EP2227166A1 - Dispositif stéréotaxique réglable et procédé pour une stéréotaxie neurochirurgicale sans cadre - Google Patents

Dispositif stéréotaxique réglable et procédé pour une stéréotaxie neurochirurgicale sans cadre

Info

Publication number
EP2227166A1
EP2227166A1 EP08846576A EP08846576A EP2227166A1 EP 2227166 A1 EP2227166 A1 EP 2227166A1 EP 08846576 A EP08846576 A EP 08846576A EP 08846576 A EP08846576 A EP 08846576A EP 2227166 A1 EP2227166 A1 EP 2227166A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
markers
calibration
patient
insertion guide
anchors
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP08846576A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Jean-Philippe Thiran
Claudio Pollo
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne EPFL
Universite de Lausanne
Original Assignee
Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne EPFL
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne EPFL filed Critical Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne EPFL
Priority to EP08846576A priority Critical patent/EP2227166A1/fr
Priority claimed from PCT/IB2008/054617 external-priority patent/WO2009060394A1/fr
Publication of EP2227166A1 publication Critical patent/EP2227166A1/fr
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B17/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets
    • A61B17/16—Bone cutting, breaking or removal means other than saws, e.g. Osteoclasts; Drills or chisels for bones; Trepans
    • A61B17/17—Guides or aligning means for drills, mills, pins or wires
    • A61B17/1739—Guides or aligning means for drills, mills, pins or wires specially adapted for particular parts of the body
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B90/00—Instruments, implements or accessories specially adapted for surgery or diagnosis and not covered by any of the groups A61B1/00 - A61B50/00, e.g. for luxation treatment or for protecting wound edges
    • A61B90/10—Instruments, implements or accessories specially adapted for surgery or diagnosis and not covered by any of the groups A61B1/00 - A61B50/00, e.g. for luxation treatment or for protecting wound edges for stereotaxic surgery, e.g. frame-based stereotaxis
    • A61B90/11—Instruments, implements or accessories specially adapted for surgery or diagnosis and not covered by any of the groups A61B1/00 - A61B50/00, e.g. for luxation treatment or for protecting wound edges for stereotaxic surgery, e.g. frame-based stereotaxis with guides for needles or instruments, e.g. arcuate slides or ball joints
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B17/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets
    • A61B2017/00681—Aspects not otherwise provided for
    • A61B2017/00707—Dummies, phantoms; Devices simulating patient or parts of patient
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B17/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets
    • A61B2017/00681—Aspects not otherwise provided for
    • A61B2017/00725—Calibration or performance testing
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B17/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets
    • A61B17/34—Trocars; Puncturing needles
    • A61B17/3403—Needle locating or guiding means
    • A61B2017/3405—Needle locating or guiding means using mechanical guide means
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B90/00—Instruments, implements or accessories specially adapted for surgery or diagnosis and not covered by any of the groups A61B1/00 - A61B50/00, e.g. for luxation treatment or for protecting wound edges
    • A61B90/36—Image-producing devices or illumination devices not otherwise provided for
    • A61B2090/363—Use of fiducial points
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B90/00—Instruments, implements or accessories specially adapted for surgery or diagnosis and not covered by any of the groups A61B1/00 - A61B50/00, e.g. for luxation treatment or for protecting wound edges
    • A61B90/39—Markers, e.g. radio-opaque or breast lesions markers
    • A61B2090/3904—Markers, e.g. radio-opaque or breast lesions markers specially adapted for marking specified tissue
    • A61B2090/3916—Bone tissue
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B90/00—Instruments, implements or accessories specially adapted for surgery or diagnosis and not covered by any of the groups A61B1/00 - A61B50/00, e.g. for luxation treatment or for protecting wound edges
    • A61B90/39—Markers, e.g. radio-opaque or breast lesions markers
    • A61B2090/3983—Reference marker arrangements for use with image guided surgery
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B90/00—Instruments, implements or accessories specially adapted for surgery or diagnosis and not covered by any of the groups A61B1/00 - A61B50/00, e.g. for luxation treatment or for protecting wound edges
    • A61B90/39—Markers, e.g. radio-opaque or breast lesions markers
    • A61B2090/3987—Applicators for implanting markers
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B34/00—Computer-aided surgery; Manipulators or robots specially adapted for use in surgery
    • A61B34/10—Computer-aided planning, simulation or modelling of surgical operations

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to stereotactic surgery and more precisely to frameless neurosurgical stereotaxy.
  • Stereotactic surgery also called stereotaxy, is a minimally-invasive form of surgical intervention which makes use of a three-dimensional coordinates system to locate targets inside the body and to perform on them some action such as ablation (removal), biopsy, lesion (thermo-lesion, X-Ray or Gamma-ray induced lesion), injection, electrical stimulation, implantation, etc.
  • ablation retractal
  • lesion thermal-lesion
  • X-Ray X-Ray or Gamma-ray induced lesion
  • injection electrical stimulation
  • implantation etc.
  • “Stereotactic” in Greek another accepted spelling is "stereotaxic" means movement in space.
  • stereotactic procedures refer to the use of a reference frame, a mechanical device equipped with head-holding clamps and bars which puts the head in a fixed position in reference to the coordinate system (the so-called zero or origin) of the frame.
  • Each point in the brain can then be referenced by its three coordinates (x, y and z) in an orthogonal frame of reference (Cartesian coordinates), or, alternatively, a polar coordinates system, also with three coordinates: angle, depth and antero-posterior location.
  • the standard way of defining target points in stereotactic neurosurgical procedures consists in imaging the patient's head in three dimensions (3D) by Computed Tomography (CT) or Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) while holding the stereotactic frame (or a subset of it). Since both the brain and the frame are visible on the images, the coordinates of the target point can be defined in the coordinate system of the frame, either directly on images when the target is clearly identifiable or with the help of stereotactic atlases.
  • CT Computed Tomography
  • MRI Magnetic Resonance Imaging
  • guide bars in the x, y and z directions allow the neurosurgeon to reach the target with a probe (electrode, needle, cannula, X-ray or Gamma-ray beam, etc.) inside the brain, at the calculated coordinates for the desired structure, following an optimal trajectory through a small twist drill in the skull.
  • a probe electrode, needle, cannula, X-ray or Gamma-ray beam, etc.
  • stereotaxy is a classical procedure in neurosurgical practice: every neurosurgeon is trained for this procedure.
  • small fiducial markers are placed on the skull of the patient.
  • the 3D imaging (either CT or MRI) is done, and adequate calibration/registration procedure is then used to register the coordinate system of a robot arm with the coordinate system of the patient head, defined by the fiducial markers.
  • the robot arm can be placed in a pre-defined position and orientation defined with respect to the patient head, and either serve as a guide/support for inserting the surgical tools (needle, electrode, etc) or doing the insertion itself (drilling, etc) under the control of the neurosurgeon.
  • the Vanderbilt University Medical Centre, Nashville, TN introduced the STarFix technology which consists in a patient-specific tripod, specially realized for each patient.
  • the procedure is as follows: based on the intended entry area location, anchors, similar to fiducial markers, are screwed on the patient's head, and the patient is then scanned by CT or MRI. Then surgical planning software is used to define the target point with respect to the coordinate system defined by the anchors. Then the corresponding data are sent (by Internet) to the manufacturer (FHC Inc. Bowdoinham, ME, USA) which realizes a personalized tripod, called the STarFix. This tripod is then fixed on the patients head using the anchors. Guiding tools are fixed to the tripod to realize the operation. More details can be found on the internet at http://www.fh-co.com/p67-69B.pdf
  • a new tripod has to be realized by the manufacturer for each surgical operation.
  • the realization takes between 1 and 3 days.
  • the company is located in the USA, which may induce additional delays in shipping the tripod from the manufacturer to the user when the patient undergoes surgery in another country or continent. Accordingly, during this period, the anchors have to stay implanted on the patient head, which may cause pain and potential infections.
  • the tripod being strictly based on the pre-operative planning, the trajectory can absolutely not be changed during the operation, to adapt to unexpected events. Any change in the planning would require the realization of a new tripod, i.e. another 1 to 3 day delay with the drawbacks mentioned above if the patient is not in the USA.
  • stereotaxy devices are described in the following publications: WO 2004/058086, US 2006/0192319, US 6,282,437 and WO 2005/039386.
  • the present invention introduces a new way of setting the geometry of an insertion guide device, fixed on the patient's head, using an external calibration device, resulting in a miniaturization of the elements fixed on the patient's head while keeping the advantages of the stereotactic procedure, in terms of precision and simplicity.
  • the invention is made of three principal components: an insertion guide device, a calibration device and image-based surgical planning software.
  • a caliber is used to guide the implantation of three anchors on the patients head. It is made for example of a ring with three spherical joints holding the three anchors such that the centers of these three joints are in a fixed geometry.
  • the three anchors are fixed on patient skull (for example implanted in the patient's skull or attached by other equivalent means) using the caliber. They are designed to fix locators and the tripod itself on the patient's head as will be described hereunder.
  • the tripod is basically made of a central spherical joint, bored with a hole that will serve as a guide for the insertion of the surgical tools (needle, electrode, etc.).
  • This central joint is supported by three legs, in a fixed geometry. At the end of each leg, a spherical joint holds a fixation system that will be attached on the anchors of the patient.
  • the centers of those three spherical joints are exactly in the same geometry as the centers of the joints of the caliber, i.e. they form exactly the same triangle.
  • the central joint of the tripod is mounted on a moving table, (so-called x-y table) that allows very precise and controlled displacement of the joint in the plan of the tripod head, using two micrometric screws.
  • the calibration device is used to set the orientation of the central spherical joint of the tripod to reach the target point, based on the surgical planning.
  • the surgical planning software allows simulating and planning the whole operation, and returns values used to fix the central spherical joint of the tripod in the required orientation, using the calibration device.
  • Figure 1 illustrates the "calibre” allowing the placing of three anchors in an appropriate geometry
  • Figure 2 illustrate the three anchors placed on the skull of a patient
  • FIG. 3 illustrates locators (markers) fixed on the anchors
  • Figure 4 illustrates a calibration device with the insertion guide device on it, with the calibration target point at position (x,y,z) defined by the surgical planning software;
  • Figure 5 illustrates the insertion guide device placed on the anchors on the head of the patient
  • Figure 6 illustrates a block diagram of a method according to the invention
  • the surgeon implants at least three anchors 2, 2', 2" in the patient's head, positioned such a way that markers 5, 5', 5" (see figure 3) that will be fixed on those anchors will be in a precise pre-defined relative position (pre-defined geometry) for example through a calibre 3.
  • the surgeon can for instance use the calibre 3, i.e. a rigid device allowing positioning the three anchors 2, 2', 2" according to the desired relative position.
  • the calibre 3 i.e. a rigid device allowing positioning the three anchors 2, 2', 2" according to the desired relative position.
  • FIG 2 where the three anchors 2, 2', 2" are attached to the skull 1 for example each by a screw 4, 4', 4" or other equivalent means in such a position that the markers that will be attached to them will be in the predetermined relative position.
  • a screw 4, 4', 4" or other equivalent means in such a position that the markers that will be attached to them will be in the predetermined relative position.
  • a locator or marker 5, 5', 5" is then attached (for instance screwed or fixed by any other suitable equivalent means) on each of said anchor 2, 2', 2".
  • These markers 5, 5', 5" are made with material compatible with the imaging system used (e.g. CT or MRI) and visible on the images produced by the imaging system used. Then the patient is scanned, to produce a 3D image volume of his/her head, where the markers 5, 5', 5" and the target of the surgery are clearly visible and can be identified.
  • the 3D images of the patient with the markers are then loaded in a surgical planning software.
  • the images are displayed on a screen of a computer, for instance in an orthogonal mode, i.e. displaying three orthogonal sections of the volume at the same time.
  • orthogonal mode i.e. displaying three orthogonal sections of the volume at the same time.
  • Other or complementary display modes are also possible, such as 3D rendering.
  • the locations of the target point 12 and of the three makers 5, 5', 5" are identified on the displayed images. This can be done manually, the user identifying those points with a mouse or other equivalent means. Alternatively or complementahly, automatic image analysis algorithms can be used to perform this task.
  • the target point 12 of the surgery has to be identified, manually or by any automatic means, on the same image volume.
  • an insertion guide device 6 will be fixed on the anchors 2, 2', 2" of the patient, and a surgical instrument 14 (electrode, needle, cannula) will be inserted in the brain, through a small hole 15 drilled in the skull 1 , through an insertion guide 7 of the insertion guide device 6.
  • the insertion guide device 6 is made of a mobile part holding the insertion guide 7, which can be freely rotated to be pointed to the target point 12. The key issue is to precisely orient this mobile part towards the target point 12.
  • a calibration device 8 is used (see figure 4).
  • This calibration device 8 carries a group of calibration anchors 9, 9', 9", their number being identical to the number of the anchors 2, 2', 2' carried by the patient.
  • Each calibration anchor 9, 9', 9" carries a calibration marker 10, 10', 10" identical to the markers 5, 5', 5" and the relative position of their round ends being the same as of that of the markers 5, 5', 5" previously fixed on the patient's skull.
  • the position of the calibration anchors 9, 9', 9" is fixed such that the calibration markers 10, 10', 1 '0' are also fixed with a given relative position of the centre of their round end and the calibre 3 is used to maintain the anchors in a corresponding position such that the markers 5, 5', 5" have the same relative position of their round ends.
  • this calibration device 8 allows placing a calibration target point 11 at the same position, relatively to the calibration anchors 9, 9', 9" and calibration markers 10, 10', 10" of the calibration device, as the position of the real target 12, relatively to the markers 5, 5', 5" fixed on the patient's skull. Placement of the calibration target point 10 can for instance be realised by a micrometric x-y-z table or by other equivalent means. As described above, the relative position of the real target 12 with respect to the markers 5, 5', 5" is preferably defined in the surgical planning phase by the surgical planning software. Of course, other equivalent methods may be used to achieve this goal.
  • the insertion guide device 6 is placed on the calibration markers 10, 10', 10" of the calibration device 8, on the side opposite to the calibration target point 11.
  • a surgical calibration device 13 such as a needle, similar or identical to the surgical device 14 that will be used during the surgery, is inserted in the insertion guide 7, which is kept free to rotate.
  • the calibration surgical device 12 is then manually or automatically moved and adjusted to precisely touch the calibration target point 11. Once in place, the insertion guide device 6 is tightly blocked, such that the orientation and position of the guide 7 can not change anymore.
  • the insertion guide device 6 is then removed from the calibration markers 10, 10', 10" of the calibration device 8 and transferred on the markers 5, 5', 5" attached to the patient
  • the markers 5, 5', 5" can be the one used for the imaging step mentioned above, or, alternatively, they can be replacement markers that are made in an other material. Indeed, such markers that are visible on images of human patients can be quite expensive to produce and it can thus be interesting to replace the markers used for imaging by other markers made of a cheaper material. Another advantage in such a process is to use replacement makers that are sterile which may not the case of the markers used for imaging, once the imaging step has been completed.
  • the insertion guide 7 is guaranteed to be oriented precisely towards the real target point 12 of the surgery that has been reproduced in the calibration step of the device.
  • the surgeon can now remove the surgical calibration device 13 and insert the surgical device 14 (if different from the surgical calibration device 13) in the head of the patient through a hole 15. This is illustrated in figure 5.
  • the insertion guide device 6 can be equipped with a mobile part, allowing to shift the axis of the insertion guide 7 very precisely in the plane of the insertion guide device 6.
  • a small micrometric x-y table can be used for this purpose or other equivalent means. This can be used to slightly shift the planned trajectory during the operation to reach nearby target points, or to change the entry point of the instrument in the skull, for instance to avoid a vein or any other obstacle on the trajectory.
  • the definition of the shift (x and y displacements) can be defined based on the images displayed in the special surgical planning software, and reported on the insertion guide device 6 prior to the calibration step. It can also be changed during the operation of the surgeon decides to do so.
  • a method according to the present invention comprises at least the following steps: -) placing and attaching at least three anchors on a patient -) attaching markers to said anchors, said markers having a predetermined relative position;
  • the marker can be attached later to the anchors, or they can be integrated into the anchors.
  • the markers on the patient can be the same throughout the entire process, or one can use a first set of markers for the imaging step (i.e. markers that are properly visible on the produced images) and another set of markers for the surgical intervention, said other set of markers be made of a cheaper material.
  • the markers and the target point can be determined on an image automatically or manually by a user (for example a surgeon). Also, other equivalent techniques may be used instead of imaging.
  • the relative position of the calibration markers 10, 10', 10" on the calibration device 8 are fixed and this relative position is reproduced with the markers 5, 5', 5" attached to the patient. This is done for example through the calibre 3 used to place the anchors 2, 2', 2". Of course other equivalent means than the calibre may be used to achieve this goal.
  • the present invention overcomes all the drawbacks of the STarFix system:
  • the device is not designed for one given patient, but can be adapted to any patient, and thus re-used from one patient to the other. It is therefore always available.
  • the delay introduced by the realization of a customized tripod by a manufacturer like FHC Inc. is thus suppressed;
  • the different steps of the procedure are simple, and do not take much time. They can easily be realized sequentially one after the other, without interruption, like for the classical stereotactic procedure with a frame; -) the patient does not have to carry the anchors for several days, thereby minimizing the risk of persistent pain and infection.
  • the procedure can easily be changed and adapted during the operation, by several ways.
  • the surgeon can for instance use the x-y table on the tripod to translate slightly the trajectory during the operation, or simply do another calibration in real time.
  • a calibration device 8 ensures optimal precision, by placing the precision constraints on the positioning of the calibration target 11 , where high precision can be achieved, and not in the orientation of the central joint of the tripod, where important errors reported at the tip of the tool (needle, electrode) can be induced by small errors in the orientation of the joint.
  • the procedure requires minimal training. It is actually simpler than known techniques because of the smaller size and weight of the devices.
  • the procedure using the invention is more precise, safer and really more comfortable than the classical procedure with frame and than the one using the STarFix device mentioned above, which involved several days of waiting with anchors implanted on the head until the personalized tripod was available.
  • the foreseen cost of the systems is substantially lower than the cost of a neurosurgical robot, making it affordable to any neurosurgical service.

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  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Surgery (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Biomedical Technology (AREA)
  • Medical Informatics (AREA)
  • Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
  • Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Public Health (AREA)
  • Heart & Thoracic Surgery (AREA)
  • Nuclear Medicine, Radiotherapy & Molecular Imaging (AREA)
  • Molecular Biology (AREA)
  • Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Dentistry (AREA)
  • Orthopedic Medicine & Surgery (AREA)
  • Pathology (AREA)
  • Magnetic Resonance Imaging Apparatus (AREA)

Abstract

Le système comprend au moins trois dispositifs d'ancrage (2, 2', 2') prévus pour être attachés au patient et équipés de marqueurs (5, 5', 5'), un dispositif de guide d'introduction (6) doté d'un guide d'introduction (7) prévu pour être attaché auxdits dispositifs d'ancrage (2, 2', 2'), un dispositif de calibrage externe (8) doté d'au moins trois marqueurs de calibrage (10, 10', 10') correspondant auxdits marqueurs (5, 5', 5') et un logiciel de planification et d'imagerie. Le logiciel de planification et d'imagerie est utilisé pour déterminer la position d'un point cible dans le patient par rapport aux marqueurs (5, 5', 5'), le dispositif de calibrage étant utilisé pour calibrer et orienter le guide d'introduction (7) du dispositif de guide d'introduction (6) monté sur lesdits marqueurs de calibrage (10, 10', 10') par utilisation de la détermination du logiciel avant que le dispositif de guide d'introduction ne soit monté sur lesdits marqueurs (5, 5', 5') attachés au patient.
EP08846576A 2007-11-05 2008-11-05 Dispositif stéréotaxique réglable et procédé pour une stéréotaxie neurochirurgicale sans cadre Withdrawn EP2227166A1 (fr)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP08846576A EP2227166A1 (fr) 2007-11-05 2008-11-05 Dispositif stéréotaxique réglable et procédé pour une stéréotaxie neurochirurgicale sans cadre

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP2007061901 2007-11-05
EP08846576A EP2227166A1 (fr) 2007-11-05 2008-11-05 Dispositif stéréotaxique réglable et procédé pour une stéréotaxie neurochirurgicale sans cadre
PCT/IB2008/054617 WO2009060394A1 (fr) 2007-11-05 2008-11-05 Dispositif stéréotaxique réglable et procédé pour une stéréotaxie neurochirurgicale sans cadre

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP2227166A1 true EP2227166A1 (fr) 2010-09-15

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Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP08846576A Withdrawn EP2227166A1 (fr) 2007-11-05 2008-11-05 Dispositif stéréotaxique réglable et procédé pour une stéréotaxie neurochirurgicale sans cadre

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Country Link
EP (1) EP2227166A1 (fr)

Non-Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
See references of WO2009060394A1 *

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