comprising the optical head 600, an angular limitation on the orientations of the imaging sensors, or the manufacturability of the optical head 600.
  • the sensors 601 a-601 e of the optical head 600 of FIG. 6 can be identified as distributed through three rows of sensors; a bottom row including the sensors 601 a and 601 b, a middle row including the sensor 601 c and a top row including the sensors 60 I d and 60 I e.
  • a rightmost imaging sensor in the bottom row is disposed substantially directly below one imaging sensor in the middle row.
  • the one imaging sensor in the middle row is disposed substantially directly below the leftmost imaging sensor in the top row.
  • FIGS. 5 and 6 depict optical heads with wide composite fields-of-view, achieved by assembling the images produced by each of the imaging sensors 501 a-501 e and 601 a-601 e, respectively.
  • the horizontal range of the field-of-view of the optical head will be about 180 degrees. In some embodiments, the horizontal range of the optical head will be 360 degrees.
  • the imaging sensors may be arranged to achieve any horizontal field-of-view that encompasses a particular scene of interest.
  • FIGS. 7A-7B depict top and side views of a single imaging sensor module 700 for use in an optical head, according to an illustrative embodiment of the invention. The top view of the sensor module of FIG.
  • the 7A includes an imaging sensor 701 mounted within a module body 702.
  • the imaging sensor 701 may be any of a variety of types of imaging sensors, such as those described with reference to the imaging sensors 102a, 102b and 202a- 202h above.
  • the imaging sensor 701 may also include more than one imaging sensor, each of which may be positioned at a particular angle and location within the module body 702.
  • the module body 702 of FIG. 7A also includes a hole 703, which may be used for assembling multiple sensor modules into an optical head, as will be discussed below.
  • the module body 702 may not include a hole, and may include mechanical connection mechanisms for assembling multiple sensor modules into an optical head.
  • each module body 702 may include mechanical connection mechanisms for attaching two sensor modules to each other, such as interlocking mounting pins.
  • the sensor module 700 may include circuitry for controlling the imaging sensor 701 , processing circuitry for receiving image data signals from the imaging sensor 701 , and communication circuitry for transmitting signals from the imaging sensor 701 to a processor, for example, the processor 1 14. Additionally, each module body 702 may include movement mechanisms and circuitry to allow the sensor module 700 to change its position or orientation. Movement of the sensor module 700 may occur in response to a command issued from a central source, like processor 1 14 or an external device, or may occur in response to phenomena detected locally by the sensor module 700 itself. In one embodiment, the sensor module 700 changes its position as part of a dynamic reconfiguration of the optical head in response to commands from a central source or an external device.
  • the sensor module 700 adjusts its position to track a moving object of interest within the field-of-view of the imaging sensor 701 . In another embodiment, the sensor module 700 adjusts its position according to a schedule. In other embodiments, only the imaging sensor 701 adjusts its position or orientation within a fixed sensor module 700. In further embodiments, both the sensor module 700 and the imaging sensor 701 are able to adjust their positions.
  • FIG. 7C depicts a side view of an arrangement of sensor modules in a stacked array to form an optical head 710, according to an illustrative embodiment of the invention. The imaging sensors 704-708 are disposed vertically adjacent to one another when the optical head 710 is viewed from the side. In the embodiment of FIG.
  • each sensor module 700 can be rotationally positioned when mounted on the mounting rod 709 at an offset angle from an arbitrary reference point. In some embodiments, each of the sensor modules can be locked in position on the mounting rod 709, either temporarily or permanently.
  • the optical head 710 is reconfigurable by repositioning each sensor module 700. In some embodiments, each sensor module 700 is capable of being rotationally positioned about a longitudinal optical head axis without the use of a mounting rod 709. This longitudinal axis may be horizontal, vertical, or any other angle.
  • the depiction of five sensor modules 704-708 in FIG. 7C is merely illustrative, and any number of sensor modules may be used in accordance with the invention.
  • FIGS. 7D-7E depict top views of two fanned arrangements of multiple imaging sensors in a stacked array, according to illustrative embodiments of the invention.
  • a wide composite field-of-view is achieved by assembling the images produced by each of the imaging sensors 704-708 which are oriented at various offset angles.
  • the horizontal field-of-view of the optical head will be about 180 degrees.
  • the horizontal field-of-view of the optical head will be 360 degrees.
  • the sensor modules 704-708 will be arranged to achieve a horizontal field-of-view that encompasses a particular scene of interest.
  • each individual sensor module 800 can be constructed such that the imaging sensor 807 has a downwards tilt at a tilt angle.
  • Such an imaging sensor module 800 is depicted in FlG. 8A.
  • the imaging sensor module 800 may include the same components as the sensor module 700.
  • FIGS. 8B-8C depict side views of a stack of imaging sensor modules 801 a-801 e forming an optical head 810 according to two embodiments.
  • the optical head 810 has a downwards angle of view.
  • the imaging sensors 801 a-801 e that point to the sides maintain a horizontal horizon line. This is depicted in the side view of the optical head 810 of FIG. 8C.
  • an individual sensor module 800 has an imaging sensor 807 with an upwards tilt.
  • the tilt angle of a sensor module 800 can be any angle suitable for a desired application.
  • the tilt angles of each individual sensor module 800 in an optical head 810 are identical.
  • the tilt angle of the sensor module 800 is approximately 10 degrees below horizontal. In some embodiments, the tilt angles of each individual sensor module 800 are chosen so that the optical head 810 has a field-of-view including a vertical angular range.
  • the system described herein provides a constant 360-degree situational awareness.
  • One application of the system may be in the use of a robot, which can include such a system to scout an area of interest without human intervention.
  • the robot may be sent to monitor a cleared area after military operations.
  • the system may also be able to operate in low-light situations with the use of a set of black and white and non-infrared filtered sensors.
  • the non- infrared filtered sensors may be co-mounted in an optical head (e.g., the optical head 201 of FIG. 2 or the optical head 500 of FIG. 5).
  • the system may automatically transition between the non-infrared filtered sensors and the sensors described with respect to FIG. 2 or FIG 5.
  • the system may be controlled by software to switch between the low light and full light settings.
  • the robot may patrol an area post sun-set.
  • a typical charge-coupled device (CCD) imaging sensor for example, imaging sensor 102a or 501 a
  • CCD charge-coupled device
  • sequential rows of charges in the photosensitive elements (pixels) in the vertical CCD are shifted in parallel to the horizontal CCD, where they are transferred serially as the horizontal lines of the image and read by the output amplifier. The process repeats until all rows are read out of the sensor array.
  • a plurality of CCD imaging sensors are rotated by 90-degrees so that the charge in each pixel is transferred column-wise until all the columns are read out. This column-wise charge transfer acts as a rolling shutter.
  • the signal value or charge may be modified based on an interpolated exposure value as described above.
  • FlG for example, FlG.
  • the rolling shutter may begin at a border column, with charge collected at each of the photosensitive elements in the imaging sensor 601a transferred column-wise to a processor beginning with a border column nearest the imaging sensor 601b.
  • Charge collected at each of the photosensitive elements in the imaging sensor 601b may also be transferred column-wise to a processor, such as the processor 1 14, beginning with a border column nearest the imaging sensor 601a.
  • FIG. 6 depicts the imaging sensor 601b disposed vertically adjacent to the imaging sensor 601c.
  • charge collected at each of the photosensitive elements in the imaging sensor 601b may be transferred row-wise to a processor beginning with a border row nearest the imaging sensor 601 c.
  • Charge collected at each of the photosensitive elements in the imaging sensor 601c may also be transferred row-wise to a processor, such as the processor 1 14, beginning with a border row nearest the imaging sensor 601b.
  • transferring charge may further include a rolling shutter in which charge is transferred to the processor from the remaining columns in the imaging sensor 601 a sequentially away from the border column of the imaging sensor 601 a.
  • transferring charge may still further include transferring, to the processor, charge from the remaining columns in the imaging sensor 601b sequentially away from the border column of the imaging sensor 601b.
  • the rolling shutter may include transferring charge from a column furthest away from a border column first, followed by transferring charge from a column nearer to the border column.

Abstract

L'invention porte sur des systèmes et sur de procédés qui fournissent des systèmes d'imagerie avec de multiples capteurs d'imagerie disposés dans une tête optique qui créent une vue panoramique continue par réduction de la distorsion parallaxe et ajustement adaptatif des niveaux d'exposition des images enregistrées. En particulier, une tête optique est décrite avec une configuration à empilement de capteurs d'imagerie CCD dans laquelle une charge est transférée d'un détecteur à un processeur commençant avec une matrice d'éléments photosensibles plus proche d'un autre capteur.
EP09726469.1A 2008-03-31 2009-03-31 Systèmes et procédés de création d'une fenêtre virtuelle Withdrawn EP2272248A4 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US7267308P 2008-03-31 2008-03-31
US13700208P 2008-07-25 2008-07-25
PCT/US2009/001999 WO2009123705A2 (fr) 2008-03-31 2009-03-31 Systèmes et procédés de création d'une fenêtre virtuelle

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP2272248A2 true EP2272248A2 (fr) 2011-01-12
EP2272248A4 EP2272248A4 (fr) 2014-12-31

Family

ID=41136054

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP09726469.1A Withdrawn EP2272248A4 (fr) 2008-03-31 2009-03-31 Systèmes et procédés de création d'une fenêtre virtuelle

Country Status (2)

Country Link
EP (1) EP2272248A4 (fr)
WO (1) WO2009123705A2 (fr)

Families Citing this family (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US9264695B2 (en) 2010-05-14 2016-02-16 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. System and method for multi-viewpoint video capture
US11363214B2 (en) 2017-10-18 2022-06-14 Gopro, Inc. Local exposure compensation

Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20020180759A1 (en) * 1999-05-12 2002-12-05 Imove Inc. Camera system with both a wide angle view and a high resolution view
US20040027451A1 (en) * 2002-04-12 2004-02-12 Image Masters, Inc. Immersive imaging system
US20040212677A1 (en) * 2003-04-25 2004-10-28 Uebbing John J. Motion detecting camera system
US20050206873A1 (en) * 2004-03-18 2005-09-22 Fuji Electric Device Technology Co., Ltd. Range finder and method of reducing signal noise therefrom
US20070206945A1 (en) * 2006-03-01 2007-09-06 Delorme David M Method and apparatus for panoramic imaging

Family Cites Families (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20030151689A1 (en) * 2002-02-11 2003-08-14 Murphy Charles Douglas Digital images with composite exposure

Patent Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20020180759A1 (en) * 1999-05-12 2002-12-05 Imove Inc. Camera system with both a wide angle view and a high resolution view
US20040027451A1 (en) * 2002-04-12 2004-02-12 Image Masters, Inc. Immersive imaging system
US20040212677A1 (en) * 2003-04-25 2004-10-28 Uebbing John J. Motion detecting camera system
US20050206873A1 (en) * 2004-03-18 2005-09-22 Fuji Electric Device Technology Co., Ltd. Range finder and method of reducing signal noise therefrom
US20070206945A1 (en) * 2006-03-01 2007-09-06 Delorme David M Method and apparatus for panoramic imaging

Non-Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
See also references of WO2009123705A2 *

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
EP2272248A4 (fr) 2014-12-31
WO2009123705A9 (fr) 2009-12-30
WO2009123705A3 (fr) 2012-05-10
WO2009123705A2 (fr) 2009-10-08

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
US20140085410A1 (en) Systems and methods of creating a virtual window
EP2223526B1 (fr) Systèmes et procédés de création de fenêtre virtuelle
US8791984B2 (en) Digital security camera
US20110069148A1 (en) Systems and methods for correcting images in a multi-sensor system
US10630899B2 (en) Imaging system for immersive surveillance
US20100103300A1 (en) Systems and methods for high resolution imaging
RU2371880C1 (ru) Способ панорамного телевизионного наблюдения и устройство для его осуществления
US8553113B2 (en) Digital image capturing system and method
US8462253B2 (en) Monitoring system for a photography unit, monitoring method, computer program, and storage medium
KR101685418B1 (ko) 3차원 영상을 생성하는 감시 시스템
US10404910B2 (en) Super resolution imaging and tracking system
JP6528771B2 (ja) 撮影装置
US6876762B1 (en) Apparatus for imaging and image processing and method thereof
SG191198A1 (en) Imaging system for immersive surveillance
EP2009907A1 (fr) Appareil photo, appareil de traitement d'image et procede de traitement d'image
EP2272248A2 (fr) Systèmes et procédés de création d'une fenêtre virtuelle
US6963355B2 (en) Method and apparatus for eliminating unwanted mirror support images from photographic images
JP7433792B2 (ja) 撮像装置およびその制御方法
EP2537339A2 (fr) Caméra de sécurité numérique
KR101436231B1 (ko) 영상 표시부에 폐공간을 없앤 전방위촬영시스템 및 촬영방법
JP2016046774A (ja) 撮像装置
KR100923233B1 (ko) 가시범위가 향상된 전방위 수퍼파노라마 감시장치
JP2004173152A (ja) モニタリングシステムおよび方法並びにプログラムおよび記録媒体
WO2021124736A1 (fr) Dispositif d'imagerie
KR100932023B1 (ko) 전방위 수퍼파노라마 감시장치

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
PUAI Public reference made under article 153(3) epc to a published international application that has entered the european phase

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009012

17P Request for examination filed

Effective date: 20101026

AK Designated contracting states

Kind code of ref document: A2

Designated state(s): AT BE BG CH CY CZ DE DK EE ES FI FR GB GR HR HU IE IS IT LI LT LU LV MC MK MT NL NO PL PT RO SE SI SK TR

AX Request for extension of the european patent

Extension state: AL BA RS

DAX Request for extension of the european patent (deleted)
R17D Deferred search report published (corrected)

Effective date: 20120510

RIC1 Information provided on ipc code assigned before grant

Ipc: H04N 7/00 20110101AFI20130102BHEP

RAP1 Party data changed (applicant data changed or rights of an application transferred)

Owner name: SCALLOP IMAGING, LLC

RAP1 Party data changed (applicant data changed or rights of an application transferred)

Owner name: SCALLOP IMAGING, LLC

A4 Supplementary search report drawn up and despatched

Effective date: 20141127

RIC1 Information provided on ipc code assigned before grant

Ipc: H04N 7/00 20110101AFI20141121BHEP

STAA Information on the status of an ep patent application or granted ep patent

Free format text: STATUS: THE APPLICATION IS DEEMED TO BE WITHDRAWN

18D Application deemed to be withdrawn

Effective date: 20150627