EP2225346A1 - Emissive polymeric materials for optoelectronic devices - Google Patents
Emissive polymeric materials for optoelectronic devicesInfo
- Publication number
- EP2225346A1 EP2225346A1 EP08863182A EP08863182A EP2225346A1 EP 2225346 A1 EP2225346 A1 EP 2225346A1 EP 08863182 A EP08863182 A EP 08863182A EP 08863182 A EP08863182 A EP 08863182A EP 2225346 A1 EP2225346 A1 EP 2225346A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- substituted
- alkyl
- formula
- alkoxy
- aryl
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
- 230000005693 optoelectronics Effects 0.000 title abstract description 10
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 title description 28
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 60
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 35
- -1 phenylimine Chemical compound 0.000 claims abstract description 30
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- VQGHOUODWALEFC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-phenylpyridine Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1C1=CC=CC=N1 VQGHOUODWALEFC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 125000002877 alkyl aryl group Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 125000003710 aryl alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 125000003545 alkoxy group Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 125000001072 heteroaryl group Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 125000000547 substituted alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 125000002947 alkylene group Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 125000005415 substituted alkoxy group Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- NRSBAUDUBWMTGL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(1-benzothiophen-2-yl)pyridine Chemical compound S1C2=CC=CC=C2C=C1C1=CC=CC=N1 NRSBAUDUBWMTGL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- QLPKTAFPRRIFQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-thiophen-2-ylpyridine Chemical compound C1=CSC(C=2N=CC=CC=2)=C1 QLPKTAFPRRIFQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- JVZRCNQLWOELDU-UHFFFAOYSA-N gamma-Phenylpyridine Natural products C1=CC=CC=C1C1=CC=NC=C1 JVZRCNQLWOELDU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 125000003107 substituted aryl group Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- VIXWGKYSYIBATJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyrrol-2-one Chemical compound O=C1C=CC=N1 VIXWGKYSYIBATJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- LPCWDYWZIWDTCV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-phenylisoquinoline Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1C1=NC=CC2=CC=CC=C12 LPCWDYWZIWDTCV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- KAJMDIRNTNSOLE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-naphthalen-1-yl-1,3-benzoxazole Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C(C=3OC4=CC=CC=C4N=3)=CC=CC2=C1 KAJMDIRNTNSOLE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- XBHOUXSGHYZCNH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-phenyl-1,3-benzothiazole Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1C1=NC2=CC=CC=C2S1 XBHOUXSGHYZCNH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- FIISKTXZUZBTRC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-phenyl-1,3-benzoxazole Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1C1=NC2=CC=CC=C2O1 FIISKTXZUZBTRC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- KLLLJCACIRKBDT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-phenyl-1H-indole Chemical compound N1C2=CC=CC=C2C=C1C1=CC=CC=C1 KLLLJCACIRKBDT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- KGIGUEBEKRSTEW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-vinylpyridine Chemical compound C=CC1=CC=CC=N1 KGIGUEBEKRSTEW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- GOLORTLGFDVFDW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-(1h-benzimidazol-2-yl)-7-(diethylamino)chromen-2-one Chemical compound C1=CC=C2NC(C3=CC4=CC=C(C=C4OC3=O)N(CC)CC)=NC2=C1 GOLORTLGFDVFDW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- VJHVLELNDFVKMS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-methoxy-2-phenylpyridine Chemical compound COC1=CC=CN=C1C1=CC=CC=C1 VJHVLELNDFVKMS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 125000003178 carboxy group Chemical group [H]OC(*)=O 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- ITMCEJHCFYSIIV-UHFFFAOYSA-M triflate Chemical group [O-]S(=O)(=O)C(F)(F)F ITMCEJHCFYSIIV-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 150000002431 hydrogen Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract 7
- 125000001475 halogen functional group Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract 2
- NIHNNTQXNPWCJQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N fluorene Chemical compound C1=CC=C2CC3=CC=CC=C3C2=C1 NIHNNTQXNPWCJQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 35
- 239000000178 monomer Substances 0.000 claims description 20
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 11
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- 125000005259 triarylamine group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 6
- VYPADSNDNHLCFA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2-dibromo-9,9-dioctylfluorene Chemical compound C1=C(Br)C(Br)=C2C(CCCCCCCC)(CCCCCCCC)C3=CC=CC=C3C2=C1 VYPADSNDNHLCFA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 62
- YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Toluene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1 YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 26
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 24
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 15
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrogen Substances N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 15
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 14
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 13
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 12
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 11
- XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethyl acetate Chemical compound CCOC(C)=O XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- CSNNHWWHGAXBCP-UHFFFAOYSA-L Magnesium sulfate Chemical compound [Mg+2].[O-][S+2]([O-])([O-])[O-] CSNNHWWHGAXBCP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 10
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 10
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 9
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical group [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 9
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 9
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 9
- 239000001301 oxygen Chemical group 0.000 description 9
- 230000006798 recombination Effects 0.000 description 9
- 238000005215 recombination Methods 0.000 description 9
- 238000005160 1H NMR spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 8
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 8
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 description 8
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 8
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000011541 reaction mixture Substances 0.000 description 8
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 8
- QAEDZJGFFMLHHQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N trifluoroacetic anhydride Chemical compound FC(F)(F)C(=O)OC(=O)C(F)(F)F QAEDZJGFFMLHHQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 229920001609 Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) Polymers 0.000 description 7
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 description 7
- 239000000975 dye Substances 0.000 description 7
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 description 7
- 125000004435 hydrogen atom Chemical class [H]* 0.000 description 7
- 239000003446 ligand Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 7
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 7
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCO LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical group [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 229920001577 copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 6
- 125000000753 cycloalkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 6
- 229910052741 iridium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- GKOZUEZYRPOHIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N iridium atom Chemical compound [Ir] GKOZUEZYRPOHIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 229920001467 poly(styrenesulfonates) Polymers 0.000 description 6
- 239000000741 silica gel Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229910002027 silica gel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000011593 sulfur Chemical group 0.000 description 6
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- WXJDHNPDHFZZJL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 9-(4-hexoxyphenyl)fluoren-9-ol Chemical compound C1=CC(OCCCCCC)=CC=C1C1(O)C2=CC=CC=C2C2=CC=CC=C21 WXJDHNPDHFZZJL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Furan Chemical compound C=1C=COC=1 YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- UIIMBOGNXHQVGW-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium bicarbonate Chemical compound [Na+].OC([O-])=O UIIMBOGNXHQVGW-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 5
- 235000019439 ethyl acetate Nutrition 0.000 description 5
- 125000005842 heteroatom Chemical group 0.000 description 5
- 229910052943 magnesium sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N phenol group Chemical group C1(=CC=CC=C1)O ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 239000011970 polystyrene sulfonate Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229960002796 polystyrene sulfonate Drugs 0.000 description 5
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- NRWUQWRLIMQGND-UHFFFAOYSA-N (4-hydroxyphenyl)-(1h-pyrrol-2-yl)methanone Chemical compound C1=CC(O)=CC=C1C(=O)C1=CC=CN1 NRWUQWRLIMQGND-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- FYEFHYMUEWRCRF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,7-dibromofluoren-1-one Chemical compound BrC1=CC=C2C3=CC=C(Br)C(=O)C3=CC2=C1 FYEFHYMUEWRCRF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- FJKROLUGYXJWQN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-hydroxybenzoic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C1=CC=C(O)C=C1 FJKROLUGYXJWQN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- SIKJAQJRHWYJAI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Indole Chemical compound C1=CC=C2NC=CC2=C1 SIKJAQJRHWYJAI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- AFVFQIVMOAPDHO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanesulfonic acid Chemical compound CS(O)(=O)=O AFVFQIVMOAPDHO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pyridine Chemical compound C1=CC=NC=C1 JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- KAESVJOAVNADME-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pyrrole Chemical compound C=1C=CNC=1 KAESVJOAVNADME-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- SMWDFEZZVXVKRB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Quinoline Chemical compound N1=CC=CC2=CC=CC=C21 SMWDFEZZVXVKRB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tetrahydrofuran Chemical compound C1CCOC1 WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- YTPLMLYBLZKORZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Thiophene Chemical compound C=1C=CSC=1 YTPLMLYBLZKORZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 4
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 125000002915 carbonyl group Chemical group [*:2]C([*:1])=O 0.000 description 4
- 239000002800 charge carrier Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000005281 excited state Effects 0.000 description 4
- 125000001188 haloalkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 4
- AWJUIBRHMBBTKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N isoquinoline Chemical compound C1=NC=CC2=CC=CC=C21 AWJUIBRHMBBTKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-Hexane Chemical class CCCCCC VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- BWHMMNNQKKPAPP-UHFFFAOYSA-L potassium carbonate Chemical compound [K+].[K+].[O-]C([O-])=O BWHMMNNQKKPAPP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 4
- XSCHRSMBECNVNS-UHFFFAOYSA-N quinoxaline Chemical compound N1=CC=NC2=CC=CC=C21 XSCHRSMBECNVNS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 4
- PUZPDOWCWNUUKD-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium fluoride Chemical compound [F-].[Na+] PUZPDOWCWNUUKD-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 4
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 4
- WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetonitrile Chemical compound CC#N WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Benzene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1 UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- RWRDLPDLKQPQOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pyrrolidine Chemical compound C1CCNC1 RWRDLPDLKQPQOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 125000001797 benzyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(C([H])=C1[H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 3
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052681 coesite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910052906 cristobalite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 125000004122 cyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- 238000005227 gel permeation chromatography Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000005283 ground state Effects 0.000 description 3
- 125000005843 halogen group Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- RAXXELZNTBOGNW-UHFFFAOYSA-N imidazole Natural products C1=CNC=N1 RAXXELZNTBOGNW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- MILUBEOXRNEUHS-UHFFFAOYSA-N iridium(3+) Chemical compound [Ir+3] MILUBEOXRNEUHS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 3
- QJGQUHMNIGDVPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrogen group Chemical group [N] QJGQUHMNIGDVPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000012044 organic layer Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000010992 reflux Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000012047 saturated solution Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052682 stishovite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 3
- CXWXQJXEFPUFDZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetralin Chemical compound C1=CC=C2CCCCC2=C1 CXWXQJXEFPUFDZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910052905 tridymite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000008096 xylene Substances 0.000 description 3
- UWYZHKAOTLEWKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline Chemical compound C1=CC=C2CNCCC2=C1 UWYZHKAOTLEWKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XOMJMGUMUWCXQJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-bromo-2-hexan-3-yloxybenzene Chemical compound CCCC(CC)OC1=CC=CC=C1Br XOMJMGUMUWCXQJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229940090248 4-hydroxybenzoic acid Drugs 0.000 description 2
- YYROPELSRYBVMQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-toluenesulfonyl chloride Chemical compound CC1=CC=C(S(Cl)(=O)=O)C=C1 YYROPELSRYBVMQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetone Chemical compound CC(C)=O CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- YNAVUWVOSKDBBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Morpholine Chemical compound C1COCCN1 YNAVUWVOSKDBBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- UFWIBTONFRDIAS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Naphthalene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC2=CC=CC=C21 UFWIBTONFRDIAS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphoric acid Chemical compound OP(O)(O)=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- KYQCOXFCLRTKLS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pyrazine Chemical compound C1=CN=CC=N1 KYQCOXFCLRTKLS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- WTKZEGDFNFYCGP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pyrazole Chemical compound C=1C=NNC=1 WTKZEGDFNFYCGP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- CZPWVGJYEJSRLH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pyrimidine Chemical compound C1=CN=CN=C1 CZPWVGJYEJSRLH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- FZWLAAWBMGSTSO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Thiazole Chemical compound C1=CSC=N1 FZWLAAWBMGSTSO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc monoxide Chemical compound [Zn]=O XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 125000002252 acyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000012298 atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 2
- 125000004429 atom Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- WPYMKLBDIGXBTP-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzoic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 WPYMKLBDIGXBTP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- OSGAYBCDTDRGGQ-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium sulfate Chemical compound [Ca+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O OSGAYBCDTDRGGQ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 2
- YLQWCDOCJODRMT-UHFFFAOYSA-N fluoren-9-one Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C(=O)C3=CC=CC=C3C2=C1 YLQWCDOCJODRMT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 2
- 125000000623 heterocyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 230000005525 hole transport Effects 0.000 description 2
- PQNFLJBBNBOBRQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N indane Chemical compound C1=CC=C2CCCC2=C1 PQNFLJBBNBOBRQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- PZOUSPYUWWUPPK-UHFFFAOYSA-N indole Natural products CC1=CC=CC2=C1C=CN2 PZOUSPYUWWUPPK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- RKJUIXBNRJVNHR-UHFFFAOYSA-N indolenine Natural products C1=CC=C2CC=NC2=C1 RKJUIXBNRJVNHR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000003999 initiator Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000002503 iridium Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229940098779 methanesulfonic acid Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 239000013080 microcrystalline material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000007935 neutral effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000011368 organic material Substances 0.000 description 2
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical compound [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229920003227 poly(N-vinyl carbazole) Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000002861 polymer material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000006116 polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910000027 potassium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000002244 precipitate Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 2
- UMJSCPRVCHMLSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyridine Natural products COC1=CC=CN=C1 UMJSCPRVCHMLSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000000523 sample Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910000030 sodium bicarbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011775 sodium fluoride Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000013024 sodium fluoride Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 238000004528 spin coating Methods 0.000 description 2
- 125000001424 substituent group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 150000003536 tetrazoles Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- PFZLGKHSYILJTH-UHFFFAOYSA-N thieno[2,3-c]thiophene Chemical compound S1C=C2SC=CC2=C1 PFZLGKHSYILJTH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229930192474 thiophene Natural products 0.000 description 2
- 238000007740 vapor deposition Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005303 weighing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000003738 xylenes Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- FKASFBLJDCHBNZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3,4-oxadiazole Chemical compound C1=NN=CO1 FKASFBLJDCHBNZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FTNJQNQLEGKTGD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3-benzodioxole Chemical compound C1=CC=C2OCOC2=C1 FTNJQNQLEGKTGD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RYHBNJHYFVUHQT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,4-Dioxane Chemical compound C1COCCO1 RYHBNJHYFVUHQT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OXWIEWFMRVJGNY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-(4-methylphenyl)sulfonylpyrrole Chemical compound C1=CC(C)=CC=C1S(=O)(=O)N1C=CC=C1 OXWIEWFMRVJGNY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MNDIARAMWBIKFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-bromohexane Chemical compound CCCCCCBr MNDIARAMWBIKFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HYZJCKYKOHLVJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1H-benzimidazole Chemical compound C1=CC=C2NC=NC2=C1 HYZJCKYKOHLVJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GKWLILHTTGWKLQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,3-dihydrothieno[3,4-b][1,4]dioxine Chemical compound O1CCOC2=CSC=C21 GKWLILHTTGWKLQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KFDDOSKBEZKAMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenylbenzo[h]quinoline Chemical compound C=12C=CC3=C(C=4C=CC=CC=4)C=C(C)N=C3C2=CC(C)=CC=1C1=CC=CC=C1 KFDDOSKBEZKAMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 238000010189 synthetic method Methods 0.000 description 1
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- XOLBLPGZBRYERU-UHFFFAOYSA-N tin dioxide Chemical compound O=[Sn]=O XOLBLPGZBRYERU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001887 tin oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000003944 tolyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- ILWRPSCZWQJDMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N triethylazanium;chloride Chemical compound Cl.CCN(CC)CC ILWRPSCZWQJDMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000002023 trifluoromethyl group Chemical group FC(F)(F)* 0.000 description 1
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- ODHXBMXNKOYIBV-UHFFFAOYSA-N triphenylamine Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1N(C=1C=CC=CC=1)C1=CC=CC=C1 ODHXBMXNKOYIBV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- COIOYMYWGDAQPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N tris(2-methylphenyl)phosphane Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1P(C=1C(=CC=CC=1)C)C1=CC=CC=C1C COIOYMYWGDAQPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000007514 turning Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 229910052727 yttrium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- YVTHLONGBIQYBO-UHFFFAOYSA-N zinc indium(3+) oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O--].[Zn++].[In+3] YVTHLONGBIQYBO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K11/00—Luminescent, e.g. electroluminescent, chemiluminescent materials
- C09K11/06—Luminescent, e.g. electroluminescent, chemiluminescent materials containing organic luminescent materials
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
- C07F15/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 8, 9, 10 or 18 of the Periodic Table
- C07F15/0006—Compounds containing elements of Groups 8, 9, 10 or 18 of the Periodic Table compounds of the platinum group
- C07F15/0033—Iridium compounds
- C07F15/004—Iridium compounds without a metal-carbon linkage
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B33/00—Electroluminescent light sources
- H05B33/12—Light sources with substantially two-dimensional radiating surfaces
- H05B33/14—Light sources with substantially two-dimensional radiating surfaces characterised by the chemical or physical composition or the arrangement of the electroluminescent material, or by the simultaneous addition of the electroluminescent material in or onto the light source
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K50/00—Organic light-emitting devices
- H10K50/10—OLEDs or polymer light-emitting diodes [PLED]
- H10K50/11—OLEDs or polymer light-emitting diodes [PLED] characterised by the electroluminescent [EL] layers
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K85/00—Organic materials used in the body or electrodes of devices covered by this subclass
- H10K85/10—Organic polymers or oligomers
- H10K85/111—Organic polymers or oligomers comprising aromatic, heteroaromatic, or aryl chains, e.g. polyaniline, polyphenylene or polyphenylene vinylene
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
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Definitions
- the invention relates to polymers having pendant iridium complexes for use in optoelectronic devices.
- OLEDs Organic light emitting devices
- Potential applications include cellphones, personal digital assistants (PDAs), computer displays, informational displays in vehicles, television monitors, as well as light sources for general illumination. Due to their bright colors, wide viewing angle, compatibility with full motion video, broad temperature ranges, thin and conformable form factor, low power requirements and the potential for low cost manufacturing processes, OLEDs are seen as a future replacement technology for cathode ray tubes (CRTs) and liquid crystal displays (LCDs). Due to their high luminous efficiencies, OLEDs may replace incandescent, and perhaps even fluorescent, lamps for certain types of applications.
- CTRs cathode ray tubes
- LCDs liquid crystal displays Due to their high luminous efficiencies, OLEDs may replace incandescent, and perhaps even fluorescent, lamps for certain types of applications.
- Light emission from OLEDs typically occurs via electrofluorescence, Le. light emission from a singlet excited state formed by applying a voltage bias across a ground state electroluminescent material. It is believed that OLEDs capable of producing light by an alternate mechanism, electrophosphorescence, i.e. light emission from a triplet excited state formed by applying a voltage bias across a ground state electrofluorescecent material, will exhibit substantially higher quantum efficiencies than OLEDs that produce light primarily by electrofluorescence. Light emission from OLEDs by electrophosphorescence is limited since the triplet excited states in most light emitting organic materials are strongly disposed to non-radiative relaxation to the ground state.
- electrophosphorescent materials hold promise as key components of OLED devices and other optoelectronic devices exhibiting greater efficiencies relative to the current state of the art.
- OLEDs capable of light production by electrophosphorescence are expected to exhibit a reduction (relative to OLEDs which produce light primarily by electrofluorescence) in the amount of energy lost to radiationless decay processes within the device thereby providing an additional measure of temperature control during operation of the OLED.
- the present invention relates to compounds of formula I, and polymers comprising at least one structural unit derived therefrom
- R 1 , R 3 , R 4 and R 6 are independently hydrogen, alkyl, alkoxy, oxaalkyl, alkylaryl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl; substituted alkoxy, substituted oxaalkyl, substituted alkylaryl, substituted aryl, substituted arylalkyl, or substituted heteroaryl;
- R 1a is hydrogen or alkyl
- R 2 is alkylene, substituted alkylene, oxaalkylene, CO, or CO 2 ;
- R 2a is alkylene
- R 5 is independently at each occurrence hydrogen, alkyl, alkylaryl, aryl, arylalkyl, alkoxy, carboxy, substituted alkyl; substituted alkylaryl, substituted aryl, substituted arylalkyl, or substituted alkoxy,
- X is halo, triflate, -B(OR 1a ) 2 , or - B ( OV located at the 2, 5- or 2, 7- positions;
- L is derived from phenylpyridine, tolylpyridine, benzothienylpyridine, phenylisoquinoline, dibenzoquinozaline, fluorenylpyridine, ketopyrrole, 2-(1- naphthyl)benzoxazole)), 2-phenylbenzoxazole, 2-phenylbenzothiazole, coumarin, thienylpyridine, phenylpyridine, benzothienylpyridine, 3-methoxy-2- phenylpyridine, thienylpyridine, phenylimine, vinylpyridine, pyridylnaphthalene, pyridylpyrrole, pyridylimidazole, phenylindole, derivatives thereof or combinations thereof.
- the present invention relates to polymers comprising at least one pendant group of formula Il
- R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 6 and L are as defined for formula I.
- the present invention relates to optoelectronic devices comprising a polymer having at least one structural unit derived from a compound of formula I, or a polymer having at least one pendant group of formula II.
- the present invention relates to compounds of formula I, polymers derived from these compounds, polymers having pendant groups of formula II, and optoelectronic devices containing the polymers in one or more light emissive layers.
- Structural units or the pendant groups may be derived from a fluorene or triarylamine compound.
- structural units derived from fluorene monomers containing a pendant Ir complex include
- R 1b is hydrogen, alkyl, alkoxy, oxaalkyl, substituted alkyl; substituted alkoxy, or substituted oxaalkyl;
- R 1c is hydrogen, alkyl, or substituted alkyl.
- R 2 is preferably oxaalkylene, particularly -CH 2 CH 2 O-.
- Examples of triarylamine monomers containing a pendant Ir complex include
- Polymers derived from compounds of formula I or having pendant groups of formula Il may additionally include structural units derived from other monomers, particularly fluorene monomers, such as those described in US 5,929,194, US 5,948,552, US 6,204,515, US 6,605,373, US 6,815,505, and US 6,916,902, to Dow. More particularly, the structural units may be derived from a dibromo 9, 9- dioctyl fluorene monomer.
- the polymers may include structural units derived from at least one triarylamine monomer, in particular TFB, in addition to or instead of those derived from fluorene monomers.
- Suitable triarylamine monomers and polymers containing residues derived from these and fluorene monomers are described in US 5,708,130, US 6,169,163, US 6,353,083, US 6,255447, US 6,255,449, US 6,900,285, also to Dow.
- the polymers may include structural units of formula III
- the polymers may include structural units of formula IV
- the polymers may contain about 95% of the structural units of formula III and 5% of the structural units of formula IV, as shown below
- piq is phenyisoquinolinyl
- the pendant groups of formula Il are of formula
- L is phenylisoquinolinyl (piq).
- the structural units derived from the compounds of formula I or the pendant groups of formula Il may be present in the polymer in an amount ranging from about 0.01 percent to about 50 percent by weight of the polymer, particularly in an amount ranging from about 0.1 percent to about 10 percent by weight, and more particularly, from about 0.5 percent to about 5 percent by weight.
- the polymers typically have a number average molecular weight (Mn) greater than 2,000 grams per mole as determined by gel permeation chromatography, particularly greater than about 5,000 grams per mole greater than about 15,000 grams per mole, and more particularly, greater than about 25,000 grams per mole as determined by gel permeation chromatography.
- Optoelectronic devices include at least one polymer derived from compounds of formula I or having pendant groups of formula II.
- the polymers may be blended with fluorescent emitting materials such as (co)polymers based on fluorene monomers, for example, F8-TFB, commercially available emissive polymers such as ADS131 BE, ADS231 BE, ADS331 BE, ADS431 BE, ADS429BE, ADS160BE, ADS329BE, ADS229BE, ADS129BE, ADS180BE, supplier by American Dye Sources, and BP105 and BP361 , available from Sumation Company Ltd.
- Other materials useful for blending with the polymers of the present invention include molecular and oligomeric species such as fluorene trimers and their derivatives, polymeric or molecular triarylamine materials, including those described in US 3,265,496 and 4,539,507, and commercially available triarylamines available from American Dye Sources, such as ADS254BE, ADS12HTM, and ADS04HTM, substituted polyphenylene polymers, such ADS120BE from American Dye Sources, and polymers having oligomeric units connected via non-conjugated linking groups, as described in US 2005/0256290.
- molecular and oligomeric species such as fluorene trimers and their derivatives, polymeric or molecular triarylamine materials, including those described in US 3,265,496 and 4,539,507, and commercially available triarylamines available from American Dye Sources, such as ADS254BE, ADS12HTM, and ADS04HTM, substituted polyphenylene
- polymers of the present invention may be blended with one or more fluorescent materials such as blue-emitting fluorene (co)polymers, as these typically have a lowest triplet energy below that of the lowest emissive single energy of the polymers of the present invention and exhibit blue emission.
- fluorescent materials such as blue-emitting fluorene (co)polymers
- the polymers of the present invention and/or blends of the polymers with blue-emitting fluorene (co)polymers may be contained in a light emitting layer of the device disposed adjacent to another light emitting layer containing one or more fluorene polymers or copolymers such as BP105 or F8-TFB to form an bilayer structure.
- the bilayer structure may be formed by via several different means, as described in PCT/US07/68620. For example, following deposition of the first layer, the bilayer may be insolublized via a thermal treatment alone, or via the inclusion within the first layer of a cross-linkable polymerization agent to link the polymer chains together or form an interpenetrating network.
- the polymerization may be initiated via UV irradiation or thermal activation.
- the polymerization processing may be enhanced through the addition of a small amount of an initiator such as IRGACURE® 754, the ESACURE® initiators from Sartomer, BPO, or AIBN.
- the layer structure may be formed by applying the second layer from a solvent that does not dissolve the first layer, through contact lamination (Ramsdale et al. J. Appl. Phys, vol 92, pg. 4266 (2002)), or through vapor deposition. If desired, these methods maybe applied serially to produce a multilayer structure in which one or more of the layers includes one or more of the polymers of the present invention .
- Optoelectronic device may additionally include at least one photoluminescent ("PL") material optically coupled with the polymer such that the phosphor material absorbs a portion of EM radiation emitted thereby and emits EM radiation in a third wavelength range.
- PL photoluminescent
- An opto-electronic device typically contains multiple layers which include, in the simplest case, an anode layer and a corresponding cathode layer with an organic electroluminescent layer disposed between said anode and said cathode.
- an organic light emitting device typically contains multiple layers which include, in the simplest case, an anode layer and a corresponding cathode layer with an organic electroluminescent layer disposed between said anode and said cathode.
- triplet excitons unlike singlet excitons, typically cannot undergo radiative decay and hence do not emit light except at very low temperatures. Theoretical considerations dictate that triplet excitons are formed about three times as often as singlet excitons. Thus the formation of triplet excitons, represents a fundamental limitation on efficiency in organic light emitting devices which are typically operated at or near ambient temperature. Polymers according to the present invention may serve as precursors to light emissive, short-lived excited state species which form as the normally unproductive triplet excitons encounter and that transfer energy.
- Other components which may be present in an organic light-emitting device in addition to the anode, cathode and light emitting material include hole injection layers, electron injection layers, and electron transport layers.
- the majority of charge carriers (i.e. holes and electrons) present in the electron transport layer are electrons and light emission can occur through recombination of holes and electrons present in the electron transport layer.
- Additional components which may be present in an organic light-emitting device include hole transport layers, hole transporting emission (emitting) layers, hole blocking layers and electron transporting emission (emitting) layers.
- the organic electroluminescent layer is a layer within an organic light emitting device which when in operation contains a significant concentration of both electrons and holes and provides sites for exciton formation and light emission.
- a hole injection layer is a layer usually in contact with the anode which promotes the injection of holes from the anode into the interior layers of the OLED; and an electron injection layer is a layer usually in contact with the cathode that promotes the injection of electrons from the cathode into the OLED.
- the hole injection layer nor the electron transport layer need not be in contact with the cathode. Frequently the electron transport layer is not an efficient hole transporter and thus it serves to block holes migrating toward the cathode.
- An electron transport layer is a layer which facilitates conduction of electrons from cathode to a charge recombination site.
- a hole transport layer is a layer which when the OLED is in operation facilitates conduction of holes from the anode to charge recombination sites and which need not be in contact with the anode.
- a hole transporting emission layer is a layer in which when the OLED is in operation facilitates the conduction of holes to charge recombination sites, and in which the majority of charge carriers are holes, and in which emission occurs not only through recombination with residual electrons, but also through the transfer of energy from a charge recombination zone elsewhere in the device.
- a electron transporting emission layer is a layer in which when the OLED is in operation facilitates the conduction of electrons to charge recombination sites, and in which the majority of charge carriers are electrons, and in which emission occurs not only through recombination with residual holes, but also through the transfer of energy from a charge recombination zone elsewhere in the device.
- Materials suitable for use as the anode include materials having a bulk conductivity of at least about 100 ohms per square, as measured by a four-point probe technique.
- Indium tin oxide (ITO) is frequently used as the anode because it is substantially transparent to light transmission and thus facilitates the escape of light emitted from electro-active organic layer.
- Other materials which may be utilized as the anode layer include tin oxide, indium oxide, zinc oxide, indium zinc oxide, zinc indium tin oxide, antimony oxide, and mixtures thereof.
- Materials suitable for use as the cathode include zero valent metals which can inject negative charge carriers (electrons) into the inner layer(s) of the OLED.
- Various zero valent metals suitable for use as the cathode include K, Li, Na, Cs, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Al, Ag, Au, In, Sn, Zn, Zr, Sc, Y, elements of the lanthanide series, alloys thereof, and mixtures thereof.
- Suitable alloy materials for use as the cathode layer include Ag-Mg, Al-Li, In-Mg, Al-Ca, and Al-Au alloys.
- Layered non-alloy structures may also be employed in the cathode, such as a thin layer of a metal such as calcium, or a metal fluoride, such as LiF, covered by a thicker layer of a zero valent metal, such as aluminum or silver.
- the cathode may be composed of a single zero valent metal, and especially of aluminum metal.
- Materials suitable for use in hole injection layers include 3,4- ethylenedioxythiophene (PEDOT) and blends of PEDOT with polystyrene sulfonate (PSS), commercially available from H. C. Stark, Inc. under the BAYTRON® tradename, and polymers based on a thieno[3,4b]thiophene (TT) monomer, commercially available from Air Products Corporation.
- PEDOT 3,4- ethylenedioxythiophene
- PSS polystyrene sulfonate
- TT thieno[3,4b]thiophene
- Materials suitable for use in hole transporting layers include 1 ,1-bis((di-4- tolylamino) phenyl)cyclohexane, N, N'- bis(4-methylphenyl)-N,N'-bis(4-ethylphenyl)- (1 ,1 '-(3,3'-dimethyl)biphenyl)-4,4'-diamine, tetrakis-(3-methylphenyl)-N,N,N',N'-2,5- phenylenediamine, phenyl-4-N,N-diphenylaminostyrene, p-(diethylamino) benzaldehyde diphenylhydrazone, triphenylamine, 1-phenyl-3-(p-
- Materials suitable for use as the electron transport layer include poly(9,9- dioctyl fluorene), tris( ⁇ -hydroxyquinolato) aluminum (AIq 3 ), 2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl- 1 , 1 -phenanthroline, 4,7-diphenyl-1 , 10-phenanthroline, 2-(4-biphenylyl)-5-(4-t-butyl phenyl)-1 ,3,4-oxadiazole, 3-(4-biphenylyl)-4-phenyl-5-(4-t-butylphenyl)-1 ,2,4-triazole, 1 ,3,4-oxadiazole-containing polymers, 1 ,3,4-triazole-containing polymers, quinoxaline-containing polymers, and cyano-PPV.
- poly(9,9- dioctyl fluorene) tris( ⁇ -hydroxyquinolato) aluminum (AIq 3 )
- alkyl is intended to include linear, branched, or cyclic hydrocarbon structures and combinations thereof, including lower alkyl and higher alkyl.
- Preferred alkyl groups are those of C 2 0 or below.
- Lower alkyl refers to alkyl groups of from 1 to 6 carbon atoms, preferably from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, and includes methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, and n-, s- and t- butyl.
- Higher alkyl refers to alkyl groups having seven or more carbon atoms, preferably 7-20 carbon atoms, and includes n-, s- and f-heptyl, octyl, and dodecyl.
- Cycloalkyl is a subset of alkyl and includes cyclic hydrocarbon groups of from 3 to 8 carbon atoms. Examples of cycloalkyl groups include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, and norbornyl.
- Alkenyl and alkynyl refer to alkyl groups wherein two or more hydrogen atoms are replaced by a double or triple bond, respectively.
- Aryl and heteroaryl mean a 5- or 6-membered aromatic or heteroaromatic ring containing 0-3 heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur; a bicyclic 9- or 10-membered aromatic or heteroaromatic ring system containing 0-3 heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur; or a tricyclic 13- or 14-membered aromatic or heteroaromatic ring system containing 0-3 heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur.
- the aromatic 6- to 14-membered carbocyclic rings include, for example, benzene, naphthalene, indane, tetralin, and fluorene; and the 5- to 10- membered aromatic heterocyclic rings include, e.g., imidazole, pyridine, indole, thiophene, benzopyranone, thiazole, furan, benzimidazole, quinoline, isoquinoline, quinoxaline, pyrimidine, pyrazine, tetrazole and pyrazole.
- Arylalkyl means an alkyl residue attached to an aryl ring. Examples are benzyl and phenethyl. Heteroarylalkyl means an alkyl residue attached to a heteroaryl ring. Examples include pyridinylmethyl and pyrimidinylethyl. Alkylaryl means an aryl residue having one or more alkyl groups attached thereto. Examples are tolyl and mesityl.
- Alkoxy or alkoxyl refers to groups of from 1 to 8 carbon atoms of a straight, branched, cyclic configuration and combinations thereof attached to the parent structure through an oxygen. Examples include methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, isopropoxy, cyclopropyloxy, and cyclohexyloxy. Lower alkoxy refers to groups containing one to four carbons.
- Acyl refers to groups of from 1 to 8 carbon atoms of a straight, branched, cyclic configuration, saturated, unsaturated and aromatic and combinations thereof, attached to the parent structure through a carbonyl functionality.
- One or more carbons in the acyl residue may be replaced by nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur as long as the point of attachment to the parent remains at the carbonyl. Examples include acetyl, benzoyl, propionyl, isobutyryl, f-butoxycarbonyl, and benzyloxycarbonyl.
- Lower-acyl refers to groups containing one to four carbons.
- Heterocycle means a cycloalkyl or aryl residue in which one to two of the carbons is replaced by a heteroatom such as oxygen, nitrogen or sulfur.
- heterocycles that fall within the scope of the invention include pyrrolidine, pyrazole, pyrrole, indole, quinoline, isoquinoline, tetrahydroisoquinoline, benzofuran, benzodioxan, benzodioxole (commonly referred to as methylenedioxyphenyl, when occurring as a substituent), tetrazole, morpholine, thiazole, pyridine, pyridazine, pyrimidine, thiophene, furan, oxazole, oxazoline, isoxazole, dioxane, and tetrahydrofuran.
- Substituted refers to residues, including, but not limited to, alkyl, alkylaryl, aryl, arylalkyl, and heteroaryl, wherein up to three H atoms of the residue are replaced with lower alkyl, substituted alkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, carbonyl, carboxy, carboxalkoxy, carboxamido, acyloxy, amidino, nitro, halo, hydroxy, OCH(COOH) 2 , cyano, primary amino, secondary amino, acylamino, alkylthio, sulfoxide, sulfone, phenyl, benzyl, phenoxy, benzyloxy, heteroaryl, or heteroaryloxy.
- Haloalkyl refers to an alkyl residue, wherein one or more H atoms are replaced by halogen atoms; the term haloalkyl includes perhaloalkyl. Examples of haloalkyl groups that fall within the scope of the invention include CH 2 F, CHF 2 , and CF 3
- Oxaalkyl refers to an alkyl residue in which one or more carbons have been replaced by oxygen. It is attached to the parent structure through an alkyl residue. Examples include methoxypropoxy, 3,6,9-trioxadecyl and the like.
- the term oxaalkyl refers to compounds in which the oxygen is bonded via a single bond to its adjacent atoms (forming ether bonds); it does not refer to doubly bonded oxygen, as would be found in carbonyl groups.
- thiaalkyl and azaalkyl refer to alkyl residues in which one or more carbons has been replaced by sulfur or nitrogen, respectively. Examples include ethylaminoethyl and methylthiopropyl.
- SiIyI means an alkyl residue in which one to three of the carbons is replaced by tetravalent silicon and which is attached to the parent structure through a silicon atom.
- Siloxy is an alkoxy residue in which both of the carbons are replaced by tetravalent silicon that is endcapped with an alkyl residue, aryl residue or a cycloalkyl residue, and which is attached to the parent structure through an oxygen atom.
- a bidentate ligand is a ligand that is capable of binding to metals through two sites.
- a tridentate ligand is a ligand that is capable of binding to metals through three sites.
- Cyclometallated ligand means a bidentate or tridentate ligand bound to a metal atom by a carbon-metal single bond and one or two metal- heteroatom bonds, forming a cyclic structure, wherein the heteroatom may be N, S, P 1 As, or O.
- any numerical values recited herein include all values from the lower value to the upper value in increments of one unit provided that there is a separation of at least 2 units between any lower value and any higher value.
- the amount of a component or a value of a process variable such as, for example, temperature, pressure, time and the like is, for example, from 1 to 90, preferably from 20 to 80, more preferably from 30 to 70, it is intended that values such as 15 to 85, 22 to 68, 43 to 51 , 30 to 32 etc. are expressly enumerated in this specification.
- one unit is considered to be 0.0001 , 0.001 , 0.01 or 0.1 as appropriate.
- a preferred synthetic route for preparing the 2,7-dibromofluorenone starting material is described in CN 1634839 (Scheme 1 ).
- the procedure uses bromine in water and results in high conversion of fluorenone to the desired dibromo product with little to no formation of mono-brominated species and unknown side-products are virtually absent.
- These under-brominated and unknown products are typically present in substantially higher quantities when fluorenone is brominated using a method that employs N-bromosuccinimde in methanesulfonic acid.
- Bromo-(4-hexyloxy)-benzene was prepared by alkylation of 4-bromophenol (91.2 g, 527 mmol) with bromohexane (86.0 g, 520 mmol), K 2 CO 3 (80.0 g, 580 mmol) in acetone (200 ml.) at relfux for 12 h. After removal of the salts by filtration, the reaction mixture was concentrated to dryness to give an oil. The oil was dissolved in EtOAc (100 ml.) and transferred to a separatory funnel and washed with 5% NaOH (4x200 ml_). An additional 200 ml.
- the cooling bath was removed and the reaction was stirred for an additional 10 min as the temperature of the reaction rose to 28°C.
- the reaction was cooled to room temperature and the contents were transferred by pipette to a stirred toluene (250 ml.) suspension of 2,7,- dibromofluorenone (30.0 g, 90.4 mmol) that was maintained at -10 °C with a cooling bath.
- the cooling bath was removed and the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 20 min and subsequently treated with 20 ml. of EtOH and a saturated solution of NH 4 CI (5 ml_).
- the reaction mixture was filtered to remove insoluble materials and transferred to a separatory funnel containing EtOAc (100 ml.) and H 2 O (100 ml_). The layers were separated and the organic layer was washed with H 2 O (2x100 ml_), and brine (1 x100 ml_), and dried over MgSO 4 . The solvents were removed to dryness to give a crude yellow solid (50.8 g). The crude material was recrystallized from hexanes/CH 2 CI 2 to afforded the product as an off-white microcrystalline material. Yield: 38.6 g, 79%.
- the solvents were removed to dryness to give an oil.
- the oil was adsorbed onto silica gel from a CH 2 CI 2 solution and the solvents were removed to dryness.
- the dried silica gel was transferred to a glass fritted funnel (500 ml.) containing a packed H 2 O slurry of silica gel (200 ml.) fitted on a vacuum flask.
- the contents of the funnel were flushed with H 2 O by applying vacuum to the flask which eluted phenol from the silica gel. After excess phenol was removed, the product was eluted from the silica gel with CH 3 CN.
- a toluene solution (200 ml.) of the ethylene glycol 4 (29.1 g, 44.2 mmol) was treated with p-toluenesulfonyl chloride (13.3 g, 69.8 mmol) and triethyamine (19.4 ml_, 140 mmol) and stirred at room temperature for 60 hours under an inert atmosphere of N 2 .
- the reaction mixture was then filtered to remove triethylamine hydrochloride and concentrated to dryness.
- the residue was dissolved in EtOAc and washed with 5% HCI (1 x100 ml_), saturated NaHCO 3 (2x200 ml_), dried over MgSO 4 , and the solvents were removed to dryness.
- Example 7 Synthesis of [(piq) 2 lr(7)] (8) [0051] To a stirred and chilled (-10 °C ) EtOH solution (100 ml.) containing the ketopyrrole 7 (1.20 g, 6.40 mmol) was added solid sodium hydride (288 mg, 12.0 mmol) which caused the solution to turn from yellow to orange in color. After letting this solution stir for 5 min, [(piq) 2 lr( ⁇ -CI)] 2 (3.33 g, 2.56 mmol) was added and the mixture was then heated at reflux for 10 hours. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and the red precipitate was collected by filtration. The product was washed with EtOH and dried in air.
- the aqueous components were added to the organic solution and the flask was immersed in a 70 0 C oil bath. Stirring and heating under a positive nitrogen pressure were continued for 16-20 hours at which point the solution was allowed to reach room temperature and and phenylboric acid, 20mg was added. The flask was again immersed in the heating bath and stirred under nitrogen for an additional 3 hrs. The mixture was allowed to cool again and was then diluted with about 10 ml each of toluene and water. The mixture was transferred to a separatory funnel, the aqueous phase was discarded and the organic phase was washed with 3x 50 ml water and 1 x 50 ml of saturated NaCI.
- the organic solution was then passed through a funnel containing Celite and Drierite and the filtered solution was stirred for at least 30 minutes with amine-functional silica gel.
- the solution was again filtered and concentrated to a volume of 20-30 ml on a rotary evaporator then loaded on to a toluene saturated silica gel cartridge ( ⁇ 20-30 g silica/gm polymer - note 6).
- the polymer was eluted from the column with toluene ( ⁇ 100 ml) and the toluene solution was concentrated to ⁇ 20 ml.
- the polymer was isolated by precipitating the solution into 10 volumes of methanol with vigorous stirring.
- PEDOT/PSS Boytron P VP 8000, a poly(3,4-ethylenedioxy thiophene)-poly(styrenesulfonate) obtained as a solution from HC Starck, Inc.
- PEDOT/PSS Boytron P VP 8000, a poly(3,4-ethylenedioxy thiophene)-poly(styrenesulfonate) obtained as a solution from HC Starck, Inc.
- F8-TFB an octylfluorene-triarylamine copolymer obtained from Sumation, Inc.
- hole transporting layer having a thickness of about 10-20 nm was then spin-coated atop the PEDOT/PSS coated substrates.
- the F8-TFB-PEDOT/PSS coated substrates were then baked on a hot plate in argon for 30 minutes at 170 0 C.
- a final layer of a 1 :1 blend of an electroluminescent polymer, BP104 (Sumation), and the polymer of Example 8 was deposited via spin casting from a xylene solution atop the F8-TFB layer. This layer had a thickness of approximately 40-50 nm).
- the coated substrates were then placed into a bell jar evaporator, and the system was pumped until a pressure of about 1x10 "6 torr was obtained.
- a layer of sodium fluoride about 3 nm thick (as measured via a calibrated quartz crystal microbalance) was then deposited atop the final layer of the coated substrates by physical vapor deposition.
- a layer of aluminum metal about 130 nm thick was deposited atop the sodium fluoride layer by vapor deposition under vacuum to form the cathode component of the OLED.
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- Polyoxymethylene Polymers And Polymers With Carbon-To-Carbon Bonds (AREA)
Abstract
Polymers including at least one structural unit derived from a compound of Formula (I) or including at least one pendant group of Formula (II) may be used in optoelectronic devices, wherein R1, R3, R4 and R6 are independently hydrogen, alkyl, alkoxy, oxaalkyl, alkylaryl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl; substituted alkoxy, substituted oxaalkyl, substituted alkylaryl, substituted aryl, substituted arylalkyl, or substituted heteroaryl; R1a is hydrogen or alkyl; R2 is alkylene, substituted alkylene, oxaalkylene, CO, or CO2; R2a is alkylene; R5 is independently at each occurrence hydrogen, alkyl, alkylaryl, aryl, arylalkyl, alkoxy, carboxy, substituted alkyl; substituted alkylaryl, substituted aryl, substituted arylalkyl, or substituted alkoxy, X is halo, triflate, -B(OR1a)2, or Formula (III) located at the 2, 5- or 2, 7- positions; and L is derived from phenylpyridine, tolylpyridine, benzothienylpyridine, phenylisoquinoline, dibenzoquinozaline, fluorenylpyridine, ketopyrrole, 2-(1-naphthyl)benzoxazole)), 2-phenylbenzoxazole, 2-phenylbenzothiazole, coumarin, thienylpyridine, phenylpyridine, benzothienylpyridine, 3-methoxy-2-phenylpyridine, thienylpyridine, phenylimine, vinylpyridine, pyridylnaphthalene, pyridylpyrrole, pyridylimidazole, phenylindole, derivatives thereof or combinations thereof.
Description
EMISSIVE POLYMERIC MATERIALS FOR OPTOELECTRONIC DEVICES
STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
[0001] This invention was made with Government support under contract number DOE NETL DE-FC26-05NT42343 awarded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The Government may have certain rights in the invention.
BACKGROUND
[0002] The invention relates to polymers having pendant iridium complexes for use in optoelectronic devices.
[0003] Organic light emitting devices (OLEDs), which make use of thin film organic materials that emit light when subjected to a voltage bias, are expected to become an increasingly popular form of flat panel display technology. Potential applications include cellphones, personal digital assistants (PDAs), computer displays, informational displays in vehicles, television monitors, as well as light sources for general illumination. Due to their bright colors, wide viewing angle, compatibility with full motion video, broad temperature ranges, thin and conformable form factor, low power requirements and the potential for low cost manufacturing processes, OLEDs are seen as a future replacement technology for cathode ray tubes (CRTs) and liquid crystal displays (LCDs). Due to their high luminous efficiencies, OLEDs may replace incandescent, and perhaps even fluorescent, lamps for certain types of applications.
[0005] Light emission from OLEDs typically occurs via electrofluorescence, Le. light emission from a singlet excited state formed by applying a voltage bias across a ground state electroluminescent material. It is believed that OLEDs capable of producing light by an alternate mechanism, electrophosphorescence, i.e. light emission from a triplet excited state formed by applying a voltage bias across a ground state electrofluorescecent material, will exhibit substantially higher quantum efficiencies than OLEDs that produce light primarily by electrofluorescence. Light emission from OLEDs by electrophosphorescence is limited since the triplet excited
states in most light emitting organic materials are strongly disposed to non-radiative relaxation to the ground state. Thus, electrophosphorescent materials hold promise as key components of OLED devices and other optoelectronic devices exhibiting greater efficiencies relative to the current state of the art. For example, OLEDs capable of light production by electrophosphorescence are expected to exhibit a reduction (relative to OLEDs which produce light primarily by electrofluorescence) in the amount of energy lost to radiationless decay processes within the device thereby providing an additional measure of temperature control during operation of the OLED.
[0006] Improved light emission efficiencies have been achieved by incorporating a phosphorescent platinum-containing dye in an organic electroluminescent device such as an OLED (Baldo et al., "Highly Efficient Phosphorescent Emission from Organic Electroluminescent Devices", Nature, vol. 395, 151-154, 1998) and phosphorescent iridium-containing dyes have also been employed (US 2003/0096138). Polymerizable phosphorescent iridium complexes based on a ketopyrrole ligand are disclosed in pending US application, serial no. 1 1/504552, filed on 14 August 2006, which claims priority from US provisional application, serial no. 60/833935, filed on 28 July 2006, the entire contents of which are incorporated by reference in their entirety. Notwithstanding earlier developments, there is currently considerable interest in finding novel phosphorescent materials which increase efficiency and provide for a greater measure of control of the color of light produced by an OLED, while achieving improved lifetime of the devices.
[0007] BRIEF DESCRIPTION
[0008] It has been discovered that changes in the emissive properties of the Iridium (III) dyes resulting from conjugative effects in the solid state may be prevented by separating the Iridium dyes from the backbone of the polymer as pendant side-chain substituents. Accordingly, in one aspect, the present invention relates to compounds of formula I, and polymers comprising at least one structural unit derived therefrom
I wherein
R1 , R3, R4 and R6 are independently hydrogen, alkyl, alkoxy, oxaalkyl, alkylaryl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl; substituted alkoxy, substituted oxaalkyl, substituted alkylaryl, substituted aryl, substituted arylalkyl, or substituted heteroaryl;
R1a is hydrogen or alkyl;
R2 is alkylene, substituted alkylene, oxaalkylene, CO, or CO2;
R2a is alkylene;
R5 is independently at each occurrence hydrogen, alkyl, alkylaryl, aryl, arylalkyl, alkoxy, carboxy, substituted alkyl; substituted alkylaryl, substituted aryl, substituted arylalkyl, or substituted alkoxy,
X is halo, triflate, -B(OR1a)2, or -B( OV located at the 2, 5- or 2, 7- positions; and
L is derived from phenylpyridine, tolylpyridine, benzothienylpyridine, phenylisoquinoline, dibenzoquinozaline, fluorenylpyridine, ketopyrrole, 2-(1- naphthyl)benzoxazole)), 2-phenylbenzoxazole, 2-phenylbenzothiazole, coumarin, thienylpyridine, phenylpyridine, benzothienylpyridine, 3-methoxy-2- phenylpyridine, thienylpyridine, phenylimine, vinylpyridine, pyridylnaphthalene, pyridylpyrrole, pyridylimidazole, phenylindole, derivatives thereof or combinations thereof.
[0009] In another aspect, the present invention relates to polymers comprising at least one pendant group of formula Il
wherein R2, R3, R4, R6 and L are as defined for formula I.
[0010] In yet another aspect, the present invention relates to optoelectronic devices comprising a polymer having at least one structural unit derived from a compound of formula I, or a polymer having at least one pendant group of formula II.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0011] The present invention relates to compounds of formula I, polymers derived from these compounds, polymers having pendant groups of formula II, and optoelectronic devices containing the polymers in one or more light emissive layers.
[0012] Structural units or the pendant groups may be derived from a fluorene or triarylamine compound. Examples of structural units derived from fluorene monomers containing a pendant Ir complex include
and
wherein R1b is hydrogen, alkyl, alkoxy, oxaalkyl, substituted alkyl; substituted alkoxy, or substituted oxaalkyl; and
R1c is hydrogen, alkyl, or substituted alkyl.
In many embodiments, R2 is preferably oxaalkylene, particularly -CH2CH2O-.. [0013] Examples of triarylamine monomers containing a pendant Ir complex include
and
wherein Z is O, S, or a direct bond.
[0014] Polymers derived from compounds of formula I or having pendant groups of formula Il may additionally include structural units derived from other monomers, particularly fluorene monomers, such as those described in US 5,929,194, US 5,948,552, US 6,204,515, US 6,605,373, US 6,815,505, and US 6,916,902, to Dow. More particularly, the structural units may be derived from a dibromo 9, 9- dioctyl fluorene monomer. The polymers may include structural units derived from at least one triarylamine monomer, in particular TFB, in addition to or instead of those derived from fluorene monomers. Suitable triarylamine monomers and polymers containing residues derived from these and fluorene monomers are described in US 5,708,130, US 6,169,163, US 6,353,083, US 6,255447, US 6,255,449, US 6,900,285, also to Dow. For example, in addition to residues containing an iridium complex, the polymers may include structural units of formula III
In particular, the polymers may include structural units of formula IV
IV wherein piq is phenyisoquinolinyl. More particularly, the polymers may contain about 95% of the structural units of formula III and 5% of the structural units of formula IV, as shown below
wherein piq is phenyisoquinolinyl.
[0015] In some embodiments, the pendant groups of formula Il are of formula
In some of these embodiments, L is phenylisoquinolinyl (piq).
[0016] The structural units derived from the compounds of formula I or the pendant groups of formula Il may be present in the polymer in an amount ranging from about 0.01 percent to about 50 percent by weight of the polymer, particularly in an amount ranging from about 0.1 percent to about 10 percent by weight, and more particularly, from about 0.5 percent to about 5 percent by weight. The polymers typically have a number average molecular weight (Mn) greater than 2,000 grams per mole as determined by gel permeation chromatography, particularly greater than about 5,000 grams per mole greater than about 15,000 grams per mole, and more particularly, greater than about 25,000 grams per mole as determined by gel permeation chromatography.
[0017] Optoelectronic devices according to the present invention include at least one polymer derived from compounds of formula I or having pendant groups of formula II. The polymers may be blended with fluorescent emitting materials such as (co)polymers based on fluorene monomers, for example, F8-TFB, commercially available emissive polymers such as ADS131 BE, ADS231 BE, ADS331 BE, ADS431 BE, ADS429BE, ADS160BE, ADS329BE, ADS229BE, ADS129BE, ADS180BE, supplier by American Dye Sources, and BP105 and BP361 , available from Sumation Company Ltd. Other materials useful for blending with the polymers of the present invention include molecular and oligomeric species such as fluorene trimers and their derivatives, polymeric or molecular triarylamine materials, including those described in US 3,265,496 and 4,539,507, and commercially available triarylamines available from American Dye Sources, such as ADS254BE, ADS12HTM, and ADS04HTM, substituted polyphenylene polymers, such ADS120BE from American Dye Sources, and polymers having oligomeric units connected via non-conjugated linking groups, as described in US 2005/0256290.
[0018] It is preferable that when blending the polymers of the present invention with other materials, that the lowest triplet energy level of the other materials (as measured by photoluminescence or other technique) be greater that the triplet energy of the pendent Iridium-based emitter of the polymers of the present invention. In particular, polymers may be blended with one or more fluorescent materials such as blue-emitting fluorene (co)polymers, as these typically have a lowest triplet energy below that of the lowest emissive single energy of the polymers of the present invention and exhibit blue emission.
[0019] The polymers of the present invention and/or blends of the polymers with blue-emitting fluorene (co)polymers may be contained in a light emitting layer of the device disposed adjacent to another light emitting layer containing one or more fluorene polymers or copolymers such as BP105 or F8-TFB to form an bilayer structure. In these devices, the bilayer structure may be formed by via several different means, as described in PCT/US07/68620. For example, following deposition of the first layer, the bilayer may be insolublized via a thermal treatment alone, or via the inclusion within the first layer of a cross-linkable polymerization agent to link the polymer chains together or form an interpenetrating network. The polymerization may be initiated via UV irradiation or thermal activation. The polymerization processing may be enhanced through the addition of a small amount of an initiator such as IRGACURE® 754, the ESACURE® initiators from Sartomer, BPO, or AIBN. Alternatively, the layer structure may be formed by applying the second layer from a solvent that does not dissolve the first layer, through contact lamination (Ramsdale et al. J. Appl. Phys, vol 92, pg. 4266 (2002)), or through vapor deposition. If desired, these methods maybe applied serially to produce a multilayer structure in which one or more of the layers includes one or more of the polymers of the present invention .
[0020] Optoelectronic device according to the present invention may additionally include at least one photoluminescent ("PL") material optically coupled with the polymer such that the phosphor material absorbs a portion of EM radiation emitted thereby and emits EM radiation in a third wavelength range. Materials for use as the PL material and exemplary device structures containing PL materials are described in US 7,063,900, the entire contents of which are incorporated by reference.
[0021] An opto-electronic device, exemplified by an organic light emitting device, typically contains multiple layers which include, in the simplest case, an anode layer and a corresponding cathode layer with an organic electroluminescent layer disposed between said anode and said cathode. When a voltage bias is applied across the electrodes, electrons are injected by the cathode into the electroluminescent layer while electrons are removed from (or "holes" are "injected" into) the electroluminescent layer from the anode. Light emission occurs as holes combine with electrons within the electroluminescent layer to form singlet or triplet excitons, light emission occurring as singlet excitons transfer energy to the environment by radiative decay. Triplet excitons, unlike singlet excitons, typically cannot undergo
radiative decay and hence do not emit light except at very low temperatures. Theoretical considerations dictate that triplet excitons are formed about three times as often as singlet excitons. Thus the formation of triplet excitons, represents a fundamental limitation on efficiency in organic light emitting devices which are typically operated at or near ambient temperature. Polymers according to the present invention may serve as precursors to light emissive, short-lived excited state species which form as the normally unproductive triplet excitons encounter and that transfer energy.
[0022] Other components which may be present in an organic light-emitting device in addition to the anode, cathode and light emitting material include hole injection layers, electron injection layers, and electron transport layers. During operation of an organic light-emitting device comprising an electron transport layer, the majority of charge carriers (i.e. holes and electrons) present in the electron transport layer are electrons and light emission can occur through recombination of holes and electrons present in the electron transport layer. Additional components which may be present in an organic light-emitting device include hole transport layers, hole transporting emission (emitting) layers, hole blocking layers and electron transporting emission (emitting) layers.
[0023] The organic electroluminescent layer is a layer within an organic light emitting device which when in operation contains a significant concentration of both electrons and holes and provides sites for exciton formation and light emission. A hole injection layer is a layer usually in contact with the anode which promotes the injection of holes from the anode into the interior layers of the OLED; and an electron injection layer is a layer usually in contact with the cathode that promotes the injection of electrons from the cathode into the OLED. Neither the hole injection layer nor the electron transport layer need not be in contact with the cathode. Frequently the electron transport layer is not an efficient hole transporter and thus it serves to block holes migrating toward the cathode. An electron transport layer is a layer which facilitates conduction of electrons from cathode to a charge recombination site. A hole transport layer is a layer which when the OLED is in operation facilitates conduction of holes from the anode to charge recombination sites and which need not be in contact with the anode. A hole transporting emission layer is a layer in which when the OLED is in operation facilitates the conduction of holes to charge recombination sites, and in which the majority of charge carriers are holes, and in
which emission occurs not only through recombination with residual electrons, but also through the transfer of energy from a charge recombination zone elsewhere in the device. A electron transporting emission layer is a layer in which when the OLED is in operation facilitates the conduction of electrons to charge recombination sites, and in which the majority of charge carriers are electrons, and in which emission occurs not only through recombination with residual holes, but also through the transfer of energy from a charge recombination zone elsewhere in the device.
[0024] Materials suitable for use as the anode include materials having a bulk conductivity of at least about 100 ohms per square, as measured by a four-point probe technique. Indium tin oxide (ITO) is frequently used as the anode because it is substantially transparent to light transmission and thus facilitates the escape of light emitted from electro-active organic layer. Other materials which may be utilized as the anode layer include tin oxide, indium oxide, zinc oxide, indium zinc oxide, zinc indium tin oxide, antimony oxide, and mixtures thereof.
[0025] Materials suitable for use as the cathode include zero valent metals which can inject negative charge carriers (electrons) into the inner layer(s) of the OLED. Various zero valent metals suitable for use as the cathode include K, Li, Na, Cs, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Al, Ag, Au, In, Sn, Zn, Zr, Sc, Y, elements of the lanthanide series, alloys thereof, and mixtures thereof. Suitable alloy materials for use as the cathode layer include Ag-Mg, Al-Li, In-Mg, Al-Ca, and Al-Au alloys. Layered non-alloy structures may also be employed in the cathode, such as a thin layer of a metal such as calcium, or a metal fluoride, such as LiF, covered by a thicker layer of a zero valent metal, such as aluminum or silver. In particular, the cathode may be composed of a single zero valent metal, and especially of aluminum metal.
[0026] Materials suitable for use in hole injection layers include 3,4- ethylenedioxythiophene (PEDOT) and blends of PEDOT with polystyrene sulfonate (PSS), commercially available from H. C. Stark, Inc. under the BAYTRON® tradename, and polymers based on a thieno[3,4b]thiophene (TT) monomer, commercially available from Air Products Corporation.
[0027] Materials suitable for use in hole transporting layers include 1 ,1-bis((di-4- tolylamino) phenyl)cyclohexane, N, N'- bis(4-methylphenyl)-N,N'-bis(4-ethylphenyl)- (1 ,1 '-(3,3'-dimethyl)biphenyl)-4,4'-diamine, tetrakis-(3-methylphenyl)-N,N,N',N'-2,5-
phenylenediamine, phenyl-4-N,N-diphenylaminostyrene, p-(diethylamino) benzaldehyde diphenylhydrazone, triphenylamine, 1-phenyl-3-(p-
(diethylamino)styryl)-5-(p-(diethylamino)phenyl)pyrazoline, 1 ,2-trans-bis(9H-carbazol- 9-yl)cyclobutane, N,N,N',N'-tetrakis(4-methylphenyl)-(1 ,1 '-biphenyl)-4,4'-diamine, copper phthalocyanine, polyvinylcarbazole, (phenylmethyl)polysilane; poly(3,4- ethylene dioxythiophene) (PEDOT), polyaniline, polyvinylcarbazole, triaryldiamine, tetraphenyldiamine, aromatic tertiary amines, hydrazone derivatives, carbazole derivatives, triazole derivatives, imidazole derivatives, oxadiazole derivatives having an amino group, and polythiophenes as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,023,371.
[0028] Materials suitable for use as the electron transport layer include poly(9,9- dioctyl fluorene), tris(δ-hydroxyquinolato) aluminum (AIq3), 2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl- 1 , 1 -phenanthroline, 4,7-diphenyl-1 , 10-phenanthroline, 2-(4-biphenylyl)-5-(4-t-butyl phenyl)-1 ,3,4-oxadiazole, 3-(4-biphenylyl)-4-phenyl-5-(4-t-butylphenyl)-1 ,2,4-triazole, 1 ,3,4-oxadiazole-containing polymers, 1 ,3,4-triazole-containing polymers, quinoxaline-containing polymers, and cyano-PPV.
DEFINITIONS
[0029] In the context of the present invention, alkyl is intended to include linear, branched, or cyclic hydrocarbon structures and combinations thereof, including lower alkyl and higher alkyl. Preferred alkyl groups are those of C20 or below. Lower alkyl refers to alkyl groups of from 1 to 6 carbon atoms, preferably from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, and includes methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, and n-, s- and t- butyl. Higher alkyl refers to alkyl groups having seven or more carbon atoms, preferably 7-20 carbon atoms, and includes n-, s- and f-heptyl, octyl, and dodecyl. Cycloalkyl is a subset of alkyl and includes cyclic hydrocarbon groups of from 3 to 8 carbon atoms. Examples of cycloalkyl groups include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, and norbornyl. Alkenyl and alkynyl refer to alkyl groups wherein two or more hydrogen atoms are replaced by a double or triple bond, respectively.
[0030] Aryl and heteroaryl mean a 5- or 6-membered aromatic or heteroaromatic ring containing 0-3 heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur; a bicyclic 9- or 10-membered aromatic or heteroaromatic ring system containing 0-3 heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur; or a tricyclic 13- or 14-membered aromatic
or heteroaromatic ring system containing 0-3 heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur. The aromatic 6- to 14-membered carbocyclic rings include, for example, benzene, naphthalene, indane, tetralin, and fluorene; and the 5- to 10- membered aromatic heterocyclic rings include, e.g., imidazole, pyridine, indole, thiophene, benzopyranone, thiazole, furan, benzimidazole, quinoline, isoquinoline, quinoxaline, pyrimidine, pyrazine, tetrazole and pyrazole.
[0031] Arylalkyl means an alkyl residue attached to an aryl ring. Examples are benzyl and phenethyl. Heteroarylalkyl means an alkyl residue attached to a heteroaryl ring. Examples include pyridinylmethyl and pyrimidinylethyl. Alkylaryl means an aryl residue having one or more alkyl groups attached thereto. Examples are tolyl and mesityl.
[0032] Alkoxy or alkoxyl refers to groups of from 1 to 8 carbon atoms of a straight, branched, cyclic configuration and combinations thereof attached to the parent structure through an oxygen. Examples include methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, isopropoxy, cyclopropyloxy, and cyclohexyloxy. Lower alkoxy refers to groups containing one to four carbons.
[0033] Acyl refers to groups of from 1 to 8 carbon atoms of a straight, branched, cyclic configuration, saturated, unsaturated and aromatic and combinations thereof, attached to the parent structure through a carbonyl functionality. One or more carbons in the acyl residue may be replaced by nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur as long as the point of attachment to the parent remains at the carbonyl. Examples include acetyl, benzoyl, propionyl, isobutyryl, f-butoxycarbonyl, and benzyloxycarbonyl. Lower-acyl refers to groups containing one to four carbons.
[0034] Heterocycle means a cycloalkyl or aryl residue in which one to two of the carbons is replaced by a heteroatom such as oxygen, nitrogen or sulfur. Examples of heterocycles that fall within the scope of the invention include pyrrolidine, pyrazole, pyrrole, indole, quinoline, isoquinoline, tetrahydroisoquinoline, benzofuran, benzodioxan, benzodioxole (commonly referred to as methylenedioxyphenyl, when occurring as a substituent), tetrazole, morpholine, thiazole, pyridine, pyridazine, pyrimidine, thiophene, furan, oxazole, oxazoline, isoxazole, dioxane, and tetrahydrofuran.
[0035] Substituted refers to residues, including, but not limited to, alkyl, alkylaryl,
aryl, arylalkyl, and heteroaryl, wherein up to three H atoms of the residue are replaced with lower alkyl, substituted alkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, carbonyl, carboxy, carboxalkoxy, carboxamido, acyloxy, amidino, nitro, halo, hydroxy, OCH(COOH)2, cyano, primary amino, secondary amino, acylamino, alkylthio, sulfoxide, sulfone, phenyl, benzyl, phenoxy, benzyloxy, heteroaryl, or heteroaryloxy.
[0036] Haloalkyl refers to an alkyl residue, wherein one or more H atoms are replaced by halogen atoms; the term haloalkyl includes perhaloalkyl. Examples of haloalkyl groups that fall within the scope of the invention include CH2F, CHF2, and CF3
[0037] Many of the compounds described herein may contain one or more asymmetric centers and may thus give rise to enantiomers, diastereomers, and other stereoisomeric forms that may be defined, in terms of absolute stereochemistry, as (R)- or (S)-. The present invention is meant to include all such possible isomers, as well as, their racemic and optically pure forms. Optically active (R)- and (S)- isomers may be prepared using chiral synthons or chiral reagents, or resolved using conventional techniques. When the compounds described herein contain olefinic double bonds or other centers of geometric asymmetry, and unless specified otherwise, it is intended that the compounds include both E and Z geometric isomers. Likewise, all tautomeric forms are also intended to be included.
[0038] Oxaalkyl refers to an alkyl residue in which one or more carbons have been replaced by oxygen. It is attached to the parent structure through an alkyl residue. Examples include methoxypropoxy, 3,6,9-trioxadecyl and the like. The term oxaalkyl refers to compounds in which the oxygen is bonded via a single bond to its adjacent atoms (forming ether bonds); it does not refer to doubly bonded oxygen, as would be found in carbonyl groups. Similarly, thiaalkyl and azaalkyl refer to alkyl residues in which one or more carbons has been replaced by sulfur or nitrogen, respectively. Examples include ethylaminoethyl and methylthiopropyl.
[0039] SiIyI means an alkyl residue in which one to three of the carbons is replaced by tetravalent silicon and which is attached to the parent structure through a silicon atom. Siloxy is an alkoxy residue in which both of the carbons are replaced by tetravalent silicon that is endcapped with an alkyl residue, aryl residue or a cycloalkyl residue, and which is attached to the parent structure through an oxygen atom.
[0040] A bidentate ligand is a ligand that is capable of binding to metals through two sites. Similarly, a tridentate ligand is a ligand that is capable of binding to metals through three sites. Cyclometallated ligand means a bidentate or tridentate ligand bound to a metal atom by a carbon-metal single bond and one or two metal- heteroatom bonds, forming a cyclic structure, wherein the heteroatom may be N, S, P1 As, or O.
[0041] Any numerical values recited herein include all values from the lower value to the upper value in increments of one unit provided that there is a separation of at least 2 units between any lower value and any higher value. As an example, if it is stated that the amount of a component or a value of a process variable such as, for example, temperature, pressure, time and the like is, for example, from 1 to 90, preferably from 20 to 80, more preferably from 30 to 70, it is intended that values such as 15 to 85, 22 to 68, 43 to 51 , 30 to 32 etc. are expressly enumerated in this specification. For values which are less than one, one unit is considered to be 0.0001 , 0.001 , 0.01 or 0.1 as appropriate. These are only examples of what is specifically intended and all possible combinations of numerical values between the lowest value and the highest value enumerated are to be considered to be expressly stated in this application in a similar manner.
EXAMPLES
General Procedure for Preparation of Monomers
[0042] A preferred synthetic route for preparing the 2,7-dibromofluorenone starting material is described in CN 1634839 (Scheme 1 ). The procedure uses bromine in water and results in high conversion of fluorenone to the desired dibromo product with little to no formation of mono-brominated species and unknown side-products are virtually absent. These under-brominated and unknown products are typically present in substantially higher quantities when fluorenone is brominated using a method that employs N-bromosuccinimde in methanesulfonic acid.
Scheme 1
[0043] After three crystallizations of a scaled-up reaction, 150 g of high quality 2,7- dibromofluorenone (>99.8 % purity, LC analysis) ready to be used in subsequent reactions was obtained . A portion of the 2,7-dibromofluorenone was converted into tosylated ethylene glycol 9,9'-disubstituted fluorene (5) in four steps (Scheme 2).
Scheme 2
3 4 5
[0044] The synthetic method described JP 1997255609 for glycosylation was employed with a slight modification, affording the desired fluorene 4 in high conversion (95 %) at substantially shorter reaction times (12 hours) and under neutral conditions. The tosylated fluorene (5) was used to prepare monomers (Scheme 3) for incorporation into polyfluorene materials having pendant benzoylpyrrolic Ir(III) phosphors covalently attached on the periphery. Benzoylpyrrolic Ir(III) phosphors are covalently attached to fluorene monomers (6) by displacing the tosyl-substituent with a phenolic nucleophile.
Scheme 3
Scheme 4
1. TFAA / H3PO4
CH3CN
3. HCI
Example 1 : Synthesis of 9-(4-Hexyloxyphenyl)-9H-fluoren-9-ol (2)
[0045] Bromo-(4-hexyloxy)-benzene was prepared by alkylation of 4-bromophenol (91.2 g, 527 mmol) with bromohexane (86.0 g, 520 mmol), K2CO3 (80.0 g, 580 mmol) in acetone (200 ml.) at relfux for 12 h. After removal of the salts by filtration, the reaction mixture was concentrated to dryness to give an oil. The oil was dissolved in EtOAc (100 ml.) and transferred to a separatory funnel and washed with 5% NaOH (4x200 ml_). An additional 200 ml. volume of EtOAc was added to the separatory funnel and the contents were washed with NaHCOs (1 x200 ml.) and finally dried over MgSO4. Removal of the EtOAc solvents afforded a light yellow oil and was used without further purification. Yield: 119 g, 89%. 1H NMR (500 MHz, CD2CI2, 25 "C) δ 0.91 (t, 3H), 1.34 (m, 4H), 1.45 (m, 2H), 1.76 (m, 2H), 3.92 (t, 2H), 6.79 (d, 2H), 7.36 (d, 2H). A dry 250 ml. three-neck flask was charged with small Mg turnings (2.80 g, 118 mmol) followed by anhydrous THF (100 ml_). A few iodine crystals were added and the heterogeneous mixture was heated at reflux for 15 min and then cooled to room temperature. Stirring was stopped and 1 ,2-diromoethane (0.25 ml.) was added to the reaction vessel. After five minutes had elapsed, an exothermic reaction ensued and stirring was resumed for 20 min. The reaction was then cooled to 20 °C
and bromo-(4-hexyloxy)-benzene (27.8 g, 108 mmol) was added over a period of an hour while keeping the temperature between 14-18 °C. The cooling bath was removed and the reaction was stirred for an additional 10 min as the temperature of the reaction rose to 28°C. The reaction was cooled to room temperature and the contents were transferred by pipette to a stirred toluene (250 ml.) suspension of 2,7,- dibromofluorenone (30.0 g, 90.4 mmol) that was maintained at -10 °C with a cooling bath. The cooling bath was removed and the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 20 min and subsequently treated with 20 ml. of EtOH and a saturated solution of NH4CI (5 ml_). The reaction mixture was filtered to remove insoluble materials and transferred to a separatory funnel containing EtOAc (100 ml.) and H2O (100 ml_). The layers were separated and the organic layer was washed with H2O (2x100 ml_), and brine (1 x100 ml_), and dried over MgSO4. The solvents were removed to dryness to give a crude yellow solid (50.8 g). The crude material was recrystallized from hexanes/CH2CI2 to afforded the product as an off-white microcrystalline material. Yield: 38.6 g, 79%. 1H NMR (500 MHz, CD2CI2, 25 "C) δ 0.91 (t, 3H), 1.32 (m, 4H), 1.41 (m, 2H), 1.74 (m, 2H), 2.66 (s, 1 H), 3.92 (t, 2H), 6.79 (d, 2H), 7.23 (d, 2H), 7.43 (d, 2H), 7.52 (m, 4H).
Example 2: Synthesis of 9-(4-Hexyloxyphenyl)-9'-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-fluorene (3)
[0046] A CH2CI2 (75 ml.) solution of phenol (24 g, 256 mmol) and 9-(4- hexyloxyphenyl)-9H-Fluoren-9-ol (2) (30.0 g, 55.7 mmol) was treated with 20 drops of methanesulfonic acid which caused the solution to change to purple in color. The reaction was stirred at room temperature until TLC analysis indicated that the starting fluorenol was consumed. The reaction mixture was transferred to a separatory funnel and washed with a saturated solution of NaHCO3 (1 x200 ml_), H2O (3x150 ml_), and then the organic layer was dried over MgSO4. The solvents were removed to dryness to give an oil. The oil was adsorbed onto silica gel from a CH2CI2 solution and the solvents were removed to dryness. The dried silica gel was transferred to a glass fritted funnel (500 ml.) containing a packed H2O slurry of silica gel (200 ml.) fitted on a vacuum flask. The contents of the funnel were flushed with H2O by applying vacuum to the flask which eluted phenol from the silica gel. After excess phenol was removed, the product was eluted from the silica gel with CH3CN. The solvents were removed using a rotary evaporator with a bath at 45 °C which resulted in the formation of a milky solution from which a white solid formed. The product was
collected by filtration, washed with water and dried. Isolated as a mixture (90:10) of para- and ortho- isomers of the hydroxyphenol adduct. Yield: 34.0 g, 98%. 1H NMR (500 MHz, CD2CI2, 25 "C) δ 0.89 (t, 3H), 1.32 (m, 4H), 1.43 (m, 2H), 1.74 (m, 2H), 3.91 (t, 2H), 4.90 (s, 1 H), 6.72 (d, 2H), 6.77 (d, 2H), 7.01 (d, 2H), 7.04 (d, 2H), 7.47 (d, 2H), 7.50 (d, 2H), 7.63 (d, 2H).
Example 3: Synthesis of 9-(4-Hexyloxyphenyl)-9'-(4-(2-hydroxyethoxy)phenyl)- fluorene (4)
[0047] The phenol 3 (33.0 g, 53.7 mmol) was dissolved in xylenes (30 ml_), dried over MgSO4, and filtered. The solution was concentrated on a rotary evaporator until the contents of the flask weighed 70 g. The xylenes solution of 3 was then placed under an inert atmosphere of N2 and treated with ethylene carbonate (3.9 ml_, 59.0 mmol) which was then heated at reflux for 15 h. After this time had passed, the reaction was cooled to room temperature and the solvents were removed to give a yellow oil. The oil was chromatographed through 2 L of SiO2 and eluted with CH2CI2. The product was isolated as a colorless oil after removal of the solvents. Yield 29.1 g, 82%. 1H NMR (500 MHz, CD2CI2, 25 "C) J0.94 (t, 3H), 1.36 (m, 4H), 1.47 (m, 2H), 1.78 (m, 2H), 2.03 (t, 1 H), 3.94 (m, 4H), 4.07 (t, 2H), 6.81 (d, 2H), 6.85 (d, 2H), 7.08 (d, 2H), 7.11 (d, 2H), 7.52 (d, 2H), 7.54 (d, 2H), 7.67 (d, 2H).
Example 4: Synthesis of 9-(4-Hexyloxyphenyl)-9'-(4-(2-p- toluenesulfonylethoxy)phenyl)-fluorene (5)
[0048] A toluene solution (200 ml.) of the ethylene glycol 4 (29.1 g, 44.2 mmol) was treated with p-toluenesulfonyl chloride (13.3 g, 69.8 mmol) and triethyamine (19.4 ml_, 140 mmol) and stirred at room temperature for 60 hours under an inert atmosphere of N2. The reaction mixture was then filtered to remove triethylamine hydrochloride and concentrated to dryness. The residue was dissolved in EtOAc and washed with 5% HCI (1 x100 ml_), saturated NaHCO3 (2x200 ml_), dried over MgSO4, and the solvents were removed to dryness. The crude oil was chromatographed through 1.4 L of SiO2 (CH2CI2:Hexanes, 1 :1 ). The product was isolated as a white amorphous solid after removal of the solvents. Yield 33.0 g, 92%. 1H NMR (500 MHz, CD2CI2, 25 "C) J0.88 (t, 3H), 1.33 (m, 4H), 1.43 (m, 2H), 1.74 (m, 2H), 2.41 (s, 3H), 3.91 (t, 2H), 4.09 (t, 2H), 4.31 (t, 2H), 6.68 (d, 2H), 6.77 (d, 2H), 7.03 (m, 4H), 7.34 (d, 2H), 7.46 (d, 2H), 7.50 (d, 2H), 7.63 (d, 2H), 7.78 (d, 2H).
Example 5: Synthesis of [(piq)2lr(7)]-fluorene Monomer (6)
[0049] To a stirred DMF solution (25 ml.) containing the tosylated fluorene 5 (3.00 g, 4.00 mmol) and the benzoyl pyrrole iridium complex 7 (3.00 g, 3.8 mmol) was added solid K2CO3 (1.00 g, 7.24 mmol). After letting this solution stir at 80 °C for 1.5 h, the reaction was cooled and H2O (75 ml.) was added and the red precipitate that formed was sonicated and collected by filtration, washed with water, MeOH, and then dried in air. The product was chromatographed through SiO2:Toluene and isolated as a red solid after removal of the solvents. Yield 5.00 g, 92%. 1H NMR (500 MHz, CD2CI2, 25 "C) δ 0.89 (t, 3H), 1.33 (m, 4H), 1.42 (m, 2H), 1.73 (m, 2H), 3.90 (t, 2H), 4.27 (m, 2H), 4.34 (m, 2H), 6.30 (dd, 1 H), 6.41 (dd, 1 H), 6.45 (dd, 1 H), 6.51 (t, 1 H), 6.77 (m, 6H), 7.00 (m, 8H), 7.19 (dd, 1 H), 7.32 (d, 1 H), 7.43 (d, 1 H), 7.47 (d, 2H), 7.50 (dd, 2H), 7.53 (d, 1 H), 7.62 (d, 2H), 7.73 (m, 4H), 7.87 (m, 1 H), 7.92 (m, 1 H), 7.96 (d, 2H), 8.27 (d, 2H), 8.34 (d, 1 H), 8.99 (m, 2H).
Example 6: Synthesis of 2-(4-Hydroxybenzoyl)-pyrrole (7)
[0050] To a stirred suspension of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (5.50 g, 40.0 mmol) in CH3CN cooled to 0 °C was added trifluoroacetic anhydride (10 ml_, 72.0 mmol). After 15 minutes had passed, the benzoic acid dissolved. To this cooled solution at 0 °C was added 1-(p-tolylsulfonyl)pyrrole (8.85 g, 40.0 mmol) followed by enough CH2CI2 to dissolve the pyrrole at this temperature. An additional volume of trifluoroacetic anhydride (10 ml_, 72.0 mmol) was added to the reaction mixture followed by H3PO4 (2 ml_, 37.0 mmol) with rapid stirring. After the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 12 h, additional trifluoroacetic anhydride (6 ml_, 43.2 mmol) and 4- hydroxybenzoic acid (4.00 g, 29.0 mmol) were added and stirring was continued for 12 hours. After this time had passed the solvents were removed to dryness and the residue was suspended in 5% NaOH (250 ml.) and stirred overnight. The suspension was removed by filtration and the filter cake was washed with 5% NaOH (250 ml_). To the filtrate was added a saturated solution of NaHCO3 (200 ml.) and the pH of the solution was rendered neutral by adding concentrated HCI. A pink microcrystalline material formed and was collected by filtration, washed with water and dried. Yield 3.30 g, 44%. 1H NMR (500 MHz, CD2CI2, 25 "C) J6.35 (m, 1 H), 6.90 (m, 1 H), 6.94 (d, 2H), 7.14 (m, 1 H), 7.87 (d, 2H), 9.70 (bs, 1 H).
Example 7: Synthesis of [(piq)2lr(7)] (8)
[0051] To a stirred and chilled (-10 °C ) EtOH solution (100 ml.) containing the ketopyrrole 7 (1.20 g, 6.40 mmol) was added solid sodium hydride (288 mg, 12.0 mmol) which caused the solution to turn from yellow to orange in color. After letting this solution stir for 5 min, [(piq)2lr(μ-CI)]2 (3.33 g, 2.56 mmol) was added and the mixture was then heated at reflux for 10 hours. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and the red precipitate was collected by filtration. The product was washed with EtOH and dried in air. Yield (3.85 mg, 96%). 1H NMR (500 MHz, CD2CI2, 25 "C) δ 6.32 (dd, 1 H), 6.42 (dd, 2H), 6.45 (dd, 1 H), 6.51 (t, 1 H), 6.73 (m, 1 H), 6.78 (m, 1 H), 6.83 (d, 2H), 7.00 (m, 2H), 7.18 (dd, 1 H), 7.31 (d, 1 H), 7.43 (d, 1 H), 7.53 (d, 1 H), 7.73 (m, 4H), 7.89 (m, 4H), 8.27 (m, 2H), 8.34 (d, 1 H), 8.99 (m, 2H).
Example 8: Preparation of 9,9-Dioctylfluorene-Triarylamine Copolymer
[0052] All monomers were dried at 50 0C in a vacuum oven for at least two hours prior to weighing. A 50 ml 2-neck flask with a nitrogen inlet to a bubbler and a magnetic stirrer was charged with all the monomers, tri-o-tolylphosphine and 15-18 ml of the toluene. This solution was degassed with argon for 5-10 minutes then Pd(OAc)2 was added using the remaining toluene to wash the weighing funnel. Simultaneously in a separate vial, the aqueous components were degassed with argon. After at least 15 minutes of degassing, the aqueous components were added to the organic solution and the flask was immersed in a 70 0C oil bath. Stirring and heating under a positive nitrogen pressure were continued for 16-20 hours at which point the solution was allowed to reach room temperature and and phenylboric acid, 20mg was added. The flask was again immersed in the heating bath and stirred under nitrogen for an additional 3 hrs. The mixture was allowed to cool again and was then diluted with about 10 ml each of toluene and water. The mixture was transferred to a separatory funnel, the aqueous phase was discarded and the organic phase was washed with 3x 50 ml water and 1 x 50 ml of saturated NaCI. The organic solution was then passed through a funnel containing Celite and Drierite and the filtered solution was stirred for at least 30 minutes with amine-functional silica gel. The solution was again filtered and concentrated to a volume of 20-30 ml on a rotary evaporator then loaded on to a toluene saturated silica gel cartridge (~ 20-30 g silica/gm polymer - note 6). The polymer was eluted from the column with toluene (~ 100 ml) and the toluene solution was concentrated to ~ 20 ml. The polymer was isolated by precipitating the solution into 10 volumes of methanol with vigorous stirring. The polymer was collected by filtration, washed with methanol and dried in a 40-50 0C vacuum oven. Yield after drying was 403 mg (55%). Gel permeation chromatography indicated Mw 92.4K, Mn 23.0K relative to polystyrene standards.
Example 9: Device Fabrication
[0053] A layer of PEDOT/PSS (Baytron P VP 8000, a poly(3,4-ethylenedioxy thiophene)-poly(styrenesulfonate) obtained as a solution from HC Starck, Inc.) having a thickness of about 60nm was deposited by spin-coating onto clean, UV- ozone treated, 2.5cm x 2.5cm ITO patterned glass substrates. The coated substrates were then baked on a hot plate in air for 30 minutes at 1600C. A layer of F8-TFB (an octylfluorene-triarylamine copolymer obtained from Sumation, Inc.) hole transporting
layer having a thickness of about 10-20 nm was then spin-coated atop the PEDOT/PSS coated substrates. The F8-TFB-PEDOT/PSS coated substrates were then baked on a hot plate in argon for 30 minutes at 1700C. A final layer of a 1 :1 blend of an electroluminescent polymer, BP104 (Sumation), and the polymer of Example 8 was deposited via spin casting from a xylene solution atop the F8-TFB layer. This layer had a thickness of approximately 40-50 nm). The coated substrates were then placed into a bell jar evaporator, and the system was pumped until a pressure of about 1x10"6 torr was obtained. A layer of sodium fluoride about 3 nm thick (as measured via a calibrated quartz crystal microbalance) was then deposited atop the final layer of the coated substrates by physical vapor deposition. Subsequently, a layer of aluminum metal about 130 nm thick was deposited atop the sodium fluoride layer by vapor deposition under vacuum to form the cathode component of the OLED.
[0054] For each of the devices, brightness and current versus applied voltage were measured using a Keithley 236 Source Measure unit and a silicon diode coupled to a picoammeter (Keithley). The current response of the diode was converted to OLED brightness (cd/m2) through calibration of the silicon diode against a Minolta LS 100 Luminance meter and by measuring the active area of the OLED. Brightness ("cd/A") measures how efficiently injected charge is converted to light the eye can see, and the LPW is a power efficacy metric (how much visible light is generated for a certain amount of input power). The LPW data includes the effect of both the operating voltage and the charge to visible light conversion efficiency. The combination of the Cd/A and LPW data indicate relatively efficient operation of the device that includes the polymer material, and that this material is compatible with low voltage operation of the device
[0055] The color of light emitted (EL spectrum) by each OLED device sample was measured using a calibrated spectrometer while operating the device over a range of from about 390 nm to about 750 nm at a current density of about 1 mA. Both blue emission form the BP 104 material and red emission from the red emissive polymer material were produced. The emission from this particular device was dominated by the red emissive species, indicating that the performance shown in the LPW and Cd/A graphs is indicative of the performance of the side arm emissive polymers.
[0056] While only certain features of the invention have been illustrated and described herein, many modifications and changes will occur to those skilled in the art. It is, therefore, to be understood that the appended claims are intended to cover all such modifications and changes as fall within the true spirit of the invention.
Claims
1. A compound of formula
wherein
R1 , R3, R4 and R6 are independently hydrogen, alkyl, alkoxy, oxaalkyl, alkylaryl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl; substituted alkoxy, substituted oxaalkyl, substituted alkylaryl, substituted aryl, substituted arylalkyl, or substituted heteroaryl;
R1a is hydrogen or alkyl;
R2 is alkylene, substituted alkylene, oxaalkylene, CO, or CO2;
R2a is alkylene;
R5 is independently at each occurrence hydrogen, alkyl, alkylaryl, aryl, arylalkyl, alkoxy, carboxy, substituted alkyl; substituted alkylaryl, substituted aryl, substituted arylalkyl, or substituted alkoxy,
X is halo, triflate, -B(OR1a)2, or -B( OV located at the 2, 5- or 2, 7- positions; and
L is derived from phenylpyridine, tolylpyridine, benzothienylpyridine, phenylisoquinoline, dibenzoquinozaline, fluorenylpyridine, ketopyrrole, 2-(1- naphthyl)benzoxazole)), 2-phenylbenzoxazole, 2-phenylbenzothiazole, coumarin, thienylpyridine, phenylpyridine, benzothienylpyridine, 3-methoxy-2- phenylpyridine, thienylpyridine, phenylimine, vinylpyridine, pyridylnaphthalene, pyridylpyrrole, pyridylimidazole, phenylindole, derivatives thereof or combinations thereof.
2. A compound according to claim 1 , of formula
wherein R is hydrogen, alkyl, alkoxy, oxaalkyl, substituted alkyl; substituted alkoxy, or substituted oxaalkyl.
3. A compound according to claim 2, wherein R2 is oxaalkylene.
4. A compound according to claim 1 , of formula
5. A compound according to claim 1 , of formula
wherein R is hydrogen, alkyl, or substituted alkyl and piq is phenylisoquinolinyl.
6. A polymer comprising at least one structural unit derived from a compound according to claim 1.
7. A polymer comprising at least one pendant group of formula
wherein
R2 is alkylene, substituted alkylene, oxaalkylene, CO, or CO2; R3, R4 and R6 are independently hydrogen, alkyl, alkoxy, alkylaryl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl; substituted alkoxy, substituted alkylaryl, substituted aryl, substituted arylalkyl, or substituted heteroaryl; L is derived from phenylpyridine, tolylpyridine, benzothienylpyridine, phenylisoquinoline, dibenzoquinozaline, fluorenylpyridine, ketopyrrole, 2-(1- naphthyl)benzoxazole)), 2-phenylbenzoxazole, 2-phenylbenzothiazole, coumarin, thienylpyridine, phenylpyridine, benzothienylpyridine, 3-methoxy-2- phenylpyridine, thienylpyridine, phenylimine, vinylpyridine, pyridylnaphthalene, pyridylpyrrole, pyridylimidazole, phenylindole, derivatives thereof or combinations thereof.
8. A polymer according to claim 7, additionally comprising structural units derived from at least one fluorene monomer.
9. A polymer according to claim 7, additionally comprising structural units derived from a dibromo 9, 9-dioctyl fluorene monomer.
10. A polymer according to claim 7, additionally comprising structural units derived from at least one triarylamine monomer.
11. A polymer according to claim 7, wherein L is derived from phenylisoquinoline.
12. A polymer according to claim 7, wherein R2 is oxaalkylene.
13. A polymer according to claim 7, wherein the pendant group is
14. A polymer according to claim 7, wherein the pendant group is
wherein piq is phenylisoquinolinyl
15. A polymer according to claim 7, wherein the pendant group is derived from a compound according to claim 1.
16. A polymer according to claim 7, wherein the pendant group is derived from a compound selected from
wherein Z is O, S, or a direct bond.
17. A polymer according to claim 7, comprising structural units of formula
18. A polymer according to claim 7, comprising structural units of formula
wherein piq is phenyisoquinolinyl.
19. A polymer according to claim 7, comprising structural units of formula
wherein piq is phenyisoquinolinyl.
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US8048956B2 (en) | 2008-12-05 | 2011-11-01 | General Electric Company | Functionalized polyfluorenes for use in optoelectronic devices |
US8053536B2 (en) | 2008-12-05 | 2011-11-08 | General Electric Company | Functionalized polyfluorenes for use in optoelectronic devices |
US8512879B2 (en) * | 2009-11-10 | 2013-08-20 | General Electric Company | Polymer for optoelectronic device |
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