EP2237674A2 - Produit phytosanitaire ecologique - Google Patents

Produit phytosanitaire ecologique

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Publication number
EP2237674A2
EP2237674A2 EP09704556A EP09704556A EP2237674A2 EP 2237674 A2 EP2237674 A2 EP 2237674A2 EP 09704556 A EP09704556 A EP 09704556A EP 09704556 A EP09704556 A EP 09704556A EP 2237674 A2 EP2237674 A2 EP 2237674A2
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
plants
herbal
composition
plant
preparation
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP09704556A
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German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Sabah Abdel Amir Jassim
Khedr Sobhy Abou Foul
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Arab Science and Tech Foundation
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Arab Science and Tech Foundation
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Publication date
Application filed by Arab Science and Tech Foundation filed Critical Arab Science and Tech Foundation
Publication of EP2237674A2 publication Critical patent/EP2237674A2/fr
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
    • A01N65/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing material from algae, lichens, bryophyta, multi-cellular fungi or plants, or extracts thereof
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
    • A01N65/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing material from algae, lichens, bryophyta, multi-cellular fungi or plants, or extracts thereof
    • A01N65/08—Magnoliopsida [dicotyledons]
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
    • A01N65/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing material from algae, lichens, bryophyta, multi-cellular fungi or plants, or extracts thereof
    • A01N65/08—Magnoliopsida [dicotyledons]
    • A01N65/10—Apiaceae or Umbelliferae [Carrot family], e.g. parsley, caraway, dill, lovage, fennel or snakebed

Definitions

  • compositions for use in the treatment and prevention of disease in plants relate to compositions comprising herbal preparations for the treatment and prevention of plant diseases caused by soilborne pests such as nematodes, fungi and insects.
  • Said compositions comprise effective plant-derived anti- nematode, antifungal and anti-insect agents with minimal harmful effect to the environment.
  • Soilborne pests can cause substantial crop damage and economic losses. This is particularly true in intensive agriculture where crops are planted in the same place year after year, allowing pest populations to accumulate in the soil.
  • Soilborne pests include nematodes, fungi, bacteria, viruses and insects.
  • Plant parasitic nematodes are small worm-shaped invertebrates, ranging in length from 0.5-10mm. Nematodes (derived from the Greek word for thread) are active, flexible, elongate, organisms that live on moist surfaces or in liquid environments, including films of water within soil and moist tissues within other organisms. While only 20,000 species of nematode have been identified, it is estimated that 40,000 to 10 million actually exist. Some species of nematodes have evolved to be very successful parasites of both plants and animals and are responsible for significant economic losses in agriculture and livestock and for morbidity and mortality in humans (Whitehead, 1998). They affect agricultural land worldwide and are some of the most damaging pests of tropical, sub-tropical and temperate agriculture. They can cause serious yield losses in crops such as citrus, potatoes, banana, rice, pineapple, coffee, peanuts, sugar cane, and tobacco. Nematodes damage crops by direct feeding, transmitting viruses and facilitating bacterial and fungal infections.
  • Nematode parasites of plants can inhabit all parts of plants, including roots, developing flower buds, leaves, and stems. Plant parasites are classified on the basis of their feeding habits into the broad categories: migratory ectoparasites, migratory endoparasites, and sedentary endoparasites. Sedentary endoparasites, which include the root knot nematodes (Meloidogyne) and cyst nematodes (Globodera and Heterodera) induce feeding sites and establish long-term infections within roots that are often very damaging to crops (Whitehead, supra).
  • Sedentary endoparasites which include the root knot nematodes (Meloidogyne) and cyst nematodes (Globodera and Heterodera) induce feeding sites and establish long-term infections within roots that are often very damaging to crops (Whitehead, supra).
  • nematodes As nematodes often do not provide clear symptoms, their economic effect tends to be underestimated by growers, however annual losses to world agriculture are estimated to be US$100 billion (Sasser and Freckman, 1987). This is based on an estimated average 12% annual loss spread across all major crops. For example, it is estimated that nematodes cause soybean losses of approximately $3.2 billion annually worldwide (Barker et al., 1994). Several factors make the need for safe and effective nematode controls urgent. Continuing population growth, famines, and environmental degradation have heightened concern for the sustainability of agriculture, and new government regulations may prevent or severely restrict the use of many available agricultural anthelmintic agents. Nematodes are a significant problem in the agriculture of developing, as well as developed, countries.
  • the most economically damaging plant parasitic nematode genera belong to the family Heterderidae of the order Tylenchida, and include the cyst nematodes (genera Heterodera and Globodera) and the root-knot nematodes (genus Meloidogyne).
  • the soybean cyst nematode (H. glycines) and potato cyst nematodes (G. pallida and G. rostochiensis) are important examples. Root-knot nematodes infect thousands of different plant species including vegetables, fruits, and row crops in poor countries.
  • nematicides In order to kill nematodes in soil, most nematicides are toxic at low levels and are water soluble in order to move down to where the nematodes are. Many of the effective nematicides used in the past have been withdrawn from the market during the last 25 years for environmental and health reasons until only a handful remain. When using any nematicide the product label must be strictly adhered to in order to minimize human and environmental health impacts and to avoid liability. Table 1 is a list of nematicides labelled for use on golf course turf (Crow, 2005) and illustrates the restrictions on the use of these products necessitated by their environmental toxicity.
  • Nemacur® iRestricted use Pesticide Golf courses and sod !2.3 lb/1000 10G ifarms only; do not use on lawns or public areas !sq ft, or iother than golf courses. Irrigate immediately after M OO Ib/acre iapplication with at least 1/2 inch of water; do not ! iallow puddling or run-off to occur. Do not treat i inewly-seeded areas until plants have developed I isecondary root systems. Do not apply a total of ! imore than 200 Ib/acre/year. Do not apply to more ! ithan 10 acres per golf course per day; wait 3 days ! lbefore treating any additional area. After May 31 , 1
  • Fumigant iapply within 100 ft. of buildings or wells. 24 hour ireentry restriction. Cannot be used on areas with i Ka rst geology.
  • Transgenic nematode resistance and the cloning of natural resistance genes have been investigated, which may allow their introduction into related species and/or elite commercial crop lines whilst the design of novel, engineered transgenic plant defences may provide alternative forms of effective and durable nematode control.
  • a further avenue of research in the quest for alternative anti-nematode agents is the investigation of plant, e.g. herb, species that exhibit high levels of nematode resistance with a view to developing a plant-derived nematicide.
  • Some plant species are known to be highly resistant to nematodes. The best documented of these include marigolds (Tagetes spp.), rattlebox (Crotalaria spectabilis), chrysanthemums (Chrysanthemum spp.), castor bean (Ricinus communis), margosa (Azardiracta indica), and many members of the family Asteraceae (family Compositae) (Hackney & Dickerson, 1975).
  • the photodynamic compound alpha-terthienyl has been shown to account for the strong nematicidal activity of the roots.
  • Castor beans are ploughed under as a green manure before a seed crop is set.
  • the seed contains toxic compounds, such as ricin, that can kill humans, pets and livestock and is also highly allergenic.
  • the active phnciple(s) for plant nematicidal activity has not been discovered and it remains difficult to derive commercially successful nematicidal products from these resistant plants.
  • US patent application no. 20040127362 discloses that cloves and clove oil are included in the US Environmental Protection Agency's list of minimum risk pesticides.
  • the application relates to a nematicide comprising an aqueous formulation of one or more oils in combination with an inert ingredient such as molasses and/or cheese.
  • Certain soil-dwelling fungi such as species of Fusarium, Verticillium and Phytphthora, attack plant roots or the base of stems, causing diseases in the plants and reducing crop yields.
  • Fungal diseases remain a principal limitation to increased agricultural production of food.
  • Fungal species such as Fusarium, Rhizoctonia, Pythium, Phytophthora, etc. continue to stifle development efforts in many countries and account for billions of dollars of damage annually. Thus, protection of crop plants from fungal pathogens remains a primary preoccupation of agricultural scientists.
  • Cucurbitaceae plants are infected worldwide by species of soilborne fungi such as Pythium sp., Rhizoctonia sp., Fusa ⁇ um sp., and Phytophthora sp. Most of these fungi remain in the soil for several seasons, then, when suitable conditions such as high temperature and humidity occur, the fungi will develop and infect plants. This is a particular problem in greenhouses where temperatures of 28-35°C and humidity of 60-75% typically occur.
  • the main fungi causing damping-off of cucumber seedlings at high frequency are Pythium sp. and, to a lesser extent, Rhizoctonia sp. These two fungi can cause seedling wilt in approximately 10-15% of a cucumber crop.
  • Another fungus, Fusarium sp infects the plants mid season causing wilt in the more mature plants.
  • Measures to control fungal diseases frequently involve targeting pathogen propagules in soil with fungicide drenches to reduce initial inoculum.
  • Commercially available pesticides include: Rhizolex 50WP, Vongared, Tichigaren 3OL, Tatto C SC, Terlai 67% WP, Rridomil 5G, Fungarid, Rhizolex, Ridomil, Tachigareen. Chemical fungicides remain the first line of defence against fungal pests despite serious environmental concerns over their use and abuse.
  • Clove oil extracts reduced the pathogen population and suppressed disease development compared with untreated infested soil. Clove oil has also been proposed for use in the management of post harvest fungal diseases of banana (Ranasinghe et al. 2002).
  • insects are also significant pests. Insects that feed on crop plants cause reduced yields. Plants that have been damaged by insect feeding may be more susceptible to infection; the insect may also act as a vector for plant pathogens such as bacteria and viruses. Protection of crop plants from insect pests including Lepidoptera and Coleoptera is therefore an important goal of agricultural research.
  • Termites are a group of social insects usually classified as belonging to the order Isoptera. Termites mostly feed on dead plant material, e.g. wood, leaf litter, and about 10% of the estimated 4,000 species are economically significant as pests that can cause severe losses in crops or plantation forests or serious structural damage to buildings (e.g. Yamano, 2000 and Mulrooney et al., 2007).
  • Lenz (2005) reviewed the options for biological control of termites and found there to be a limited biological activity for sustainable control of termites (Sosa-Gomez et al. 1996; Castrillo et al., 2005; Lenz 2005; Yanagawa et al 2008).
  • the use of microbial pathogens is proposed as a solution for certain termite problems, but may not help with others because available pathogens may be effective against certain species and less so against others (Lenz 2005).
  • the present inventors investigated the activity of a number herbs i.e. plant species used for flavouring and/or herbal medicine, against nematode, fungal and insect pests of plants.
  • the present invention arises from the inventors' finding that simple, ground preparations of certain herbs exhibit a marked pesticidal effect when tested against nematode, fungal and insect plant pests.
  • Pimpinella anisum fruit is used for flavouring baked foods such as cakes, biscuits and confectionery, as well as rye breads. It is also used in much the same way as fennel to flavour fish, poultry, soups and root vegetable dishes. Numerous alcoholic drinks and cordials are flavoured with aniseed, such as French pastis, Greek ouzo, Turkish raki, Arab arrak etc. Anise has long been known for its carminative properties. It is chewed after meals in parts of Europe, the Middle East and India to aid digestion and freshen breath. A few seeds taken with water are recommended for hiccups. It is a mild expectorant, often used in mixtures and lozenges for dry coughs.
  • Extracts of Pimpinella anisum seed are reported to have antioxidant capacity (llhami et al. 2003). Its essential oil is used to treat lice and scabies and, mixed with other ingredients, against insects. The essential oil is reported to have antifungal (Shukla and Thpathi 1987) and antiviral (Shukla et al. 1989) activities suggesting its use in the treatment of colds and 'flu.
  • the principal component of anise oil is anethole, a precursor that can eventually produce 2,5-dimethoxybenzaldehyde which is used in the clandestine synthesis of psychedelic drugs (Waumans et al. 2004).
  • Peganum harmala L. (Syrian rue) is a wild-growing flowering plant belonging to the Zygophylaceae family and is found abundantly in Middle East and North Africa. From ancient times, it has been claimed to be an important medicinal plant.
  • the brown triangular-conical seeds of P. harmala are known to possess hypothermic and hallucinogenic properties (Lamchouh et al., 1999; Kuhn and Winston 2000). It has been used traditionally as an emmenagogue and an abortifacient agent in the Middle East and North Africa (Fleming).
  • There are several reports in the literature indicating a great variety of pharmacological activities for P. harmala L (Abdel-Fattah et al., 1997).
  • Juice of the seed and leaves also used in various prescriptions including remedies for insanity and epilepsy, baldness and haemorrhoids (Lebling 2002).
  • the nutmegs Myristica are a genus of evergreen trees indigenous to tropical Southeast Asia and Australasia. They are important for two spices derived from the fruit, nutmeg and mace. Nutmeg is the seed kernel inside the fruit and mace is the lacy covering (aril) on the kernel. Powdered or grated nutmeg is found variously in savoury and sweet dishes in Asian, Middle Eastern and European cuisines.
  • the essential oil is used as a natural food flavouring in baked goods, syrups (e.g. Coca Cola), beverages, sweets etc.
  • Nutmeg has aromatic, stimulant, narcotic, carminative, astringent, aphrodisiac, hypolipidemic, antithrombotic, anti-platelet aggregation, antifungal, antidysenteric, anti-inflammatory activities (Nadkarni 1988). It is used as a remedy for stomach ache, rheumatism and vomiting in pregnancy (Nadkarni 1988), and is an important source of natural antioxidants (Juki et al. 2006).
  • the essential oil obtained by the steam distillation of ground nutmeg, is also used in the cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries for instance in toothpaste and as the major ingredient in some cough syrups. In traditional medicine nutmeg and nutmeg oil were used for illnesses related to the nervous and digestive systems.
  • Myhsticin and elemicin are believed to be the chemical constituents responsible for the subtle hallucinogenic properties of nutmeg oil.
  • Other known chemical ingredients of the oil are ⁇ -pinene, sabinene, ⁇ -terpinene and safrole.
  • Syzygium aromaticum (syn. Eugenia aromaticum, Eugenia caryophyllata, Eugenia caryophyllus or Caryophyllus aromaticus) is a tropical tree, the immature, unopened flower buds of which provide, when dried, the spice known as cloves. Cloves are a popular spice in North African and Middle Eastern cuisine, used whole or ground, and are also used in European dishes, both savoury and sweet.
  • Cloves contain 15 to 20% essential oil which is mostly Eugenol, the principal flavour-giving volatile oil which is a very strong antiseptic. Clove oil is a strong stimulant and carminative and is used to treat nausea, indigestion and dyspepsia. It is used to treat toothache. It has been suggested as a treatment for rheumatism, arthritis and mouth sores and also as a mosquito repellent. Clove oil is highly irritating to the skin, unless well diluted. Rhazya stricta is an evergreen dwarf shrub and a traditional medicinal herb once considered effective in treating venereal diseases. The dried leaves were smoked in a pipe, sometimes mixed with other kinds of leaves, to cure syphilis.
  • Rhazya stricta Today, the herb is still sometimes smoked, but as a treatment for rheumatism. The plant is considered somewhat toxic and is avoided by livestock although it is not regarded as a serious threat. The herb has been used in small quantities to relieve upset stomachs (Lebling 2002).
  • the roots, leaves and branches of Rhazya stricta were traditionally used for tooth diseases, diabetes, constipation and intestinal diseases (Ahmad et al. 2006).
  • Rhazya stricta is rich in alkaloids thought to have anticancer properties (Gilani et al. 2006). It should be noted that the vernacular name "harmal" is in use both for Rhazya stricta (family Apocynaceae) and Peganum harmala (family Zygophyllaceae).
  • the invention provides the use of a composition comprising a preparation or extract of two or more plants selected from Pimpinella anisum, Peganum harmala, Myristica fragrans, Syzygium aromaticum and Rhazya stricta for the treatment or prevention of disease in plants.
  • disease includes both infections caused by plant pathogens such as nematodes and fungi, and adverse health effects resulting from infestation by pests such as insects.
  • Herbal preparations according to the invention exhibit "nematicidal" or
  • anti-nematode activity are used interchangeably herein and encompass not only actual killing of nematodes, but also arresting or retarding their normal growth and development such that the host plant is better able to survive or tolerate the nematode infection.
  • Herbal preparations according to the invention also show antifungal activity.
  • fungicidal and antifungal have equivalent meaning with respect to fungi and fungal infection as the above terms “nematicidal” and “anti-nematode” have with respect to nematodes.
  • pests including, but not limited to, disease-causing pathogens such as nematodes and fungi and pests such as insects which adversely affect plant health by feeding on them.
  • the pesticidal composition of the invention comprises a preparation or extract of three or more plants selected from Pimpinella anisum, Peganum harmala, Myristica fragrans, Syzygium aromaticum and
  • Rhazya stricta more preferably four or more plants selected from the aforesaid group or all five plants.
  • a preferred composition comprises a preparation or extract of Pimpinella anisum or Myristica fragrans as preparations of these herbs have been found to be particularly effective against nematodes. More preferably, the composition further comprises a preparation or extract of each of Pimpinella anisum, Peganum harmala and Myristica fragrans, as this combination shows a synergistic effect providing effective nematicidal activity against all stages of root-knot nematodes, including egg masses.
  • a composition comprising a preparation or extract of each of Pimpinella anisum, Peganum harmala, Myristica fragrans, and Syzygium aromaticum has been found to have a broad spectrum pesticide activity including activity against soilborne nematodes and fungi and against insects.
  • the pesticidal preparations of the invention are of plant origin, said plants being herbs already consumed by man, there is a low risk of toxicity to man or the environment from the use of said preparations as pesticides (plant protection agents).
  • the preparation is powdered dried plant material e.g. the dry seed or kernel, or fruit or part thereof (e.g. aril), or bud, or flower, which has been ground to a powder.
  • dry herb materials include: fruit of P. anisum (anise "seed” or aniseed), seeds of P. harmala, seeds (nutmeg) or arils (mace) of M. fragrans dried flower buds (sometimes called pods) of S. aromaticum (cloves) and seeds of Rhazia stricta.
  • the foregoing substances are readily obtainable owing to their culinary use as spices.
  • the plant material is ground to a powder to allow easy dispersal of the preparation and promote diffusion of the nematicidal agent.
  • plant parts have been identified by the inventors as having profound pesticidal effects, however, other plant parts may be used in the plant protection composition of the invention.
  • the observed nematicidal, fungicidal and insecticidal effects will be brought about by one or more active agents produced by the respective plant. These active agents may be found in other parts of the plant to those specifically mentioned above.
  • Any plant part containing the active agent(s) is a candidate material for preparing a pesticide composition according to the invention. Plant parts containing the active agent(s) may be determined empirically by measuring pest killing or inhibitory activity in a test assay such as those described herein.
  • the concentration of the active molecule(s) in different tissues or organs of the plant can be measured directly.
  • preferred plant parts are those which accumulate the active ingredient in relatively large amounts.
  • the plant part is relatively easy to harvest and handle, such as a seed or fruit.
  • other parts such as leaves, roots, stems or flowers or parts thereof may be suitable provided that the active agent(s) is present in sufficient quantities to give the desired nematicidal effect.
  • the invention further provides a method for the treatment or prevention of disease in plants which comprises applying to said plants a composition comprising a preparation or extract of two or more plants selected from Pimpinella anisum, Peganum harmala, Myristica fragrans, Syzygium aromaticum and Rhazya stricta.
  • the dried herb (flower bud, seed, fruit etc.) is ground or milled to a powder which is mixed with a homogenized suspension of nematode-infected roots in water.
  • the anti-nematode composition is applied to the nematode-infected tissue as an aqueous solution/suspension (solution as regards water-soluble components of the herb preparation; suspension as regards components that are insoluble in water).
  • aqueous solution/suspension solution as regards water-soluble components of the herb preparation; suspension as regards components that are insoluble in water.
  • the preparation can similarly be applied to the field (prior to sowing or planting) or the crop (after sowing or planting) as an aqueous solution/suspension by spraying or watering.
  • the preparation could be filtered prior to application, although it would first be necessary to test that removal of the insoluble fraction did not compromise the efficacy of the composition.
  • the preparation can be applied to the field or the crop as a dry powder and subsequently watered-in. The powder can be formed into granules, pellets or cakes for ease of handling and application.
  • the dry powder can be mixed with the soil, compost or other growing medium prior to use.
  • the powder can be mixed with the aqueous nutrient medium.
  • Plant pots especially degradable pots such as those made from peat or fibre which allow the plant to be planted out without disturbing the roots, can be impregnated with the pesticide (e.g. anti-nematode, antifungal or insecticidal) composition. Seeds may be conveniently treated, e.g. dusted or sprayed, with the pesticide composition prior to storage or planting to prevent infection of the germinating seed. Crops can even be protected from infection post-harvest by employing containers impregnated with the pesticide composition for storage and transport. Similarly, vegetable (i.e. plant) foodstuffs can be protected from spoilage by storing/transporting them in containers or wrappings impregnated with the pesticide composition.
  • the invention accordingly further provides: seeds coated or impregnated with a composition according to the invention; a plant growth medium such as soil, peat, or hydroponic nutrient solution, or a degradable container such as a plug or pot, comprising a composition according to the invention; a container or wrapping, such as a box, carton or film, for vegetable foodstuff, which is coated or impregnated with a composition according to the invention.
  • a plant growth medium such as soil, peat, or hydroponic nutrient solution, or a degradable container such as a plug or pot
  • a container or wrapping such as a box, carton or film, for vegetable foodstuff, which is coated or impregnated with a composition according to the invention.
  • composition according to the invention i.e. a composition as described herein
  • a pesticide formulation comprising a composition according to the invention and one or more vehicles, carriers, binders or excipients.
  • Pesticide e.g. anti-nematode, antifungal and insecticide
  • compositions comprising ground herbs as described herein are simple to make and, therefore, relatively inexpensive. Furthermore, the anti-nematode, antifungal and insecticidal activity demonstrated by the inventors opens the possibility to protect a crop against nematode and fungal infection and insect attack with the application of a single composition, providing savings in time and cost.
  • herbal compositions of the invention have activity against these disparate groups of pests also suggests that they may have a mode of action that will also be active against further classes of pests such as bacteria and viruses.
  • compositions according to the invention are effective in the treatment and/or prevention of plant diseases caused by a wide range of plant pathogens/pests including nematodes, fungi and insects.
  • the pesticide compositions of the invention can be applied to any plant susceptible to infection by pests.
  • the invention is most useful in the protection of crop plants in which infection by pests, e.g. nematodes, fungi or insects, causes significant losses in yield and, hence, significant economic losses.
  • Non-limiting examples of crops to which the anti-nematode compositions of the invention can be applied include: strawberries, bananas, soybeans, cotton, potato, pepper, onion, citrus, coffee, sugarcane, greenhouse ornamentals and amenity (e.g. golf course) turf grasses.
  • An advantage of the pesticidal compositions of the invention is the broad spectrum of pests against which the compositions are active, allowing crops to be protected against multiple, diverse pests by application of a single composition, providing reduced costs and reduced impact on the environment.
  • the anti-termite results presented herein indicate that pesticide compositions according to the invention could further be used to treat termite infestations in buildings, or to prevent structural damage to buildings caused by termites by coating (e.g. painting) or impregnating building materials such as wood, cements, gypsum etc. with such a composition.
  • Pesticide compositions according to the invention could be used to protect both food (i.e. cellulosic) and non-food building materials from attack by termites, or to treat existing infestations.
  • the invention provides a method for the treatment or prevention of termite damage to a building which comprises applying to said building or part thereof a composition comprising a preparation or extract of two or more plants selected from Pimpinella anisum, Peganum harmala, Myristica fragrans, Syzygium aromaticum and Rhazya stricta.
  • the anti-nematode activity of preparations according to the invention is demonstrated in the following examples in a test system using root-knot nematodes (genus Meloidogyne), however, there is no reason to suppose that the anti-nematode activity will be restricted to this genus of nematodes alone.
  • the anti-nematode preparations of the invention are expected to have utility against any soil-borne nematode pest including, but not limited to, those belonging to the genera Meloidogyne, Heterodera, Globodera, Ditylenchus, Aphelenchoides and Heliotylenchus, and any others mentioned herein.
  • herbal preparations according to the invention are effective against pests (e.g. nematodes, fungi and insects) at concentrations of 1 % (w/v) (i.e. 10g/l) or less.
  • preparations according to the invention show pesticidal activity at concentrations of 0.75%, 0.5%, 0.33%, 0.25% (w/v) or less.
  • said preparations show pesticidal activity at concentrations as low as 0.2%, 0.15%, 0.1 % (w/v) or even less.
  • the final concentrations of the herbal preparations may be varied independently, i.e. the different herbs may be present in the pesticide composition at different concentrations.
  • an efficacious anti-nematode composition is produced by mixing 0.4% (w/v) Pimpinella anisum and 0.2% of each of Peganum harmala, Myristica fragrans and Syzygium aromaticum.
  • a preparation comprising 0.3% Pimpinella anisum and 0.1 % of each of Peganum harmala, Myristica fragrans and Syzygium aromaticum was found to be effective for controlling termites.
  • compositions with a relatively higher concentration of Syzygium aromaticum have performed well in field tests against fungal pathogens, for example 0.1 % Pimpinella anisum, 0.25% of each of Peganum harmala, and Myristica fragrans, and 0.4% Syzygium aromaticum.
  • preparations according to the invention are effective against all stages of the nematode lifecycle i.e. egg masses, consecutive larval stages and adults. It is particularly important that the preparations are effective against the egg masses which persist in the soil and the free-living second stage larvae that invade the roots of the host plant.
  • Figure 1 is a photograph showing different formulations of clove anti- nematode agent according to Example 1.
  • Figure 2 shows chromatographic analysis of chloroform extract of M. fragrans (nutmeg) at (from left to right) room temperature, 15O 0 C and 200 0 C.
  • Figure 3 shows chromatographic analysis of chloroform extract of S. aromaticum (clove) at (from left to right) room temperature, 15O 0 C and 200 0 C.
  • Figure 4 shows microscopic examination of egg masses and juveniles of Meloidogyne incognita infected Ficus benjamina roots (a) non-treated with herbal agent (control) (b) treated with herbal agent.
  • Figure 5 shows photographs of the root system of root-knot nematode- infected Ficus benjamina: (a) control; (b) after treatment with herbal agent composed from 0.3% Pimpinella anisum and 0.1 % of each Peganum harmala, Myristica fragrans and Syzygium aromaticum; and (c) after chemical treatment with Nemamort agent.
  • Figure 6 shows representative microscopic examinations of egg masses and juveniles of Helicotylenchus sp. infected on ornamental plants Guzmani, Areca and Howea roots: (a) before treatment with herbal agent (control) and (b) after treatment with herbal agent.
  • Figures 7 and 8 show symptoms of disease caused by soil-borne fungal pathogens in untreated turfgrass.
  • Figures 9 and 10 show healthy growth and colour in turfgrass treated with fungicidal herbal agent.
  • Figure 11 shows cultures of soil-borne Fusarium sp. and Pythium sp. on PDA isolated from non-treated turfgrass. Petri dishes were incubated at 28°C for 7 days.
  • Figure 12 shows plots of alfalfa (a) before treatment, and (b) after treatment with herbal agent composed from percentage solution (w/v) of 0.2%
  • Figure 13 is a photograph showing F1 hybrid cucumbers Miracle (Brusima) grown in plastic greenhouses with sand base: (A) treated with herbal mixture - the plants look very healthy absence of soil-borne fungi; (B) treated with NIPROTTM - the soil-borne fungi symptoms appeared on the plants.
  • Figure 14 shows photographs of F1 hybrid cucumbers Miracle (Brusima) grown in plastic greenhouses with sand base: (A) treated with herbal fungicidal mixture as described in Example 11 - the plants look very healthy without appearance of soil-borne fungi symptoms and yielded with high number of fruits compared to (B) and (C) control plants.
  • FIG 15 shows photographs of F1 hybrid cucumbers Miracle (Brusima) grown in plastic greenhouses with sand base: (A) treated by herbal fungicidal mixture as described in Example 11 - the plants are taller than (B) control plants.
  • Figure 16 shows photographs of F1 hybrid cucumbers Miracle
  • Thielaviopsis paradoxa (A) date palm trees treated by 1 % w/v herbal fungicidal aqueous solution of mixture 0.1 % Pimpinella anisum and 0.5% of each Peganum harmala and Myristica fragrans and 0.4% Syzygium aromaticum applied once every 15 days for 1 month; (B) control date palm tree received no treatment and clearly shows symptoms of black scorch and bending head diseases in the heart and leaves.
  • Dried clove pods were purchased from Dubai local herbal market. The cloves were cleaned from dust by air-drying for 15 min in metallic strainers. The clean pods were powdered in a grinder. 1 kg of cleaned clove pods powder was placed in plastic container and 450ml tap water was added and promptly mixed well until a dough was formed. The clove pod dough was passed through 0.4cm diameter hole of mince machine to form granules. The granules were collected in a stainless steel tray and placed in an oven to dry at 45°C for 2 days with two times daily rotation. Various clove formulations were prepared, as shown in Figure 1.
  • Treatment intervals One treatment per every 2 weeks No. of replicates:
  • Root-knot nematode is to be use for artificial infection.
  • Infected roots of squash with root-knot nematode were crushed with 200 ml tap water to prepare a homogenized suspension of root-knot nematode. Twenty millilitre samples of the homogenized suspension of root- knot nematode were placed in 50 ml glass beakers and number of egg masses, second stage larvae and other stages of root-knot nematode were checked microscopically and recorded. On average each 20 ml of the homogenized suspension root-knot nematode contained approximately 50-60 of the second stage larvae.
  • Dried clove pods Syzygium aromaticum, Peganum harmala seed and Myristica fragrans seed were purchased from Dubai local herbal market. All herbal material was cleaned from dust by air-dried for 15 min in metallic strainers and powdered individually in a grinder.
  • Anti-nematode assays Different concentrations of 0.33% (w/v) and 0.5% (w/v) were prepared in 20 ml sample of homogenized suspension of root-knot nematode and 20 ml control sample (herbal material not added) (Table 2). After incubation for 24h at room temperature the numbers of egg masses, second stage larvae and other stages of root-knot nematode were checked microscopically and recorded for each sample.
  • Transparent means that larvae inside still alive and will hatch.
  • Infected roots of squash with root knot nematodes were crushed with 500 ml tap water to prepare a homogenized suspension of root knot nematodes.
  • One hundred millilitre samples of the homogenized suspension of root knot nematode were placed in 750 ml plastic beakers and the number of egg masses, second stage larvae and other stages of root knot nematodes were checked microscopically and recorded. In average each 100 ml of the homogenized suspension root knot nematodes contained approximately 2500-3000 of the second stage larvae.
  • Dried clove pods Syzygium aromaticum, Pimpinella anisum L. seed, Peganum harmala seed and Myristica fragrans seed were purchased from a local Dubai herbal market. All herbal materials were cleaned from dust by being air-dried for 15 min in metallic strainers and were then powdered individually in a grinder.
  • Table 3 The survival of egg masses, second stage larvae and other stages of root knot nematodes in aqueous solutions of different herbal compositions.
  • Pimpinella anisum, Peganum harmala and Myristica fragrans have not been investigated previously in the literatures as anti-nematodes.
  • Each of Pimpinella anisum, Peganum harmala and Myristica fragrans has been shown to be effective as protectants against plant nematodes.
  • Use of 0.2% P. anisum in combination with 0.15% each P. harmala and M. fragrans gives a synergistic increase in anti-nematode activity.
  • Nemato-toxic compounds of the Pimpinella anisum, Peganum harmala and Myristica fragrans plant will be investigated. We are assuming that the modes of action of these compounds are complex, and a number of mechanisms in relation to nematode management are yet to be fully explored.
  • EXAMPLE 4 Chemical Analysis of Syzygium aromaticum (Clove), Myristica fragrans (Nutmeg), Peganum harmala (Harmala) and Pimpinella anisum (Anise) under different grade of heating
  • the seeds were extracted with chloroform in Soxhlet extractor. The extracts were evaporated under pressure and the dried residue was weighed. Five grams of dried residue was used from 100g of seeds.
  • Clove and Nutmeg present significant amount of active ingredient than Anise.
  • Harmala show no significant in both specific solvent systems used for terpenoids.
  • the chloroform extract of Syzygium aromaticum (Clove), My ⁇ stica fragrans (Nutmeg), Peganum harmala (HarmalaJ and Pimpinella anisum (Anise) did not affected by different grade of heating, 40 0 C and 100°C.
  • the clove and nutmeg are significantly richer in active ingredients than anise, but harmala extract show no significant. Therefore, probably the treatments of the extracts for higher temperature have an influence on present of active ingredients.
  • EXAMPLE 5 Effect of aqueous Syzygium aromaticum "clove” pod powder on the population of soilborne fungi on Cucurbitaceae and eggplant plants in greenhouse and open field
  • Potato Dextrose Agar was supplemented with 0.5% and 1 % w/v clove pod powder. Growth of Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium wilt,
  • Clove pod aqueous extract 0.25%, 0.5% and 1 % w/v was also tested for efficacy against soilborne fungal diseases of eggplant and cucumber in the greenhouse and in open field. Treatments were applied on the date of sowing with two further applications at weekly intervals. The results showed that clove pod aqueous extract in the range of 0.5% to 1 % w/v was able to demolish fungal infection (rot, crown rot and stem) of cucumber var. Queen and eggplant var. Black Beauty in greenhouse and farms in less than 7 days, and is more effective in the management of fungal diseases in situ than commercial chemical products tested (Fungarid 0.1 %, Rhizolex 0.15%,
  • Clove pod granules prepared according to Example 1 were evaluated for efficacy against soilborne fungi.
  • Treatment of coconut soil with 1 % w/v (10g/L) clove pod granules was found to significantly reduce soil populations of Phytophthora sp. and Pythium sp. compared with untreated coconut soil and significantly reduce the frequency of eggplant var. Black Beauty seedlings showing seedling wilt symptoms.
  • clove pod powder, granules and aqueous extract are an effective antifungal compositions, as well as being environmentally friendly, safe to consumers and inexpensive to farmers.
  • EXAMPLE 6 The antifungal activity of Pimpinella anisum (Anise), Peganum harmala (harmala), Myristica fragrans (nutmeg) and Syzygium aromaticum (cloves) against selected species of soilborne fungi
  • Fungi used in the present investigation were isolated from damping-off seedlings and wilted plants of cucumber var. Queen from different farms of
  • Soilborne fungal inoculums of 0.5 X 0.5 cm 2 from 7 day cultures on PDA were placed on the center of the PDA supplemented with herbal materials. The Petri dishes were inverted and incubated for 5 days at a 28°C.
  • plates of PDA without herbal powders were inoculated as described above with soilborne fungi as a control test. Five replicates were used for each fungus, on PDA with and without herbal powder.
  • growth is used in a special sense herein, i.e. to designate the presence and presumed proliferation of viable fungi. Following incubation, fungal growth diameter (cm) was calculated and the colony size was calculated using experimental data by Gorbushina (1997) partially represented in Table 7. RESULTS
  • the colony diameter, the size of the zone of nutrition and the input of herbal matter on the PDA to determine the herbal matter available to inhibit the growth for a single fungal colony were determined.
  • This assay measured the rate of fungal inhibition by determination of the colony diameter (mm) which survived exposure to concentration of herbal material-supplemented PDA.
  • the mean fungal survival rate of Fusarium sp and Pythium sp which were exposed to PDA without herbal material as a control as compared to PDA supplemented different concentration of 0.15% Peganum harmala (harmala), 0.15% Myristica fragrans (nutmeg), 0.2% Syzygium aromaticum (cloves) and 0.2% Pimpinella anisum (Anise) (Table 7).
  • the medicinal herb Rhazya stricta was also tested for pesticide activity, individually and in combination with S. aromaticum, M. fragrans and P. anisum, against nematodes and fungi and showed similar anti-nematode and antifungal activities to those observed for P. harmala.
  • EXAMPLE 7 Effect of varying the relative amounts of P. anisum, P. harmala, M. fragrans and S. aromaticum in herbal mixture on control of root-knot nematode in ornamental plants
  • Different herbal mixture groups were prepared by weighing individually different amounts of dry herbal materials (Pimpinella anisum, Peganum harmala, Myristica fragrans and Syzygium aromaticum) in beakers. Then tap water was added to each group to make up an herbal solution in a final volume of 100 ml. Each herbal solution was then tested on ornamental plants Ficus benjamina infected with root-knot nematodes Meloidogyne incignita. Table 8. Nematocidal activity of different herbal mixtures on F. benjamina infected with root-knot nematodes.
  • EXAMPLE 8 Efficacy of nematocidal herbal agent to control root-knot nematode in ornamental plants
  • Ficus benjamina infected with root-knot nematode planted in 40 cm diameter potting soil pots were divided into 3 groups and following treatments administered: i. 10 plants treated with tap water and marked as a control, ii. 20 plants treated with nematocidal herbal mixture no. 10 (10 gm/L: of 0.4% Pimpinella anisum and 0.2% of each Peganum harmala, Myristica fragrans and Syzygium aromaticum). Every plant/pot was treated by pouring 2 litres of the solution evenly over the soil, iii. 20 plants treated with chemical anti-nematode Nemamort (1 ml/L) one plant/ pot was treated by pouring 2 litres of the solution evenly over the soil.
  • Treatments were repeated twice within 30 days and all pots received tap water 3 times per week and pots left for 30 days in which then the roots from each treatment were microscopically inspected visually.
  • the root-knot nematode life cycle stages were prepared for inspection microscopically from 50 grams of the infected Ficus benjamina roots, rinsing in running tap water for 2 minutes and then cut into 20mm pieces, placed in blender with 250 ml tap water. 20 ml of the suspension containing nematode were collected through 53 micron sieve and then inspected using a compound microscope at 40 X magnification.
  • the current example was conducted to determine the fungicidal activity of herbal mixture with the percentage solution (w/v) of 0.1 % Pimpinella anisum and 0.25% of each Peganum harmala and Myristica fragrans and
  • Soil-borne turfgrass diseases affect all warm-season grasses and cause major loss of turf quality. They are caused primarily by fungi and there are few examples of true disease resistance in turfgrass. Rhizoctonia diseases of turfgrasses are caused by at least two soilborne fungi, Rhizoctonia solani and R. cerealis. One or both fungi are present in practically all soils throughout the world. Both fungi are composed of a large number of strains or races that attack a wide range of different plants and include most vegetables, flowers, and field crops.
  • Rhizoctonia Symptoms of turfgrasses infected by species of Rhizoctonia vary widely and are easily confused with the symptoms of diseases produced by other pathogens. They vary with the specific combinations of turfgrass cultivar, soil and air environmental conditions, and the specific species and strains (or races) of Rhizoctonia. One or more species of Rhizoctonia infect all turfgrasses, causing foliar blights as well as seedling blights.
  • Powdered herbs were weighed individually: 1 Kg of Pimpinella anisum, and 2.5 Kg of each Peganum harmala and Myristica fragrans and 4 Kg Syzygium aromaticum. All 4 herbs were mixed together very well. Then 30 gm from the herbal dry mixture were placed into a plastic container and 3 litre of tap water was added to obtain the final concentration of herbal antifungal agent (w/v) 0.1 % Pimpinella anisum and 0.25 % of each Peganum harmala and Myristica fragrans and 0.4% Syzygium aromaticum. Identification of soil-borne fungi
  • Field soil was collected from around plant roots known to be heavily infested with soil-borne fungi.
  • the standard operating procedure for aerobic plate count was used with the fungal medium the potato dextrose agar (PDA). Plates were incubated at 28 0 C and examined daily for 7 days. Pure fungi cultures were selected and identified microscopically and visually.
  • An area of 20m X 20m was divided to 16 blocks 5m X 5m and two treatments were used as follows: i. Fungicidal herbal agent (10gm/L or 30gm/m 2 ) applied as drench and repeated twice within 30 days, ii. Tap water as control.
  • Rhizoctonia solani The disease most commonly known as “brown patch” and “large patch”. Patches of turf usually become light green in color, then yellow, before degenerating into a brown discolored area. Fusa ⁇ um spp. It is primarily and is often characterized by an orange/brown color in the patch and patch borders.
  • the blocks treated with fungicidal herbal agents became green grass color without any blotches within 30 days (Figs 9 and 10) as compared with untreated area.
  • EXAMPLE 10 Biological control of soil-borne fungi in cucumber protective cultivation
  • Plastic greenhouses A sand base in three plastic greenhouses 8m x 40m were prepared to grow crop of cucumbers hybrid F1 seeds Miracle (Brusima) with 8 lines and 80 plants per line for a period of 3 months.
  • Treated post and high tensile wire trellis systems were installed in houses with eight rows fencing wire was used to support the cucumbers to a height of 7.5 feet. This allowed eight lines of cucumbers with a total of 640 plants in the house. Houses were covered with single layers of 6 mil polyethylene plastic and had existing heating and cooling capability. Treatments
  • Fungal Trichoderma sp. treatment Mix 150 gm NIPROTtm of each T ⁇ choderma viride or Trichoderma harzianum with 10 kg of moisture well- decomposed farm yard manure (FYM) and kept for 12 days under a polyethylene cover in shade. The mixture were turned-over every 3 days and after 12 days the mixture equally distributed as 3Og/ m2 area then covered with sand and after 2 days cucumber seeds were planted as 40 plants per line.
  • FYM farm yard manure
  • Fungicidal herbal agent The herbal fungicidal mixture was prepared by weighing powdered herbs in the following amounts and mixing together thoroughly: 1 Kg of Pimpinella anisum, and 2.5 Kg of each Peganum harmala and Myristica fragrans and 4 Kg Syzygium aromaticum. 7 days before planting the seed (pre-plantation) 30 gm from the powdered herbal dry mixture was taken and equally scattered on an area of 1 m 2 of sand and mixed thoroughly with a depth of 5 cm and then irrigated with 3 litre of tap water. The herbal fungicidal mixture was reapplied 1 time every 3 weeks for 3 months. The FYM not used with herbal fungicidal mixture.
  • Table 8 Cucumbers hybrid F1 seeds Miracle (Brusima) grow in plastic greenhouses treated with NIPROTTM (Trichoderma viride or Trichoderma harzianum) and herbal formula composed from (w/v) 0.1 % Pimpinella anisum and 0.25% of each Peganum harmala and Myristica fragrans and 0.4% Syzygium aromaticum to control soil-borne fungi.
  • NIPROTTM Trichoderma viride or Trichoderma harzianum
  • herbal formula composed from (w/v) 0.1 % Pimpinella anisum and 0.25% of each Peganum harmala and Myristica fragrans and 0.4% Syzygium aromaticum to control soil-borne fungi.
  • the herbal fungicidal mixture was applied to the sand bed as a dry powder, mixed and watered in. Similar results were also obtained by first mixing 30 gm of the herbal fungicidal mixture (1 Kg P. anisum, 2.5 Kg each P. harmala and M. fragrans, and 4 Kg S. aromaticum) with 3 litres of water to obtain a final concentration of (w/v) 0.1 % P. anisum, 0.25% each of P. harmala and M. fragrans and 0.4% S. aromaticum; irrigating each 1 m 2 of the field with 3 litres of herbal mixture solution; and mixing the herbal solution thoroughly with sand for a depth of 5 cm.
  • EXAMPLE 11 Control of soil-borne diseases of greenhouse crops
  • Plastic greenhouses A sand base in three plastic greenhouses 8m x 40m were prepared to grow crop of cucumbers hybrid F1 seeds Miracle (Brusima) with 8 lines and 80 plants per line for a period of 3 months.
  • Treated post and high tensile wire trellis systems were installed in houses with eight lines fencing wire was used to support the cucumbers to a height of 7.5 feet. This allowed eight rows of cucumbers with a total of 640 plants in each house. Houses were covered with single layers of 6 mil polyethylene plastic and had existing heating and cooling capability.
  • FYM was mixed 30g/r ⁇ 2 area mixed with sand and after 2 days cucumber seeds were planted as 80 plants per line to serve as control.
  • Fungicidal herbal agent The herbal fungicidal mixture of (w/v) 0.1 % Pimpinella anisum and 0.25% of each Peganum harmala and Myristica fragrans and 0.4% Syzygium aromaticum applied as a powder by mixing 30gm/m 2 of sand 7 days before planted the seed (pre-plantation) and then 1 time every 3 weeks for 3 months without adding the organic and chemical fertilizer.
  • Field soil was collected from around plant roots known to be heavily infested with soil-borne fungi.
  • the standard operating procedure for aerobic plate count was used with the fungal medium the potato dextrose agar (PDA). Plates were incubated at 28 0 C and examined daily for 7 days. Pure fungi cultures were selected and identified microscopically and visually.
  • Fusa ⁇ um oxyspo ⁇ um (causal agents of foot rot and wilt, respectively) by the herbal treatment.
  • the pH value of treated soil with herbal mixture reached to 5.9 (acidic soil) and it was less by 2.34 pH level from that soil treated with FYM pH 8.24 (alkaline soil). It is well known that the pH level influences the availability of nutrients to plants, and the type of plants grown. Some plants like a lot of iron, a micronutrient that becomes less available to plants as soil alkalinity increases. These plants prefer a more acid soil, where iron is freely available otherwise their leaves become yellow between the veins.
  • the herbal mixture contains all major and minor nutrients with a phenomenal percentage of organic matter 94.68% in comparison to FYM 50-55% (Table 9). Accordingly, the herbal mixture works as a soil conditioner to supplement the plants with important nutrients. Beside the pH level of soil treated by herb was around 5.9 which may perfectly influence the availability of nutrients and added value to crops and reduced overall use of fertilizers and pesticides whereas the soil became more healthy and balanced.
  • the herbal mixture presented in the current invention beside it has antifungal and anti-nematodes activities it also has perfect chemical nutrient balances to increase soil fertility for the organic growers to be used in their farms instead of chemical fertilizers and as it has accelerated the production of flowers 7 days with a 37% fruits yield increase over the FYM, therefore, this phenomenon can be used to facilitate of good time management of harvesting of crops and keep them in the market for a long period with less competition and this will have a promising commercial advantages over the other chemical fertilizers which had destroyed soil health and nutrient balances and also have a bad health impact on human and animal.
  • EXAMPLE 12 Control of date palm black scorch fungus by fungicidal herbal agent
  • Black scorch disease symptoms Black scorch, also called Medjnoon or Fool's disease, is caused by
  • Thielaviopsis paradoxa is an opportunistic secondary pathogen attacking stressed trees growing under conditions of severe drought, hot winds and salinity produced symptoms similar to bunch fading disorder and also causes terminal bud rot, black scorch and bending head diseases on date palms (Karampour and Pejman 2007).
  • the pruning cuts and surrounding tissues should be protected by spraying with Bordeaux mixture, lime-sulphur solution, copper sulphate lime mixture, dichlone, thiram or any new copper-based fungicides. Under a severe attack, affected palms are to be removed and burnt.
  • the fungi Thielaviopsis paradoxa used in the present investigation was isolated from more than 20 samples of vegetative and generative tissues of affected trees from several areas of Northerninho (Al-Dhaid and Ras-EI Khaima, UAE).
  • the collected diseased materials were thoroughly washed in running tap water and then surface sterilized by dipping in 0.1 % mercuric chloride solution for 3 minutes and rinsing twice in sterile water.
  • Such sterilized materials were cut into small pieces (0.5-1 cm in length), dried between sterilized filter papers and then planted on potato dextrose agar (PDA; Difco) medium. Plates were incubated for 3-7 days at 28°C and examined daily for the occurrence of the fungal growth.
  • PDA potato dextrose agar
  • the herbal mixture media were cooled to approximately 45°C mixed well and promptly dispensing to 20 ml in sterile disposable Petri dishes and allow the contents to solidify at room temperature.
  • PDA PDA were placed on the center of the PDA supplemented with herbal materials.
  • the Petri dishes were inverted and incubated for 7 days at a 28°C.
  • Peganum harmala and Myristica fragrans and 0.4% Syzygium aromaticum by pouring and wetting method in the heart and infected parts of the trees.
  • Thielaviopsis paradoxa date palm trees were treated by tap water only as control. Treatments replicated two times within one month (once every 15 days), and trees left for observation and after 30 days samples were collected for fungal screening on PDA.
  • Table 10 Colony diameter (mm), mean of five replicates, of Thielaviopsis paradoxa on PDA supplemented with different percent concentration of powdered mixed herbal materials of 0.1 % Pimpinella anisum (Anise) and 0.25% of each Peganum harmala (harmala), and Myristica fragrans (nutmeg) and 0.4% Syzygium aromaticum (cloves) after 7-days growth at 28°C.
  • the first quarter was treated by mixing 1 Kg of powdered herbal preparation with 50 litre potting soil and distributed on the infested area.
  • the second quarter was treated by a commercial chemical anti- termites compound Dursban 40 C by mixing of 1 litre Dursban 40 C with 50 litre potting soil and distributed on the infested area.
  • the third quarter was treated with 50 litre of potting soil only as control. Numbers of dead termites were illustrated and recorded daily for 3 days.
  • the herbal mixture of the invention is further useful as an effective agent for the control of termites. Effectiveness matching chemical treatment has been demonstrated against a range of termites including subterranean, dampwood and drywood termites.
  • the root knot nematode resistance gene Mi from tomato is a member of the leucine zipper, nucleotide binding, Leucine-rich repeat family of plant genes. Plant Cell, 10, 1307-1320.

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Abstract

L'invention concerne l'utilisation de compositions comprenant des préparations à base de plantes destinées à traiter et à prévenir des phytopathologies causées par des organismes nuisibles tels que des nématodes, des champignons et des insectes. Ces compositions comprennent une préparation ou un extrait de deux ou de davantage de plantes sélectionnées dans le groupe constitué par Pimpinella anisum, Peganum harmala, Myristica fragrans, Syzygium aromaticum et Rhazya stricta. L'invention concerne aussi des méthodes de traitement ou de prévention de phytopathologies, qui comprennent l'application desdites compositions; des graines, des milieux de culture végétale, des formulations d'emballage alimentaire et de pesticides comprenant lesdites compositions; et des procédés visant à prévenir des dommages causés à des bâtiments par des termites, ces procédés comprenant l'application desdites compositions sur des bâtiments ou des matériaux de bâtiment.
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CN103975964A (zh) * 2014-05-30 2014-08-13 江德全 一种中草药诱饵剂
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