EP2176677A2 - Ortungsverfahren - Google Patents
OrtungsverfahrenInfo
- Publication number
- EP2176677A2 EP2176677A2 EP08801107A EP08801107A EP2176677A2 EP 2176677 A2 EP2176677 A2 EP 2176677A2 EP 08801107 A EP08801107 A EP 08801107A EP 08801107 A EP08801107 A EP 08801107A EP 2176677 A2 EP2176677 A2 EP 2176677A2
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- terminal
- distance
- terminals
- current position
- location
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Ceased
Links
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
- G01S5/00—Position-fixing by co-ordinating two or more direction or position line determinations; Position-fixing by co-ordinating two or more distance determinations
- G01S5/02—Position-fixing by co-ordinating two or more direction or position line determinations; Position-fixing by co-ordinating two or more distance determinations using radio waves
- G01S5/0257—Hybrid positioning
- G01S5/0263—Hybrid positioning by combining or switching between positions derived from two or more separate positioning systems
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
- G01S19/00—Satellite radio beacon positioning systems; Determining position, velocity or attitude using signals transmitted by such systems
- G01S19/01—Satellite radio beacon positioning systems transmitting time-stamped messages, e.g. GPS [Global Positioning System], GLONASS [Global Orbiting Navigation Satellite System] or GALILEO
- G01S19/13—Receivers
- G01S19/34—Power consumption
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
- G01S5/00—Position-fixing by co-ordinating two or more direction or position line determinations; Position-fixing by co-ordinating two or more distance determinations
- G01S5/02—Position-fixing by co-ordinating two or more direction or position line determinations; Position-fixing by co-ordinating two or more distance determinations using radio waves
- G01S5/0284—Relative positioning
- G01S5/0289—Relative positioning of multiple transceivers, e.g. in ad hoc networks
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a locating method and apparatus 5 for carrying it out, and more particularly to efficient control of at least one accurate locating method and at least one energy saving locating method on a radio-based terminal (eg, mobile phone) for performing proactive location-based services ,
- a radio-based terminal eg, mobile phone
- LBSs Location-based services
- reactive LBSs provide on-demand information to the user
- proactive LBSs automatically trigger service actions upon the occurrence of predefined spatial events, such as the approach of a user to a "point of interest" (PoI).
- PoI point of interest
- Examples of proactive LBSs are the following services:
- Proactive Tourist Guide A user is automatically provided with background information as soon as he or she visits a particular point of interest
- the update zone can be defined as a circle with a predefined center and radius, or as a polygon.
- terminal-based methods such as GPS, "Assisted GPS”, the future European satellite system Galileo, or the “Enhanced Observed Time Difference” (E-OTD) method, which is part of the GSM standards is.
- E-OTD Enhanced Observed Time Difference
- U-TDoA Uplink Time Difference of Arrival
- the known locating methods have the following disadvantage with regard to the detection of update zones. To achieve the desired high temporal resolution, must the positioning method will be operated almost continuously. This results in some high (technical) costs: In terminal-based methods, the continuous position calculation leads to a high power consumption on the terminal. In the case of network-based and network-supported methods, in turn, signals must constantly be transmitted by the terminal, which burdens the limited air interface and leads to considerable scalability problems. In addition, the frequent transmissions also generate high energy consumption.
- Terminal within a radio network comprising: performing a first location method for determining a starting position of the first terminal; Deactivation of the first locating method; Performing a second locating method for at least approximately determining the current position of the first terminal with respect to the starting position; and activating and re-performing the first locating method to determine a new home position of the first terminal when the current position reaches a minimum distance to the home position.
- the present invention controls an accurate, resource-intensive location method (the first location method) such as GPS for detection of update zones.
- the first location method is used as little as possible in order to protect the energy and hardware resources of the terminal.
- the update zones will still be considered with high temporal and spatial resolution.
- the invention includes the estimation of the relative distance along the straight-line between the current position of the terminal (ie, a user) and the last position determined by the first location method. Location determinations by the first location method are avoided if the update zone has not yet been reached or left safely or with a certain probability.
- the present method can use the signals of surrounding base stations to dynamically control the use of the first location method.
- the present method differs from other ("inaccurate") positioning methods based on radio signals of surrounding base stations in that only a relative distance estimation, and not an absolute position determination, takes place, resulting in a complex integration of network topology data or a priori Measurement of radio patterns (finger prints) avoided.
- the present method can be implemented device-independently. It can therefore be easily integrated into existing location-based terminals (e.g., GPS devices).
- location-based terminals e.g., GPS devices
- the present method can be advantageously used to determine cliques within a variety of mobile terminals.
- Terminals in a radio network having a plurality of mobile terminals comprising the steps of determining one or more independent sets of the terminals, the terminals of each of the independent sets being in pairs a distance greater than a predetermined threshold; and determining at least one clique of terminals, their removal in pairs less than a predetermined threshold, each independent set containing at most one terminal of the clique.
- This method according to the invention is characterized in that cliques can be determined in a simple and energy-efficient manner, thereby sparing the resources available and allowing the exchange of messages between the terminals and a higher-ranking server, which is generally present for the provision of clique-based LBSs, can be reduced.
- the methods described below are based on dynamic control of the location methods.
- the basic mechanism according to an embodiment of the present invention will now be described with reference to FIG. Shown therein is an update zone U set by a service, the user of a terminal, or by the network.
- the Update Zone U is associated with a service that is relevant to whether the user is leaving or entering the Update Zone U.
- the current position of the terminal is determined by means of an available "accurate" first location method (for example GPS) .
- the current position can be used to calculate a distance r2 that the user would have to travel to exit or enter the update zone U.
- the invention is based on allowing the first location method to rest for as long as it is ensured that the user has not traveled more than one distance rl from the time of the last location determination by the first location method, where rl ⁇ r2.
- the distance r1 does not designate the actually traveled distance, but the length of the straight-line between the current position and the position last determined using the first positioning method. Only when this is no longer guaranteed, the first location method is reactivated and the process repeated.
- the distance rl is determined by a second locating method.
- the second locating method is more energy efficient than the first locating method. In other words, an energy-saving and an accurate positioning method are performed alternately.
- various second (i.e., energy efficient) location methods are employed. After determining the exact position of the user using the first locating method, the second locating methods are performed until none of the second locating methods can determine a distance rl for which rl ⁇ r2 holds, i. until no longer guaranteed that the user has entered or left the update zone. If this case occurs, a precise location determination is carried out again using the first location method and the process is repeated.
- Eligible rate-based methods may be similar to known Dead Reckoning.
- dead reckoning directly estimates the (absolute) position of the user, for example, based on measured speed and direction and a starting point.
- preferred and described below are methods for limiting the relative deviation from the last position.
- Configurable speed limit This location method is based on a user-configurable or service-configurable maximum speed vmax to be determined from the user's current context or history of movement.
- the identifiers of surrounding base stations are monitored by the user's terminal to determine the distance rl: • Maximum radius of the radio cell
- the terminal can not have moved more than 2d as long as it receives the same base station identifier.
- the monitoring of surrounding WLAN access points offers. These have only a limited range. If the terminal receives signals from the same access point at two different positions, it is possible to conclude a relatively small distance rl.
- GSM-based terminals Although GSM cells are up to 35 km in the countryside; nevertheless, knowledge of the approximate cell size may be sufficient here as well, for example if the user moves only to a limited extent (for example in the inner city)
- Network topology information such as the locations of the base stations, which are usually only available to the network operator.
- a relative travel distance is determined based on the difference between two signal strengths of several base stations.
- no special background information for example a priori measurement of radio patterns (fingerprints) is necessary, which greatly simplifies the approach.
- Two signal strength vectors determined at different times can be determined, for example, by their Euclidean or Manhattan distance, the number of identical base stations or the Spearman Rank Order Coefficient, which correlates the tuples ordered according to the signal strength the same base stations, compare. These metrics allow conclusions to be drawn about a maximum travel distance between the measurement points.
- a GPS-based location method as the first location method
- a GSM-based location method are used as the second location method.
- This embodiment makes use of the fact that the user moves semi-static most of the time. For example, the user can often move around at work or at home; however, the movements of the user are mostly localized ie starting from a central fixed location, the user does not move outside a certain radius. For this reason, a pure motion detection for the second detection method are only limited. In the present exemplary embodiment, therefore, it is aimed to recognize when This radius is then left to then activate the first, GPS-based location method.
- the present embodiment is based on analyzing the signals from surrounding GSM base stations, which are detected by the user's terminal anyway, to detect the need for "handovers.” Therefore, there is no additional energy consumption.
- the current GSM measurements of the terminal are compared with those at the time of the last GPS location determination. If it can be excluded from this comparison that the user has traveled more than the distance r2 described above, the GPS location method remains inactive.
- CBS Common Base Station
- P J position of the user at the time of the last measurement using the first (exact) positioning method (eg GPS) PJ: current position of the user dist (pi, p j ): calculated distance between pj and P j trueDist (pi, p j ) actual distance between pi and p j dist t ri gger: minimum distance between the user and limit the first (exact) positioning method (eg GPS) PJ: current position of the user dist (pi, p j ): calculated distance between pj and P j trueDist (pi, p j ) actual distance between pi and p j dist t ri gger: minimum distance between the user and limit the first (exact) positioning method (eg GPS) PJ: current position of the user dist (pi, p j ): calculated distance between pj and P j trueDist (pi, p j ) actual distance between pi and p j dist t ri
- a bs ® is the radio cell ID of the base station a
- c is the assigned signal strength with which the control channel BCCH (Broadcast Control Channel) at time t j is received.
- BCCH Broadcast Control Channel
- N 7 strongest base stations since this corresponds to the number of base stations included in the measurement report that a base station controller BSC mobile phone has in the base station controller
- this indicator is easy to calculate. However, this maps only N + 1 discrete values (iv, € ⁇ 0, ... N ⁇ ). In addition, this can not distinguish between nearby and distant antennas.
- This indicator represents how exactly the orders of common base stations BS ⁇ and BS (k * correspond to each other (the orders usually correspond to decreasing signal strengths). Although this is already an improvement over (i) because of the implicit consideration of signal strengths, it still has the disadvantage that rank changes from proximate and distant antennas are treated proportionally.
- Extended CBS Indicator The following describes the creation of an enhanced CBS indicator (eCBS) according to an embodiment of the present invention which overcomes the disadvantages of existing indicators.
- eCBS enhanced CBS indicator
- Step 1 Create a Weighted Base Station Indicator wBS
- the strength of the received signal ci (j) represents the importance of the base station i within BS (j). Due to slow and fast fading noise, the Signal strength should not be used as an absolute measure. Slow fading interference results from reflection and absorption along the signal path between the base station and the mobile terminal. Fast fading interference results from reflecting objects in the immediate vicinity of the terminal. However, taking into account the proportion of each signal strength value in the total available power, the influence of fading noise can be reduced. Instead of the RSS (Received Signal Strength, see above) weighting coefficients are used: JV - c U)
- Step 2 Create an Extended Base Station Indicator eBS
- the wBS indicator is intended to compensate for fading effects that can occur within a single measurement. However, this does not take account of jumping channels (radio waves appearing in one measurement, but not in the following) .To mitigate the effect of this effect on the indicator, successive measurements are weighted ("weighted moving average ").
- the extended base station indicator eBS is thus determined at time t * based on the current and previous Nw-I measurements (M ° - Nw + 1) , ..., M ⁇ ):
- Step 3 Calculation of the number of common base stations eCBS The calculation is based on the following formula:
- the number of common base stations eCBS is determined. To represent the number of eCBS at this distance, according to embodiments of the present invention, the following basic methods are applicable:
- the image based thereon may be provided to the terminal in advance or on demand (i.e., stored thereon).
- Bayesian decision-making system or a local regression analysis.
- a value p to be determined representing the probability with which trueDist (pi, pj)> dista l ER
- dist observe dist t ⁇ gger - ⁇ • qnorm (p)
- eCBS Threshold eCBSthres can be determined as follows:
- the first positioning method is activated according to an embodiment of the invention to achieve the desired probability p.
- mapping functions f described above do not have to be performed every GSM measurement, but only when eCB is redetermined.
- the mapping functions are independent of the hardware parameters of the terminal, the tables can be calculated independently of the terminal and made available. That is, the tables can be created for different regions, radio network topographies and / or network operators.
- the tables may be pre-stored on the terminal or may be retrievable by the terminal (if required).
- This exemplary embodiment of the present invention relates to the automatic recognition of "cliques” for the realization and improvement of proactive multi-person “Location Based Community Services", LBCSs.
- a clique in an undirected graph G denotes a set of vertices V, where all elements are pairwise connected by an edge. V is therefore a fully meshed subgraph of G.
- the size of a clique corresponds to the number of contained nodes.
- edge edge
- Possibility are mobile multi-user games that part of the detection of cliques to provide for the game flow.
- Another field not only related to LBCSs is logistics. Here it must be automatically determined when a certain quantity of goods is in the same place.
- Another field of application is Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW), where, for example, a presentation can be started as soon as enough of the desired persons have gathered for a meeting.
- CSCW Computer Supported Cooperative Work
- Web 2.0 can generally benefit from mechanisms for studying the spatial relationships of community participants.
- the automatic clique recognition would fundamentally upgrade existing MoSoSo (Mobile Social Software) products, which until now have been only reactive.
- the users' terminals could transmit the locally measured location information to a location server either periodically or based on a fixed update distance.
- the reported positions are constantly compared and checked for cliques.
- a disadvantage of this approach is the excessive message exchange, which is the higher, the greater the desired spatial or temporal accuracy of the clique recognition should be.
- a high computing load is created at the location server.
- a method is provided in which the number of messages exchanged between the terminal and the server is reduced.
- this should relieve the air interface, reduce possible monetary costs for the user for the use of mobile carrier services such as GPRS or UMTS, and reduce the energy consumption of the terminal resulting from the transmission of the messages.
- the computing load on the part of the Location Server is to be lowered, which increases its scalability in terms of simultaneously operable terminals.
- a method according to an embodiment of the invention is based, in contrast to a constructive approach, on proving the non-existence of a clique as long as the clique does not exist.
- proof is achieved by turning the target objects from S into so-called "independent sets". to be grouped.
- An independent set is a subset of S whose elements are not in close proximity to each other in pairs.
- close-range and separation detection is used, as described below.
- the method for recognizing cliques is distinguished by the fact that no completely new, specialized protocol for tracking the target objects has been designed. Instead, the proximity and separation detection is dynamically applied to pairs of target objects. Only a few of the possible pairs of S need to be considered simultaneously, which greatly reduces the required message overhead.
- the method is preferably carried out on a central server with which the user's terminals are connected.
- a clique detection strategy is based on near range and separation detection.
- Short-range detection describes the ability of an LBCS to automatically detect when a pair's spatial distance within a group of mobile targets (users) falls below a given short-range distance.
- disconnect detection refers to the ability to detect that a given separation distance is being crossed between two objects.
- a dynamic, alternating control of a first, accurate positioning method eg GPS
- a second, energy-saving positioning method eg GSM-based
- the limit at which the spatial distance of a pair of target objects falls below a predetermined short-range distance or exceeds a predetermined separation distance corresponds to the limit of the above described update zone.
- the first location method is activated and performed only if the second location method no longer guarantees that a pair of target objects will exceed or exceed the short-range or separation distance.
- a graph-based approach is preferably selected which models target persons as nodes.
- An edge between two nodes means that the spatial distance dist (ti, tj) between the corresponding target persons ti and tj is smaller than a predefined clix distance de> 0.
- a clique Cn is a set of n pairwise by an edge connected node.
- a limit-line tolerance bc> 0 associated with the clique recognition is introduced: If de ⁇ dist (ti, tj) ⁇ de + bc, then ti and tj can be regarded as connected, but need not. The two target persons can then be admitted as potential candidates for a clique, but this need not be the case.
- This embodiment differs from existing graph algorithms in that the edges of the graph are not completely known. Instead, to prove the existence of an edge, it is necessary to have separation detection in progress between the target persons. If the non-existence of an edge is to be shown, a corresponding short-range detection must be in progress. Both operations incur costs, which should therefore be performed as rarely as possible.
- the present embodiment is based on demonstrably detecting all possible cliques, but as far as possible the number of observed node pairs to reduce. It has been found that often only a small number of edges must be monitored by the proximity detection.
- the "long” state designates an expiring short-range detection between a pair of target persons, the short-range distance dp being set equal to the cluster distance de
- Short-range detection bp can be set to any value between 0 and the borderline tolerance bc associated with the clique recognition.
- the distance of the pair is certainly greater than or equal to de. This ensures the absence of an edge between the corresponding nodes in the graph.
- the "short" state means that two target persons are being monitored for separation, the separation distance ds being set equal to de + bp, and the short range detection borderline bs being set to bc - b P. In this way, possible blurring intervals are the near range - and disconnect detection disjoint "ping-pong effects" that would occur if
- Objects can be considered as close and separated at the same time are avoided.
- the existence of a corresponding edge can therefore be assumed.
- One embodiment of the invention is based on proving the nonexistence of a clique, as long as it has not formed. According to the following findings from graph theory, such proof is possible, even if only a small part of all possible pair relationships is actively observed.
- An independent set is a subset I c S of size i, 1 ⁇ i ⁇ s of nodes that are not connected in pairs with an edge It is known that the target people of I are not in pairs within the near range distance, so all the possible pairs of an Independent Set are in the "long" observation state, that is, close range detection is enabled.
- the "chromatic number” or “node coloring number” ⁇ (G) of a graph G corresponds to the smallest number of colors needed to color the nodes of G so that no two nodes connected by an edge have the same color.
- ⁇ (G) also equals the minimum number of independent sets into which the nodes of G can be divided. The latter is crucial for the desired proof. The statement is easy to see by grouping exactly those nodes that have the same color in an Independent Set.
- the clique number ⁇ (G) of a graph G determines the size of the largest clique in G. It holds that the chromatic number of a graph is always greater than or equal to the number of clusters, ⁇ (G)> ⁇ (G), which is easy to understand : Obviously, there can not be two nodes of the same independent set in the same clique. As a result, even the largest clique of a graph can only consist of at most one node per independent set. Since the minimum number of independent sets equals the chromatic number ⁇ (G), we have to use ⁇ (G)> ⁇ (G).
- the algorithm of this embodiment is based on these findings.
- the set of all target objects S is divided into n - 1 independent sets. If this is possible, then n - 1> ⁇ (G)> ⁇ (G), which excludes clusters of size n.
- the conditions of all independent sets are continuously monitored: If a set consists only of one target person, then no observations have to be made. Otherwise, close range detection must be active for all pairs of target persons within the set ("long" state).
- the clique recognition algorithm manages four sets of pair observations: Sc contains the observations in the "short” state, Lc in the "long” state, Uc those that are “unknown”, and Pc the "floating" observations. In essence, the algorithm shifts the observations between these sets back and forth with the state transitions of Figure 3. It also manages a set of Xc that contains all the latest independent sets. The set Yc contains all current cliques that are smaller than n. As already described, the elements of the independent sets contained in Xc are observed in pairs in the "long" state
- Yc cliques may be either "short” or "floating," and the use of the "floating" state has the goal of largely avoiding costly separation detection.
- Xc is reorganized whenever new evidence is calculated based on independent sets. This is usually the case when an observation in the "long” state is terminated due to a short-range event.As a result of the reorganization of the independent sets, new “long” observations are created that shift from Uc to Lc. In addition, existing "long” observations, which are no longer needed by any of the new independent sets, will be switched off, ie reposted from Lc to Uc, for a more detailed description below.
- Xc contains s Independent Sets, each containing a target object.
- An initial proof of the nonexistence of a clique Cn based on independent sets is calculated.
- short-range detection is activated for one or more pairs of target objects, which transfers the corresponding state observations from Uc to Lc.
- Xc now contains n - 1 independent sets. The non-existence of the clique sought is thus at least as long secured until one of the new "long" observations triggers a Nah Schlsereignis.
- the cliques in Yc are reorganized and it is checked if the edge detected by the short-range event results in a clique of size n. If this is the case, then it is checked whether the clique has pair observations in Pc.
- n no clique of size n can be detected in the first step, it is checked whether non-existence proof is possible by generating n-1 independent sets (see below), by only those observations that are currently in Uc [Lc be used. Thus, in this step, no explicit short-range tests should take place, which are potentially Can release observations from Pc to Uc. Corresponding pollings are thus avoided at this point, since they are relatively expensive. Thus, if it is already possible to generate n - 1 independent sets at this point, the corresponding long observations are initialized and the event handler can return.
- steps (2) and (3) of the method described above it is always attempted to reduce the number of independent sets covering the nodes from S to n-1.
- two functions are presented below, which can be applied repeatedly to the sets contained in Xc: “Mergers” and “Distributions”. Both functions have the goal of fluctuating between the
- a merge preserves all existing long observations of the independent sets from Xc and is therefore very efficient.
- FIG. An example of a distribution is shown in FIG. Again, the independent set (ti, tj, tm) first breaks down into two parts, (tj) and (ti, tm), due to a short-range event between ti and tj (1). This time, however, no merger is possible, as there are “short” or "floating" observations between the remaining three sets (2).
- the only possible candidate set, (ti, tk) therefore becomes distributed: ti is taken by (tj) and tk by (ti, tm) (3). The nonexistence of a 3-clique is thus secured again.
- Substrate strategies relate to mergers as well as distributions. As mentioned above, situations often arise where more than one pair of independent sets is suitable for a merge or more than one set for a distribution. When deciding which pair or set to select, two partially reluctant goals are possible: One possible goal would be to set the total
- the alternative sub-strategy attempts to reduce the total number of observed subjects, assuming that it is beneficial if a target is not observed (which is the case for single-element independent sets) ) or if some target persons are subjected to a smaller number of "long" observations. This should compensate for the disadvantage that other target persons in turn must be pursued more intensively.
- the sub-strategy therefore seeks to generate as many single-element independent sets as possible. Mergers that Include such sets are therefore avoided as possible. For distributions, preferably large absorbent sets are selected and small sets split.
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Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE102007035855A DE102007035855B4 (de) | 2007-07-31 | 2007-07-31 | Ortungsverfahren |
| PCT/DE2008/001269 WO2009015658A2 (de) | 2007-07-31 | 2008-07-31 | Ortungsverfahren |
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| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP2176677A2 true EP2176677A2 (de) | 2010-04-21 |
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| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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| EP08801107A Ceased EP2176677A2 (de) | 2007-07-31 | 2008-07-31 | Ortungsverfahren |
Country Status (4)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US9002368B2 (de) |
| EP (1) | EP2176677A2 (de) |
| DE (1) | DE102007035855B4 (de) |
| WO (1) | WO2009015658A2 (de) |
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| WO2009015658A2 (de) | 2009-02-05 |
| DE102007035855A1 (de) | 2009-03-19 |
| US9002368B2 (en) | 2015-04-07 |
| US20100285815A1 (en) | 2010-11-11 |
| WO2009015658A3 (de) | 2009-08-06 |
| DE102007035855B4 (de) | 2013-07-04 |
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