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  • C07D265/04—1,3-Oxazines; Hydrogenated 1,3-oxazines
  • C07D265/06—1,3-Oxazines; Hydrogenated 1,3-oxazines not condensed with other rings
  • C07D265/08—1,3-Oxazines; Hydrogenated 1,3-oxazines not condensed with other rings having one double bond between ring members or between a ring member and a non-ring member
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  • C07D409/10—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms containing two hetero rings linked by a carbon chain containing aromatic rings

Definitions

• the present invention comprises a novel class of compounds having the structure of formula I as defined herein and pharmaceutical compositions comprising a compound of formula I.
• the present invention also comprises methods of treating a subject by administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula I to the subject. These compounds are useful for the conditions disclosed herein.
• the present invention further comprises methods for making the compounds of formula I and corresponding intermediates.
• the present invention provides compounds of formula l : pharmaceutical compositions thereof, and methods of using the same, processes for preparing the same, and intermediates thereof.
• the primary excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system (CNS) is the amino acid glutamate whose signal transduction is mediated by either ionotropic or metabotropic glutamate receptors (GIuR).
• iGluR lonotropic glutamate receptors
• APA D-amino-S-hydroxy- ⁇ -methylisoxazole- ⁇ -propionic acid
• NMDA ⁇ /-methyl-D- aspartate
• kainate Parsons CG, Danysz W and Lodge D (2002), in: lonotropic Glutamate Receptors as Therapeutic Targets (Danysz W, Lodge D and Parsons CG eds), pp 1-30, F.P. Graham Publishing Co., Tennessee).
• AMPA receptors, proteinaceous homo- or heterotetramers comprised of any combination of four ca.
• AMPA receptors are ion channels that mediate the cellular influx of Na + and Ca 2+ resulting in neuronal membrane depolarization. AMPA receptors may also stimulate NMDA receptors indirectly since its induced membrane depolarization can remove the Mg 2+ blockade of NMDA receptors leading to their activation.
• the AMPA-mediated change in electrophysiological current occurs upon activation of the receptor by its endogenous agonist glutamate. Such change in voltage is ephemeral, with its amplitude and duration dependent upon ion channel opening mediated by either the interval of agonist site occupation by glutamate (known as deactivation) or the temporal molecular disruption of the open ion channel with glutamate binding intact (known as desensitization).
• AMPA receptor-mediated ion influx may be prolonged by a compound which slows either deactivation via glutamate dissociation from the AMPA receptor agonist site or desensitization of the glutamate-bound AMPA receptor ( Lynch G and Gall CM (2006) Ampakines and the Threefold Path to Cognitive Enhancement. TRENDS in Neuroscience 29:554-562).
• Such compounds which slow the rate of AMPA receptor deactivation and/or desensitization in the presence of glutamate are coined AMPA positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) or AMPA receptor potentiators.
• Such neuropsychiatry conditions potentially treatable with AMPA receptor potentiators include, for example: acute neurological and psychiatric disorders such as cerebral deficits subsequent to cardiac bypass surgery and grafting, stroke, cerebral ischemia, spinal cord trauma, head trauma, perinatal hypoxia, cardiac arrest, hypoglycemic neuronal damage, dementia (including AIDS-induced dementia), Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's Chorea, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, ocular damage, retinopathy, cognitive disorders, idiopathic and drug- induced Parkinson's disease, muscular spasms and disorders associated with muscular spasticity including tremors, epilepsy, convulsions, migraine (including migraine headache), urinary incontinence, substance tolerance, substance withdrawal (including, substances such as opiates, nicotine, tobacco products, alcohol, benzodiazepines, cocaine, sedatives, hypnotics, etc.), psychosis, schizophrenia, anxiety (including generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, and obsessive compulsive disorder
• the invention is directed to a class of compounds, including the pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds, having the structure of formula I:
• -L is a) -Br. -I, -Cl, -O-S(O 2 )-alkyl, wherein the -O-S(O 2 )-aJkyl is optionally substituted with halogen, b)
• ring G is aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, or heterocycloalkyl; each of groups Wi 1 W 3 , and W4 in each ring X is independently selected from the group consisting of -(CHR 12 ) a -, -S(O) 2 -, -C(O)-, -0-, -S- and -NR 5 -; group W 2 in each ring X is selected from the group consisting of - (CHR 1 V, -S(O) 2 -, -C(O)-, -O-, -S-,. -NR 5 - and N; J is hydrogen or is absent; the bond ⁇ between W 2 and C is a single or double bond; a is independently at each occurrence 1 or 2, provided that if W3 or W 4 ; with the proviso that
• a ring X does not contain more than one group selected from
• a ring X contains between one and two ring heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen, wherein if a ring X contains two heteroatoms, then either (i) the two ring heteroatoms are each bonded to a -C(O)- group, or (ii) the two ring heteroatoms are a nitrogen of an -NR 5 - group and a sulfur of an -S(Oa)- group, and the nitrogen and sulfur are directly bonded to each other;
• n3 is 1 or 2;
• R 21 and R 22 are each independently hydrogen, alkyl or aryl;
• A is C-B, where B is hydrogen, alkyl, halogen, hydroxyl, alkoxy, amino, alkylamino, or dialkylamino; with the proviso that if Wi is -O- or -NR 0 -, B is hydrogen, alkyl, hydroxyl or alkoxy;
• R 3 is hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, or heterocycloalkyl, wherein each R 3 alkyl, cycloalkyl, or heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted with halogen, -CN 1 alkoxy, hydroxyl, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl or heteroaryl;
• R 4 is alky!, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or NR 55 R 66 , wherein each R 4 is optionally substituted with halogen, -CN, alkoxy, hydroxyl, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl; each of R 55 and R 66 is independently hydrogen, alkyl or cycloalkyi, wherein the alkyl or cycloalkyl R 55 or R 66 is optionally independently substituted with -R 101
• n1 and n2 are each independently 1 , 2, 3 or 4; each of R 1 , R 2 and R 12 is independently at each occurrence hydrogen, halogen, hydroxyl, alkoxy, cyano, nitro, amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, C(O)NH 2 , C(O)NH(alkyl), C(O)N(alkyl) 2 , OC(O)alkyl, C(O)Oalkyl, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl.
• heterocycloalkyl cycloalkyl, or alkyl-S(O) 2 -NH-, wherein the R 1 , R 2 and R 12 alkoxy, alkylamino, dialkylamino, C(O)NH(alkyl), C(O)N(alkyl) 2 , C(O)Oalkyl. alkyl.
• aryl, heteroaryl, heterocycloalkyl, cycloalkyl or afkyl-S(0)2- NH- are each independently optionally substituted with one, two, three or four R 41 , wherein each R 41 is independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, -CN 1 -OR 101 , alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, -C(O)R 101 , -C(O)OR 101 , -OC(O)OR 101 , -C(O)NR 101 R 102 , -S(O 2 )NR 101 R 102 , -NR 101 R 102 , NR 101 C(O)R 103 , and -NR 101 S(O) 2 R 103 wherein each of the R 41 alkyl, heterocycloalkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl or h ⁇ teroaryl is optionally independently substituted
• each R 10 is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, -CN, halogen, -C(O)R 101 , -C(O)NR 101 R 102 , NR 101 R 102 , -OR 101 or -R 101 ; or, two R 1 substituents bonded to adjacent carbon atoms of ring G, together with the adjacent carbon atoms, form a heterocyclic or carbocyclic ring which is optionally substituted with one or more R 10 , or.
• each R 101 and each R 102 is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heterocycloalkyl and heteroaryi; wherein each R 101 and R 102 alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heterocycloalkyl or heteroaryi is optionally independently substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, hydroxy, cyano, nitro, amino, alkylamino, diaikylamino, alkyl optionally substituted with one or more halogen or alkoxy or aryloxy, aryl optionally substituted with one or more halogen
• each R 103 is independently selected from the group consisting of alky], alkenyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heterocycloalkyl and heteroaryl and is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, hydroxy, cyano, nitro, amino, alkylamino, dialkylam ino, alkyl optionally substituted with one or more halogen or alkoxy or aryloxy, aryl optionally substituted with one or more halogen or alkoxy or alkyl or
• Y is -NR 21 C(O)-
• either the N of the -NR 21 C(O)- group is bound to ring G and the C of the -NR 21 C(O)- group is bound to the phenyl group substituted by R 2
• the C of the -NR 21 C(O)- group is bound to ring G and the N of the -NR 21 C(O)- group is bound to the phenyl group substituted by R 2
• Y is absent or is -NHC(O)-.
• ring G is phenyl substituted with R 1 which is optionally substituted as in formula I.
• the compound of formula I has the formula I J :
• W 4 is -NR 5 - or -O- and a is 1 or 2.
• the compound of formula I has the formula I":
• W3 is -NR 5 - or -O- and a is 1 or 2.
• J is hydrogen and the groups
• -Y- is a direct bond
• R 3 is alkyl or hydrogen
• R 4 is alkyl
• W 4 is NR 5 where R 5 is alkyi
• a is 1
• the absolute stereochemistry is
• -Y- is a direct bond
• R 3 is alkyl or hydrogen
• R 4 is alkyl
• W 4 is NR 5 where R 5 is alkyl
• a is 1
• the absolute stereochemistry is
• ring G is heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted as in formula I.
• the compound of formula I has the formula I'"
• B is hydroxyl or alkoxy.
• W 4 is -0-.
• W 3 is -O-.
• W 4 is - NR 5 -.
• W 4 -NR 5 -.
• W 4 -O-.
• Y is -NR 21 C(O)-.
• Y is -NR 21 C(O)- wherein the nitrogen of the - NR 21 C(O)- group is bound to the ring substituted by (R 2 )n 2 -
• R 5 is hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, -C(O)R 7 Or -S(O) 2 R 7 .
• R 4 is cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, or alkyl, preferably methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl or t-butyl, wherein the R 4 alkyl is optionally substituted with halogen.
• W 4 is -NR 5 - or -O- and W 3 is -C(O)-.
• W 1 is - NR 5 - or -O- and W 3 is -C(O)-.
• W2 is - NR 5 - and W 4 is -C(O)-.
• W2 is -C(O)- and W 4 is - NR 5 - or -0-.
• Wi or W3 is -S( ⁇ 2)-.
• ring G is phenyl having one or two R 1 substituents, where each R 1 is independently a heteroaryl which is preferably thiophenyl, cyano, halogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkyl-NH-C(O)-, alkyl- S(O) 2 -NH- halophenyl. or dihalophenyl.
• each R 1 is independently hydrogen, phenyl, thiophenyl, halogen, alkoxy, hydroxyl, cyano, C(O)NH 2 , C(O)NH(alkyl), C(O)N(alkyl) 2 , OC(O)alkyl, C(O)Oalkyl, alkyl, heterocycloalkyl, or cycioalkyl and is independently optionally substituted with one, two, three or four R 41 , wherein each R 41 is independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, -C(O)OR 101 , -OC(O)OR 101 , -S(O 2 )NR 101 R 102 , and
• each R 1 alkyl, or cycloalkyl is independently optionally substituted with one, two, three or four R 41 , wherein each R 41 is independently selected from the group consisting of halogen,
• ring G is phenyl and R 1 may be, for example, in the para position relative to Y.
• R 1 may be, as another example, in the ortho position relative to Y.
• R 1 is cyano or halogen, preferably chlorine, and is in the ortho or para position relative to Y.
• R 1 may also be, as another example, thiophenyl, which is preferably 3-thiophenyl, or dihalophenyl, which is preferably 2,4-dihalophenyl, more preferably 2,4-difluorophenyl.
• each R 101 and each R 102 is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalky), aryl, heterocycloalkyl and heteroaryl, wherein each R 101 and R 102 alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heterocycloalkyl or heteroaryl is unsubstituted, and each R 103 is independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heterocycloalkyl and heteroaryl, wherein each R 103 is unsubstituted.
• Exemplary compounds according to the invention include the specific compounds disclosed herein herein or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
• the compounds of formula I are useful for the treatment or prevention of a variety of neurological and psychiatric disorders associated with glutamate dysfunction, including; acute neurological and psychiatric disorders such as cerebral deficits subsequent to cardiac bypass surgery and grafting, stroke, cerebral ischemia, spinal cord trauma, head trauma, perinatal hypoxia, cardiac arrest, hypoglycemic neuronal damage, dementia (including AIDS- induced dementia), Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's Chorea, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, ocular damage, retinopathy, cognitive disorders, idiopathic and drug- induced Parkinson's disease, muscular spasms and disorders associated with muscular spasticity including tremors, epilepsy, convulsions, migraine (including migraine headache), urinary incontinence, substance tolerance, substance withdrawal (including, substances such as opiates, nicotine, tobacco products, alcohol, benzodiazepines, cocaine, sedatives, hypnotics, etc.), psychosis, schizophrenia, anxiety (including generalized anxiety disorder, social anxiety
• the invention provides a method for treating or preventing a condition in a mammal, such as a human, selected from the conditions above, comprising administering a compound of formula I to the mammal.
• a mammal such as a human
• the mammal is preferably a mammal in need of such treatment or prevention.
• the invention provides a method for treating or preventing a condition selected from migraine, anxiety disorders, schizophrenia, and epilepsy.
• exemplary anxiety disorders are generalized anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder, panic disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder.
• the invention provides a method for treating or preventing depression selected from Major Depression, Chronic Depression (Dysthyrnia), Seasonal Depression (Seasonal Affective Disorder), Psychotic Depression, and Postpartum Depression.
• the invention provides a method for treating or preventing a sleep disorder selected from insomnia and sleep deprivation.
• the invention comprises methods of treating or preventing a condition in a mammal, such as a human, by administering a compound having the structure of formula I 1 wherein the condition is selected from the group consisting of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases, cerebrovascular diseases and peripheral arterial diseases, to the mammal.
• the mammal is preferably a mammal in need of such treatment or prevention.
• Other conditions that can be treated or prevented in accordance with the present invention include hypertension and angiogenesis.
• the present invention provides methods of treating or preventing neurological and psychiatric disorders associated with glutamate dysfunction, comprising: administering to a mammal, preferably a mammal in need thereof, an amount of a compound of formula I effective in treating or preventing such disorders.
• the compound of formula I is optionally used in combination with another active agent.
• an active agent may be, for example, an atypical antipsychotic or an AMPA potentiator.
• another embodiment of the invention provides methods of treating or preventing neurological and psychiatric disorders associated with glutamate dysfunction, comprising administering to a mammal an amount of a compound of formula I and further comprising administering an atypical antipsychotic or an AMPA potentiator.
• the invention is also directed to a pharmaceutical composition
• a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of formula I 1 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
• the composition may be, for example, a composition for treating or preventing a condition selected from the group consisting of acute neurological and psychiatric disorders such as cerebral deficits subsequent to cardiac bypass surgery and grafting, stroke, cerebral ischemia, spinal cord trauma, head trauma, perinatal hypoxia, cardiac arrest, hypoglycemic neuronal damage, dementia (including AIDS-induced dementia), Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's Chorea, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, ocular damage, retinopathy, cognitive disorders, idiopathic and drug-induced Parkinson's disease, muscular spasms and disorders associated with muscular spasticity including tremors, epilepsy, convulsions, migraine (including migraine headache), urinary incontinence, substance tolerance, substance withdrawal (including, substances such as opiates, nicotine, tobacco products, alcohol, benzodiazepines, cocaine, sedatives,
• composition may also further comprise another active agent.
• an active agent may be, for example, an atypical antipsychotic.
• Such an active agent may be, as another example, an AMPA potentiator.
• alkyl refers to a linear or branched-chain saturated hydrocarbyl substituent (i.e., a substituent obtained from a hydrocarbon by removal of a hydrogen) containing from one to twenty carbon atoms; in one embodiment from one to twelve carbon atoms; in another embodiment, from one to ten carbon atoms; in another embodiment, from one to six carbon atoms; and in another embodiment, from one to four carbon atoms.
• substituents include methyl, ethyl, propyl ⁇ including n-propyl and isopropyl), butyl (including n-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl and tert-butyl), pentyl, iso-amyl, hexyl and the like.
• alkenyl refers to a linear or branched-chain hydrocarbyl substituent containing one or more double bonds and from two to twenty carbon atoms; in another embodiment, from two to twelve carbon atoms; in another embodiment, from two to six carbon atoms; and in another embodiment, from two to four carbon atoms.
• alkenyl examples include ethenyl (also known as vinyl), allyl, propenyl (including 1-propenyl and 2- propenyl) and butenyl (including 1-butenyl, 2-butenyl and 3-butenyl).
• alkenyl embraces substituents having "cis” and “trans” orientations, or alternatively, "E” and "Z” orientations.
• benzyl refers to methyl radical substituted with phenyl, i.e.,
• carbocyclic ring refers to a saturated cyclic, partially saturated cyclic, or aromatic ring containing from 3 to 14 carbon ring atoms ("ring atoms" are the atoms bound together to form the ring).
• a carbocyclic ring typically contains from 3 to 10 carbon ring atoms. Examples include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclopentadienyl, cyclohexyl, cyclohexenyi, cyclohexadienyl, and phenyl.
• a “carbocyclic ring system” alternatively may be 2 or 3 rings fused together, such as naphthalenyl, tetrahydronaphthalenyl (also known as “tetralinyl”), indenyl, isoindenyl, indanyl, bicyclodecanyl, anthracenyl, phenanthrene, benzonaphthenyl (also known as “phenalenyl”), fluorenyl, and decalinyl.
• heterocyclic ring refers to a saturated cyclic, partially saturated cyclic, or aromatic ring containing from 3 to 14 ring atoms ("ring atoms" are the atoms bound together to form the ring), in which at least one of the ring atoms is a heteroatom that is oxygen, nitrogen, or sulfur, with the remaining ring atoms being independently selected from the group consisting of carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur.
• cycloalkyl refers to a saturated carbocyclic substituent having three to fourteen carbon atoms. In one embodiment, a cycloalkyl substituent has three to ten carbon atoms. Examples of cycloalkyl include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl and cyclohexyl.
• cycloalkyl also includes substituents that are fused to a Ce- Cio aromatic ring or to a 5-10-membered heteroaromatic ring, wherein a group having such a fused cycloalkyl group as a substituent is bound to a carbon atom of the cycloalkyl group.
• a fused cycloalkyl group is substituted with one or more substituents, the one or more substitutents, unless otherwise specified, are each bound to a carbon atom of the cycloalkyl group.
• cycloalke ⁇ yl refers to a partially unsaturated carbocyclic substituent having three to fourteen carbon atoms, typically three to ten carbon atoms.
• Examples of cycloalkenyl include cyclobutenyl, cyclopentenyl, and cyclohexenyi.
• a cycloalkyl or cycloalkenyl may be a single ring, which typically contains from 3 to 6 ring atoms. Examples include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclopentadienyl, cyclohexyl, cyclohexenyl, cyclohexadienyl, and phenyl.
• 2 or 3 rings may be fused together, such as bicyclodecanyl and decalinyl.
• aryl refers to an aromatic substituent containing one ring or two or three fused rings.
• the aryl substituent may have six to eighteen carbon atoms. As an example, the aryl substituent may have six to fourteen carbon atoms.
• aryl may refer to substituents such as phenyl, naphthyl and anthracenyl.
• aryi also includes substituents such as phenyl, naphthyl and anthracenyl that are fused to a C 4 -C 10 carbocyclic ring, such as a C 5 or a C 6 carbocyclic ring, or to a 4-10-membered heterocyclic ring, wherein a group having such a fused aryl group as a substituent is bound to an aromatic carbon of the aryl group.
• substituents such as phenyl, naphthyl and anthracenyl that are fused to a C 4 -C 10 carbocyclic ring, such as a C 5 or a C 6 carbocyclic ring, or to a 4-10-membered heterocyclic ring, wherein a group having such a fused aryl group as a substituent is bound to an aromatic carbon of the aryl group.
• aryl groups include accordingly phenyl, naphthalenyl, tetrahydronaphthalenyl (also known as “tetralinyl”), indenyl, isoindenyl, indanyl, anthracenyl, phenanthrenyl, benzonaphthenyl (also known as "phenalenyl”), and fluorenyl.
• the number of carbon atoms in a hydrocarbyl substituent is indicated by the prefix “C x -C r ,” wherein x is the minimum and y is the maximum number of carbon atoms in the substituent.
• C x -C r refers to an alkyl substituent containing from 1 to 6 carbon atoms
• Cs-Cs-cycloalkyl refers to saturated cycloalkyl containing from 3 to 6 carbon ring atoms.
• the number of atoms in a cyclic substituent containing one or more heteroatoms is indicated by the prefix "X-Y-membered", wherein wherein x is the minimum and y is the maximum number of atoms forming the cyclic moiety of the substituent.
• X-Y-membered refers to a heterocycloalkyl containing from 5 to 8 atoms, including one ore more heteroatoms, in the cyclic moiety of the heterocycloalkyl.
• hydrogen refers to hydrogen substituent, and may be depicted as -H.
• hydroxy refers to -OH.
• the prefix "hydroxy” indicates that the substituent to which the prefix is attached is substituted with one or more hydroxy substituents.
• Compounds bearing a carbon to which one or more hydroxy substituents include, for example, alcohols, enols and phenol.
• hydroxy a Iky I refers to an alky I that is substituted with at least one hydroxy substituent.
• hydroxyalkyl include hydroxym ethyl, hydroxyethyl, hydroxypropyl and hydroxybutyl.
• nitro means -NO2.
• cyano also referred to as “nitrile” means -CN 1 which also refers to a cyano
• carbonyl means -C(O)-, which also may be depicted as:
• amino refers to -NH 2 .
• alkylamino refers to an amino group, wherein at least one alky) chain is bonded to the amino nitrogen in place of a hydrogen atom.
• alkylamino substituents include monoalkylamino such as methylamino (exemplified by the formula -NH(CH 3 )), which may also be
• dialkylamino such as dimethylamino, (exemplified by the formula -N(CH 3 ) 2 , which may also be depicted: .
• aminocarbonyl means -C(O)-NH 2 , which also may be
• halogen refers to fluorine (which may be depicted as -F), chlorine (which may be depicted as -Cl) 1 bromine (which may be depicted as -Br) 1 or iodine (which may be depicted as -I).
• the halogen is chlorine.
• the halogen is a fluorine.
• halo indicates that the substituent to which the prefix is attached is substituted with one or more independently selected halogen substituents.
• haloalkyl refers to an alkyl that is substituted with at least one halogen substituent. Where more than one hydrogen is replaced with halogens, the halogens may be the identical or different.
• haloalkyls include chloromethyl, dichloromethyl, difluorochloromethyl, dichiorofluoromethyl, trichloromethyl, 1-brotn ⁇ ethyi, fluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl, difluoroethyl, pentafluoroethyl, difluoropropyl, dichloropropyl, and heptafluoropropyl.
• haloalkoxy refers to an alkoxy that is substituted with at least one halogen substituent.
• haloalkoxy substituents include chloromethoxy, 1-bromoethoxy, fluoromethoxy, difluoromethoxy, trifluoromethoxy (also known as "perfluoromethyloxy"), and 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy. It should be recognized that if a substituent is substituted by more than one halogen substituent, those halogen substituents may be identical or different (unless otherwise stated).
• the prefix "perhalo" indicates that each hydrogen substituent on the substituent to which the prefix is attached is replaced with an independently selected halogen substituent. If all the halogen substituents are identical, the prefix may identify the halogen substituent. Thus, for example, the term “perfluoro” means that every hydrogen substituent on the substituent to which the prefix is attached is replaced with a fluorine substituent. To illustrate, the term “perfluoroalkyl” refers to an alkyl substituent wherein a fluorine substituent is in the place of each hydrogen substituent.
• perfluoroalkyl substituents examples include trifluorom ethyl (-CF 3 ), perfluorobutyl, perfluoroisopropyl, perfluorododecyl, and perfluorodecyl.
• perfluoroalkoxy refers to an alkoxy substituent wherein each hydrogen substituent is replaced with a fluorine substituent.
• perfluoroalkoxy substituents include trifluoromethoxy (-0-CF 3 ), perfluorobutoxy, perfluoroisopropoxy, perfluorododecoxy, and perfluorodecoxy.
• oxy refers to an ether substituent, and may be depicted as -O-.
• alkoxy refers to an alkyl linked to an oxygen, which may also be represented as
• alkoxy examples include methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy and butoxy.
• alkoxycarbonyl means -C(O)-O-alkyl.
• ethoxycarbonyl may be depicted Examples of other alkoxycarbonyl include methoxycarbonyl, ethoxycarbonyl, propoxycarbonyl, butoxycarbonyl, pentoxycarbonyl, and hexyloxycarbonyl.
• the carbon atom of the carbonyl is attached to a carbon atom of a second alkyl, the resulting functional group is an ester.
• thi ⁇ and thia mean a divalent sulfur atom and such a substituent may be depicted as -S-.
• a thioether is represented as "alkyl-thio-alkyl” or, alternatively, alkyl-S-alkyl.
• sulfonyl refers to -S(O ⁇ -, which also may be depicted
• alkyl-sulfonyl-alkyl refers to alky!-S(O) 2 -a!kyl.
• alkylsulfonyl include methylsulfonyl, ethylsulfonyl, and propylsulfonyl.
• heterocycloalkyl refers to a saturated or partially saturated ring structure containing a total of 3 to 14 ring atoms. At least one of the ring atoms is a heteroatom (i.e., oxygen, nitrogen, or sulfur), with the remaining ring atoms being independently selected from the group consisting of carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur.
• a heterocycloalkyl alternatively may comprise 2 or 3 rings fused together, wherein at least one such ring contains a heteroatom as a ring atom (e.g., nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur).
• the ring atom of the heterocycloalkyl substituent that is bound to the group may be the at least one heteroatom, or it may be a ring carbon atom, where the ring carbon atom may be in the same ring as the at least one heteroatom or where the ring carbon atom may be in a different ring from the at least one heteroatom.
• the group or substituent may be bound to the at least one heteroatom, or it may be bound to a ring carbon atom, where the ring carbon atom may be in the same ring as the at least one heteroatom or where the ring carbon atom may be in a different ring from the at least one heteroatom.
• heterocycloalkyl also includes substituents that are fused to a Ce-Cio aromatic ring or to a 5-10-membered heteroaromatic ring, wherein a group having such a fused heterocycloalkyl group as a substituent is bound to a heteroatom of the heterocyclocalkyl group or to a carbon atom of the heterocycloalkyl group.
• a fused heterocycloalkyl group is substituted with one more substituents, the one or more substitutents, unless otherwise specified, are each bound to a heteroatom of the heterocyclocalkyl group or to a carbon atom of the heterocycloalkyl group.
• heteroaryl refers to an aromatic ring structure containing from 5 to 14 ring atoms in which at least one of the ring atoms is a heteroatom (i.e., oxygen, nitrogen, or sulfur), with the remaining ring atoms being independently selected from the group consisting of carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur.
• a heteroaryl may be a single ring or 2 or 3 fused rings.
• heteroaryl substituents include 6-membered ring substituents such as pyridyl, pyrazyl, pyrimidinyl, and pyridazinyl; 5-membered ring substituents such as triazolyl, imidazolyl, furanyl, thiophenyl, pyrazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, 1 ,2,3-, 1 ,2,4-, 1 ,2,5-, or 1 ,3,4-oxadiazolyl and isothiazolyl; 6/5-membered fused ring substituents such as benzothiofuranyl, isobenzothiofuranyl.
• 6-membered ring substituents such as pyridyl, pyrazyl, pyrimidinyl, and pyridazinyl
• 5-membered ring substituents such as triazolyl, imidazolyl, furanyl, thi
• the ring atom of the heteroaryl substituent that is bound to the group may be the at least one heteroatom, or it may be a ring carbon atom, where the ring carbon atom may be in the same ring as the at least one heteroatom or where the ring carbon atom may be in a different ring from the at least one heteroatom.
• heteroaryl also includes pyridyl N-oxides and groups containing a pyridine N-oxide ring.
• single-ring heteroaryls include furanyl, dihydrofuranyl, tetradydrofuranyl, thiophenyl (also known as "thiofuranyl"), dihydrothiophenyl, tetrahydrothiophenyl, pyrrolyl, isopyrrolyl, pyrrolinyl, pyrrolidinyl, imidazolyl, isoim ⁇ dazolyl, imidazolinyl, imidazolidinyl, pyrazolyl, pyrazolinyl, pyrazolidinyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, dithiolyl, oxathiolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, thiazolinyl, isothiazolinyl, thiazolidinyl, isothiazolidinyl, thia ⁇ diazolyl, o
• 2-fused-ring heteroaryls include, indolizinyl, pyrindinyl, pyranopyrrolyl, 4H-quinolizinyl, purinyl, naphthyridinyl, pyridopyridinyl (including pyridop ⁇ -bj-pyridinyl, pyrido[3,2-b]-pyridinyl, or pyrido[4,3-b]-pyridinyl), and pt ⁇ ridinyl, indolyl, isoindolyl, indoleninyl, isoindazolyl, benzazinyl, phthalazinyl, quinoxalinyl, quinazolinyl, benzodiazinyl.
• 3-fused-ring heteroaryls or heterocycloalkyls examples include S. ⁇ -dihydro ⁇ H-imidazo ⁇ . ⁇ .i-ijlquinoline, 4,5-dihydroimidazo[4,5,1-hi]indole ) 4,5,6,7-tetrahydroimidazo[4,5,1-jk][1]benzazepine, and dibenzofuranyl.
• fused-ring heteroaryls include benzo-fused heteroaryl ⁇ such as indolyl, isoindolyl (also known as “isobenzazolyl” or “pseudoisoindolyl”), indoleninyl (also known as “pseudoindolyl”), isoindazo ⁇ y!
• benzpyrazolyl benzazinyl (including quinolinyl (also known as “1 -benzazinyl”) or isoquinolinyl (also known as “2-benzazinyl”)), phthalazinyl, quinoxalinyl, quinazolinyl, benzodiazinyl (including cinnolinyl (also known as “1,2-benzodiazinyl”) or quinazolinyl (also known as “1,3-benzodiazinyl 1 ')), benzopyranyl (including “chromanyl” or “isochromanyl”), benzothiopyranyl (also known as “thiochromanyl”), benzoxazolyl, indoxazinyl (also known as “benzisoxazolyl”), anthranilyl, benzodioxolyl, benzodioxanyl, benzoxadiazolyl, benzofuranyl (also known as "c ⁇ umarony
• benzisoxazinyl including 1 ,2-benzisoxazinyl or 1 ,4-benzisoxazinyl
• tetrahydroisoquinolinyl carbazolyl, xanthenyl, and acridinyl.
• heteroaryl also includes substituents such as pyridyl and quinolinyl that are fused to a C4-C10 carbocyclic ring, such as a C5 or a Ca carbocyclic ring, or to a 4-10-membered heterocyclic ring, wherein a group having such a fused aryl group as a substituent is bound to an aromatic carbon of the heteroaryl group or to a heteroatom of the heteroaryl group.
• the one or more substitutents are each bound to an aromatic carbon of the heteroaryl group or to a heteroatom of the heteroaryl group.
• a substituent is "substitutable” if it comprises at least one carbon, sulfur, oxygen or nitrogen atom that is bonded to one or more hydrogen atoms. Thus, for example, hydrogen, halogen, and cyano do not fall within this definition. If a substituent is described as being “substituted," a non-hydrogen substituent is in the place of a hydrogen substituent on a carbon, oxygen, sulfur or nitrogen of the substituent.
• a substituted alkyl substituent is an alkyl substituent wherein at least one non-hydrogen substituent is in the place of a hydrogen substituent on the alkyl substituent.
• monofluoroalkyl is alkyl substituted with a fluoro substituent
• difluoroalkyl is alkyl substituted with two fluoro substituents. It should be recognized that if there is more than one substitution on a substituent, each non-hydrogen substituent may be identical or different (unless otherwise stated). If a substituent is described as being "optionally substituted," the substituent may be either (1 ) not substituted, or (2) substituted.
• a carbon of a substituent is described as being optionally substituted with one or more of a list of substituents, one or more of the hydrogens on the carbon (to the extent there are any) may separately and/or together be replaced with an independently selected optional substituent.
• a nitrogen of a substituent is described as being optionally substituted with one or more of a list of substituents, one or more of the hydrogens on the nitrogen (to the extent there are any) may each be replaced with an independently selected optional substituent.
• One exemplary substituent may be depicted as -NR 1 R 1 " wherein R 1 and R" together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, may form a heterocyclic ring.
• the heterocyclic ring formed from R' and R" together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached may be partially or fully saturated.
• the heterocyclic ring consists of 3 to 7 atoms.
• the heterocyclic ring is selected from the group consisting of pyrrolyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, isoxazolyl, pyridyl and thiazolyl. This specification uses the terms "substituent,” “radical,” and “group” interchangeably.
• substituents are collectively described as being optionally substituted by one or more of a list of substituents, the group may include: (1 ) unsubstitutable substituents, (2) substitutable substituents that are not substituted by the optional substituents, and/or (3) substitutable substituents that are substituted by one or more of the optional substituents.
• a substituent is described as being optionally substituted with up to a particular number of non-hydrogen substituents, that substituent may be either (1 ) not substituted; or (2) substituted by up to that particular number of non-hydrogen substituents or by up to the maximum number of substitutable positions on the substituent, whichever is less.
• substituent may be either (1 ) not substituted; or (2) substituted by up to that particular number of non-hydrogen substituents or by up to the maximum number of substitutable positions on the substituent, whichever is less.
• any heteroaryl with less than 3 substitutable positions would be optionally substituted by up to only as many non-hydrogen substituents as the heteroaryl has substitutable positions.
• tetrazolyl (which has only one substitutable position) would be optionally substituted with up to one non-hydrogen substituent.
• an amino nitrogen is described as being optionally substituted with up to 2 non- hydrogen substituents, then the nitrogen will be optionally substituted with up to 2 non-hydrogen substituents if the amino nitrogen is a primary nitrogen, whereas the amino nitrogen will be optionally substituted with up to only 1 non-hydrogen substituent if the amino nitrogen is a secondary nitrogen.
• alkylcycloalkyl contains two moieties: alkyl and cycloalkyl.
• a Ci-C ⁇ - prefix on C ⁇ Ce-alkylcycloalkyl means that the alkyl moiety of the alkylcycloalkyl contains from 1 to 6 carbon atoms;
• Ci-C 6 - prefix does not describe the cycloalkyl moiety.
• the prefix "halo" on haloalkoxyalkyl indicates that only the alkoxy moiety of the alkoxyalky] substituent is substituted with one or more halogen substituents.
• A-B-C-D 1 moiety D is attached to the remainder of the molecule.
• the methyl moiety is attached to the remainder of the molecule, where the substituent may also be be depicted as
• each substituent is selected independent of the other. Each substituent therefore may be identical to or different from the other substituent(s).
• the compound may exist in the form of optical isomers (enantiomers).
• the present invention comprises enantiomers and mixtures, including racemic mixtures of the compounds of formula I.
• the present invention comprises diastereomeric forms (individual diastereomers and mixtures thereof) of compounds.
• geometric isomers may arise.
• the present invention comprises the tautomeric forms of compounds of formula I.
• tautomeric isomerism 'tautomerism'
• This can take the form of proton tautomerism in compounds of formula I containing, for example, an imino, keto, or oxime group, or so-called valence tautomerism in compounds which contain an aromatic moiety. It follows that a single compound may exhibit more than one type of isomerism.
• the various ratios of the tautomers in solid and liquid form is dependent on the various substituents on the molecule as well as the particular crystallization technique used to isolate a compound.
• Salts The compounds of this invention may be used in the form of salts derived from inorganic or organic acids. Depending on the particular compound, a salt of the compound may be advantageous due to one or more of the salt's physical properties, such as enhanced pharmaceutical stability in differing temperatures and humidities, or a desirable solubility in water or oil. In some instances, a salt of a compound also may be used as an aid in the isolation, purification, and/or resolution of the compound.
• the salt preferably is pharmaceutically acceptable.
• pharmaceutically acceptable salt refers to a salt prepared by combining a compound of formula I with an acid whose anion, or a base whose cation, is generally considered suitable for human consumption.
• Pharmaceutically acceptable salts are particularly useful as products of the methods of the present invention because of their greater aqueous solubility relative to the parent compound.
• salts of the compounds of this invention are non-toxic “pharmaceutically acceptable salts.”
• Salts encompassed within the term “pharmaceutically acceptable salts” refer to non-toxic salts of the compounds of this invention which are generally prepared by reacting the free base with a suitable organic or inorganic acid.
• Suitable pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts of the compounds of the present invention when possible include those derived from inorganic acids, such as hydrochloric, hydrobromic, hydrofluoric, boric, fluoroboric, phosphoric, metaphosphoric, nitric, carbonic, sulfonic, and sulfuric acids, and organic acids such as acetic, benzenesulfonic, benzoic, citric, ethanesulfonic. fumaric, gluconic, glycolic, isothionic, lactic, lactobionic, maleic, malic, methanesulfonic, trifluoromethanesulfonic, succinic, toluenesulfonic, tartaric, and trifluoroacetic acids.
• Suitable organic acids generally include, for example, aliphatic, cycloaiiphatic, aromatic, araliphatic, heterocyclylic, carboxylic, and sulfonic classes of organic acids.
• suitable organic acids include acetate, trifluoroacetate, formate, propionate, succinate, glycolate, gluconate, digluconate, lactate, malate, tartaric acid, citrate, ascorbate, glucuronate, maleate, fumarate, pyruvate, aspartate, glutamate, benzoate, anthranilic acid, mesylate, stearate, salicylate, p-hydroxybenzoate, phenylacetate, mandelate, embonate (pamoate), methanesulfonate, ethanesulfonate, benzenesulfonate, pantothenate, toluenesulfonate, 2-hydroxyethanesulfonate, sufanilate, cyclohexylaminosulfonate, algenic acid, ⁇ -hydroxybutyric acid, galactarate, galacturonate, adipate, alginate, butyrate, camphorate
• suitable pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof may include alkali metal salts, e.g., sodium or potassium salts; alkaline earth metal salts, e.g., calcium or magnesium salts; and salts formed with suitable organic ligands, e.g., quaternary ammonium salts.
• base salts are forined from bases which form non-toxic salts, including aluminum, arginine, benzathine, choline, diethylamine, diolamine, glycine, lysine, meglumine, olamine, tr ⁇ methamine and zinc salts.
• Organic salts may be made from secondary, tertiary or quaternary amine salts, such as tromethamine, diethylamine, N.N'-dibenzylethylenediamine, chloroprocaine, choline, diethanolamine, ethylenediamine, meglumine (N-methylglucamine), and procaine.
• secondary, tertiary or quaternary amine salts such as tromethamine, diethylamine, N.N'-dibenzylethylenediamine, chloroprocaine, choline, diethanolamine, ethylenediamine, meglumine (N-methylglucamine), and procaine.
• Basic nitrogen-containing groups may be quatemized with agents such as lower alkyl (Ci-C 6 ) halides (e.g., methyl, ethyl, propyl, and butyl chlorides, bromides, and iodides), dialkyl sulfates (e.g., dimethyl, diethyl, dibuytl, and diamyl sulfates), long chain halides (e.g., decyl, lauryl, myristyl, and steary! chlorides, bromides, and iodides), arylalkyl halides (e.g., benzyl and phenethyl bromides), and others.
• agents such as lower alkyl (Ci-C 6 ) halides (e.g., methyl, ethyl, propyl, and butyl chlorides, bromides, and iodides), dialkyl sulfates (e.g.,
• hemisalts of acids and bases may also be formed, for example, hemisulphate and hemicalcium salts.
• prodrugs of the compound of the invention.
• certain derivatives of the compound of the invention which may have little or no pharmacological activity themselves can, when administered into or onto the body, be converted into the compound of the invention having the desired activity, for example, by hydrolytic cleavage.
• Such derivatives are referred to as “prodrugs.” Further information on the use of prodrugs may be found in "Pro-drugs as Nove! Delivery Systems, Vol. 14, ACS Symposium Series (T Higuchi and W Stella) and "Bioreversible Carriers in Drug Design,” Pergamon Press, 1987 (ed, E B Roche, American Pharmaceutical Association).
• Prodrugs in accordance with the invention can, for example, be produced by replacing appropriate functionalities present in the compounds of any of formula I with certain moieties known to those skilled in the art as “pro-moieties” as described, for example, in “Design of Prodrugs” by H Bundgaard (Elsevier, 1985). lsotopes
• the present invention also includes isotopically labelled compounds, which are identical to those recited in formula I, but for the fact that one or more atoms are replaced by an atom having an atomic mass or mass number different from the atomic mass or mass number usually found in nature.
• isotopes that can be incorporated into compounds of the present invention include isotopes of hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorous, sulfur, fluorine and chlorine, such as 2 H, 3 H, 13 C, 11 C, 14 C 1 15 N, 18 O, 17 O 1 31 P, 32 P, 35 S, 18 F, and 36 CI, respectively.
• Isotopically labelled compounds of formula I of this invention and prodrugs thereof can generally be prepared by carrying out the procedures disclosed in the Schemes and/or in the Examples and Preparations below, by substituting a readily available isotopically labelled reagent for a non-isotopically labelled reagent.
• a compound of the invention is administered in an amount effective to treat or prevent a condition as described herein.
• the compounds of the invention are administered by any suitable route in the form of a pharmaceutical composition adapted to such a route, and in a dose effective for the treatment or prevention intended.
• Therapeutically effective doses of the compounds required to treat or prevent the progress of the medical condition are readily ascertained by one of ordinary skill in the art using preclinical and clinical approaches familiar to the medicinal arts.
• the compounds of the invention may be administered orally.
• Oral administration may involve swallowing, so that the compound enters the gastrointestinal tract, or buccal or sublingual administration may be employed by which the compound enters the blood stream directly from the mouth.
• the compounds of the invention may also be administered directly into the blood stream, into muscle, or into an internal organ.
• Suitable means for parenteral administration include intravenous, intraarterial, intraperitoneal, intrathecal, intraventricular, intraurethral, intrasternal, intracranial, intramuscular and subcutaneous.
• Suitable devices for parenteral administration include needle (including microneedle) injectors, needle-free injectors and infusion techniques.
• the compounds of the invention may also be administered topically to the skin or mucosa, that is, dermally or transdermally.
• the compounds of the invention can also be administered intranasally or by inhalation.
• the compounds of the invention may be administered rectally or vaginally.
• the compounds of the invention may also be administered directly to the eye or ear.
• the dosage regimen for the compounds and/or compositions containing the compounds is based on a variety of factors, including the type, age, weight, sex and medical condition of the patient; the severity of the condition; the route of administration; and the activity of the particular compound employed. Thus the dosage regimen may vary widely. Dosage levels of the order from about 0.01 mg to about 100 mg per kilogram of body weight per day are useful in the treatment or prevention of the above- indicated conditions. In one embodiment, the total daily dose of a compound of the invention (administered in single or divided doses) is typically from about 0.01 to about 100 mg/kg.
• total daily dose of the compound of the invention is from about 0.1 to about 50 mg/kg, and in another embodiment, from about 0.5 to about 30 mg/kg (i.e., mg compound of the invention per kg body weight). In one embodiment, dosing is from 0.01 to 10 mg/kg/day. In another embodiment, dosing is from 0.1 to 1.0 mg/kg/day. Dosage unit compositions may contain such amounts or submultiples thereof to make up the daily dose. In many instances, the administration of the compound will be repeated a plurality of times in a day (typically no greater than 4 times). Multiple doses per day typically may be used to increase the total daily dose, if desired.
• compositions may be provided in the form of tablets containing 0.01 , 0.05, 0.1 , 0.5, 1.0, 2.5, 5.0, 10.0, 15.0, 25.0, 50.0, 75.0, 100, 125, 150, 175, 200, 250 and 500 milligrams of the active ingredient for the symptomatic adjustment of the dosage to the patient.
• a medicament typically contains from about 0.01 mg to about 500 mg of the active ingredient, or in another embodiment, from about 1 mg to about 100 mg of active ingredient.
• doses may range from about 0.1 to about 10 mg/kg/minute during a constant rate infusion.
• Suitable subjects according to the present invention include mammalian subjects. Mammals according to the present invention include, but are not limited to, canine, feline, bovine, caprine, equine, ovine, porcine, rodents, lagomorphs, primates, and the like, and encompass mammals in utero. In one embodiment, humans are suitable subjects. Human subjects may be of either gender and at any stage of development. Use in the Preparation of a Medicament In another embodiment, the invention comprises the use of one or more compounds of the invention for the preparation of a medicament for the treatment or prevention of the conditions recited herein.
• compositions for the treatment or prevention of the conditions referred to above, the compound of the invention can be administered as compound per se.
• pharmaceutically acceptable salts are suitable for medical applications because of their greater aqueous solubility relative to the parent compound.
• the present invention comprises pharmaceutical compositions.
• Such pharmaceutical compositions comprise a compound of the invention presented with a pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier.
• the carrier can be a solid, a liquid, or both, and may be formulated with the compound as a unit-dose composition, for example, a tablet, which can contain from 0.05% to 95% by weight of the active compounds.
• a compound of the invention may be coupled with suitable polymers as targetable drug carriers. Other pharmacologically active substances can also be present.
• the compounds of the present invention may be administered by any suitable route . , preferably in the form of a pharmaceutical composition adapted to such a route, and in a dose effective for the treatment or prevention intended.
• the active compounds and compositions for example, may be administered orally, rectally, parenterally, or topically.
• Oral administration of a solid dose form may be, for example, presented in discrete units, such as hard or soft capsules, pills, cachets, lozenges, or tablets, each containing a predetermined amount of at least one compound of the present invention.
• the oral administration may be in a powder or granule form.
• the oral dose form is sub-lingual, such as, for example, a lozenge.
• the compounds of formula I are ordinarily combined with one or more adjuvants.
• Such capsules or tablets may contain a controlled-release formulation.
• the dosage forms also may comprise buffering agentsor may be prepared with enteric coatings.
• oral administration may be in a liquid dose form.
• Liquid dosage forms for oral administration include, for example, pharmaceutically acceptable emulsions, solutions, suspensions, syrups, and elixirs containing inert diluents commonly used in the art (e.g., water).
• Such compos ⁇ tions also may comprise adjuvants, such as wetting, emulsifying, suspending, flavoring (e.g., sweetening), and/or perfuming agents.
• the present invention comprises a parenteral dose form.
• Parenteral administration includes, for example, subcutaneous injections, intravenous injections, intraperitoneally, intramuscular injections, intrasternal injections, and infusion.
• injectable preparations e.g., sterile injectable aqueous or oleaginous suspensions
• topical administration includes, for example, transdermal administration, such as via transdermal patches or iontophoresis devices, intraocular administration, or intranasal or inhalation administration.
• compositions for topical administration also include, for example, topical gels, sprays, ointments, and creams.
• a topical formulation may include a compound which enhances absorption or penetration of the active ingredient through the skin or other affected areas.
• administration will be accomplished using a patch either of the reservoir and porous membrane type or of a solid matrix variety.
• Typical formulations for this purpose include gels, hydrogels, lotions, solutions, creams, ointments, dusting powders, dressings, foams, films, skin patches, wafers, implants, sponges, fibres, bandages and microemulsions. Liposomes may also be used.
• Typical carriers include alcohol, water, mineral oil, liquid petrolatum, white petrolatum, glycerin, polyethylene glycol and propylene glycol.
• Penetration enhancers may be incorporated - see, for example, J Pharm Sci, 88 (10), 955-958, by Finni ⁇ and Morgan (October 1999).
• Formulations suitable for topical administration to the eye include, for example, eye drops wherein the compound of this invention is dissolved or suspended in suitable carrier.
• a typical formulation suitable for ocular or aural administration may be in the form of drops of a micronised suspension or solution in isotonic, p H -adjusted, sterile saline.
• Other formulations suitable for ocular and aural administration include ointments, biodegradable (e.g. absorbable gel sponges, collagen) and non-biodegradable (e.g. silicone) implants, wafers, lenses and particulate or vesicular systems, such as niosomes or liposomes.
• a polymer such as crossed-iinked polyacrylic acid, polyvinylalcohol, hyaluronic acid, a cellulosic polymer, for example, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, hydroxyethylcellulose, or methyl cellulose, or a heteropolysaccharide polymer, for example, gelan gum, may be incorporated together with a preservative, such as benzalkonium chloride, Such formulations may also be delivered by iontophoresis.
• the active compounds of the invention are conveniently delivered in the form of a solution or suspension from a pump spray container that is squeezed or pumped by the patient or as an aerosol spray presentation from a pressurized container or a nebulizer, with the use of a suitable propellant
• Formulations suitable for intranasal administration are typically administered in the form of a dry powder (either alone, as a mixture, for example, in a dry blend with lactose, or as a mixed component particle, for example, mixed with phospholipids, such as phosphatidylcholine) from a dry powder inhaler or as an aerosol spray from a pressurised container, pump, spray, atomiser (preferably an atomiser using electrohydrodynamics to produce a fine mist), or nebuliser, with or without the use of a suitable propellant, such as 1 ,1,1 ,2- tetrafluoroethane or 1 ,1,1 ,2,3,3,3-
• the present invention comprises a rectal dose form.
• rectal dose form may be in the form of, for example, a suppository. Cocoa butter is a traditional suppository base, but various alternatives may be used as appropriate.
• Other carrier materials and modes of administration known in the pharmaceutical art may also be used.
• Pharmaceutical compositions of the invention may be prepared by any of the well-known techniques of pharmacy, such as effective formulation and administration procedures. The above considerations in regard to effective formulations and administration procedures are well known in the art and are described in standard textbooks.
• the compounds of the present invention can be used, alone or in combination with other therapeutic agents, in the treatment or prevention of various conditions or disease states.
• the compound(s) of the present invention and other therapeutic agent(s) may be may be administered simultaneously (either in the same dosage form or in separate dosage forms) or sequentially.
• An exemplary therapeutic agent may be, for example, a metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist.
• the administration of two or more compounds "in combination" means that the two compounds are administered closely enough in time that the presence of one alters the biological effects of the other.
• the two or more compounds may be administered simultaneously, concurrently or sequentially. Additionally, simultaneous administration may be carried out by mixing the compounds prior to administration or by administering the compounds at the same point in time but at different anatomic sites or using different routes of administration.
• kits that are suitable for use in performing the methods of treatment or prevention described above.
• the kit contains a first dosage form comprising one or more of the compounds of the present invention and a container for the dosage, in quantities sufficient to carry out the methods of the present invention.
• kit of the present invention comprises one or more compounds of the invention.
• the invention relates to the novel intermediates useful for preparing the compounds of the invention
• the compounds of the formula I may be prepared by the methods described below, together with synthetic methods known in the art of organic chemistry, or modifications and derivatisations that are familiar to those of ordinary skill in the art.
• the starting materials used herein are commercially available or may be prepared by routine methods known in the art (such as those methods disclosed in standard reference books such as the
• A-4 is intended to denote that the R1 -substituted phenyl group and the CO2R group have a cis stereochemistry. Both of the enantiomers having the two groups in such cis stereochemistry are intended to be encompassed by the structure.
• the compound of the invention can be prepared by one of ordinary skill in the art following art recognized techniques and procedures. More specifically, compounds of formula I can be prepared as set forth in the schemes, methods, and examples set forth below. It will be understood by one skilled in the art that the various symbols, superscripts and subscripts used in the schemes, methods and examples are used for convenience of representation and/or to reflect the order in which they are introduced in the schemes, and are not intended to necessarily correspond to the symbols, superscripts or subscripts in the appended claims. The schemes are representative of methods useful in synthesizing the compounds of the present invention. They are not to constrain the scope of the invention in any way.
• Scheme A depicts a method for the synthesis of trans piperidine compounds of formula I.
• the ketoester of structure A-1 can be treated with a base such as sodium hydride in diethyl ether, followed by treatment with drifluoromethanesulfonic anhydride to provide the vinyl triflate of structure A-2.
• bases include hindered amine bases such as triethylamine, diisopropylethylamine, 2,6- lutidine or 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methyl pyridine in a suitable solvent, such as dichloromethane.
• the vinyl triflate of structure A-2 can be coupled to a suitable aryl boronic acid of structure ArB(OH)2, wherein Ar represents a suitable aryl group, under standard palladium catalyzed cross-coupling reaction conditions well known to one of ordinary skill in the art to provide the compound of structure A-3.
• Ar represents a suitable aryl group
• the vinyl triflate A-2 is combined with 1 to 3 equivalents of aryl boronic acid and a suitable base, such as 2 to 5 equivalents of potassium carbonate, in a suitable organic solvent such as THF.
• a palladium catalyst is added, such as 0.02 equivalents of palladium tetrakistripheylphosphine, and the reaction mixture is heated to temperatures ranging from 60 to 100 0 C for 1 to 24 hours.
• the reaction is not limited to the employment of this solvent, base, or catalyst as many other conditions may be used.
• the resultant unsaturated ring of compound A-3 can be reduced by treatment with a palladium catalyst, such as 10% Pd/C, and hydrogen gas at elevated pressure such as 50 psi in a suitable solvent such as ethanol, or a solvent mixture such as ethanol and acetic acid. Hydrogenation also serves to remove the benzyl protecting group to afford the cis piperidine A-4.
• step 4 the free amine group of compound A-4 can be protected with, for example, a BOC group by treatment with a base, such as potassium carbonate, and di-tert-butyl dicarbonate in a solvent such as THF to afford the BOC piperidine A-5.
• step 5 the cis-piperidine compound A-5 can be epimerized by treatment with a base, such as sodium ethoxide, using a suitable solvent and temperature, such as ethanol at reflux, to afford the trans-piperidine ester A-6.
• the ester of compound A-6 can be converted to the carboxylic acid A-7 under conditions well known in the art.
• the ester A-6 can be treated with excess lithium-, sodium-, or potassium - hydroxide in a suitable solvent such as a mixture of water and methanol, or water, alcohol and THF, at elevated temperatures if necessary.
• An acidic workup can afford the carboxylic acid A-7.
• the carboxylic acid functionality of compound A-7 can be converted into the primary amine via the Curtius rearrangement under conditions well known in the art.
• the carboxylic acid A-7 can be treated with diphenylphosphoryl azide (DPPA) in a suitable solvent such as toluene at elevated temperatures such as 8O 0 C.
• DPPA diphenylphosphoryl azide
• An organic base such as triethylamine may be added.
• the crude isocyanate intermediate subsequently may be hydrolyzed using, for example, aqueous hydroxide in combination with an organic solvent such as THF.
• the isocyanate may be trapped with an organic alcohol such as t-butanol to afford the analogous carbamate.
• a preferred method involves the treatment of the crude isocyanate with 2 M sodium hydroxide in THF to afford the amine A-8.
• step 8 the amino functionality of compound A-8 can be converted into the sulfonamide under conditions well known in the art.
• a mixture of the amine A-8 and a suitable base such as triethylamine or 1,8- diazabicyclo[5,4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU) can be treated with a sulfonyl chloride in a suitable solvent such as dichloromethane or DMF. Cooling temperatures may be used, such as 0 0 C.
• step 9 the BOC group of compound A-9 can be cleaved using known methods to afford the amine product A-10.
• a strong acid such as HCI, H 2 SO 4 , or TFA may be added to the compound A-9 in a suitable solvent such as ether or dioxane, or alcohols such as methanol or ethanol.
• the free amine having structure B-1 is alkylated via reductive alkylation using conditions well known in the art to yield the compound of structure B-2.
• the amine can be treated with an aldehyde or a ketone and a reducing agent such as sodium cyanoborohydride.
• a reducing agent such as sodium cyanoborohydride.
• sodium hydride, or sodium- or tetramethylammonium- triacetoxyborohydride in a suitable solvent such as dichJoromethane, DCE, THF, ether, or toluene.
• the free amine having structure B-1 is converted to the amide using conditions well known in the art to yield the compound of structure C-1.
• the amine can be dissolved in a solvent such as THF or dichloromethane, and treated with a suitable base such as triethylamine, pyridine, diisopropylethylamine followed by an acid chloride of structure [R-COCI].
• the acylating agent might be an acid anhydride [R-CO-O-CO-R].
• the amine B-1 may be treated with a carboxylic acid RCO2H in the presence of a coupling agent such as HBTU using methods that are well known in the art to afford the amide product C-1.
• a coupling agent such as HBTU
• the free amine having structure B-1 is converted to the sulfonamide using conditions well known in the art to yield the compound of structure D-1.
• the amine can be dissolved in a solvent such as dichl ⁇ romethane and treated with a base such as triethylamine or pyridine, followed by treatment with a sulfonyl chloride R-SO 2 CI to afford the sulfonamide product D-1.
• Scheme E the free amine having structure B-1 is converted to the sulfonamide using conditions well known in the art to yield the compound of structure D-1.
• the amine can be dissolved in a solvent such as dichl ⁇ romethane and treated with a base such as triethylamine or pyridine, followed by treatment with a sulfonyl chloride R-SO 2 CI to afford the sulfonamide product D-1.
• Scheme E depicts a method for the synthesis of cis piperidine compounds of formula I.
• step 1 the cis ester of structure A-4 can be converted to the carboxylic acid E-1 under conditions well known in the art.
• the ester A-4 may be treated with a strong acid such as HCI in water and heated to afford the hydrolyzed carboxylic acid E-1 with retention of relative stereochemistry.
• step 2 the free amine group of compound E-1 can be protected with, for example, a BOC group by treatment with a base, such as potassium carbonate, and di-tert-butyl dicarbonate in a solvent such as THF to afford the BOC piperidine E-2.
• a base such as potassium carbonate
• THF a solvent
• Scheme F depicts an alternative method for the synthesis of cis piperidine carboxylic acid of formula E-1.
• the ester of compound A-3 can be converted to the carboxylic acid F-2 under conditions well known in the art.
• the ester A-3 can be treated with excess lithium-, sodium-, or potassium- hydroxide in a suitable solvent such as a mixture of water and methanol, or water, alcohol and THF, at elevated temperatures if necessary.
• An acidic workup can afford the carboxylic acid F-2.
• the unsaturated ring of compound F-2 can be reduced by treatment with a catalyst, such as platium oxide, and hydrogen gas at elevated pressure such as 50 psi in a suitable solvent such as ethanol, or a solvent mixture such as THF and water. Elevated temperatures, such as 40 - 50 0 C may be used. Hydrogenation also serves to remove the benzyl protecting group to afford the cis piperidine E-1.
• a catalyst such as platium oxide
• hydrogen gas at elevated pressure such as 50 psi in a suitable solvent such as ethanol, or a solvent mixture such as THF and water. Elevated temperatures, such as 40 - 50 0 C may be used.
• Hydrogenation also serves to remove the benzyl protecting group to afford the cis piperidine E-1.
• Scheme G depicts a method for the synthesis of trans tetrahydropyran compounds of formula I.
• the ketoester of structure G-1 can be treated with a base such as sodium hydride in diethyl ether, followed by treatment with drifluoromethanesulfonic anhydride to provide the vinyl triflate of structure G-2.
• bases include hindered amine bases such as triethylamine, diisopropylethylamine, 2,6- lutidine or 2, ⁇ -di-tert-butyl-4-methyl pyridine in a suitable solvent, such as dichloromethane.
• the vinyl triflate of structure G-2 can be coupled to a suitable aryl boronic acid of structure ArB(OH)2, wherein Ar represents a suitable aryl group, under standard palladium catalyzed cross-coupling reaction conditions well known to one of ordinary skill in the art to provide the compound of structure G-3.
• Ar represents a suitable aryl group
• the vinyl triflate G-2 is combined with 1 to 3 equivalents of aryl boronic acid and a suitable base, such as 2 to 5 equivalents of potassium carbonate, in a suitable organic solvent such as THF.
• a palladium catalyst is added, such as 0.02 equivalents of palladium tetrakistripheylpho ⁇ phine, and the reaction mixture is heated to temperatures ranging from 60 to 100 0 C for 1 to 24 hours.
• the reaction is not limited to the employment of this solvent, base, or catalyst as many other conditions may be used.
• step 3 the resultant unsaturated ring of compound G-3 can be reduced under conditions well known in the art.
• a palladium catalyst such as 10% Pd/C
• hydrogen gas at elevated pressure such as 50 psi in a suitable solvent such as ethanol, methanol, or ethyl acetate afford the cis tetrahydropyran product G-4.
• step 4 the cis-tetrahydropyrane compound G-4 can be epimerized by treatment with a base, such as sodium ethoxide, using a suitable solvent and temperature, such as ethanol at reflux, to afford the trans-tetrahydropyran ester G-5.
• a base such as sodium ethoxide
• a suitable solvent and temperature such as ethanol at reflux
• the ester of compound G-5 can be converted to the carboxylic acid G-6 under conditions well known in the art.
• the ester G-5 can be treated with excess lithium-, sodium- or potassium- hydroxide in a suitable solvent such as a mixture of water and methanol, or water, alcohol and THF 1 at elevated temperatures if necessary.
• An acidic workup can afford the carboxylic acid G-6.
• the carboxylic acid functionality of compound G-6 can be converted into the primary amine via the Curtius rearrangement under conditions well known in the art.
• the carboxylic acid G-6 can be treated with diphenylphosphoryl azide in a suitable solvent such as toluene at elevated temperatures such as 8O 0 C.
• An organic base such as triethyiamine may be added.
• the crude isocyanate intermediate subsequently may be hydrolyzed using, for example, aqueous hydroxide in combination with an organic solvent such as THF.
• the isocyanate may be trapped with an organic alcohol such as t-butanol to afford the analogous carbamate.
• a preferred method involves the treatment of the crude isocyanate with 2 M sodium hydroxide in THF to afford the amine G-7.
• step 8 the amino functionality of compound G-7 can be converted into the sulfonamide G-8 under conditions well known in the art.
• a mixture of the amine G-7 and a suitable base such as triethyiamine or 1 ,8- diazabicyc!o[5.4.0]undec-7-ene can be treated with a sulfonyl chloride in a suitable solvent such as dichloromethane or DMF. Cooling temperatures may be used, such as 0 0 C.
• Scheme H depicts a method for the synthesis of cis tetrahydropyran compounds of formula I.
• the cis ester of structure G-4 can be converted to the carboxylic acid H-1 under conditions well known in the art.
• the ester G-4 may be treated with a strong acid such as HCI in water and heated to afford the hydrolyzed carboxylic acid H-1 with retention of relative stereochemistry.
• Scheme I depicts a method for the synthesis of cis or trans piperidine compounds of formula I.
• step 1 the amino functionality of a compound such as A-8 can be converted into the sulfonamide 1-1 under conditions well known in the art.
• Cooling temperatures may be used, such as O 0 C 1 to afford the sulfonamide product 1-1.
• the phenyl ring may undergo nitration according to conditions well known in the art. For example, treatment of 1-1 in a solvent such as nitromethane with nitric acid in the presence of a strong acid such as sulfuric acid, with cooling at temperatures such as O 0 C will effect the removal of the BOC protecting group and afford the nitrobenzene compound I-2.
• step 3 the free amine having structure I-2 is converted to the amide using conditions well known in the art to yield the compound of structure I-3.
• the amine can be dissolved in a solvent such as THF or dichiorom ethane, and treated with a suitable base such as triethylamine, pyridine, diisopropylethylamine followed by an acid chloride of structure [R- COCI].
• the acylating agent might be an acid anhydride [R-CO- 0-CO-R].
• the amine B-1 may be treated with a carboxylic acid RCO2H in the presence of a coupling agent such as HBTU using methods that are well known in the art to afford the amide product I-3.
• a coupling agent such as HBTU
• the nitro group may be reduced according to conditions well known in the art.
• a palladium catalyst such as 10% Pd/C
• hydrogen gas at elevated pressure such as 50 psi in a suitable solvent such as ethanol, methanol, or ethyl acetate
• a suitable solvent such as ethanol, methanol, or ethyl acetate
• the free amine having structure I-4 is converted to the amide using conditions well known in the art to yield the compound of structure I-5.
• the amine can be dissolved in a solvent such as THF or dichiorom ethane, and treated with a suitable base such as triethylamine, pyridine, diisopropylethylamine followed by an acid chloride of structure [R- COCI].
• the acylating agent might be an acid anhydride [R-CQ- 0-CO-R].
• the amine B-1 may be treated with a carboxylic acid RCO 2 H in the presence of a coupling agent such as HBTU using methods that are well known in the art to afford the amide product I-5.
• the compounds of formulas J-1 through J-3 can be prepared in a manner analagous to the procedures set forth in Schemes G and H.
• step n-1 for example, the hydroxyl of structure J-3 can be treated with a base such as 2,6-lutidine in dichlor ⁇ methane, followed by treatment with driftuoromethanesulfonic anhydride to provide the aryl triflate of structure J-4.
• bases which can be used include hindered amine bases such as triethylamine, diisopropylethylamine, or 2,6-di- tert-butyl-4-m ethyl pyridine in a suitable solvent, such as dichloroethane or THF.
• An acylation catalyst such as 4-dimethylaminopyridine may be used.
• the aryl triflate of structure J-4 can be coupled to an aryl boronic acid of structure ArB(OH) 2 , wherein Ar represents a suitable aryl group, under standard palladium catalyzed cross-coupling reaction conditions wil known to one of ordinary skill in the art to provide the compound of structure J-5.
• aryl triflate J-4 is combined with 1 to 3 equivalents of aryl boronic acid and a suitable base, such as 2 to 5 equivalents of potassium phosphate, in a suitable organic solvent such as THF or dioxane. Potassium bromide may also be included.
• a palladium catalyst is added, such as 0.02 equivalents of palladium tetrakistripheylphosphine, and the reaction mixture is heated to temperatures ranging from 60 to 100°C for 1 to 24 hours. The reaction is not limited to the employment of this solvent, base, or catalyst as many other conditions may be used.
• X halogen Scheme K depicts an alternative method for the synthesis of a compound of formula J-5.
• the tetrahydr ⁇ pyran compound of formula K-1 can be prepared in a manner analagous to the procedures set forth in Schemes G and H.
• the compound of formula K-1 may be iodinated under standard conditions well known to one skilled in the art.
• K-1 may be treated with iodination conditions such as iodine and bis(trifluoroacetoxy)iodobenzene in a solvent such as dichloromethane, chloroform or carbontetrachloride.
• iodination may be conducted under acidic conditions such as iodine in a mixture of nitric acid and sulfuric acid.
• the resulting iodide K-2 may be converted to sulfonamide K-3 in a manner analogous to the procedure set forth in Schemes G and H.
• step m-1 the compound of formula K-3 is coupled to a suitable aryl boronic acid in a manner analogous to the procedure set forth in Scheme J, step n-2.
• compounds of formula K-3 may be treated with, for example, bis(pinacolato)diboron, a suitable catalyst such as PdCI 2 (dppf), a base such as potassium acetate, while heating to 80 to 140°C in a suitable solvent such as DMF or DMSO to afford the corresponding boronate.
• a suitable aryl bromide, iodide, or triflate can afford the desired product J-5.
• Scheme L depicts an alternative method for the synthesis of a compound of formula B-1.
• the piperidine compound of formula L-1 can be prepared in a manner analagous to the procedures set forth in Schemes A and E.
• the compound of formula L-1 may be iodinated under standard conditions well known to one skilled in the art.
• L-1 may be treated with iodination conditions such as iodine and bis(trifluoroacetoxy)iodobenzene in a solvent such as dichloromethane, chloroform or carbontetrachloride.
• iodination may be conducted under acidic conditions such as iodine in a mixture of nitric acid and sulfuric acid.
• the resulting iodide L-2 may be converted to sulfonamide L-3 in a manner analogous to the procedure set forth in Schemes A and E.
• step o-1 the compound of formula L-3 is coupled to a suitable aryl boronic acid in a manner analogous to the procedure set forth in Scheme J, step n-2.
• compounds of formula L-3 may be treated with, for example, bis(pinacolato)diboron, a suitable catalyst such as PdCb(CIpPf), a base such as potassium acetate, while heating to 80 to 14O 0 C in a suitable solvent such as DMF or DMSO to afford the corresponding boronate.
• a suitable aryl bromide, iodide, or triflate can afford the desired product L-4.
• step o-2 the BOC group of compound L-4 can be cleaved using known methods to afford the amine product B-1.
• a strong acid such as HCI, H 2 SO 4 , or TFA may be added to the compound L-4 in a suitable solvent such as ether or dioxane, or alcohols such as methanol or ethanol.
• Scheme M depicts a method for the synthesis of hydroxytetrahydropyran compounds of formula I.
• stereochemistry of the compounds in the examples and schemes below is intended to denote relative stereochemistry, rather than absolute stereochemistry.
• the room temperature mixture was purged with nitrogen for 30 minutes at which time tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0) (30 g, 0.026 mol) was added and the reaction mixture was heated to 6O 0 C overnight.
• the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, filtered through a short bed of celite and the solvent was removed by rotary evaporation.
• the crude oil was taken up in ethyl acetate, washed successively with 10% sodium bicarbonate and water, dried over sodium sulfate, filtered, and the solvent was removed by rotary evaporation giving a black oil.
• the oil was purified via column chromatography (eluting with 4:1 heptanes:ethyl acetate to 1 :1 heptanes:ethyl acetate) to afford the product as a yellow oil (330 g, 80%).
• Example 1 Preparation of propa ⁇ e-2 -sulfonic acid (trans-4-biphenyl-4- y[-piperidt ⁇ -3-yl)-amide
• trans-4 ⁇ biphenyl-4-yl-3-(propane-2-sulfonylamino)- piperidine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester (2.17g, 4.7 mmol) in MeOH (20 ml_) was added 4M HCI in dioxane ⁇ 15 mL). The solution stirred at room temperature for 1 hour. The resulting solution was partitioned between 1 M NaOH (40 mL) and EtOAc (40 mL).
• Example 3 Propane-2 -sulfonic acid ((3R,4R)-4-biphenyl-4-yl-1-methyl- piperidin-3-v ⁇ -amide and Example 4: Propa ⁇ e-2-sulfonic acid ( ⁇ 3S.4SV-4- biphenyl-4-yl-1-methyl-piperidin-3-vD-amide
• Racernic propane-2-sulfonic acid (trans-4-biphenyl-4-yl-1 -methyl- piperidin-3-yi)-amide (1.11 g) was chromatographed on a chiralpak AD column, eluting with 80:20 Heptane: EtOH to afford the separated enantiomers.
• Propane-2-sulfonic acid ((3R,4R)-4-biphenyl-4-yl-1 -methyl-piperidin-3- y[)-am ⁇ de was found to have an optical rotation of + 4.63.
• Propane-2-sulfonic acid ((3S,4S)-4-biphenyI-4-y! ⁇ 1-metnyl-piperidin-3- yl)-amide was found to have an optical rotation of -4.69.
• the filtrate was concentrated at reduced pressure (water bath 20 0 C) to give a white solid slurry.
• the slurry was dissolved in ether, filtered through a plug of celite, solids were washed 2x with ether, and the filtrate was concentrated at reduced pressure (water bath 20 0 C) to give the desired A- hydroxy-butyric acid ethyl ester (5.85 g, 76.2%, purity -70%) or (4.18 g, 54%) as clear oil in a 5:2 ratio with the starting material.
• the reaction was poured onto 300 mL of 1.0 N HCI, the organic phase was separated and the aqueous phase was extracted with ether. The combined organic phases were washed with water, saturated brine, dried (Na 2 SO 4 ), filtered and concentrated to give 11.21 g of an orange oil.
• the crude oil was purified by flash chromatography on a 33Og RediSep column with 1 :19 ethyl acetate: heptane. The combined product fractions were concentrated to give the product as light yellow oil (7.21 g, 60.9%).
• trans-S-biphenvH-yl-tetrahydro-pyran ⁇ -carboxylic acid ethyl ester 430 mgs, 1.39 mmols
• KOH 110 mgs, 1.96 mmols
• methanol 6.5 mL
• ethanol 0.50 mL
• water 5 mL
• trans-3-biphenyl-4-yl-tetrahvdro-pyran-4-ylamine To a 35 m L round bottom flask equipped with magnetic stir bar, condenser, blanket of nitrogen was charged trans-3-biphenyl-4-y!-tetrahydro- pyran-4-carboxylic acid (365 mgs, 1.29 mmols), (N-Pr) 2 NEt (0.419 ml_, 1.94 mmols) and toluene (7 ml_).
• DPPA 0.338 ml_, 1.94 mmols
• trans-3-biphenyl-4-yl-tetrahydro-pyran-4-ylamine (27.1 mgs, 107 ⁇ mois)
• DBU 32 ⁇ L, 210 ⁇ mols
• methylene chloride 0 mL
• the reaction was cooled to 0 0 C in an ice/water bath and isopropylsulfonyl chloride was added to the reaction.
• the reaction was stirred at O 0 C for 5 minutes and then allowed to warm to room temperature and stirred for an additional 30 minutes.
• trans-3-biphenyl-4-yl-tetrahydro-pyran-4-ylamine 26.8 mgs, 106 ⁇ mols
• (JPr) 2 NEt 46.1 ⁇ l_, 265 ⁇ mols
• methylene chloride 0.50 mL
• ethylsulfonyl chloride 20.2 ⁇ L, 212 ⁇ mols
• the reaction was stirred overnight at room temperature.
• the reaction was washed with saturated bicarbonate solution, the organic layer was dried and then loaded onto a methanol conditioned (1x 4 mL) Waters MCX SPE column.
• the title compound was prepared in a manner analogous to the procedure for trans-3-bi ⁇ henyl-4-yl-tetrahydro-pyran-4-carboxylic acid from trans-S-biphenyM-yl-tetrahydro-pyran- ⁇ -carboxylic acid ethyl ester using aqueous NaOH.
• the reaction resulted in a mixture of the cis and trans acid and 28% of the title compound was isolated by column chromatography with 1 :1 ethyl acetate:heptane spiked with glacial acetic acid as an off-white solid containing approximately 10% trans isomer to be used without additional purification.
• Example 17 Pro ⁇ ane-2-sulfonic acid (cis-3-biphenyl-4-yl-tetrahydro- pyran-4-yl)-amide
• the title compound was prepared from cis-3-biphenyl-4-y!-tetrahydro- pyra ⁇ -4-ylamine in a manner analogous to the procedure described for example 15to give 40% of the product as a white solid.
• the title compound was prepared from 5-biphenyl-4-yl-3,6-dihydro-2H- pyran-4-carboxylic acid ethyl ester in a manner analogous to the preparation of trans-34>iphenyl-4-yl-tetrahydro-pyran-4-carboxylic acid to give 16% of the product as a white crystalline solid after preparative HPLC purification on a
• the reaction was quenched with 10% aqueous sodium thiosulfate solution, the organic layer was separated and the aqueous layer was extracted extracted 2x with methylene chloride. The combined organics were dried and concentrated to give a yellowish-brown oil that was triturated with hexanes. Insoluble material was removed by filtration and the filtrate was concentrated and purified by column chromatography on a Biotage 4OS column with 3:17 ethyl acetate: hexanes. The combined product fractions were concentrated to give the product ⁇ 126.7 mgs, 56.8%) as a yellow oil containing approximately 20% of the des-iodo material and was used without further purification.
• Mass Spectrum (ES-MS): M+1 527.1.
• Example 18 Propane-2-sulfonic acid (trans-3-biphenyl-4-yl-piperidin- 4-vD-amide A mixture of trans-3-biphenyl-4-yl-4-(propane-2-sulfonylamino)- piperidine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester (18.3 mgs, 0.0399 mmols), methylene chloride (5 ml_) and TFA (1 ml_) were stirred overnight at room temperature.
• the concentrated product fraction was dissolved in methanol and loaded onto a Waters MCX SPE column (conditioned wtih 4 rnL of MeOH), the column washed with 4 mL MeOH and the product was eluted with 4 mL of 1.0 N NH4/MeOH.
• the title compound was prepared in a manner analogous to the preparation of propane-2-sulfonic acid [trans-3-(4'-cyano-biphenyl-4-yl)- piperidin-4-yO-amideto give 90% of the product as a solid.
• Example 21 4'-ftrans-4-(Propane-2-sulfonylamino 1 )-piperidin-3-yll- biphenyi-2-carboxylic acid amide
• the title compound was prepared in a manner analogous to the preparation of propane-2-sulfonic acid [trans-3-(4'-cyano-biphenyl-4-yl)- pipe ⁇ din-4-yl]-amide to give 96% of the product as a solid.
• the title compound was prepared in a manner analogous to the preparation of propane-2-sulfonic acid [trans-3-(4'-cyano-biphenyl-4-yl)- piperidin-4-yl]-amide to give 96% of the product as a white solid.
• Example 25 Propane-2-sulfonic acid (trans-3-biphenyl-4-yl-1-methyl- piperidin-4-y[)-amide
• reaction was washed saturated aqueous bicarbonate solution, and the organic layer was dried and concentrated to give an off-white film that was purified by column chromatography on a Biotage 12M column in 1:1 ethyl acetate:heptane.
• the combined product fractions were concentrated to a white solid that was primarily the desired product with a minor impurity that corresponded to the mono-phenyl product by LC/MS analysis.
• the concentrated product fraction gave the target compound (10.5 mgs, 37%) as a white solid.
• Example 28 Pr ⁇ pane-2 -sulfonic acid ftrans-1 -acetyl-3-(4'-cvano- biphenyl-4-yl)-piperidin-4-yl1-amide
• the title compound was prepared in a manner analogous to the procedure for propane-2-sulfonic acid (trans-1-acetyl-3-biphenyl-4-yl- piperidin-4-yl)-amideto give a 47 % yield of the product as a clear glass after column chromatography on a Biotage 12S column using ethyl acetate.
• the reaction mixture was allowed to cool to room temperature. It was then transferred to a mixture of 2.5 M HCI (50 ml) and ethyl acetate (200 ml). The contents were extracted. The organic layer was separated. The aqueous layer (pH 6-7) was re-extracted with ethyl acetate (2 X 100 ml). The combined organic extracts were dried over Na 2 SO 4 and concentrated in vacuo. The crude product was purified on a Biotage 40 M silica gel column eluting with hexane/EtOAc (90:10) to give the desired ⁇ -keto ester product (1.88 g, 22%) as an oil.
• Example 30 Propane-2-sulfonic acid (trans-4-biphenyl- 4-yl-tetrahvdro-pyran-3-yl)-amide
• EXAMPLE 31 Propane-2-sulfonic acid (cis-4-biphenyl-4-yl-tetrahvdro- pyran-3- ⁇ ))-amide Anhydrous DCE (0.3 ml) was added to cis-4-biphenyl-4-yl-tetrahydro- pyran-3-ylamine (20 mg). The resulting clear solution was cooled to O 0 C. DBU (37 ul, 3 eq.) was added, followed by isopropylsulfonyl chloride (27 ul, 3 eq.). The resulting reaction mixture was stirred under N2 from O 0 C to room temperature for 2 hours 40 minutes.
• Cis-4-(4-hydroxy-phenyl)-tetrahydro-pyran-3-carboxylic acid methyl ester (583.5 mg) was suspended in DCM (15 ml). Pyridinium p-toluene- sulfonate (PPTS 1 122.4 mg, 0.2 equiv.) and 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran (DHP, 650 ul, 2.9 equiv.) were added. The resulting clear solution was stirred at room temperature for 64 hours 15 minutes.
• PPTS 1 122.4 mg, 0.2 equiv. Pyridinium p-toluene- sulfonate
• DHP 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran
• trans-4-[4-(tetrahydro-pyran-2-yloxy)-phenyl]-tetrahydro-pyran-3- carboxylic acid ethyl ester which was directly used for the subsequent step without further purification.
• trans-4-[4-(Tetrahydro-pyran-2-yloxy)-phenyl]-tetrahydro-pyran-3- carboxylic acid ethyl ester obtained above was dissolved in MeOH (4 ml). Powdered KOH (100 mg, 1.05 equiv.) in water (6 ml) was added. The resulting suspension was heated at 65 0 C for 16 hours 40 minutes. The reaction mixture was washed with EtOAc (2 X 2 ml).
• Example 40 N- ⁇ 4-[trans-1-Acetyl-4-(propane-2-sulfonylamino ' )- piperidin-3-yl1-phenyl)-3,5-difluoro-benzamide
• N-Bromosuccinimide (187 g, 1.05 mol, 1.05 eq) was added slowly to a suspension of tetrahydropyran-4-one (100 g, 1 mol) and ammonium acetate (7.7 g, 0.1 mol, 0.1 eq) in diethyl ether (500 ml_) at O 0 C under N 2 .
• the resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight.
• the reaction mixture was filtered and the filtrate was concentrated.
• Tr ⁇ ethylamine (19.3 mL, 138.4 mmol, 2.0 eq), DMAP (8.4 g, 69.2 mmol, 1.0 eq) and /so-propylsulphonyl chloride (15.47 mL, 138.4 mmol, 2.0 eq) were added sequentially to a solution of 1 ,4,8-trioxa-spiro[4.5]dec-6-ylamine (1 1 g, 69.2 mmol) in anhydrous DCM (400 mL) at 0 0 C. The contents were slowly warmed to room temperature and stirred overnight. The reaction mixture was quenched by the addition of aq. satd.
• CDCI 3 7.592-7.534 (m), 7.464-7.425 (m), 7.380-7.343 (m), 4.779-4.745 (d),
• Table 1 shows examples of compounds according to the invention.
• the murine ES cell line used was E14-Sx1-16C, which has a targeted mutation in the Sox1 gene, a neuroectodermal marker, that offers G418 resistance when the Sox1 gene is expressed (Stem Cell Sciences). ES cells were maintained undifferentiated as previously described (Roach).
• ES cells were grown in SCML media that had a base medium of KnockoutTM D- MEM (Invitrogen), supplemented with 15% ES qualified Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS) (Invitrogen), 0.2 mM L-Glutamine (Invitrogen), 0.1 mM MEM nonessential amino acids (Invitrogen), 30 ⁇ g/ml Gentamicin (Invitrogen), 1000u/ml ESGRO (Chemicon) and 0.1 mM 2-Mercaptoethanl (Sigma).
• ES cells were plated on gelatin-coated dishes (BD Biosciences), the media was changed daily and the cells were dissociated with 0.05% Trypsin EDTA (Invitrogen) every other day.
• ES cells were weaned from FBS onto Knockout Serum Replacement (KSR) (Invitrogen). To form EBs, ES cells were dissociated into a single cell suspension, then 3x106 cells were plated in bacteriology dishes (Nunc 4014) and grown as a suspension culture in NeuroEB-l medium that consisted of KnockoutTM D-MEM (Invitrogen), supplemented with 10% KSR (Invitrogen) .
• KSR Knockout Serum Replacement
• EBs were dissociated with 0.05% Trypsin EDTA, and 4x10 6 cells/100mm dish were plated on Laminin coated tissue culture dishes in Neurol I-G418 medium that consisted of a base medium of a 1 :1 mixture of D- MEM/F12 supplemented with N2 supplements and NeuroBasal Medium supplemented with B27 supplement and 0.1 mM L-Glutamine (all from Invitrogen). The base medium was then supplemented with 10ng/m!
• bFGF (Invitrogen), 1 ⁇ g/ml mNoggin, 500ng/ml SHH-N 1 100ng/ml FGF-8b (R&D Systems), 1 ⁇ g/ml Laminin and 200 ⁇ g/ml G418 (Invitrogen) for selection of neuronal precursors expressing Sox-1.
• the plates were put in an incubator that contained 2% Oxygen and were maintained in these conditions. During the 6-day selection period, the Neuroll media was changed daily. On day 6, the surviving neuronal precursor foci were dissociated with 0.05% Trypsin EDTA and the cells were plated at a density of 1.5x10 6 cel Is/100mm Laminin coated dish in Neuroll-G418 medium.
• the cells were dissociated every other day for expansion, and prepared for Cryopreservation at passage 3 or 4.
• the crypreservation medium contained 50% KSR 1 10% Dimethyl Sulfoxide (DMSO) (Sigma) and 40% Neurol-G418l medium.
• Neuronal precursors were crypreserved at a concentration of 4x10 6 cells/ml and 1 m]/cryovial in a controlled rate freezer overnight then transferred to an ultra-low freezer or liquid nitrogen for long-term storage.
• Cryopreserved ES cell-derived neuronal precursors were thawed by the rapid thaw method in a 37-degree water-bath, The cells were transferred from the cryovial to a 100mm Laminin coated tissue culture dish that already contained Neuroll-G418 that had been equilibrated in a 2% Oxygen incubator. The media was changed with fresh Neuroll-G418 the next day. The cells were dissociated every other day as described above for expansion to generate enough cells to plate for the screen. For the screen, the cells were plated into 384-well poly-d-lysine coated tissue culture dishes (BD Biosciences) by the automated SelecT at a cell density of 6K cells/well in differentiation medium Neuroll!
• the plates were put in an incubator with 2% Oxygen and allowed to complete the differentiation process for 7 days. The cells could then be used over a 5-day period for the high throughput screen.
• the FLIPR assay is performed using the following methods:
• Assay buffer Compound g/L MW [concentration]
• the pH is adjusted to 7.4 with 1 M NaOH.
• Make a 1 mM (approx.) flou-4, PA working solution per vial by adding 22 ⁇ l of 20% pluronic acid (PA) (Invitrogen) in DMSO to each 50 ⁇ g vial (440 ⁇ l_ per 1 mg vial).
• PA pluronic acid
• results are analyzed by subtracting the minimum fluorescent FLIPR value after compound or agonist addition from the peak fluorescent value of the FLIPR response after agonist addition to obtain the change in fluorescence.
• the change in fluorescence (RFUs, relative fluorescent units) are then analyzed using standard curve fitting algorithms.
• the negative control is defined by the AMPA challenge alone, and the positive control is defined by the AMPA challenge plus a maximal concentration of cyclothiazide (10 uM or 32 uM).
• Compounds are delivered as DMSO stocks or as powders. Powders are solubilized in DMSO. Compounds are then added to assay drug buffer as 40 ⁇ L top [concentration] (4X the top screening concentration). The standard agonist challenge for this assay is 32 uM AMPA.
• ECs o values of the compounds of the invention are preferably 10 micromolar or less, more preferably 1 micromolar or less, even more preferably 100 nanomolar or less.

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