EP2132719B1 - Method for verifying value documents - Google Patents

Method for verifying value documents Download PDF

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Publication number
EP2132719B1
EP2132719B1 EP08734898.3A EP08734898A EP2132719B1 EP 2132719 B1 EP2132719 B1 EP 2132719B1 EP 08734898 A EP08734898 A EP 08734898A EP 2132719 B1 EP2132719 B1 EP 2132719B1
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EP
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Prior art keywords
feature
determined
value
printed image
difference
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EP08734898.3A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP2132719A1 (en
Inventor
Helmut Steidl
Shanchuan Su
Jürgen Schützmann
Norbert Holl
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Giesecke and Devrient Currency Technology GmbH
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Giesecke and Devrient Currency Technology GmbH
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G07—CHECKING-DEVICES
    • G07D—HANDLING OF COINS OR VALUABLE PAPERS, e.g. TESTING, SORTING BY DENOMINATIONS, COUNTING, DISPENSING, CHANGING OR DEPOSITING
    • G07D7/00—Testing specially adapted to determine the identity or genuineness of valuable papers or for segregating those which are unacceptable, e.g. banknotes that are alien to a currency
    • G07D7/20—Testing patterns thereon
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G07—CHECKING-DEVICES
    • G07D—HANDLING OF COINS OR VALUABLE PAPERS, e.g. TESTING, SORTING BY DENOMINATIONS, COUNTING, DISPENSING, CHANGING OR DEPOSITING
    • G07D7/00—Testing specially adapted to determine the identity or genuineness of valuable papers or for segregating those which are unacceptable, e.g. banknotes that are alien to a currency
    • G07D7/06—Testing specially adapted to determine the identity or genuineness of valuable papers or for segregating those which are unacceptable, e.g. banknotes that are alien to a currency using wave or particle radiation
    • G07D7/12—Visible light, infrared or ultraviolet radiation
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G07—CHECKING-DEVICES
    • G07D—HANDLING OF COINS OR VALUABLE PAPERS, e.g. TESTING, SORTING BY DENOMINATIONS, COUNTING, DISPENSING, CHANGING OR DEPOSITING
    • G07D7/00—Testing specially adapted to determine the identity or genuineness of valuable papers or for segregating those which are unacceptable, e.g. banknotes that are alien to a currency
    • G07D7/181—Testing mechanical properties or condition, e.g. wear or tear

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method for checking value documents, in particular for detecting forged value documents.
  • the forged value documents to be recognized are composed counterfeits, which are composed of parts of different value documents.
  • the composed counterfeits can be composed of parts of genuine and forged value documents, but there are also known composite counterfeits, which are composed exclusively of parts of real value documents.
  • the font EP 0 932 115 discloses a method of authenticating a US dollar bill, in which the distance between two coordinate points of two regions R1 and R2 is used as a property to be tested. at The regions R1 and R2 are two features of the dollar bill, in particular the number, the portrait or the green seal.
  • the position of a first feature of the value document to be checked is determined in a first step and the position of a second feature of the value document in the second step.
  • the positions of the first and second feature are compared with one another and a difference between the first and the second feature is determined therefrom.
  • the property of the first and the second feature are preferably determined with the same sensor. Subsequently, the determined difference is evaluated.
  • the difference determined lies within a predetermined range of values which includes the setpoint values for the difference that are considered acceptable.
  • This range of values is determined using standard data that applies to the value document.
  • the limits of the value range of the setpoints are given by one or more threshold values, such as maximum or minimum values for the difference determined.
  • the standard data includes information about reference features and maximum acceptable deviations from the reference features.
  • the further step that serves to determine a difference can-as an alternative to the direct comparison of the positions of the two features-also be that a position to be expected for the second feature is compared with the position of the second feature second feature is to be determined by extrapolating, by extrapolating from or the position of the first feature. Extrapolating may also be performed using default data for the bill, for example, based on the first feature.
  • the position of a second print image detail can be extrapolated, for example, from the position of a first print image detail, with the aid of a reference print image determined on the basis of a large number of corresponding print images of genuine banknotes.
  • the extrapolation can also be carried out from further measurement data of the banknote, eg from the measured spatial arrangement of further features with the aid of the standard data.
  • the expected position can also be determined using the standard data that applies to the value document.
  • the difference thus determined is generally different from the difference found in the former variant of the method.
  • the determined difference is compared with target values, wherein the target values are also determined from the standard data for the value document. These nominal values are generally also different from the nominal values of the first-mentioned variant of the method.
  • it is checked whether the determined difference lies in the value range of the desired values, which contains, for example, the maximum acceptable deviations of the property of the second feature from the property to be expected for the second feature.
  • a match of the difference with the desired values can also be checked and a corresponding degree of agreement can be determined.
  • the standard data which are used as the basis for the value range of the setpoint values and / or for determining the expected property of the second feature, can be determined on the basis of a plurality of value documents or determined in advance of the check.
  • the standard data are preferably determined on the basis of value documents of the same type as the value document to be checked; in the case of banknotes, for example, on the basis of banknotes of the same denomination.
  • the standard data contain, for example, information about the properties of reference features and about the maximum acceptable deviations of the properties of the features tested in the method according to the invention from the properties of the reference features.
  • specific standard data can be stored.
  • the default data may be selected based on the type of value document, such as the currency and denomination of a bill.
  • the type of value document is identified for this purpose, for example, before the value document is checked. In the case of banknotes, this identification may be e.g. be a prior to the inventive method denomination.
  • the first and second features to be compared in the method according to the invention may be similar but also different features.
  • the method can also be carried out for several properties of the two features.
  • the method can also be carried out for further first and second features. It is particularly advantageous to carry out the method both for features of the front side and for features of the back side of the value document, ie at least one feature pair of the front side and at least one feature pair of the back side are tested.
  • the first and second features are sections of the same predetermined print image.
  • the printed image areas produced within the same printing step have a very well defined relative position to each other, which can hardly be exactly reproduced during the subsequent assembly of individual parts of the value documents.
  • the printed images to be compared in their positions may include one or more sections of one or more design elements, such as e.g. Symbols or geometric elements, and / or one or more image motifs, e.g. Illustrations of persons, structures, animals, objects, or the like, or even one or more sections of patterns, logotypes or characters, such. Characters, numbers, letters.
  • design elements such as e.g. Symbols or geometric elements
  • image motifs e.g. Illustrations of persons, structures, animals, objects, or the like, or even one or more sections of patterns, logotypes or characters, such. Characters, numbers, letters.
  • the property with respect to which the first and second features are compared relates to the position of the respective feature.
  • the property of the first and second feature and the property to be expected for the second feature relates to the position of the respective feature Feature
  • properties that relate to the position of the respective feature are, for example, an absolute position, a relative position, in particular a distance relative to a reference feature or an orientation relative to a reference feature.
  • a reference feature for example, an edge of the value document, a security element, a reference print image or even a section of the same can be used.
  • the reference print image may, for example, be a further section of the predetermined print image of the first and / or the second feature, but it may also be a section of another print image which is preferably printed using the same printing method, in particular the same printing step, has been prepared as the printed image of the first and / or second feature,
  • the relative positions and orientations of the features are very well defined, especially for printed features made within the same printing process or even within the same printing step.
  • the method according to the invention is therefore preferably carried out in such a way that certain printed image areas are used as features of which a difference concerning the position is determined.
  • the difference determined with the method according to the invention is compared with the respective setpoint values and it is checked whether the determined difference lies in the value range of the respective setpoint values.
  • the difference should be within the range of the respective target values.
  • the evaluation of the difference determined takes place, for example, to determine the authenticity of the value document or else to check the fitness of the value document, for example for the presence of cracks or adhesions.
  • the method according to the invention can not only composed fakes, but also real, but for "repair" partially or completely reassembled value documents are recorded. This sticking together can also result in differences in the position and / or the shape of features which do not correspond to the nominal values. For example, printed images through which a tear passes and which have subsequently been joined again can be changed so that the images printed on the printed image determined position differences outside the value range of the setpoints. Even with torn real value documents, the position differences of characteristics of those of intact true value documents may differ and be detected by the method according to the invention.
  • a composed counterfeit may have one or more dividing lines on which it is composed. Although the position of these dividing lines on the composed counterfeit is not predictable, it is advantageous for the detection of composed counterfeits to specifically use those features which are arranged with high probability on different partial banknotes of the composed counterfeiting. For this reason, the method according to the invention is preferably carried out on the basis of properties of such features which are arranged as far apart as possible on the value document. According to the claims, the first and second features are selected such that the distance between these features in one direction, in particular in the direction along the connecting line of the features, extends over a substantial part of the value document, but at least half the extent of the value document.
  • first and further second features with each other, whose connecting line with the connecting line of the first and second feature include a large angle, for example an angle of at least 20 °.
  • the position of the separating lines of several known composed falsifications are determined and from this a probability for the position of the separating lines on the document of value to be checked is determined.
  • the features to be used for the method according to the invention can be selected so that most of the known parting lines run between these features.
  • a second, unclaimed and not inventive method for detecting forged value documents, in particular for the detection of composed counterfeits can proceed in the following manner:
  • a feature of a value document is identified in a first step, in particular a feature of a banknote or a composed counterfeiting.
  • a feature preferably at least one section of at least one print image is selected, for example at least one section of a printout Pattern or a lettering or a sign, in particular a number, a letter or a character.
  • a recognition of a character string can be performed by means of an OCR method.
  • the size and / or shape and / or structure of the feature is determined, preferably with a higher accuracy than in the identification.
  • the specific size and / or shape and / or structure of the feature is compared with at least one size and / or shape and / or structure to be expected for the feature.
  • This size and / or shape and / or structure to be expected for the feature is determined using the standard data that applies to the value document. This standard data may be selected based on the previously determined type of value document, such as the currency and denomination of a bill, and include, for example, information about the characteristics of reference features and about the maximum acceptable deviations thereof.
  • the determined difference is compared with target values, wherein the target values are also determined from the standard data for the value document.
  • the target values are also determined from the standard data for the value document.
  • it is checked whether the determined difference lies in the value range of the setpoint values, which contains the maximum deviations with respect to the size and / or shape and / or structure of the feature or which exceeds the maximum deviations.
  • it is checked, for example, how good the correspondence between the measured properties of the feature and the desired values is and determines a corresponding degree of correspondence.
  • an OCV method can be used.
  • FIG. 1b schematically a composed forgery 1 is shown, which is composed of two parts, for example, a left, real part banknote 1a and a right, wrong partial banknote 1b.
  • the two sub-bank notes 1a and 1b are glued together.
  • the two lower edges 5a and 5b are slightly inclined to each other and may be offset at the intersection with the dividing line 2 also somewhat in the vertical direction. For better illustration, the inclination is in FIG. 1b drawn relatively strong.
  • the two sub-bank notes 1a and 1b are not aligned precisely with one another.
  • an image sensor is used with which, inter alia, the lower edge 50 of the banknote 10 is detected.
  • the absolute position of a left portion of the lower edge 50 may be determined, for example, from the left corner a certain distance to the right, and analogous to the absolute position of a right portion of the lower edge, from the right corner one step behind on the left.
  • the absolute positions of the lower edge sections 5a, 5b are determined.
  • a difference is determined by comparing these absolute positions, for example by subtracting the coordinates of the two corner points or a plurality of individual pixels of the two lower edge sections or two center points of the two lower edge sections determined from the image data.
  • the difference is compared with target values which result from standard data valid for the value document, which have been determined, for example, in advance of the method on the basis of genuine banknotes of the same denomination.
  • the determined difference of the absolute positions is in the case of a genuine banknote 10 with a very high probability in the value range of the desired values for this position difference.
  • the difference exceeds the limits of the value range of the setpoint values for this positional difference, given a correspondingly large deviation.
  • the result of the evaluation of the difference can be used in this way for checking a banknote, in particular for recognizing a composed counterfeit.
  • the evaluation result can be used not only as authenticity criterion but also to check the fitness of the banknote, for example, to identify a torn banknote or a banknote glued together with adhesive strips.
  • a shift of the positions of features may result if, for example, banknote parts have been glued together somewhat obliquely or if the parts of a torn banknote are slightly displaced relative to one another during the transport of the banknote.
  • a difference of the absolute positions of the right and left lower edge portions may also be determined as follows: from a first of the absolute positions of the two lower edge portions, eg, the lower left edge portion 5a, that expected for the second lower edge portion, 5b absolute position determined. This is done by extrapolating the course of the first lower edge portion 5a.
  • a Difference between the expected extrapolated position of the second lower edge portion 5b and the actual position of the second lower edge portion 5b is determined and compared with target values for the difference.
  • the difference and the target value in this embodiment are relatively small as compared with those of the first-described embodiment. The deviation from the desired values which results from the composition of the sub-bank notes 1a, 1b would be evident from many features of the composed counterfeit 1.
  • the serial numbers 3a and 3b have a relative position and a relative orientation to each other, the relative position and orientation of the two serial numbers 30 of the real Banknote deviates. Since the dividing line 2 runs between the numerals of the denomination "1000" of the banknote, the numerical printing images 4a and 4b also have a relative position and orientation deviating from the corresponding characters of the genuine banknote 10. The dividing line 2 also passes through the printed images shown above the denomination, so that the partial printed images 6a and 6b or 7a and 7b have a relative position and orientation deviating from the genuine banknote 10 (printed image offset).
  • the property to be determined may also be the size of the features, eg the size of the serial numbers 3a and 3b, the numbers of the denomination or even the printed images.
  • a property and the distance of the respective feature such as the serial numbers 3a and 3b are determined to a reference feature, such as the distance to an edge of the value document or to another security element on the banknote (not shown).
  • the reference feature may also be a reference print image to which the spacing of a first and a second detail of another print image is determined.
  • Reference print image could be, for example, the denomination digit "1" at which the distances of the right outer edge of the print image 7b and the left outer edge of the print image 7a could be determined.
  • the color of the printed images 6a and 6b or 7a and 7b can be determined.
  • the color of the printed images of the two sub-bank notes 1a, 1b may be different, for example, while the color within the printed images 60 and 70 of the genuine banknote 10 is uniform.
  • properties such as the average color of the printed image or the color or spectral color distribution averaged over one or more specific regions of the printed image or their spatial distribution can be determined via the printed image. If the features of the composed counterfeit 1 do not accurately reproduce those of the genuine bill 10, the difference determined from the characteristics of the two features is outside the set points. For a counterfeit detection is possible.
  • FIG. 2a To clarify the printed image offset of the composed counterfeit 1 is in FIG. 2a the printed image composed of the printed images 6a, 7a of the real partial banknote 1a and the printed images 6b, 7b of the incorrect partial banknote 1b (solid lines).
  • the two printed images 6a 'and 7a' extrapolated from the printed images 6a, 7a are sketched (dotted lines) which have the absolute position to be expected for the printed images 6b, 7b.
  • the absolute position of the printed image 6a ' can be extrapolated, for example, from the straight course of the printed image 6a.
  • standard data of the (real) print image 60 could be used, for example to determine the length and the exact shape of the extrapolated print image 6a '.
  • the absolute position of the print image 7a ' which has the absolute position to be expected for the print image 7b, is determined, starting from the print image 7a, using the standard data of the (real) print image 70 of the banknote. Subsequently, a difference is determined by comparing the absolute position of the print image 6a 'or the print image 7a' with the (actual) position of the print image 6b or 7b, for example by comparing the coordinates of certain print image details. The difference is compared with target values that this difference may take in the case of genuine banknotes.
  • the target values which are valid, for example, for the difference of the coordinates of the lower right-hand corner of the printed images 6a 'and 6b or 7a' and 7b, may, for example, lie in a zero-enclosing value range which extends around a fluctuation range around zero.
  • This fluctuation range can be determined from the standard data of the banknote and, for example, extend symmetrically or asymmetrically around zero.
  • the resulting y-coordinate of the right lower corner is relatively large and is most likely outside the range of values of the setpoints that apply to this difference.
  • FIG. 2b For example, another example of a print image offset is shown in another composed fake, which is the second Method is shown.
  • the two characters "1" and "0" belong, for example, to a denomination indication, through which a dividing line 8 runs.
  • the character "1" is formed by a print image 9, which in this case is composed of two partial print images 9a and 9b.
  • a characteristic of the banknote or composed counterfeit is identified in a first step. This step may consist, for example, in the recognition of the characters of the denomination indication, in particular of the print image 9 as a character "1", with the aid of an OCR method. Subsequently, for example, the shape and size of the printed image 9 is determined.
  • a difference is determined.
  • the expected shape and size is determined using standard data that applies to genuine denomination denominational counterfeit banknotes.
  • the standard data include, for example, reference characters that are selected from a set of reference marks based on the previously determined currency and denomination of the bill to be checked or composed forgery.
  • To determine the difference for example, intensity values at different pixels of the printed image 9 or of the reference symbol "1" can be subtracted from one another.
  • the determined difference is compared with target values. In the evaluation, it is checked for example with the aid of an OCV method, how good the match between the print image 9 and the reference character "1" in terms of its shape and size. It is checked whether the determined difference lies in the value range of the setpoint values or exceeds the maximally acceptable deviations of the character form and character size.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Toxicology (AREA)
  • Inspection Of Paper Currency And Valuable Securities (AREA)
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Description

Die Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren zur Prüfung von Wertdokumenten, insbesondere zur Erkennung gefälschter Wertdokumente. Bei den zu erkennenden gefälschten Wertdokumenten handelt es sich um composed-Fälschungen, die aus Teilen unterschiedlicher Wertdokumente zusammengesetzt sind. Die composed-Fälschungen können aus Teilen echter und gefälschter Wertdokumente zusammengesetzt sein, es sind aber auch composed-Fälschungen bekannt, die ausschließlich aus Teilen echter Wertdokumente zusammengesetzt sind.The invention relates to a method for checking value documents, in particular for detecting forged value documents. The forged value documents to be recognized are composed counterfeits, which are composed of parts of different value documents. The composed counterfeits can be composed of parts of genuine and forged value documents, but there are also known composite counterfeits, which are composed exclusively of parts of real value documents.

Aus dem Stand der Technik sind verschiedene Verfahren zur Erkennung gefälschter Banknoten bekannt. Zur Erkennung von composed-Fälschungen werden zum Beispiel Verfahren zur Detektion von Klebestreifen eingesetzt, durch die die einzelnen Teile der composed-Fälschung zusammengeklebt sind. Zur Echtheitsprüfung werden die Banknoten darüber hinaus beispielsweise auf Eigenschaften geprüft die echtes Banknotenpapier von gewöhnlichem Papier unterscheidet, so zum Beispiel auf dessen Fluoreszenzeigenschaften. Viele composed-Fälschungen bestehen teilweise aus echtem und teilweise aus gefälschtem Papier, das jedoch ähnliche Pluoreszenzeigenschaften wie echte Banknoten besitzen, Außerdem werden auch Fälschungen zusammengesetzt, die ausschließlich aus Teilen echter Banknoten bestehen. Mit den bisherigen Verfahren ist es nicht möglich, solche zusammengesetzten Fälschungen zu erkennen, die vergleichbare Messsignale, z.B. Fluoreszenzsignale, wie echte Banknoten liefern. Verfahren zur Erkennung gefälschter Banknoten sind aus den Dokumente US 6,798,900 , EP 0 932 115 A2 und EP 1 173 001 A2 bekannt.Various methods for detecting counterfeit banknotes are known from the prior art. To detect composed counterfeiting, for example, methods for detecting adhesive strips are used by which the individual parts of the composed counterfeit are glued together. For authenticity testing, moreover, the bills are checked, for example, for properties that distinguish genuine banknote paper from ordinary paper, such as its fluorescence properties. Many composed counterfeits are partly made of genuine and partly counterfeit paper, but have similar plumage characteristics to real banknotes. In addition, counterfeits are also made up exclusively of parts of genuine banknotes. With the previous methods, it is not possible to detect such composite counterfeits that provide comparable measurement signals, such as fluorescent signals, such as genuine banknotes. Methods for detecting forged banknotes are from the documents US 6,798,900 . EP 0 932 115 A2 and EP 1 173 001 A2 known.

Die Schrift EP 0 932 115 offenbart ein Verfahren zur Echtheitsprüfung einer US Dollarnote , bei dem der Abstand zwischen zwei Koordinatenpunkten zweier Regionen R1 und R2 als zu prüfende Eigenschaft verwendet wird. Bei den Regionen R1 und R2 handelt es sich um zwei Merkmale der Dollarnote, insbesondere die Nummer, das Portrait oder das grüne Siegel.The font EP 0 932 115 discloses a method of authenticating a US dollar bill, in which the distance between two coordinate points of two regions R1 and R2 is used as a property to be tested. at The regions R1 and R2 are two features of the dollar bill, in particular the number, the portrait or the green seal.

Es ist daher eine Aufgabe der Erfindung, eine verbesserte Möglichkeit zur Erkennung von gefälschten Wertdokumenten anzugeben, die aus mehreren Teilen echter oder echter und gefälschter Wertdokumente zusammengesetzt sind,
Diese Aufgabe wird durch die Merkmale des unabhängigen Anspruchs 1 gelöst. In davon abhängigen Ansprüchen sind vorteilhafte Ausgestaltungen und Weiterbildungen der Erfindung angegeben.
Bei dem erfindungsgemäßen Verfahren wird in einem ersten Schritt die Position eines ersten Merkmals des zu prüfenden Wertdokuments und in zweiten Schritt die Position eines zweiten Merkmals des Wertdokuments bestimmt. In einem weiteren Schritt werden die Positionen des ersten und zweiten Merkmals miteinander verglichen und daraus ein Unterschied zwischen dem ersten und dem zweiten Merkmal ermittelt. Die Eigenschaft des ersten und die des zweiten Merkmals werden bevorzugt mit demselben Sensor bestimmt. Anschließend wird der ermittelte Unterschied ausgewertet. Bei der Auswertung wird überprüft, ob der ermittelte Unterschied in einem vorgegebenen Wertebereich liegt der die als akzeptabel festgelegten Sollwerte für den Unterschied beinhaltet. Dieser Wertebereich wird mit Hilfe von Standarddaten bestimmt, die für das Wertdokument gelten, Die Grenzen des Wertebereichs der Sollwerte sind durch einen oder mehrere Schwellwerte gegeben, wie z.B. Maximal- oder auch Minimalwerte für den ermittelten Unterschied. Die Standarddaten enthalten z.B. Informationen über Referenzmerkmale und über maximal akzeptable Abweichungen von den Referenzmerkmalen.It is therefore an object of the invention to provide an improved means for detecting forged value documents, which consists of several Sharing genuine or genuine and forged value documents are composed,
This object is solved by the features of independent claim 1. In dependent claims advantageous embodiments and developments of the invention are given.
In the method according to the invention, the position of a first feature of the value document to be checked is determined in a first step and the position of a second feature of the value document in the second step. In a further step, the positions of the first and second feature are compared with one another and a difference between the first and the second feature is determined therefrom. The property of the first and the second feature are preferably determined with the same sensor. Subsequently, the determined difference is evaluated. During the evaluation, it is checked whether the difference determined lies within a predetermined range of values which includes the setpoint values for the difference that are considered acceptable. This range of values is determined using standard data that applies to the value document. The limits of the value range of the setpoints are given by one or more threshold values, such as maximum or minimum values for the difference determined. For example, the standard data includes information about reference features and maximum acceptable deviations from the reference features.

Der weitere Schritt der zur Ermittlung eines Unterschieds dient, kann - alternativ zu dem direkten Vergleich der Positionen der beiden Merkmale - auch darin bestehen, dass eine für das zweite Merkmal zu erwartenden Position mit der Position des zweiten Merkmals verglichen wird Die für das zweite Merkmal zu erwartende Position wird durch Extrapolieren bestimmt werden, und zwar durch Extrapolieren aus der oder den Position des ersten Merkmals. Das Extrapolieren kann auch unter Verwendung von für die Banknote geltenden Standarddaten durchgeführt werden, beispielsweise ausgehend von dem ersten Merkmal. So kann bei Druckbildmerkmalen mit individueller Struktur das Extrapolieren der Position eines zweiten Druckbildausschnitts beispielsweise aus der Position eines ersten Druckbildausschnitts, unter Zuhilfenahme eines Referenzdruckbilds erfolgen, das anhand einer Vielzahl entsprechender Druckbilder echter Banknoten bestimmt wurde. Das Extrapolieren kann auch aus weiteren Messdaten der Banknote, z.B. aus der gemessenen räumlichen Anordnung weiterer Merkmale unter Zuhilfenahme der Standarddaten erfolgen.
Die zu erwartende Position kann auch mit Hilfe der Standarddaten bestimmt werden, die für das Wertdokument gelten. Der dabei ermittelte Unterschied ist im Allgemeinen verschieden von dem Unterschied, der bei der erstgenannten Variante des Verfahrens ermittelt wird. Zur Auswertung wird der ermittelte Unterschied mit Sollwerten verglichen, wobei die Sollwerte ebenfalls aus den Standarddaten für das Wertdokument bestimmt sind. Diese Sollwerte sind im Allgemeinen ebenfalls verschieden von den Sollwerten der erstgenannten Variante des Verfahrens. Bei der Auswertung wird überprüft ob der ermittelte Unterschied im Wertebereich der Sollwerte liegt, der z.B. die maximal akzeptablen Abweichungen der Eigenschaft des zweiten Merkmals von der für das zweite Merkmal zu erwartenden Eigenschaft enthält. Beim Schritt des Auswertens kann auch eine Übereinstimmung des Unterschieds mit den Sollwerten überprüft werden und ein entsprechender Übereinstimmungsgrad bestimmt werden.The further step that serves to determine a difference can-as an alternative to the direct comparison of the positions of the two features-also be that a position to be expected for the second feature is compared with the position of the second feature second feature is to be determined by extrapolating, by extrapolating from or the position of the first feature. Extrapolating may also be performed using default data for the bill, for example, based on the first feature. Thus, in the case of print image features with an individual structure, the position of a second print image detail can be extrapolated, for example, from the position of a first print image detail, with the aid of a reference print image determined on the basis of a large number of corresponding print images of genuine banknotes. The extrapolation can also be carried out from further measurement data of the banknote, eg from the measured spatial arrangement of further features with the aid of the standard data.
The expected position can also be determined using the standard data that applies to the value document. The difference thus determined is generally different from the difference found in the former variant of the method. For evaluation, the determined difference is compared with target values, wherein the target values are also determined from the standard data for the value document. These nominal values are generally also different from the nominal values of the first-mentioned variant of the method. During the evaluation, it is checked whether the determined difference lies in the value range of the desired values, which contains, for example, the maximum acceptable deviations of the property of the second feature from the property to be expected for the second feature. In the step of the evaluation, a match of the difference with the desired values can also be checked and a corresponding degree of agreement can be determined.

Die Standarddaten, die für den Wertebereich der Sollwerte und/oder zur Bestimmung der zu erwartenden Eigenschaft des zweiten Merkmals zugrunde gelegt werden, können anhand einer Vielzahl von Wertdokumenten ermittelt werden oder im Vorfeld der Prüfung ermittelt worden sein. Vorzugsweise werden die Standarddaten anhand von Wertdokumenten derselben Art wie das zu überprüfende Wertdokument ermittelt, bei Banknoten beispielsweise anhand von Banknoten derselben Denomination. Die Standarddaten enthalten beispielsweise Informationen über die Eigenschaften von Referenzmerkmalen und über die maximal akzeptablen Abweichungen der Eigenschaften der bei dem erfindungsgemäßen Verfahren geprüften Merkmale von den Eigenschaften der Referenzmerkmale. Für die verschiedenen Arten von Wertdokumenten können jeweils spezifische Standarddaten hinterlegt sein. Die Standarddaten können anhand der Art des Wertdokuments, beispielsweise der Währung und Denomination einer Banknote, ausgewählt werden. Zur Auswahl der für das zu prüfende Wertdokument geltenden Standarddaten wird zu diesem Zweck beispielsweise vor der Prüfung des Wertdokuments die Art des Wertdokuments identifiziert. Im Fall von Banknoten kann diese Identifizierung z.B. eine dem erfindungsgemäßen Verfahren vorausgehende Denominationsbestimmung sein.The standard data, which are used as the basis for the value range of the setpoint values and / or for determining the expected property of the second feature, can be determined on the basis of a plurality of value documents or determined in advance of the check. The standard data are preferably determined on the basis of value documents of the same type as the value document to be checked; in the case of banknotes, for example, on the basis of banknotes of the same denomination. The standard data contain, for example, information about the properties of reference features and about the maximum acceptable deviations of the properties of the features tested in the method according to the invention from the properties of the reference features. For the different types of value documents specific standard data can be stored. The default data may be selected based on the type of value document, such as the currency and denomination of a bill. To select the standard data that applies to the value document to be checked, the type of value document is identified for this purpose, for example, before the value document is checked. In the case of banknotes, this identification may be e.g. be a prior to the inventive method denomination.

Das bei dem erfindungsgemäßen Verfahren zu vergleichende erste und zweite Merkmal können gleichartige, aber auch verschiedenartige Merkmale sein. Das Verfahren kann auch für mehrere Eigenschaften der beiden Merkmale durchgeführt werden. Außerdem kann das Verfahren auch für weitere erste und zweite Merkmale durchgeführt werden. Besonders vorteilhaft ist es, das Verfahren sowohl für Merkmale der Vorderseite als auch für Merkmale der Rückseite des Wertdokuments durchzuführen, d.h. es wird zumindest ein Merkmalspaar der Vorderseite und zumindest ein Merkmalspaar der Rückseite geprüft.The first and second features to be compared in the method according to the invention may be similar but also different features. The method can also be carried out for several properties of the two features. In addition, the method can also be carried out for further first and second features. It is particularly advantageous to carry out the method both for features of the front side and for features of the back side of the value document, ie at least one feature pair of the front side and at least one feature pair of the back side are tested.

Das erste und zweite Merkmal sind Ausschnitte desselben vorbestimmten Druckbilds. Die innerhalb desselben Druckschritts hergestellten Druckbildbereiche besitzen eine sehr gut definierte Relativposition zueinander, die beim nachträglichen Zusammenfügen von Einzelteilen der Wertdokumente kaum exakt reproduziert werden kann,The first and second features are sections of the same predetermined print image. The printed image areas produced within the same printing step have a very well defined relative position to each other, which can hardly be exactly reproduced during the subsequent assembly of individual parts of the value documents.

Die in ihren Positionen zu vergleichenden Druckbilder können einen oder mehrere Ausschnitte eines oder mehrerer Designelemente, wie z.B. Symbolen oder geometrischen Elementen, und/oder eines oder mehrerer Bildmotive, wie z.B. Abbildungen von Personen, Bauwerken, Tieren, Gegenständen, oder Ähnliches aufweisen, oder auch einen oder mehrere Ausschnitte von Mustern, Schriftzügen oder Zeichen, wie z.B. Schriftzeichen, Ziffern, Buchstaben.The printed images to be compared in their positions may include one or more sections of one or more design elements, such as e.g. Symbols or geometric elements, and / or one or more image motifs, e.g. Illustrations of persons, structures, animals, objects, or the like, or even one or more sections of patterns, logotypes or characters, such. Characters, numbers, letters.

Die Eigenschaft, bezüglich derer das erste und das zweite Merkmal verglichen werden, betrifft die Position des jeweiligen Merkmals, Bei der Ausführungsform mit dem alternativen weiteren Schritt betrifft die Eigenschaft des ersten und zweiten Merkmals sowie die für das zweite Merkmal zu erwartende Eigenschaft die Position des jeweiligen Merkmals, Eigenschaften, die die Position des jeweiligen Merkmals betreffen, sind beispielsweise eine absolute Position, eine relative Position, insbesondere ein Abstand relativ zu einem Bezugsmerkmal oder eine Orientierung relativ zu einem Bezugsmerkmal. Als Bezugsmerkmal kann zum Beispiel eine Kante des Wertdokuments, ein Sicherheitselement, ein Bezugsdruckbild oder auch ein Ausschnitt desselben verwendet werden. Das Bezugsdruckbild kann z.B. ein weiterer Ausschnitt des vorbestimmten Druckbilds des ersten und/oder des zweiten Merkmals sein, es kann aber auch ein Ausschnitt eines weiteren Druckbilds sein, das vorzugsweise mit dem gleichen Druckverfahren, insbesondere innerhalb desselben Druckschritts, hergestellt worden ist wie das Druckbild des ersten und/oder zweiten Merkmals,The property with respect to which the first and second features are compared relates to the position of the respective feature. In the embodiment with the alternative further step, the property of the first and second feature and the property to be expected for the second feature relates to the position of the respective feature Feature, properties that relate to the position of the respective feature are, for example, an absolute position, a relative position, in particular a distance relative to a reference feature or an orientation relative to a reference feature. As a reference feature, for example, an edge of the value document, a security element, a reference print image or even a section of the same can be used. The reference print image may, for example, be a further section of the predetermined print image of the first and / or the second feature, but it may also be a section of another print image which is preferably printed using the same printing method, in particular the same printing step, has been prepared as the printed image of the first and / or second feature,

Bei echten Banknoten sind die relativen Positionen und Orientierungen der Merkmale sehr genau definiert, insbesondere bei gedruckten Merkmalen, die innerhalb des gleichen Druckverfahrens oder sogar innerhalb desselben Druckschritts hergestellt worden sind. Bevorzugt wird das erfindungsgemäße Verfahren daher in der Weise ausgeführt, dass als Merkmale bestimmte Druckbildbereiche verwendet werden, von denen ein die Position betreffender Unterschied ermittelt wird.In real banknotes, the relative positions and orientations of the features are very well defined, especially for printed features made within the same printing process or even within the same printing step. The method according to the invention is therefore preferably carried out in such a way that certain printed image areas are used as features of which a difference concerning the position is determined.

Zur Auswertung wird der mit dem erfindungsgemäßen Verfahren ermittelte Unterschied mit den jeweiligen Sollwerten verglichen und geprüft, ob der ermittelte Unterschied im Wertebereich der jeweiligen Sollwerte liegt. Im Fall eines echten Wertdokuments sollte der ermittelte Unterschied im Wertebereich der jeweiligen Sollwerte liegen. Im Fall einer composed-Fälschung ist dagegen die Wahrscheinlichkeit hoch, dass zumindest manche Merkmale zumindest in einigen ihrer Eigenschaften Unterschiede aufweisen, die nicht im Wertebereich der jeweiligen Sollwerte liegen, Aufgrund des nachträglichen Zusammensetzens der composed-Fälschung ist zu erwarten, dass dabei z.B. der Unterschied der absoluten Position einiger Druckbildbereiche um mehr als die akzeptable Abweichung von den Referenzwerten der echten Wertdokumente abweicht.For the evaluation, the difference determined with the method according to the invention is compared with the respective setpoint values and it is checked whether the determined difference lies in the value range of the respective setpoint values. In the case of a true value document, the difference should be within the range of the respective target values. In the case of a composed counterfeiting, on the other hand, there is a high probability that at least some features have differences, at least in some of their properties, that are not within the value range of the respective set values. Due to the subsequent composition of the composed counterfeit, it is to be expected that e.g. the difference of the absolute position of some printed image areas deviates by more than the acceptable deviation from the reference values of the genuine value documents.

Die Auswertung des ermittelten Unterschieds erfolgt beispielsweise zur Bestimmung der Echtheit des Wertdokuments oder auch zur Fitnessprüfung des Wertdokuments, etwa auf das Vorhandensein von Rissen oder Klebungen. Mit Hilfe des erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens können nicht nur composed-Fälschungen, sondern auch echte, aber zur "Reparatur" teilweise oder vollständig wieder zusammengeklebte Wertdokumente erfasst werden. Auch durch dieses Zusammenkleben können sich Unterschiede in der Position und/oder der Gestalt von Merkmalen ergeben, die nicht den Sollwerten entsprechen, Beispielsweise können Druckbilder, durch die ein Riss geht und die nachträglich wieder zusammengefügt wurden, so verändert werden, dass die an dem Druckbild ermittelten Positionsunterschiede außerhalb des Wertebereichs der Sollwerte liegen. Auch bei eingerissenen echten Wertdokumenten können die Positionsunterschiede von Merkmalen von denen unversehrter echter Wertdokumente abweichen und mit dem erfindungsgemäßen Verfahren erfasst werden.
Im Allgemeinen kann eine composed-Fälschung eine Trennlinie oder mehrere Trennlinien aufweisen, an denen sie zusammengesetzt ist. Die Position dieser Trennlinien auf der composed-Fälschung ist zwar nicht vorhersehbar, allerdings ist es zur Erkennung von composed-Fälschungen vorteilhaft, gezielt solche Merkmale zu verwenden, die mit hoher Wahrscheinlichkeit auf verschiedenen Teilbanknoten der composed-Fälschung angeordnet sind. Aus diesem Grund wird das erfindungsgemäße Verfahren vorzugsweise anhand von Eigenschaften solcher Merkmale durchgeführt, die möglichst weit voneinander entfernt auf dem Wertdokument angeordnet sind. Anspruchsgemäß wird das erste und zweite Merkmal so ausgewählt, dass der Abstand zwischen diesen Merkmalen in einer Richtung, insbesondere in der Richtung entlang der Verbindungslinie der Merkmale sich über einen erheblichen Teil des Wertdokuments erstreckt, mindestens jedoch die Hälfte der Ausdehnung des Wertdokuments beträgt. Außerdem ist es vorteilhaft, weitere erste und weitere zweite Merkmale miteinander zu vergleichen, deren Verbindungslinie mit der Verbindungslinie des ersten und zweiten Merkmals einen großen Winkel, z.B. einen Winkel von mindestens 20° einschließen. In einer Weiterbildung des Verfahrens kann auch die Lage der Trennlinien mehrerer bekannter composed-Fälschungen erfasst werden und daraus eine Wahrscheinlichkeit für die Lage der Trennlinien auf dem zu prüfenden Wertdokument bestimmt werden. In Abhängigkeit davon können z.B. die für das erfindungsgemäße Verfahren zu verwendenden Merkmale so ausgewählt werden, dass die meisten der bekannten Trennlinien zwischen diesen Merkmalen verlaufen.The evaluation of the difference determined takes place, for example, to determine the authenticity of the value document or else to check the fitness of the value document, for example for the presence of cracks or adhesions. With the help of the method according to the invention can not only composed fakes, but also real, but for "repair" partially or completely reassembled value documents are recorded. This sticking together can also result in differences in the position and / or the shape of features which do not correspond to the nominal values. For example, printed images through which a tear passes and which have subsequently been joined again can be changed so that the images printed on the printed image determined position differences outside the value range of the setpoints. Even with torn real value documents, the position differences of characteristics of those of intact true value documents may differ and be detected by the method according to the invention.
In general, a composed counterfeit may have one or more dividing lines on which it is composed. Although the position of these dividing lines on the composed counterfeit is not predictable, it is advantageous for the detection of composed counterfeits to specifically use those features which are arranged with high probability on different partial banknotes of the composed counterfeiting. For this reason, the method according to the invention is preferably carried out on the basis of properties of such features which are arranged as far apart as possible on the value document. According to the claims, the first and second features are selected such that the distance between these features in one direction, in particular in the direction along the connecting line of the features, extends over a substantial part of the value document, but at least half the extent of the value document. In addition, it is advantageous to compare further first and further second features with each other, whose connecting line with the connecting line of the first and second feature include a large angle, for example an angle of at least 20 °. In a development of the method, the position of the separating lines of several known composed falsifications are determined and from this a probability for the position of the separating lines on the document of value to be checked is determined. Depending on this, for example, the features to be used for the method according to the invention can be selected so that most of the known parting lines run between these features.

Ein zweites, nicht beanspruchtes und nicht erfindungsgemäßes Verfahren zur Erkennung gefälschter Wertdokumente, insbesondere zur Erkennung von composed-Fälschungen, kann in folgender Weise ablaufen: Zur Prüfung der Banknote bzw. der composed-Fälschung wird in einem ersten Schritt ein Merkmal eines Wertdokuments identifiziert, insbesondere ein Merkmal einer Banknote bzw. einer composed-Fälschung, Als Merkmal wird vorzugsweise zumindest ein Ausschnitt zumindest eines Druckbilds gewählt, z.B. zumindest ein Ausschnitt eines
Musters oder eines Schriftzugs oder eines Zeichens, insbesondere einer Ziffer, eines Buchstabens oder eines Schriftzeichens. Zur Identifizierung des Merkmals kann eine Erkennung einer Zeichenfolge mit Hilfe eines OCR-Verfahrens durchgeführt werden. Anschließend wird die Größe und/oder Form und/oder Struktur des Merkmals bestimmt, vorzugsweise mit einer höheren Genauigkeit als bei der Identifizierung. Zur Ermittlung eines Unterschieds wird die bestimmte Größe und/oder Form und/oder Struktur des Merkmals mit zumindest einer für das Merkmal zu erwartenden Größe und/oder Form und/oder Struktur verglichen. Diese für das Merkmal zu erwartende Größe und/oder Form und/oder Struktur wird mit Hilfe der Standarddaten bestimmt, die für das Wertdokument gelten. Diese Standarddaten können anhand der zuvor bestimmten Art des Wertdokuments, beispielsweise der Währung und Denomination einer Banknote, ausgewählt werden und enthalten beispielsweise Informationen über die Eigenschaften von Referenzmerkmalen und über die maximal akzeptablen Abweichungen davon. Zur Auswertung wird der ermittelte Unterschied mit Sollwerten verglichen, wobei die Sollwerte ebenfalls aus den Standarddaten für das Wertdokument bestimmt sind. Dabei wird beispielsweise überprüft, ob der ermittelte Unterschied im Wertebereich der Sollwerte liegt, der die maximalen Abweichungen in Bezug auf die Größe und/oder Form und/oder Struktur des Merkmals enthält oder aber die maximalen Abweichungen überschreitet. Bei der Auswertung wird beispielsweise überprüft, wie gut die Übereinstimmung zwischen den gemessenen Eigenschaften des Merkmals und den Sollwerten dafür ist und ein entsprechender Übereinstimmungsgrad bestimmt. Bei den Schritten der Ermittlung und Auswertung des Unterschieds kann z.B. ein OCV-Verfahren eingesetzt werden.A second, unclaimed and not inventive method for detecting forged value documents, in particular for the detection of composed counterfeits, can proceed in the following manner: To check the banknote or the composed forgery, a feature of a value document is identified in a first step, in particular a feature of a banknote or a composed counterfeiting. As a feature, preferably at least one section of at least one print image is selected, for example at least one section of a printout
Pattern or a lettering or a sign, in particular a number, a letter or a character. To identify the feature, a recognition of a character string can be performed by means of an OCR method. Subsequently, the size and / or shape and / or structure of the feature is determined, preferably with a higher accuracy than in the identification. In order to determine a difference, the specific size and / or shape and / or structure of the feature is compared with at least one size and / or shape and / or structure to be expected for the feature. This size and / or shape and / or structure to be expected for the feature is determined using the standard data that applies to the value document. This standard data may be selected based on the previously determined type of value document, such as the currency and denomination of a bill, and include, for example, information about the characteristics of reference features and about the maximum acceptable deviations thereof. For evaluation, the determined difference is compared with target values, wherein the target values are also determined from the standard data for the value document. In this case, for example, it is checked whether the determined difference lies in the value range of the setpoint values, which contains the maximum deviations with respect to the size and / or shape and / or structure of the feature or which exceeds the maximum deviations. During the evaluation, it is checked, for example, how good the correspondence between the measured properties of the feature and the desired values is and determines a corresponding degree of correspondence. In the steps of determining and evaluating the difference, for example, an OCV method can be used.

Bei den obengenannten Verfahren werden die Merkmale beispielsweise optisch, insbesondere im sichtbaren oder im nicht-sichtbaren Spektralbereich, oder auch magnetisch erfasst.
Nachfolgend wird die Erfindung anhand der begleitenden Zeichnungen beispielhaft beschrieben.In the abovementioned methods, the features become, for example, optical, in particular in the visible or in the non-visible spectral range, or magnetically recorded.
The invention will be described by way of example with reference to the accompanying drawings.

Es zeigen:

Fig. 1a
Schematische Abbildung einer echten Banknote,
Fig. 1b
Schematische Abbildung einer composed-Fälschung, die aus zwei Teilen zusammengesetzt ist,
Fig.2a
Druckbildversatz bei einer composed-Fälschung,
Fig.2b
Ausschnitt aus der Denominationsangabe einer composed-Fälschung, deren Trennlinie durch die Ziffern der Denominationsangabe geht.
In Figur 1a ist schematisch die Rückseite einer echten Banknote 10 abgebildet. Beispielhaft sind dabei einige Druckbilder 40, 60, 70 gezeigt, die z.B. mittels Stichdruck, Offsetdruck oder weiteren Druckverfahren hergestellt sind, sowie eine Seriennummer 30, die an zwei Positionen auf der Banknote 10 aufgedruckt ist. Zusätzlich können natürlich weitere Druckbilder und Sicherheitselemente auf oder in der Banknote 10 enthalten sein.Show it:
Fig. 1a
Schematic illustration of a genuine banknote,
Fig. 1b
Schematic illustration of a composed counterfeit composed of two parts
2a
Print image offset in a composed fake,
2b
Excerpt from the denomination of a composed forgery whose dividing line goes through the numerals of the denomination.
In FIG. 1a schematically the back of a real banknote 10 is shown. By way of example, a number of printed images 40, 60, 70 are shown, which are manufactured, for example, by means of stitch printing, offset printing or further printing processes, and a serial number 30, which is printed on the banknote 10 at two positions. In addition, of course, further printed images and security elements may be included on or in the banknote 10.

In Figur 1b ist schematisch eine composed-Fälschung 1 dargestellt, die aus zwei Teilen zusammengesetzt ist, beispielsweise aus einer linken, echten Teilbanknote 1a und einer rechten, falschen Teilbanknote 1b. An einer etwa senkrecht durch die composed-Fälschung 1 laufenden Trennlinie 2 sind die beiden Teilbanknoten 1a und 1b zusammengeklebt. Bei dem Zusammenkleben der composed-Fälschung 1 ist es in diesem Beispiel jedoch nicht gelungen, die beiden Unterkanten 5a und 5b so anzuordnen, dass sie genau in einer Linie verlaufen. Die Unterkanten 5a und 5b sind geringfügig zueinander geneigt und können an dem Schnittpunkt mit der Trennlinie 2 auch etwas in senkrechter Richtung versetzt sein. Zur besseren Illustration ist die Neigung in Figur 1b relativ stark gezeichnet. Für das erfindungsgemäße Verfahren reicht es jedoch aus, dass die beiden Teilbanknoten 1a und 1b nicht ganz präzise aufeinander ausgerichtet sind. Es genügt eine geringfügige Abweichung, die nicht in Bezug auf die Kanten der Banknote gegeben sein muss, sondern in Bezug auf die Eigenschaft irgendeines Merkmals gegeben sein kann, das mit entsprechender Genauigkeit messtechnisch erfasst werden kann.In FIG. 1b schematically a composed forgery 1 is shown, which is composed of two parts, for example, a left, real part banknote 1a and a right, wrong partial banknote 1b. At an approximately perpendicular through the composed counterfeiting 1 ongoing dividing line 2, the two sub-bank notes 1a and 1b are glued together. In the gluing of the composed counterfeit 1, however, it has not been possible in this example to arrange the two lower edges 5a and 5b so that they run exactly in a line. The lower edges 5a and 5b are slightly inclined to each other and may be offset at the intersection with the dividing line 2 also somewhat in the vertical direction. For better illustration, the inclination is in FIG. 1b drawn relatively strong. However, it is sufficient for the method according to the invention that the two sub-bank notes 1a and 1b are not aligned precisely with one another. A slight deviation, which need not be given with respect to the edges of the banknote, but can be given in relation to the property of any feature that can be metrologically detected with appropriate accuracy.

Zur Prüfung einer Banknote 10 wird z.B. ein Bildsensor verwendet, mit dem unter anderem die Unterkante 50 der Banknote 10 erfasst wird. Aus den Bilddaten lässt sich zum Beispiel die absolute Position eines linken Abschnitts der Unterkante 50 bestimmen, der z.B. von der linken Ecke ein bestimmtes Stück nach rechts verläuft, und analog die absolute Position eines rechten Abschnitts der Unterkante, der von der rechten Ecke ein Stück nach links verläuft. Bei einer composed-Fälschung 1 werden dabei z.B. die absoluten Positionen der Unterkantenabschnitte 5a, 5b bestimmt. Anschließend wird ein Unterschied durch Vergleichen dieser absoluten Positionen ermittelt, beispielsweise durch Differenzbildung der Koordinaten der beiden Eckpunkte oder mehrerer einzelner Bildpunkte der beiden Unterkantenabschnitte oder zweier aus den Bilddaten ermittelten Mittelpunkte der beiden Unterkantenabschnitte. Zur Auswertung des Unterschieds wird der Unterschied mit Sollwerten verglichen, die aus für das Wertdokument geltenden Standarddaten resultieren, die beispielsweise im Vorfeld des Verfahrens anhand echter Banknoten derselben Denomination bestimmt worden sind. Der ermittelte Unterschied der absoluten Positionen liegt bei einer echten Banknote 10 mit sehr großer Wahrscheinlichkeit in dem Wertebereich der Sollwerte für diesen Positionsunterschied. Bei einer composed-Fälschung 1, deren Unterkantenabschnitte 5a, 5b nicht in einer geraden Linie verlaufen, überschreitet der Unterschied - bei entsprechend großer Abweichung - die Grenzen des Wertebereichs der Sollwerte für diesen Positionsunterschied. Das Ergebnis der Auswertung des Unterschieds lässt sich auf diese Weise zur Prüfung einer Banknote, insbesondere zur Erkennung einer composed-Fälschung verwenden. Das Auswertungsergebnis kann jedoch nicht nur als Echtheitskriterium sondern auch zur Prüfung der Fitness der Banknote verwendet werden, beispielsweise um eine gerissene oder eine mit Klebestreifen zusammengeklebte Banknote zu identifizieren. Auch bei diesen kann sich eine Verschiebung der Positionen von Merkmalen ergeben, wenn z.B. Banknotenteile etwas schräg zusammengeklebt worden sind oder wenn die Teile einer eingerissenen Banknote beim Transport der Banknote etwas gegeneinander verschoben werden.
In einer alternativen Ausführungsform kann ein Unterschied der absoluten Positionen des rechten und linken Unterkantenabschnitts der auch in folgender Weise ermittelt werden: aus einer ersten der absoluten Positionen der beiden Unterkantenabschnitte, z.B. des linken Unterkantenabschnitts 5a, wird die für den zweiten Unterkantenabschnitt, 5b, zu erwartende absolute Position bestimmt. Dies erfolgt durch Extrapolieren des Verlaufs des ersten Unterkantenabschnitts 5a. Anschließend wird ein Unterschied zwischen der zu erwartenden, extrapolierten Position des zweiten Unterkantenabschnitts 5b und der tatsächlichen Position des zweiten Unterkantenabschnitts 5b ermittelt und mit Sollwerten für den Unterschied verglichen. Da hier die Übereinstimmung zwischen einer tatsächlichen Eigenschaft und dem Sollwert dieser Eigenschaft überprüft wird, sind der Unterschied und der Sollwert in dieser Ausführungsform relativ klein im Vergleich zu denen der zuerst beschriebenen Ausführungsform.
Die Abweichung von den Sollwerten, die durch das Zusammensetzen der Teilbanknoten 1a, 1b zustande kommt, würde sich an vielen Merkmalen der composed-Fälschung 1 erkennen lassen. Bei dem erfindungsgemäßen Verfahren können im ersten und zweiten Verfahrensschritt z.B. die im Folgenden beschriebenen Eigenschaften der folgenden Merkmale verglichen werden: Die Seriennummern 3a und 3b besitzen eine relative Position und eine relative Orientierung zueinander, die von der relativen Position und Orientierung der beiden Seriennummern 30 der echten Banknote abweicht. Da die Trennlinie 2 zwischen den Ziffern der Denomination "1000" der Banknote hindurch verläuft, weisen auch die Zifferndruckbilder 4a und 4b, eine im Vergleich zu den entsprechenden Zeichen der echten Banknote 10 abweichende relative Position und Orientierung auf. Die Trennlinie 2 verläuft ferner durch die oberhalb der Denominationsangabe gezeigten Druckbilder hindurch, so dass auch die Teildruckbilder 6a und 6b bzw. 7a und 7b eine im Vergleich zur echten Banknote 10 abweichende relative Position und Orientierung besitzen (Druckbildversatz).For examining a banknote 10, for example, an image sensor is used with which, inter alia, the lower edge 50 of the banknote 10 is detected. From the image data, for example, the absolute position of a left portion of the lower edge 50 may be determined, for example, from the left corner a certain distance to the right, and analogous to the absolute position of a right portion of the lower edge, from the right corner one step behind on the left. In the case of a composed forgery 1, for example, the absolute positions of the lower edge sections 5a, 5b are determined. Subsequently, a difference is determined by comparing these absolute positions, for example by subtracting the coordinates of the two corner points or a plurality of individual pixels of the two lower edge sections or two center points of the two lower edge sections determined from the image data. In order to evaluate the difference, the difference is compared with target values which result from standard data valid for the value document, which have been determined, for example, in advance of the method on the basis of genuine banknotes of the same denomination. The determined difference of the absolute positions is in the case of a genuine banknote 10 with a very high probability in the value range of the desired values for this position difference. In the case of a composed counterfeit 1 whose bottom edge sections 5a, 5b do not run in a straight line, the difference exceeds the limits of the value range of the setpoint values for this positional difference, given a correspondingly large deviation. The result of the evaluation of the difference can be used in this way for checking a banknote, in particular for recognizing a composed counterfeit. However, the evaluation result can be used not only as authenticity criterion but also to check the fitness of the banknote, for example, to identify a torn banknote or a banknote glued together with adhesive strips. Even with these, a shift of the positions of features may result if, for example, banknote parts have been glued together somewhat obliquely or if the parts of a torn banknote are slightly displaced relative to one another during the transport of the banknote.
In an alternative embodiment, a difference of the absolute positions of the right and left lower edge portions may also be determined as follows: from a first of the absolute positions of the two lower edge portions, eg, the lower left edge portion 5a, that expected for the second lower edge portion, 5b absolute position determined. This is done by extrapolating the course of the first lower edge portion 5a. Subsequently, a Difference between the expected extrapolated position of the second lower edge portion 5b and the actual position of the second lower edge portion 5b is determined and compared with target values for the difference. Here, since the correspondence between an actual property and the target value of this property is checked, the difference and the target value in this embodiment are relatively small as compared with those of the first-described embodiment.
The deviation from the desired values which results from the composition of the sub-bank notes 1a, 1b would be evident from many features of the composed counterfeit 1. In the method according to the invention, in the first and second method step, for example, the following described characteristics of the following features can be compared: The serial numbers 3a and 3b have a relative position and a relative orientation to each other, the relative position and orientation of the two serial numbers 30 of the real Banknote deviates. Since the dividing line 2 runs between the numerals of the denomination "1000" of the banknote, the numerical printing images 4a and 4b also have a relative position and orientation deviating from the corresponding characters of the genuine banknote 10. The dividing line 2 also passes through the printed images shown above the denomination, so that the partial printed images 6a and 6b or 7a and 7b have a relative position and orientation deviating from the genuine banknote 10 (printed image offset).

Die zu bestimmende Eigenschaft kann auch die Größe der Merkmale sein, z.B. die Größe der Seriennummern 3a und 3b, der Ziffern der Denominationsangabe oder auch der Druckbilder. Außerdem kann als Eigenschaft auch der Abstand des jeweiligen Merkmals, z.B. der Seriennummern 3a und 3b, zu einem Bezugsmerkmal bestimmt werden, so etwa der Abstand zu einer Kante des Wertdokuments oder zu einem weiteren Sicherheitselement auf der Banknote (nicht gezeigt). Das Bezugsmerkmal kann auch ein Bezugsdruckbild sein, zu dem der Abstand eines ersten und eines zweiten Ausschnitts eines weiteren Druckbilds bestimmt wird. Bezugsdruckbild könnte z.B. die Denominationsziffer "1" sein, zu der die Abstände der rechten Außenkante des Druckbilds 7b und der linken Außenkante des Druckbilds 7a bestimmt werden könnte. Desweiteren kann bei dem erfindungsgemäßen Verfahren auch die Farbe der Druckbilder 6a und 6b bzw. 7a und 7b bestimmt werden. Die Farbe der Druckbilder der beiden Teilbanknoten 1a, 1b kann z.B. unterschiedlich sein, während die Farbe innerhalb der Druckbilder 60 bzw. 70 der echten Banknote 10 einheitlich ist. Beispielsweise können dabei Eigenschaften wie die mittlere Farbe des Druckbilds oder die über einen oder mehrere bestimmte Bereiche des Druckbilds gemittelte Farbe oder spektrale Farbverteilung oder auch deren räumliche Verteilung über das Druckbild bestimmt werden. Falls die Merkmale der composed-Fälschung 1 die der echten Banknote 10 nicht präzise genug wiedergeben, liegt der aus den Eigenschaften der beiden Merkmale ermittelte Unterschied außerhalb der Sollwerte. Damit ist eine Fälschungserkennung möglich.The property to be determined may also be the size of the features, eg the size of the serial numbers 3a and 3b, the numbers of the denomination or even the printed images. In addition, as a property and the distance of the respective feature, such as the serial numbers 3a and 3b are determined to a reference feature, such as the distance to an edge of the value document or to another security element on the banknote (not shown). The reference feature may also be a reference print image to which the spacing of a first and a second detail of another print image is determined. Reference print image could be, for example, the denomination digit "1" at which the distances of the right outer edge of the print image 7b and the left outer edge of the print image 7a could be determined. Furthermore, in the method according to the invention, the color of the printed images 6a and 6b or 7a and 7b can be determined. The color of the printed images of the two sub-bank notes 1a, 1b may be different, for example, while the color within the printed images 60 and 70 of the genuine banknote 10 is uniform. For example, properties such as the average color of the printed image or the color or spectral color distribution averaged over one or more specific regions of the printed image or their spatial distribution can be determined via the printed image. If the features of the composed counterfeit 1 do not accurately reproduce those of the genuine bill 10, the difference determined from the characteristics of the two features is outside the set points. For a counterfeit detection is possible.

Zur Verdeutlichung des Druckbildversatzes der composed-Fälschung 1 ist in Figur 2a das aus den Druckbildern 6a, 7a der echten Teilbanknote 1a und den Druckbildern 6b, 7b der falschen Teilbanknote 1b zusammengesetzte Druckbild gezeigt (durchgezogene Linien). Zusätzlich sind die beiden aus den Druckbildern 6a, 7a extrapolierten Druckbilder 6a' und 7a' skizziert (gepunktete Linien), die die für die Druckbilder 6b, 7b zu erwartende absolute Position aufweisen. Die absolute Position des Druckbilds 6a' kann z.B. aus dem geraden Verlauf des Druckbilds 6a extrapoliert werden. Zusätzlich könnten dabei Standarddaten des (echten) Druckbilds 60 verwendet werden, beispielsweise um die Länge und die genaue Form des extrapolierten Druckbilds 6a' zu bestimmen. Um die absolute Position des Druckbilds 7a' extrapolieren zu können, ist die genaue Kenntnis der Eigenschaften des (echten) Druckbilds 70 erforderlich. Die absolute Position des Druckbilds 7a', das die für das Druckbild 7b zu erwartende absolute Position aufweist, wird, ausgehend von dem Druckbild 7a, mit Hilfe der Standarddaten des (echten) Druckbilds 70 der Banknote bestimmt. Anschließend wird ein Unterschied ermittelt durch Vergleichen der absoluten Position des Druckbilds 6a' bzw. des Druckbilds 7a' mit der (tatsächlichen) Position des Druckbilds 6b bzw. 7b, beispielsweise durch Vergleichen der Koordinaten bestimmter Druckbilddetails. Der jeweilige Unterschied wird mit Sollwerten verglichen, die dieser Unterschied im Fall echter Banknoten annehmen darf. Die Sollwerte, die beispielsweise für den Unterschied der Koordinaten der rechten unteren Ecke der Druckbilder 6a' und 6b bzw. 7a' und 7b gelten, können z.B. in einem die Null einschließenden Wertebereich liegen, der sich einen Schwankungsbereich um Null erstreckt. Dieser Schwankungsbereich kann aus den Standarddaten der Banknote bestimmt sein und sich z.B. symmetrisch oder asymmetrisch um Null erstrecken. Im Fall der Druckbilder 6a, 6b bzw. 7a, 7b der in Figur 2a gezeigten composed-Fälschung ist der Unterschied der y-Koordinaten der rechten unteren Ecke relativ groß und liegt mit hoher Wahrscheinlichkeit außerhalb des Wertebereichs der für diesen Unterschied geltenden Sollwerte.To clarify the printed image offset of the composed counterfeit 1 is in FIG. 2a the printed image composed of the printed images 6a, 7a of the real partial banknote 1a and the printed images 6b, 7b of the incorrect partial banknote 1b (solid lines). In addition, the two printed images 6a 'and 7a' extrapolated from the printed images 6a, 7a are sketched (dotted lines) which have the absolute position to be expected for the printed images 6b, 7b. The absolute position of the printed image 6a 'can be extrapolated, for example, from the straight course of the printed image 6a. In addition, standard data of the (real) print image 60 could be used, for example to determine the length and the exact shape of the extrapolated print image 6a '. In order to be able to extrapolate the absolute position of the print image 7a ', the exact knowledge of the properties of the (true) print image 70 is required. The absolute position of the print image 7a ', which has the absolute position to be expected for the print image 7b, is determined, starting from the print image 7a, using the standard data of the (real) print image 70 of the banknote. Subsequently, a difference is determined by comparing the absolute position of the print image 6a 'or the print image 7a' with the (actual) position of the print image 6b or 7b, for example by comparing the coordinates of certain print image details. The difference is compared with target values that this difference may take in the case of genuine banknotes. The target values, which are valid, for example, for the difference of the coordinates of the lower right-hand corner of the printed images 6a 'and 6b or 7a' and 7b, may, for example, lie in a zero-enclosing value range which extends around a fluctuation range around zero. This fluctuation range can be determined from the standard data of the banknote and, for example, extend symmetrically or asymmetrically around zero. In the case of the print images 6a, 6b or 7a, 7b of FIG FIG. 2a The resulting y-coordinate of the right lower corner is relatively large and is most likely outside the range of values of the setpoints that apply to this difference.

In Figur 2b ist ein weiteres Beispiel für einen Druckbildversatz bei einer anderen composed-Fälschung gezeigt, anhand dessen das zweite Verfahren dargestellt wird. Die beiden Zeichen "1" und "0" gehören z.B. zu einer Denominationsangabe, durch die eine Trennlinie 8 verläuft. Das Zeichen "1" wird durch ein Druckbild 9 gebildet, das in diesem Fall aus zwei Teildruckbildern 9a und 9b zusammengesetzt ist. Zur Prüfung der composed-Fälschung wird in einem ersten Schritt ein Merkmal der Banknote bzw. der composed-Fälschung identifiziert. Dieser Schritt kann z.B. in der Erkennung der Zeichen der Denominationsangabe, insbesondere des Druckbilds 9 als Zeichen "1", mit Hilfe eines OCR-Verfahrens bestehen. Anschließend wird beispielsweise die Form und die Größe des Druckbilds 9 bestimmt. Durch Vergleichen der Form und der Größe des Druckbilds 9 mit der im Fall einer echten Banknote zu erwartenden Form und Größe wird ein Unterschied ermittelt. Die zu erwartende Form und Größe wird mit Hilfe von Standarddaten bestimmt, die für echte Banknoten der Denomination der composed-Fälschung gelten. Die Standarddaten enthalten beispielsweise Referenzzeichen, die anhand der zuvor bestimmten Währung und Denomination der zu prüfenden Banknote bzw. composed-Fälschung aus einem Satz an Referenzzeichen ausgewählt werden. Zur Ermittlung des Unterschieds können beispielsweise Intensitätswerte an verschiedenen Bildpunkten des Druckbilds 9 bzw. des Referenzzeichens "1" voneinander subtrahiert werden. Zur Auswertung wird der ermittelte Unterschied mit Sollwerten verglichen. Bei der Auswertung wird beispielsweise mit Hilfe eines OCV-Verfahrens überprüft, wie gut die Übereinstimmung zwischen dem Druckbild 9 und dem Referenzzeichen "1" in Bezug auf dessen Form und Größe ist. Es wird überprüft, ob der ermittelte Unterschied im Wertebereich der Sollwerte liegt oder aber die maximal akzeptablen Abweichungen der Zeichenform und Zeichengröße überschreitet.In FIG. 2b For example, another example of a print image offset is shown in another composed fake, which is the second Method is shown. The two characters "1" and "0" belong, for example, to a denomination indication, through which a dividing line 8 runs. The character "1" is formed by a print image 9, which in this case is composed of two partial print images 9a and 9b. To check the composed forgery, a characteristic of the banknote or composed counterfeit is identified in a first step. This step may consist, for example, in the recognition of the characters of the denomination indication, in particular of the print image 9 as a character "1", with the aid of an OCR method. Subsequently, for example, the shape and size of the printed image 9 is determined. By comparing the shape and the size of the printed image 9 with the shape and size to be expected in the case of a genuine bill, a difference is determined. The expected shape and size is determined using standard data that applies to genuine denomination denominational counterfeit banknotes. The standard data include, for example, reference characters that are selected from a set of reference marks based on the previously determined currency and denomination of the bill to be checked or composed forgery. To determine the difference, for example, intensity values at different pixels of the printed image 9 or of the reference symbol "1" can be subtracted from one another. For evaluation, the determined difference is compared with target values. In the evaluation, it is checked for example with the aid of an OCV method, how good the match between the print image 9 and the reference character "1" in terms of its shape and size. It is checked whether the determined difference lies in the value range of the setpoint values or exceeds the maximally acceptable deviations of the character form and character size.

Claims (9)

  1. A method for checking documents of value (1, 10), with the steps:
    - determining at least one position of a first feature (3a, 4a, 5a, 6a, 7a) of a document of value (1, 10), which is at least one segment of a predetermined printed image,
    - determining at least one position of a second feature (3ba, 4b, 5b, 6b, 7b) of the document of value (1, 10), which is at least one segment of a predetermined printed image, wherein the first and the second feature are segments of the same predetermined printed image and wherein the distance between the first feature and the second feature in a direction amounts to at least half of the extent of the document of value (1, 10) in this direction,
    - ascertaining a difference by comparing the position of the first feature (3a, 4a, 5a, 6a, 7a) with the position of the second feature (3b, 4b, 5b, 6b, 7b), and/ or by comparing at least one position to be expected for the second feature (3b, 4b, 5b, 6b, 7b), which position is determined by extrapolating from the position of the first feature, with the position of the second feature (3b, 4b, 5b, 6b, 7b),
    - evaluating the difference by comparing the difference with set values, the set values being determined from standard data which are valid for the document of value (1, 10).
  2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the position to be expected for the second feature (3b, 4b, 5b, 6b, 7b) is determined with the aid of the standard data, in particular starting out from the first feature (3a, 4a, 5a, 6a, 7a).
  3. The method according to one or more of the previous claims, characterized in that the positions of the first feature (3a, 4a, 5a, 6a, 7a) and of the second feature (3b, 4b, 5b, 6b, 7b) are determined with the same sensor.
  4. The method according to one or more of the previous claims, characterized in that the position is an absolute position and/ or a relative position, in particular a distance of the respective feature relative to a reference feature and/ or an orientation of the respective feature relative to a reference feature.
  5. The method according to claim 4, characterized in that the reference feature is at least one edge of the document of value (1, 10) and/ or at least one security element and/ or at least one segment of at least one reference printed image.
  6. The method according to claim 5, characterized in that the reference printed image is a further segment of the predetermined printed image of the first feature (3a, 4a, 6a, 7a) and of the second feature (3b, 4b, 6b, 7b) or that the reference printed image is a segment of a further printed image which has been produced within the same printing step as the predetermined printed image of the first feature (3a, 4a, 6a, 7a) and of the second feature (3b, 4b, 6b, 7b).
  7. The method according to one or more of the previous claims, characterized in that further first and further second features are compared with each other whose connecting line encloses with the connecting line of the first and second feature an angle of at least 20°.
  8. The method according to any of claims 1 to 7, characterized in that the method is used for checking the fitness of the document of value (1, 10), in particular for checking as to gluings or tears.
  9. The method according to any of claims 1-7, characterized in that the method is used for checking the authenticity of the document of value (1, 10), in particular for checking as to the presence of separating lines (2, 8) at which the document of value (1, 10) is composed.
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RU2469405C2 (en) 2012-12-10
CN101681532A (en) 2010-03-24
CN101681532B (en) 2013-07-31
EP2132719A1 (en) 2009-12-16
DE102007015484A1 (en) 2008-10-02
WO2008119531A1 (en) 2008-10-09
ES2701156T3 (en) 2019-02-21

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