EP2245704A1 - Slot antenna and method for operating the same - Google Patents
Slot antenna and method for operating the sameInfo
- Publication number
- EP2245704A1 EP2245704A1 EP07870583A EP07870583A EP2245704A1 EP 2245704 A1 EP2245704 A1 EP 2245704A1 EP 07870583 A EP07870583 A EP 07870583A EP 07870583 A EP07870583 A EP 07870583A EP 2245704 A1 EP2245704 A1 EP 2245704A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- signal
- input
- waveguide
- broadwall
- slots
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 14
- 230000010287 polarization Effects 0.000 claims description 22
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 claims description 15
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 claims description 7
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 238000003491 array Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000003780 insertion Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000037431 insertion Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000001902 propagating effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 101710195281 Chlorophyll a-b binding protein Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 101710143415 Chlorophyll a-b binding protein 1, chloroplastic Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 101710181042 Chlorophyll a-b binding protein 1A, chloroplastic Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 101710091905 Chlorophyll a-b binding protein 2, chloroplastic Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 101710095244 Chlorophyll a-b binding protein 3, chloroplastic Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 101710127489 Chlorophyll a-b binding protein of LHCII type 1 Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 101710184917 Chlorophyll a-b binding protein of LHCII type I, chloroplastic Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 101710102593 Chlorophyll a-b binding protein, chloroplastic Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 230000000903 blocking effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000008878 coupling Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000010168 coupling process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005859 coupling reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000003111 delayed effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000005684 electric field Effects 0.000 description 2
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- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 238000005388 cross polarization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001627 detrimental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
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- 239000003989 dielectric material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000009977 dual effect Effects 0.000 description 1
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- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
- H01Q21/00—Antenna arrays or systems
- H01Q21/0006—Particular feeding systems
- H01Q21/0037—Particular feeding systems linear waveguide fed arrays
- H01Q21/0043—Slotted waveguides
- H01Q21/005—Slotted waveguides arrays
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
- H01Q13/00—Waveguide horns or mouths; Slot antennas; Leaky-waveguide antennas; Equivalent structures causing radiation along the transmission path of a guided wave
- H01Q13/10—Resonant slot antennas
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
- H01Q21/00—Antenna arrays or systems
- H01Q21/24—Combinations of antenna units polarised in different directions for transmitting or receiving circularly and elliptically polarised waves or waves linearly polarised in any direction
Definitions
- the present invention relates to the field of planar antennas. More particularly, this invention relates to the field of planar array antennas. Further in more detail, the present invention relates to the field of slot waveguide array antennas suited to transmit and receive a circularly polarized electromagnetic wave.
- Slot waveguide antennas are widely used in many applications and connection links.
- waveguide-fed planar slot antennas have been used in a number of ground- and space-based radar and communications systems, because of their favourable features such as small volume and weight, and ease of deployment, opposite to traditional parabolic antennas, characterised by high volume and encumbrance.
- This latter kind of antennas is not suited to particular applications such as communications on the move, a sector whose interest has being steadily increasing because of the market demand.
- planar slot antennas comprising one or more slots on a broadwall for coupling and emitting/receiving the radiation
- have reached a mature state providing industries and users with low volume and easy-to-use antennas, capable of combining the emitting and the feeding elements in a space-efficient unit.
- US6657599 discloses a slot antenna having a feeding waveguide extending in a longitudinal direction for guiding electromagnetic waves, with at least one- slot constructed in a broadwall of the waveguide for ' emitting an electromagnetic wave.
- the slot is surrounded on the exterior side of the waveguide by an arrangement for rotating the polarization direction of the electromagnetic wave emitted by the slot itself .
- planar slot antennas have been investigated, leading to more efficient solutions, teaching the use of waveguide- fed planar slot antennas in planar arrays .
- Planar arrays have been well-known and used in many applications . Planar arrays are based on the principle of achieving a target emitted field distribution by employing an array of radiant elements fed with proper amplitude and phase signals.
- planar arrays allow the user to modify the radiated beam pointing by varying the characteristics (amplitude and phase) of the signal fed to each radiating element.
- This technique is known as Beam Steering and requires a radiant element supply network which is complex and expensive, especially when highly demanding radio-electric performances are required, e.g. in a satellite link.
- Waveguide- fed planar slot arrays represent a possible solution to the problem, as is pointed out by WO9733342, which discloses a waveguide-fed slot array antenna comprising a plurality of slots for transmitting or receiving circularly polarized electromagnetic waves .
- US2001/0028329 discloses an antenna comprising slots arranged pairwise, preferably at 90 degrees to one another and at ⁇ 45 degrees with respect to the longitudinal direction of the waveguide, and a transceiver adapted for controlling the polarization modes .
- WO9733342 discloses a double polarization slot waveguide antennas which is used only as receiving antenna, working at a single, nominal frequency.
- the aim of the invention is to devise a dual polarization circular antenna solving the problems encountered by the prior art .
- a slot antenna and a method for operating an antenna according to claim 1 and, respectively, claim 16.
- Figure 1 is a perspective view of an electromechanical Beam . Steering system,-
- Figure 2 is a perspective view of the arrangement of radiant elements in a row-wise array planar antenna
- Figure 3 is a perspective simplified view of a single-ridge slot waveguide antenna
- Figure 3a shows the single-ridge waveguide connected to a switch
- Figure 4 is a detailed, top view of the single- ridge slot waveguide of figure 3; • Figures 5a and 5b shows the depointing effect within two bands for the single-ridge slot waveguide antenna of Figure 3 ; and
- Figures 6, 7a and 7b show block, diagrams of an 5 antenna system incorporating the waveguide antenna if
- Figure 1 shows an electro-mechanical Beam Steering
- system 1 using a double electro-mechanical scansion technique, characterized by a simple control of the radiation pattern.
- the system 1 comprises a base 2; a support 3, rotatingly carried by the base 2; and an antenna 4, fixed to the support 3.
- antenna 4 fixed to the support 3.
- the antenna 4 comprises one or more radiant elements, only one whereof (indicated in figure 1 by 5) is visible in figure 1.
- the steering of the beam irradiated by planar array antennas is .achieved by varying the amplitude and/or the phase of the signal supplied to
- each radiant element 5 but the electronic scansion may be performed by rows, as shown in figure 2, relating to a row-wise managed array antenna, wherein the radiant elements 5 are arranged along a plurality of parallel rows 6.
- the radiant elements 5 are made up of slots located on a waveguide, as discussed in more detail with reference to Figure 3.
- the signals supplied to the rows 6 may be phase shifted to one another, as represented in figure 2 by phase shifters 7.
- all the radiant elements 5 belonging to the same row 6 irradiate with a fixed phase, whereas the phase variation introduced between the rows 6 induces a change of the radiation pattern in planes orthogonal to the rows 6.
- each array row 6 acts as a subarray with fixed broadside pointing and can be supplied by a single port 10, to which the phase- shifters 7 are connected.
- the present solution adopts a waveguide feeding mechanism.
- insertion losses are detrimental to the overall performances of the system comprising the antenna, whichever its application is, since they badly affect the antenna noise temperature and, consequently, the reception capabilities of the antenna.
- rectangular waveguides are characterised by high encumbrance and dimensions . Therefore, they are not compatible with the row spacing required in some applications. In fact, the possibility of scanning the lobe on planes orthogonal to the rows 6 requires that the spacing between two adjacent rows 6 be small enough to avoid grating lobes within the scanning angle .
- the present antenna 4 adopts a single-ridge waveguide feeding system, as shown in figure 3. In fact, this kind of waveguide allows to obtain low cutoff frequencies, low encumbrances, low insertion losses, as well as a good resilience to dispersion, thus allowing for large overall working bandwidths .
- Figure 3 shows a single-ridge waveguide 13 formed by a tubolar encasing 14a, e.g. of metal material, surrounding a cavity 14b.
- the cavity 14b may be filled by a suitable material, e.g. by dielectric material, as known to the person skilled in the art.
- the single-ridge waveguide 13 has a generally parallelepipedal shape with a top face, hereinafter indicated as waveguide broadwall 12, and a lower face 15. Slots 11 are formed in the waveguide broadwall 12, while a longitudinal groove 19 extends along the single- ridge waveguide 13 , open toward the lower face 15.
- the waveguide broadwall 12 further has a longitudinal axis A (hereinafter indicated as a broadwall axis A) ; the single-ridge waveguide 13 has a first input/output port 10a and a second input/output port 10b.
- each radiant element 5 is made up of a couple of slots 11 having the shape discussed below in detail, so as to achieve a circular polarization for the emitted and received — R —
- phase of the signal propagating within the single-ridge waveguide 13 is ruled by the phase of the signal propagating within the single-ridge waveguide 13, and such a phase delay may be regulated simply by choosing the distance between the two slots 11 or the two radiant elements 5 along the broadwall axis A.
- the phase of the signal propagating within the single-ridge waveguide 13 is determined by the wavelength of the guided radiation, so that it is strictly connected to the single-ridge waveguide 13 geometry.
- the arrangement of the radiant elements 5 is such as to create a radiant subarray, whose radiant elements 5 are fed in series and with a "travelling wave supply” .
- this "travelling wave supply” is achieved by using a matched waveguide, fed e.g. at the first input/output port 10a; a travelling wave propagates within said single-ridge waveguide 13 from the first input/output port 10a up to the second input/output port 10b, and feeds the radiant elements 5.
- the slots 11 on the top broadwall 12 are equally shaped and the two non- overlapping slots 11a and lib forming a radiant element 5 are arranged on opposite sides with respect to the broadwall axis A.
- the slots 11a and lib are preferably elongated and extend from the longitudinal edges of the broadwall 12 towards the broadwall axis A, so that their longitudinal axes 23 form, with the broadwall axis A, angles equal to ⁇ 45 degrees.
- the longitudinal axes 23 of the slots 11 of a single radiant element 5 form a 90 degree angle with each other.
- the slots 11 are tapered towards the broadwall axis A to form tips 24.
- the longitudinal distance dl between two slots 11 belonging to a same radiant element 5 is equal to a quarter of the guide wavelength, wherein in the present context the longitudinal distance dl indicates the distance between the barycenters of the geometrical figures formed by the two slots 11 in the direction of the broadwall axis A.
- two slots 11 belonging to a same radiant element 5 are mutual mirror images with respect to the broadwall axis A, shifted along the same broadwall axis A by the distance dl.
- the radiant elements 5 are grouped in radiant element groups comprising two adjacent radiant elements 5a and 5b, the radiant element groups being equal to each other, equally oriented with respect to the broadwall axis A, and longitudinally spaced from the adjacent element groups by multiples of. the guide wavelength ⁇ g .
- the group geometry is the following (please refer again to Figure 4) : the slots 11a and lie lie along opposite, parallel directions on opposite sides of the broadwall axis A; the slots lib and Hd lie along opposite, parallel directions on opposite sides of the broadwall axis A, and extend orthogonally to the slots lla and lie.
- the first and second radiant elements 5a and 5b are arranged specularly with respect to an axis perpendicular to the broadwall axis A.
- the *" distance d2 between the barycenters of the geometrical figures formed by the two slots lla and Hc in the direction of the broadwall axis A is equal to half a guide wavelength ⁇ g /2; analogously, the distance between the barycenters of the geometrical figures formed by the two slots lib and Hd in the direction of the broadwall axis A is equal to half a guide wavelength ⁇ g /2, so that the radiant elements 5a and 5b are longitudinally spaced by half a guide wavelength ⁇ g /2.
- the slot tips 24 are aligned on the broadwall axis A.
- ⁇ g is the guide wavelength at the nominal working frequency (central frequency) .
- the described arrangement allows the obtainment of a compact single-ridge waveguide 13.
- radiant elements 5 equal and equally oriented along the broadwall axis A, in order to have the radiant elements 5 emitting in phase, it is sufficient to space them along the broadwall axis A at distances d3 multiple of the guide wavelength ⁇ g .
- the radiant elements 5 are made up of two slots 11 not overlapping nor lying on the same side of the broadwall axis A, in order to have a phase matching condition among parallel slots 11 within the same radiant element group, it is sufficient to longitudinally space these parallel slots 11 along the broadwall axis A by ⁇ g /2.
- the remaining 180 degrees required to achieve the phase matching condition are given by the fact that the parallel slots, e.g. 11a and Hc 7 within the same radiant element group are arranged on opposite broadwall sides with respect to the broadwall axis A.
- the phase matching condition among different radiant element groups is achieved by arranging them along the broadwall axis A at distances d3 multiple of one guide wavelength ⁇ g .
- the radiant elements 5a and 5b so arranged provide the same polarized field, when fed from the propagating wave within the single ridge guide. Furthermore the average distance between the radiant elements is so reduced, avoiding the grating lobe affect.
- distances and geometrical arrangements may slightly vary in practical implementation, due to effects of coupling between the slots 11 and effects of variation of the guide wavelength ⁇ g due to perturbations in wave propagation within the waveguide caused by the slots themselves.
- distances and geometrical arrangements may vary of about 20% of their nominal value.
- the present geometry guarantees several functional and geometrical advantages with respect to known slot waveguide antennas, as discussed hereinbelow in comparison to known waveguide slot antennas .
- known waveguide antennas when the frequency varies, a beam tilting occurs, because the ratio between the radiant element distance and the guided wave wavelength changes , resulting in a phase mismatch between the radiant elements and causing a variation of the radiation pattern.
- each slot 11 transmits a linearly polarized wave and the two radiations emitted by the two slots, e.g. 11a and lib, making up each radiant element 5 are orthogonal and phase delayed of 90 degrees .
- the emission efficiency is good also in the broadside direction, indicated by B in figure 5a.
- the slots 11a, lib excite a wave travelling within the waveguide towards one of the input/output ports 10a, 10b even if the incoming radiation is parallel to the broadside direction B.
- the single-ridge waveguide 13 irradiates a right-hand circular polarized
- a first slot 11 (e.g. slot 11a in Figure 4) .which is in advance with respect to a second slot 11 (e.g. slot lib) when the wave travels in a first direction, becomes delayed with respect to the second slot lib when the wave travels in the opposite direction, causing an inversion of the rotation direction of the radiated electric field vector.
- This mechanism allows to set up a system capable of separating a TX band from a RX band, and is particularly advantageous in applications, such as the satellite ones, in which the TX signal and the RX one have crossed circular polarizations.
- the single-ridge waveguide 13 described above may be used so as to solve at least in part the depointing arising when departing from the design frequency, and to extend the antenna working range to both the RX band and the TX band.
- the single- ridge waveguide 13 works as an antenna in the satellite X band, with RX band equal to 7,25-7,75 GHz and TX band equal to 7,9-8,4 GHz, and the TX and the RX bands use opposite circular polarizations, e.g. LHCP for the RX band and RHCP for the TX band.
- the single-ridge waveguide 13 naturally acts so as to separate the TX and RX circularly polarized signals : the TX signal may be inputted to one port (e.g., input/output port 10b in Figure 5b) , the RX signal may ⁇ be outputted to the other port (e.g., input/output port 10a in figure 5b) .
- the distance between the radiant elements 5 so as to achieve a broadside pointing at a central frequency to the RX and TX bands , in the considered example, equal to 7,825 GHz.
- the beam tilting within each band lays on a same side with respect to the broadside direction, thus reducing to one half the overall depointing.
- the single-ridge waveguide antenna 13 is fed on the first input/output port 10a ( Figure 5a) with a signal in the RX band
- the corresponding emitted radiation beam is tilted (for example) on the left side with respect to the broadside direction B (towards negative angles) , because the distance between the radiant elements 5 is shorter than the guide wavelength ⁇ g in the RX band
- the two polarizations are routed towards the two input/output ports 10a and 10b in a more efficient manner with respect to the depointing effect.
- the proposed solution allows to bring back the beam depointing of the two bands to the same direction (in the previous example, to the same negative angles) .
- the depointing is not cancelled out, but, by carefully designing the antenna 4, and the single-ridge waveguide 13 in particular, it is possible to keep it as low as
- slots 11 having different forms.
- their tips 24 may have different angles and/or may extend beyond the broadwall axis A.
- the slot shape may be optimized based on the performances of the antenna in terms of bandwidth or crosspolarization purity.
- the slot shape may have different length and/or thickness.
- the disclosed geometry is not limited to single-ridge waveguides.
- the present antenna may be advantageously incorporated into an antenna system 35, further comprising switching means to route feeding signals towards the proper input/output port 10a, 10b, filters or circulators for properly selecting the received signal from the transmitted signal at the input/output ports, as well as known components suited to form a transmitting and receiving system.
- Figure 3a shows a switch 30 connecting a system input 31 to either the first or the second input/output port 10a, 10b.
- FIG. 6 shows another antenna system 40 incorporating the antenna 4.
- the antenna system 40 of Figure 6 comprises an input port 41, a n-way power splitter 42 connected to the input port 41 and having n output ports, each connected with a respective TX chain 43.
- the antenna system 40 further comprises n waveguides 13, each connected to a respective TX chain 43, and n RX chains 44, each connected to a respective waveguide 13.
- the RX chains 44 are connected to a n-way power combiner 45, in turn connected to an output port 46 of the antenna system 40.
- each TX chain 43 of the antenna system 40 comprises, cascade- connected to each other, a phase-shifter 7, a power amplifier 50, a microstrip waveguide transition 51, and a RX reject filter 52.
- the power amplifier 50 may be a solid state power amplifier; the RX reject filter 52 of course has the aim of blocking the RX received signal.
- each RX chain 44 comprises, cascade-connected to each other, a TX reject filter 53, a microstrip waveguide transition 54, a low noise amplifier 55, and a phase shifter 7.
- the TX reject filter 52 here has the aim of blocking the TX signal.
- the number n of waveguides 13, as well as the implementation of the blocks of the TX chains 43 and the RX chains 44, may be optimized according to the requirements of the antenna system 40, e.g. its technical specifications in terms of Effective Isotropic Radiated Power (EIRP), or the like.
- EIRP Effective Isotropic Radiated Power
Landscapes
- Waveguide Aerials (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/IT2007/000925 WO2009084050A1 (en) | 2007-12-28 | 2007-12-28 | Slot antenna and method for operating the same |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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EP2245704A1 true EP2245704A1 (en) | 2010-11-03 |
EP2245704B1 EP2245704B1 (en) | 2015-02-18 |
Family
ID=39619018
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP07870583.7A Active EP2245704B1 (en) | 2007-12-28 | 2007-12-28 | Slot antenna and method for operating the same |
Country Status (2)
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EP (1) | EP2245704B1 (en) |
WO (1) | WO2009084050A1 (en) |
Families Citing this family (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN102496784B (en) * | 2011-11-11 | 2014-05-28 | 中国电子科技集团公司第三十八研究所 | Ridge waveguide broad-side horizontal straight slot antenna |
FR2987941B1 (en) * | 2012-03-08 | 2014-04-11 | Thales Sa | FLAT ANTENNA FOR TERMINAL OPERATING IN DUAL CIRCULAR POLARIZATION, AIRBORNE TERMINAL AND SATELLITE TELECOMMUNICATION SYSTEM COMPRISING AT LEAST ONE SUCH ANTENNA |
CN105281042B (en) * | 2014-07-16 | 2023-06-23 | 中电科微波通信(上海)股份有限公司 | Crack waveguide antenna, signal transmission device and signal continuous transmission system |
CN104538742B (en) * | 2015-01-09 | 2017-05-31 | 中国电子科技集团公司第三十八研究所 | A kind of circular polarisation Waveguide slot antenna and its method for designing |
CN105633587B (en) * | 2016-01-25 | 2018-07-20 | 中国电子科技集团公司第三十八研究所 | A kind of circular polarisation Waveguide slot antenna and its design method |
CN109088177B (en) * | 2018-08-07 | 2021-07-02 | 江西师范大学 | Double-circular polarization waveguide array antenna and manufacturing method thereof |
CN116937168A (en) * | 2022-03-31 | 2023-10-24 | 华为技术有限公司 | Antenna, radar and terminal |
Family Cites Families (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE882430C (en) * | 1951-10-02 | 1953-07-09 | Siemens Ag | Antenna for very short electric waves |
JPS5496389A (en) | 1978-01-17 | 1979-07-30 | Toshiba Corp | Radar device |
GB2208969B (en) * | 1987-08-18 | 1992-04-01 | Arimura Inst Technology | Slot antenna |
CA2217730A1 (en) | 1996-03-08 | 1997-09-12 | Makoto Ochiai | Planar array antenna |
US6028562A (en) | 1997-07-31 | 2000-02-22 | Ems Technologies, Inc. | Dual polarized slotted array antenna |
JP3472822B2 (en) | 2000-12-11 | 2003-12-02 | 独立行政法人通信総合研究所 | Variable polarization system, polarization diversity system, and polarization modulation system |
-
2007
- 2007-12-28 EP EP07870583.7A patent/EP2245704B1/en active Active
- 2007-12-28 WO PCT/IT2007/000925 patent/WO2009084050A1/en active Application Filing
Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
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See references of WO2009084050A1 * |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
WO2009084050A9 (en) | 2010-12-02 |
EP2245704B1 (en) | 2015-02-18 |
WO2009084050A1 (en) | 2009-07-09 |
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