EP2218056A1 - Content aware resizing of images and videos - Google Patents
Content aware resizing of images and videosInfo
- Publication number
- EP2218056A1 EP2218056A1 EP08855039A EP08855039A EP2218056A1 EP 2218056 A1 EP2218056 A1 EP 2218056A1 EP 08855039 A EP08855039 A EP 08855039A EP 08855039 A EP08855039 A EP 08855039A EP 2218056 A1 EP2218056 A1 EP 2218056A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- seam
- cut
- cost
- pixels
- energy
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 47
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 18
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Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06T—IMAGE DATA PROCESSING OR GENERATION, IN GENERAL
- G06T3/00—Geometric image transformations in the plane of the image
- G06T3/04—Context-preserving transformations, e.g. by using an importance map
Definitions
- This invention relates generally to image processing, and more particularly to resizing images and videos.
- Seam carving is an effective technique for content aware image resizing. Images may need to be resized for display devices with different aspect ratios or different resolutions. In a similar manner, it should be possible to resize videos for televisions, computer terminals, cellular telephones, and other hand-held display devices by either changing any combination of the aspect ratio, resolution and time span of the video.
- a na ⁇ ve extension of seam carving to videos is to treat each video frame as an image and resize each the frame independently of other frames. However, this causes jittery artifacts due to a lack of temporal coherency.
- Conventional seam carving also has other limitations. In images where salient spatial structures appear, seam carving can generate annoying artifacts. These would be magnified in videos, where spatial artifacts can be amplified and augmented by temporal artifacts. In fact, because of the way human perception operates, temporal artifacts may even be more disturbing in videos, as the human eyes are highly sensitive to motion.
- ROI Regions of Interest
- Another method is object-based.
- the input video is segmented into objects and activities.
- a short video synopsis can be composed of the segmented objects. That method only deals with retiming the video, and does not change its spatial extent.
- Another method uses non-uniform global warping and concentrates on defining an effective saliency map for the video that comprises spatial edges, face detection and motion detection.
- Graph partitioning and graph-based cost minimization techniques are widely used in image and video processing applications such as image restoration, image segmentation, object recognition and shape reconstruction.
- a graph representing an image is partitioned into two disjoint subsets based on similarity measures and constraints.
- One method uses graph cuts to patch 2D or 3D textures into images.
- the embodiments of the invention provide a method and system for content aware image and video resizing.
- the method removes or inserts ID pixel seams for 2D images, and 2D manifolds for 3D space-time volumes, such as videos.
- the invention uses graph cuts that are suitable for 3D volumes.
- nodes representing pixels in an input image, are connected by directed arcs.
- a seam is defined by a cut on the arcs in the grid graph, such that pixels in the resulting seam is monotonic and connected, i.e., immediately adjacent.
- the invention provides an energy function that improves the visual quality of resized images and videos.
- the invention uses forward energy and applies seams to the input image to produce an output image such that a change in energy (AE) in the output image, compared with the input image is minimized.
- AE change in energy
- E an energy function, e.g., pixel-wise intensity differences
- h the input image
- / o the output image
- Q is a seam of pixels with an associated cost
- Figure 1 is a flow diagram of a method for content aware image resizing according to an embodiment of the invention
- Figure 2 is an example input image including seams for different grid graph constructions
- Figures 3A-3D are block diagrams of image partitions and corresponding grid graph for the seams of Figure 2;
- Figure 3E is a block diagram of a grid graph according to embodiments of the invention.
- Figure 4A-4C are schematics of graph cuts according to embodiments of the invention.
- Figure 5 is a block diagram of a spatio-temporal video volume and seams forming a 2D manifold
- Figure 6 is a graph of energy change in an output image as a function of removed seams
- Figure 7A-7C show three possible directions for a vertical seam
- Figures 8A-8C compare a prior art output image with an output image obtain from an input image according to an embodiment of the invention for an input image, respectively;
- Figures 9A-9B show images with prior art seams and seams according to an embodiment of the invention.
- Figures 1OA and 1OB show corresponding energy images to Figures 9A-9B.
- the embodiments of our invention provide a method for resizing images and videos using seams of pixels obtained from graph cuts.
- a 'seam' is a monotonic and connected path of pixels going from the top edge of an image to the opposite bottom edge, or alternatively, from the left edge to the opposite right edge.
- the seams can be 2D manifolds in a temporal dimension.
- the energy in an image is related to pixel intensity, color or motion in the case of videos.
- the energy in an image can be determined according to an energy function.
- the energy function can consider measures of local salience, including local changes in intensities, luminosity, color, apparent motion, and iconicity as described herein.
- the present invention addresses these issues by using cuts on multidimensional grid graphs, instead of dynamic programming as before.
- E is an energy function, e.g., pixel-wise intensity differences
- h is the input image
- / o is the output image
- Q is a seam of pixels with an associated cost.
- FIG. 1 shows the steps of the method according to one embodiment of the invention.
- a grid graph 111 is constructed 110 from an input image 101 or a sequence of images (frames) in the case of a video.
- the grid graph is two-dimensional in a (X, Y) plane, and for a sequence of images, as in a video, the grid graph is three-dimensional volume (X, Y, T).
- the grid graph includes one node for each pixel in each image. Adjacent nodes in the grid graph are connected by directed arcs 112. The directed arcs go horizontally forward and backwards, vertically up and down and diagonally backward.
- Costs are assigned 120 to the arcs 112 the grid graph 111 using an energy function E(J).
- the energy function is computed on the input image.
- the costs can be used to construct a cost matrix or map 121, which essentially reflect the global energy in the images.
- the cost map is in the (X, Y) plane.
- the cost map can be in either the (X, T) plane or the (Y, T) plane.
- Costs are assigned to the directed arcs connecting adjacent nodes.
- the costs are based on gradient magnitudes of intensities between adjacent pixels in the input image. That is, the costs are defined on the arcs connecting adjacent nodes.
- the arcs are cut 400 according to a cost function 132 using the cost map M. Pixels corresponding to the nodes adjacent to one side of the cut form a seam. The coordinates of the pixels in each seam enforce monotonicity and connectivity- constraints. The constraints, which are enforced by the costs on the arcs, are described in greater detail below.
- the input image 101 is resized 140 according to the seams 400 to produce the output image 104, such that a change in energy of the output image, with respect to the input image, is minimized while preserving salient visual content from the input image in the output image.
- the resizing can add or remove pixels.
- the output image can then be rendered, stored, communicated, or further processed 150.
- the energy function is based on the L 1 -norm.
- the cost of the arc between two adjacent pixels is the sum of the absolute differences of their intensities (energy).
- the L 1 -norm is also known as the rectilinear, city block, or Manhattan distance.
- the energy measure is a maximum (max) projection of the spatial Li-norm gradient magnitude energy to 2D, where a is a parameter that balances spatial and temporal energy contributions.
- a a parameter that balances spatial and temporal energy contributions.
- a video seam as a connected 2D manifold in space- time that 'cuts' through a 3D video volume.
- the intersection of the surface with each frame defines one seam in the frame.
- this manifold one seam from each video frame. Because the manifold is connected, the seams preserve temporal coherency of the video.
- the nodes in the grid graph are connected by directed arcs.
- Virtual terminal nodes S (source) and T (target) are constructed in the graph by connecting infinite (oo) cost arcs to all edge nodes corresponding to pixels of the leftmost and rightmost columns of the image for horizontal seams, and the edge nodes corresponding to the top and bottom rows for vertical seams.
- the terminal nodes act as immovable “anchors ' " on the edges of graph and the images.
- a cut extends from one edge of the grid graph to a directly opposite edge of the grid graph.
- an source-to-target ⁇ SIT) cut, or simply a 'cut' C 400 on the grid graph is defined as a partitioning of the nodes in the graph (and the corresponding pixels represented by the nodes) into two disjoint subsets S 311 , and T 312, such that s G S and t G T, see Figures 3A-3E and 4A-4C. Effectively, the cut is through the arcs connecting the nodes.
- To determine 130 a seam from a cut we select the pixels immediately adjacent to one side of the cut, e.g., to the left of the cut for a cut extending form the top to bottom edge.
- Graph cuts are known.
- a cut is a partition of vertices of a graph into two sets. More formally, let G(V, E) denote a graph.
- a cut is a partition of the vertices V into two sets S and T. Any edge (u, v) € E with u € S and v € T (or u G T and v €: S, in case of a directed graph) is said to be crossing the cut and is a cut edge.
- the coordinates i andy of the pixels p in the seam must increase monotonically in a selected direction of the seam, e.g.,
- every node (pixel) p Uj is 8-connected to its immediate neighbors.
- Figure 2 shows an input image 201 of a seaside waterfall, and four seams 202 cut on the image for various graph constructions.
- the possible partitioning 301 corresponding to the four seams are respectively shown in Figures 3A-D.
- Each seam is composed of the pixels immediately to the left of a vertical cut. The seams for a horizontal cut would be immediately below the cut.
- the conventional graph in Figure 3A cause a general path and not a valid seam, while the graph in Figure 3B causes a monotonic but piecewise-connected seam.
- the graph in Figure 3 C is similar to the seam carving according to Avidan et al. However, we use a grid graph, instead of dynamic programming.
- the graph in Figure 3D represents the forward cost function according to the embodiments of the invention.
- Figure 3 E shows our grid graph in greater detail.
- the computation time depends on the number of nodes times the number of arcs in the graph, which is quadratic in the number of pixels. Solving minimal cuts on a graph, in which every pixel is represented by a node, is not feasible. To improve efficiency and enable real-time processing, the grid graph is constructed on multiple resolutions from low to high.
- the cost of the image is no longer an attribute of the pixels as in the prior art, but rather an attribute of the arcs in the graph.
- the total cost of an image is the sum of the finite costs all cuts, and the cost of each seam is the cost of the corresponding cut C.
- the energy difference after the i th seam carving resizing is
- the energy difference can actually increase, as well as decrease, for different seam removals.
- the invention minimizes the change in energy in the resized image.
- Figure 6 shows the actual (normalized) change in energy ⁇ E (vertical axis) in the output image after each seam is removed (horizontal axis).
- ⁇ E vertical axis
- the reason for the change ⁇ E is that after the seam is removed (or inserted) the pixels to the right (or bottom) of the cut will have new adjacent pixels. Thus, when the energy and costs are recomputed, they can actually increase or decrease.
- each cost M(i,j) is updated using the following function:
- P(i,j) is an additional based cost measure, such as a result obtained from a high level task, e.g., a face detector, or an user cost, that can be used in addition of our forward cost.
- Figures 8A-8B show the dramatic difference between removing seams using the backward cost function of the prior art, and the forward energy function according to the invention from an input image in Figure 8A.
- the prior art output image 8B the person sitting on the bench is noticeably distorted, and one of the fence posts has been thinned considerably.
- the output image of Figure 8C none of these artifacts are present.
- Figures 9A-9B show the corresponding seams, with fewer cuts through the person and post in Figure 9B. This clearly shows that the forward energy seams of the present invention are better.
- FIGs 10A- 1OB show the respective cost maps, which clearly indicate that the cost due to salient content is better preserved in the cost map of the present invention as shown in Figure 1OB.
- the cost increases with every crossing of every bar on the bench, as the bar defines an edge in the image.
- vertical seams can intersect the bars without substantially increasing the cost in the output image.
- the user can protect certain parts of a video during the resizing process. Because our approach is global, the user does not have to mark every frame, but only once every k frames. In practice, we mark every tenth frame. By supplying negative costs, the user can also attract seams to desired parts of the video, for example, for object removal.
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- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Theoretical Computer Science (AREA)
- Image Processing (AREA)
- Image Generation (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US99136107P | 2007-11-30 | 2007-11-30 | |
PCT/US2008/083252 WO2009070449A1 (en) | 2007-11-30 | 2008-11-12 | Content aware resizing of images and videos |
Publications (3)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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EP2218056A1 true EP2218056A1 (en) | 2010-08-18 |
EP2218056A4 EP2218056A4 (en) | 2012-05-30 |
EP2218056B1 EP2218056B1 (en) | 2013-05-29 |
Family
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Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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EP08855039.7A Not-in-force EP2218056B1 (en) | 2007-11-30 | 2008-11-12 | Content aware resizing of images and videos |
Country Status (5)
Country | Link |
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US (1) | US8380010B2 (en) |
EP (1) | EP2218056B1 (en) |
JP (1) | JP5058341B2 (en) |
CN (1) | CN101981592B (en) |
WO (1) | WO2009070449A1 (en) |
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
CN101981592B (en) | 2013-02-06 |
EP2218056A4 (en) | 2012-05-30 |
CN101981592A (en) | 2011-02-23 |
JP2011505631A (en) | 2011-02-24 |
US20110211771A1 (en) | 2011-09-01 |
JP5058341B2 (en) | 2012-10-24 |
US8380010B2 (en) | 2013-02-19 |
EP2218056B1 (en) | 2013-05-29 |
WO2009070449A1 (en) | 2009-06-04 |
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