EP2162214A2 - Systeme catalytique, procede de fabrication et utilisation - Google Patents
Systeme catalytique, procede de fabrication et utilisationInfo
- Publication number
- EP2162214A2 EP2162214A2 EP08826182A EP08826182A EP2162214A2 EP 2162214 A2 EP2162214 A2 EP 2162214A2 EP 08826182 A EP08826182 A EP 08826182A EP 08826182 A EP08826182 A EP 08826182A EP 2162214 A2 EP2162214 A2 EP 2162214A2
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- catalyst
- polymer
- micelles
- function
- aggregates
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
- B01J31/16—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing coordination complexes
- B01J31/165—Polymer immobilised coordination complexes, e.g. organometallic complexes
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J13/00—Colloid chemistry, e.g. the production of colloidal materials or their solutions, not otherwise provided for; Making microcapsules or microballoons
- B01J13/02—Making microcapsules or microballoons
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
- B01J31/02—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides
- B01J31/12—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides containing organo-metallic compounds or metal hydrides
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
- B01J31/02—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides
- B01J31/12—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides containing organo-metallic compounds or metal hydrides
- B01J31/14—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides containing organo-metallic compounds or metal hydrides of aluminium or boron
- B01J31/143—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides containing organo-metallic compounds or metal hydrides of aluminium or boron of aluminium
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
- C08F10/00—Homopolymers and copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
- C08F10/00—Homopolymers and copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond
- C08F10/02—Ethene
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
- C08F110/00—Homopolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond
- C08F110/02—Ethene
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a catalytic system, a method of manufacturing this system, as well as uses of this system.
- the catalyst system of the present invention can be used, for example, to catalyze olefin polymerization.
- the main applications of the present invention are therefore in the polyolefin industry, for example polyethylene and polypropylene.
- Ziegler Natta catalysts continue to dominate this market because of their low cost and the improvements they are constantly making. They consist of a halogen compound of a transition metal of groups 4 or 5, such as titanium or vanadium, and a metal alkyl compound of groups 2, 12, 13, for example beryllium, magnesium or zinc. It may be, for example, TiCl 4 and Al (C 2 H 5 ) 3 M 3, which generally make it possible to produce more than 30 kg of polymer per gram of catalyst. These catalysts are generally deposited on crystalline solid supports, for example alumina or silica. The catalysts are dispersed in the polymer after reaction.
- the catalyst systems used for the polymerization of olefins generally consist of the combination of a metal complex from groups 4 to 10 of the periodic table and an aluminum activator.
- the MAO resulting from the reaction between TMA and benzoic acid [Me2AIOAI (Me) OAIMe2] is an effective activator of metallocenes and more recently developed catalysts termed post-metallocene.
- polyolefins for example polyethylene, polypropylene and their copolymers
- a support on which is deposited or "built" the catalytic system is to say using a support on which is deposited or "built" the catalytic system.
- this support is of inorganic type, for example consisting of silica, alumina, magnesium dichloride, etc., which remains in the trace state in the polymer after polymerization around the support, which can alter some properties of the final material.
- the present invention also provides a method of manufacturing the catalytic system of the invention, said method comprising the following steps: (a) choosing a polymer having at one of its ends a polar function and capable of organizing in a suitable solvent of to form aggregates, micelles or vesicles such that the polar functions of said polymer are within the aggregates, micelles or vesicles;
- the polymer may be any polymer that makes it possible to implement the present invention. It can be chosen for example from the group comprising polystyrene; polyolefins, for example polyethylene, poly (alpha-olefin) s, polyisobutene and polypropylene.
- the polymer may be a linear block copolymer or a random copolymer.
- block copolymer is meant herein a block polymer comprising more than one species of monomer. In a block copolymer, identical monomers are grouped together. Such polymers and their method of manufacture are described for example in Matyjaszewski, K.; Eds. ; Advances in Controlled / Living Radical Polymerization, (American Chemical Society 2003) [1] or Hsieh, HL; Quirk, RP; Eds. ; Anionic Polymerization Principles and Practical Applications, (Marcel Dekker 1996) [2].
- random copolymer is meant herein a polymer in which the different monomers are mixed according to the reactivity and concentration thereof.
- Such polymers and their methods of manufacture are described for example in Matyjaszewski, K .; Davies, T. P .; Eds .; Handbook of Radical Polymerization, (Wiley-Interscience 2002) [3] or Fontaine, L.; Initiation to Macromolecular Chemistry and Physico-Chemistry (French Group for Polymer Studies and Applications Volume 12 (Chapter 3)) [4].
- the invention when it is a block copolymer, it may be for example a diblock copolymer synthesized for example by controlled radical polymerization or by living anionic polymerization or by living cationic polymerization or a copolymer statistic synthesized by controlled radical polymerization or uncontrolled radical polymerization.
- Controlled radical polymerization is a method of choice for preparing well-defined polymers and copolymers with flexible molecular weights and low polymolecularity indices. Techniques useful in the present invention are described for example in Matyjaszewski, K .; Davies, T. P .; Eds .; Handbook of Radical Polymerization, (Wiley-Interscience 2002) [3].
- living polymerization is meant a polymerization in which there are no termination reactions, no transfer reactions, and where the polymer chains continue to grow as long as there are monomer molecules to be added to the chains.
- the living polymerization can be cationic or anionic.
- Such methods are described for example in Matyjaszewski, K.; Eds. ; Cationic Polymerizations Mechanisms, Synthesis, and Applications, (Marcel Dekker 1996) [5] or Hsieh, H. L.; Quirk, R.P .; Eds. ; Anionic Polymerization Principles and Practical Applications, (Marcel Dekker 1996) [2].
- the polymer may for example be a linear polystyrene carrying a benzoic acid function or a diblock copolymer poly (styrene-b-4-vinyl benzoic acid).
- examples of polymers that can be used in the present invention and methods for their synthesis are described for example in documents such as Ishizone, T.; Kurosawa, H.; Hirao, A.; Nakahama, S.; Macromol. Chem. Phys. 195, 3173 (1994) [6] or Ishizone, T.;
- the polar function may be chosen for example from the group comprising a benzoic acid function, an alcohol function, a phenol function, an ester function and a ketone function.
- Fixation of the polar function on the polymer can be carried out by any suitable method of organic chemistry known to those skilled in the art.
- a method is used to form or fix the polar function on the polymer at one of its ends. Methods which can be used to fix or form said polar functions on said polymers are described, for example, in documents such as Hsieh, H. L.; Quirk, R.P .; Eds. ; Anionic Polymerization
- the solvent may be chosen for example from the group comprising toluene, hexane, isododecane, heptane or any other higher alkane.
- the polar function and the solvent are chosen such that the formation of aggregates and / or micelles and / or vesicles is obtained, and generally any supramolecular structure of the polymer having said polar function in said solvent when the polymer is mixed with the solvent.
- This supramolecular structure makes it possible, for example, to immobilize a catalyst and a calator activator, for example those used in polymerization, for example olefins.
- the catalyst activator may be any activator known to those skilled in the art for implementing the present invention. he may be for example a catalyst activator selected from the group consisting of an aluminum activator, an aluminum-based activator and a boron activator.
- Activators usable in the present invention and their method of manufacture are described for example in Sinn, H.; Kaminsky, W.; Vollmer, HJ; Woldt, R.; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl, 19, 390 (1980) [9] or Kaminsky, W.; Sinn, H.; Adv. Organomet. Chem., 18, 99 (1980) [10].
- the catalyst activator may be chosen for example from the group comprising methylaluminoxane, trimethylaluminium, triisobutylaluminium or any other alkylaluminium.
- the catalyst may be chosen for example from the group comprising a metal complex from groups 4 to 10 of the periodic table (Mendeleev table).
- Catalysts usable in the present invention are described for example in Ittel, S.D. Johnson, L. K.; Brookhart, M., Chem. Rev., 100, 1169 (2000) [11] or Rappe, A. K.; Skiff, W.M .; Casewit, C. J.; Chem. Rev., 100, 1435 (2000) [12] or Gibson, V. C .; Spitzmesser, S. K., Chem. Rev., 103, 283 (2003) [13]. It may be for example a metallocene or post-metallocene catalyst.
- iron-based is meant for example (2,6-diacetylpyridinebis (2,6-diisopropylanil)) iron described by Britovsek, G. J. P.; Gibson, V.C .; Kimberley, B.S .; Maddox, J.; McTavish, S.J .; Solan, G.A .; White, A.P .; Williams, D.; Chem. Common, 849 (1998) [14].
- nickel-based is meant for example ⁇ Bis [N, N '- (2,6-diisopropylphenyl) imino] acenaphthene ⁇ dibromonickel described by Johnson, L. K.; Killian, C.M .; Brookhart, M.; J. Am. Chem. Soc., 117, 6414 (1995) [15].
- the preparation of the catalytic system of the present invention therefore consists of producing functional and / or block (co) polymers capable of self-organizing in solution in a solvent that is selective for one of the blocks or polar end in the form of micelles, vesicles, aggregates or other supramolecular assemblies and to use them to immobilize the activator complex. It will in turn strongly associate with the transition metal derivative used as a catalyst to lead to a supported type of catalyst complex according to the invention.
- Steps (c), (d), (e) and (f) are preferably performed with the following procedural features:
- step (c) the introduction of said solvent onto the molecules of the polymer is carried out in such a way that the polymer molecules are organized into aggregates, micelles or vesicles.
- the polymer concentration may be from 0.1 mg / ml to 50 mg / ml. It may be, for example, 18 mg / ml in the case of polystyrenes with a benzoic acid function at the end of the chain and between 0.5 and 1 mg / ml in the case of block copolymers.
- the introduction of solvent can be achieved by simply adding said solvent to the polymer molecules or a mixture of polymer molecules and organic molecules.
- said solvent can be added to a mixture of polymer molecules and organic molecules, for example benzoic acid when the polymer is a polystyrene functionalized by one or more functional groups.
- benzoic acid when the polymer is a polystyrene functionalized by one or more functional groups.
- concentration of benzoic acid added to the core of the aggregates and / or micelles may, for example, be 2 to 30 times greater than the polymer concentration, preferably 2 to 10 times higher.
- step (d) the addition of the catalyst activator is carried out so that it diffuses into said aggregates, micelles or vesicles formed to interact with said functions and be immobilized therein.
- the activator / benzoic acid molar ratio may, for example, be between 2 and 10 and preferably between 3 and 5.
- the ethylene pressure may, for example, be between 1 and 50 bar, preferably between 1 and 5 bar.
- step (f) the introduction of the catalyst into the reaction medium is carried out by simple addition after saturation of the medium with the monomer.
- the ratio of the [aluminum activator] / [catalyst] concentrations may, for example, be between 100 and 1000, preferably between 300 and 500.
- step (d) of heat treatment intended to reduce the size of the aggregates, micelles or vesicles in the solvent.
- This heat treatment step may for example consist of heating the reaction medium with stirring. It can be carried out for example by means of a hot plate.
- the temperature may be chosen for example between 20 0 C and 80 0 C, for example 60 0 C.
- the catalytic system of the present invention therefore consists of an organic support consisting of micelles or other equivalent structures, for example aggregates or vesicles, of polymer molecules comprising at one or more of their ends a polar function incompatible with the polymerization solvent. and preferably having a high affinity with the catalyst system. It may be, for example, molecules which are block copolymers in which the block incompatible with the polymerization solvent has a high affinity with the catalytic system.
- the catalyst and the catalyst activator thus penetrate inside the micelle and remain confined therein.
- Each micelle and / or vesicle and / or aggregate acts as a nanoreactor within which a chemical reaction can take place, for example a polymerization reaction.
- the catalyst system of the present invention can be advantageously used as an olefin polymerization catalyst. It may be for example the polymerization of an olefin selected from the group comprising ethylene and propylene.
- the catalyst of the present invention allows for example to polymerize ethylene polyethylene or propylene polypropylene.
- the catalyst system of the present invention also makes it possible to synthesize polyolefins which are copolymers, for example of ethylene and propylene.
- the polymerization may for example be carried out according to any one of the processes of the prior art, for example in liquid propylene, by replacing the catalyst of the prior art with a catalytic system according to the present invention.
- the present invention also relates to a process for the polymerization of an olefin, for example ethylene, comprising the implementation of the method for manufacturing a catalytic system according to the invention, and further comprising a saturation of said solvent. with said olefin and a polymerization of said olefin catalyzed by said catalyst system.
- an olefin for example ethylene
- the polymer constituting the catalyst system of the present invention is a block copolymer
- it is chosen such that the block incompatible with the polymerization solvent, and therefore located inside the micelle, of the vesicle or the aggregate, has a strong affinity with the catalyst and the catalyst activator allowing the latter to penetrate and remain confined within the micelle.
- the polymerization of the olefin is carried out after diffusion of the monomer through the micelle which immobilizes / encapsulates the catalyst and its activator thus forming a nanoreactor.
- This polymerization using micelles and / or nanoscale aggregates as organic supports for catalytic systems leads to the production of millimole-size beads or polyolefin grains and avoids the formation of fines.
- This catalytic system of the present invention therefore very advantageously leads to the production of polyolefin beads without the production of fines, which has never been obtained in the prior art. From an industrial point of view, it is clear that this lack of fines production is an important factor in this industry because it is crucial for the proper functioning of the reactors.
- the present inventors are the first to have made micelles of "reactive" copolymers as organic supports for catalytic systems for the polymerization of olefins.
- the present invention relates to the use of micellar structures, vesicles and / or aggregates, more generally supramolecular objects based on copolymers for immobilizing / encapsulating catalytic systems (metal complex + activator), for example for the polymerization of olefins.
- metal complex + activator metal complex + activator
- the invention described in the project proposes to efficientlyze in particular block copolymers and functional polymers that are quick to generate micelles and / or aggregates and / or vesicles in solution as new organic supports for this polymerization catalysis and thus meets a need. long expressed by the industrialists.
- the invention makes it possible to support olefin polymerization catalysts and catalysts activators that have not been able to withstand to date for various technical and / or chemical problems. Indeed, in the techniques of the prior art, certain catalysts are strongly deactivated by chemically binding them to a support (the catalytic activity is generally reduced by a factor of 100 between homogeneous and supported metallocene catalysis).
- the synthesis of the catalyst of the present invention is therefore simplified compared with catalysts of the prior art.
- the ability of the catalyst system of the present invention to immobilize or encapsulate catalysts that could not be supported on a support by the prior art techniques allows the creation of a new class of catalysts.
- the presence of inorganic carrier residues in the synthesized polymeric material often impaired the thermomechanical and optical properties (transparency) of the final material. With the catalyst system of the present invention, this disadvantage disappears.
- the cost of inorganic carriers of the prior art is much higher than the cost of the catalyst systems of the present invention.
- the polyolefins synthesized using the catalyst system of the present invention have improved physicochemical characteristics over those of the prior art.
- the catalyst and the catalyst activator penetrate inside the micelle and remain confined thereto. This micelle plays the role of a nanoreactor within which the polymerization reaction takes place.
- FIG. 2 represents a transmission electron microscopy (TEM) image of the micelles and aggregates of linear polystyrene micelles functionalized by one or more benzoic acid units after organization in toluene.
- FIG. 3 schematically represents the micellar organization of polystyrenes functionalized by a benzoic acid function.
- Figure 4 shows a light scattering plot of linear poly (styrene-4-vinyl benzoic acid) diblock copolymers in solution in toluene.
- FIG. 5 represents a light scattering graph of poly (styrene-t> -4-vinyl benzoic acid) diblock copolymers in solution in toluene.
- Figures 6a and 6b show two photographs of polyethylene grains obtained in the presence of a catalyst system according to the present invention.
- Figures 7a and b show two photographs obtained by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of the polyethylene obtained in the presence of a catalytic system according to the present invention.
- Linear polystyrenes carrying a benzoic acid function (AB) at the end of the chain as well as linear diblock copolymers poly (styrene-6-4-vinyl benzoic acid) (poly (St-b-AB)) are synthesized by Radical Transfer Polymerization of Atom (ATRP).
- Polystyrenes carrying a terminal benzoic acid function are obtained by mass polymerization of styrene from the 4- (1-bromoethyl) benzoic acid initiator, as shown in Scheme 2 below. (8) / dodecanethiol (15)
- Block copolymers are synthesized by bulk block polymerization of styrene and methyl 4-vinyl benzoate. The transformation of the ester function into a benzoic acid function is carried out in a second step by saponification reaction.
- the process of synthesis of block copolymers (poly (St-b-AB) is summarized in FIG. 3 below:
- Table 1 Characteristics of linear polystyrenes carrying a benzoic acid function and diblock copolymers poly (styrene- ⁇ -4-vinyl benzoic acid) synthesized by ATRP
- Mn average molar mass in number
- linear polystyrenes made in Example 1 carrying one or more benzoic acid functions organize themselves to form micellar objects and aggregates of micelles, about 200 nm in size. This behavior is explained by the fact that toluene is a good solvent for polystyrene but not 4-vinyl benzoic acid units, which self-assemble to form the heart of micellar objects.
- TEM transmission electron microscopy
- Figure 2 is a transmission electron microscopy (TEM) image of the micelles and aggregates of linear polystyrene micelles functionalized by one or more acid units. benzoic after organization in toluene.
- the results obtained by light scattering and by TEM confirm a micellar organization of polystyrenes characterized by a benzoic acid "heart" surrounded by PS branches. These micelles then self-associate into larger aggregates according to the experimental conditions.
- Figure 3 illustrates this micellar organization.
- the number of moles of free benzoic acid added to the medium is, in the case presented, 10 times greater than the amount of benzoic acid attached to the PS.
- TMA is then added to the medium.
- the TMA diffuses inside the micelles and then reacts with the encapsulated benzoic acid (see reaction benzoic acid / TMA described above). After two days of reaction at 60 ° C., a new analysis of the solution by light scattering shows that the size of the aggregates before and after addition of TMA remains of the same order of magnitude. This is explained by a reaction of TMA with benzoic acid in the heart of the micelles to form the aluminum compound of structure type MAO.
- Figure 4 shows a light scattering graph of linear poly (styrene- ⁇ -4-vinyl benzoic) diblock copolymers, containing 2 or 5 AB units, dissolved in toluene at 25 °.
- the length of the 4-vinyl benzoic acid block determines the size of the micelles (or vesicles, or aggregates).
- the poly (St-b-AB16) copolymer ) is organized at 60 ° C. in the form of aggregates of size 350 nm with a very narrow size distribution.
- the micelles and / or aggregates of micelles in which are immobilized MAO type aluminum derivatives, resulting from the reaction between TMA and benzoic acid, are then used as catalyst supports for the polymerization of olefins.
- the solution is saturated with ethylene under a pressure of 1 bar.
- the catalyst post-metallocene
- MeDIP (2,6-iPrPh) 2FeCl 2 is introduced into the medium.
- the latter is added alone to the solution, with the objective that it diffuses within micelles and / or aggregates.
- the functional (co) polymer micelles containing the MAO-type aluminum activator are excellent "active supports", especially with respect to the iron-based catalyst. Indeed, after addition of ethylene the solution becomes cloudy, in agreement with the formation of polyethylene which then precipitates.
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Dispersion Chemistry (AREA)
- Transition And Organic Metals Composition Catalysts For Addition Polymerization (AREA)
- Graft Or Block Polymers (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR0704328A FR2917308B1 (fr) | 2007-06-18 | 2007-06-18 | Systeme catalytique, procede de fabrication et utilisation |
| PCT/FR2008/000807 WO2009007544A2 (fr) | 2007-06-18 | 2008-06-12 | Systeme catalytique, procede de fabrication et utilisation |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP2162214A2 true EP2162214A2 (fr) | 2010-03-17 |
Family
ID=39111873
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP08826182A Withdrawn EP2162214A2 (fr) | 2007-06-18 | 2008-06-12 | Systeme catalytique, procede de fabrication et utilisation |
Country Status (4)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US8765627B2 (fr) |
| EP (1) | EP2162214A2 (fr) |
| FR (1) | FR2917308B1 (fr) |
| WO (1) | WO2009007544A2 (fr) |
Families Citing this family (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US9650480B2 (en) * | 2015-04-15 | 2017-05-16 | Ppg Industries Ohio, Inc. | Curable film-forming compositions containing encapsulated catalyst components |
| JP7353265B2 (ja) * | 2017-08-18 | 2023-09-29 | ローム アンド ハース カンパニー | 封入触媒およびオレフィン重合方法 |
| CN112961047B (zh) * | 2021-03-03 | 2023-07-25 | 贵州大学 | 一种光热催化选择性氧化聚苯乙烯合成苯甲酸的方法 |
Family Cites Families (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US5831109A (en) * | 1995-12-22 | 1998-11-03 | Akzo Nobel Nv | Polyalkylaluminoxane compositions formed by non-hydrolytic means |
| AU2001292092A1 (en) * | 2000-10-06 | 2002-04-15 | Biocompatibles Uk Limited | Zwitterionic polymers |
-
2007
- 2007-06-18 FR FR0704328A patent/FR2917308B1/fr active Active
-
2008
- 2008-06-12 WO PCT/FR2008/000807 patent/WO2009007544A2/fr not_active Ceased
- 2008-06-12 EP EP08826182A patent/EP2162214A2/fr not_active Withdrawn
- 2008-06-12 US US12/665,127 patent/US8765627B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Non-Patent Citations (1)
| Title |
|---|
| None * |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| US8765627B2 (en) | 2014-07-01 |
| WO2009007544A2 (fr) | 2009-01-15 |
| US20100190944A1 (en) | 2010-07-29 |
| FR2917308B1 (fr) | 2009-12-04 |
| WO2009007544A3 (fr) | 2009-02-26 |
| FR2917308A1 (fr) | 2008-12-19 |
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