EP2126299A1 - Exhaust line for internal combustion engine provided with means for reducing nitrogen oxides - Google Patents
Exhaust line for internal combustion engine provided with means for reducing nitrogen oxidesInfo
- Publication number
- EP2126299A1 EP2126299A1 EP08762009A EP08762009A EP2126299A1 EP 2126299 A1 EP2126299 A1 EP 2126299A1 EP 08762009 A EP08762009 A EP 08762009A EP 08762009 A EP08762009 A EP 08762009A EP 2126299 A1 EP2126299 A1 EP 2126299A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- axis
- housing
- exhaust line
- axial outlet
- duct
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
- F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
- F01N3/10—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
- F01N3/18—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control
- F01N3/20—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control specially adapted for catalytic conversion ; Methods of operation or control of catalytic converters
- F01N3/2066—Selective catalytic reduction [SCR]
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N13/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features ; Exhaust or silencing apparatus, or parts thereof, having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F01N1/00 - F01N5/00, F01N9/00, F01N11/00
- F01N13/08—Other arrangements or adaptations of exhaust conduits
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N2240/00—Combination or association of two or more different exhaust treating devices, or of at least one such device with an auxiliary device, not covered by indexing codes F01N2230/00 or F01N2250/00, one of the devices being
- F01N2240/20—Combination or association of two or more different exhaust treating devices, or of at least one such device with an auxiliary device, not covered by indexing codes F01N2230/00 or F01N2250/00, one of the devices being a flow director or deflector
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N2470/00—Structure or shape of gas passages, pipes or tubes
- F01N2470/18—Structure or shape of gas passages, pipes or tubes the axis of inlet or outlet tubes being other than the longitudinal axis of apparatus
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N2610/00—Adding substances to exhaust gases
- F01N2610/02—Adding substances to exhaust gases the substance being ammonia or urea
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
- Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
- Y02T10/10—Internal combustion engine [ICE] based vehicles
- Y02T10/12—Improving ICE efficiencies
Definitions
- the present invention generally relates to the depollution of flue gases flowing in an exhaust line of an internal combustion engine.
- It relates more particularly to an exhaust line of an internal combustion engine comprising a flue gas circulation duct in the path of which are provided means for injecting a reducing agent, vortex generating means and an SCR catalyst. .
- It also relates to an internal combustion engine comprising an engine block provided with cylinders, a fresh gas inlet line opening into these cylinders and such a burnt gas exhaust line originating in the cylinders.
- the invention finds a particularly advantageous application in the production of diesel engines and spark ignition engines operating at low richness.
- the flue gases of internal combustion engines contain many pollutants that need to be treated or filtered before discharging these flue gases into the atmosphere. In particular, efforts are being made to reduce nitrogen oxide emissions.
- a reducing agent is injected into the exhaust duct, upstream of an SCR catalyst, using an injector disposed in this exhaust duct.
- the injector is connected to a reducing agent reservoir and a pump.
- a control system controls the volume of reducing agent injected into the exhaust duct depending, among other things, on the flow rate of nitrogen oxides flowing in this duct.
- the reducing agent generally used is an aqueous solution of urea which, in contact with the flue gases, is converted into ammonia intended to react in the SCR catalyst with the nitrogen oxides.
- the volume of reducing agent injected into the exhaust duct must be precisely calculated so that the mixture of ammonia and nitrogen oxides is stoichiometric and that the reaction in the SCR catalyst is complete. Too large a volume of injected reducing agent would cause a release of ammonia into the atmosphere and increase the consumption of reducing agent. Too little volume of injected reducing agent would cause a discharge of pollutant nitrogen oxides into the atmosphere.
- the mixture of ammonia and flue gases must, when it arrives in the SCR catalyst, be homogeneous so as to minimize the release of ammonia into the atmosphere and to maximize the efficiency of the treatment of the nitrogen oxides.
- the diameters of the exhaust ducts being generally small, a portion of the reducing agent can be projected on the walls of this duct.
- the walls have a temperature lower than that of the flue gases, this temperature thwarts the transformation of urea into ammonia, which generates on these walls an accumulation of unprocessed urea crystals and / or polymers resulting from a bad transformation. urea.
- This accumulation of urea crystals and polymers has two adverse effects.
- the unprocessed urea generates a lack of ammonia in the flue gases so that the mixture is no longer stoichiometric. There is therefore a release of nitrogen oxides into the atmosphere.
- this accumulation if it is important, can reduce the inlet section of the SCR catalyst, or even block it.
- Document WO 2006/009056 discloses a device for reducing this accumulation of polymers and urea crystals in the exhaust duct.
- the proposed device comprises, on the one hand, upstream of the injector, a static propeller which causes rotation and homogenization of the flue gases in the duct, and, on the other hand, downstream of this injector, a divergent to allow a homogeneous distribution of the mixture at the inlet of the SCR catalyst.
- the injector used remains subjected to very high temperatures due to its position in the middle of the flue gas flow.
- such a propeller has a manufacturing cost and a cost of assembly important.
- urea does not have sufficient time in the catalyst to treat the nitrogen oxides, which reduces the overall efficiency of the system.
- the present invention proposes an exhaust line which limits the formation of polymers and urea crystals, which increases the duration of circulation of the flue gases mixed with urea. before they enter the SCR catalyst and which improves the homogeneity of the gases at the inlet of the SCR catalyst.
- the invention proposes an exhaust line as defined in the introduction, in which said vortex generating means comprise a casing into which said injection means open, which has an axial outlet connected to the side of the casing.
- catalyst SCR and a lateral inlet connected to said conduit along an axis offset from the axis of the axial outlet, to allow tangential entry of the burnt gases into the housing.
- offset simply means that the axes are not intersecting. The entrance being lateral, these two axes are also not parallel.
- the flue gases that open into the housing through its lateral inlet are naturally rotated so as to exit through its axial outlet. This rotation allows them to wrap the jet of reducing agent and reduce the impact of the reducing agent on the walls of the housing.
- the vortices then cause rapid homogenization of the flue gases with the reducing agent. This homogenization also allows all of the nitrogen oxides to be efficiently treated in the SCR catalyst.
- the injection means open into the housing in the axis of the axial outlet, through a bottom wall of the housing located opposite the axial outlet;
- said bottom wall extends in an oblique plane with respect to the axis of the axial outlet; and the reducing agent is an aqueous solution of urea.
- a bypass line which originates in the pipe, upstream of the housing, and which opens into the housing, next to the injection means along an axis intersecting with the axis of the axial exit.
- the flue gas flow that opens into the housing through this bypass conduit creates, within the housing, a gas movement which prevents any reversal of the flue gases from the side inlet to the same lateral inlet (phenomenon said of "back-flow").
- This flow also reduces the formation of polymers in the union flange between the injector and the exhaust duct, by increasing the temperature of this zone.
- the injection means comprise an injector provided with a body disposed outside the conduit, and an end nose opening to the inside the case.
- the body of the injector remains at a relatively low temperature which allows, by simple conduction of heat, to cool the end nose.
- the injector can thus be made entirely in an inexpensive material.
- the housing comprises an envelope, a first part of which is cylindrical about the axis of the axial outlet and another part of which is disposed downstream of the first part. , is conical convergent around the axis of the axial exit.
- the cylindrical part which is pierced by the lateral inlet, makes it possible to apply a swirling motion to the burnt gases.
- the conical part creates a venturi which accelerates the mixture of burnt gas and reducing agent. The mixture thus becomes turbulent, which improves its homogeneity.
- this connecting duct makes the flue gas flow burned and slower, which increases the time available for the transformation of urea into ammonia before it enters the SCR catalyst.
- the invention also relates to an internal combustion engine which comprises such an exhaust line.
- DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF AN EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENT The following description, with reference to the appended drawings, given by way of non-limiting example, will make it clear what the invention consists of and how it can be achieved.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic overview of an internal combustion engine comprising an exhaust line according to the invention.
- FIGS. 2 and 3 are detailed views, from two different angles, of zone II of FIG.
- upstream and downstream will be used in the direction of gas flow, from the fresh gas sampling point into the atmosphere to the exit of the flue gases by an SCR catalyst 33 .
- FIG. 1 diagrammatically shows an internal combustion engine 10 of the diesel type, which comprises a motor unit 11 provided here with four cylinders 11 A.
- the internal combustion engine 10 comprises an electronic device (not shown) for controlling its various members.
- the internal combustion engine 10 comprises an intake line 20 which comprises an air filter 21 which filters the fresh gases taken from the atmosphere.
- This intake line 20 further comprises a compressor 71 of turbocharger 70 which compresses the fresh gases filtered by the air filter 24, and a main air cooler 22 which cools these compressed fresh gases.
- the intake line 20 opens into an air distributor 12 which brings the fresh gases into each of the cylinders 11 A of the engine block 11.
- the internal combustion engine 10 comprises an exhaust gas collector 13 which is connected to an exhaust line 30 extending to the catalyst SCR 33.
- EGR line a flue gas recirculation line 40, called the EGR line, which comprises an EGR cooler 41 and an EGR valve 42 for regulating the gas flow.
- This line starts in the exhaust line 30, downstream of the exhaust manifold 13, and opens into the intake line 20, upstream of the air distributor 12.
- the exhaust line 30 has in particular, on the exhaust manifold 13 side, a turbine 72 which actuates the compressor 71. It also comprises a duct 31, 32 which extends from the outlet of the turbine 72 until SCR catalyst 33. This duct comprises in particular an upstream duct 31 and a downstream duct 32 separated by vortex generating means 50.
- the upstream duct 31 is further provided with a device 43 for treating hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide and polluting particles.
- the upstream duct 31 is constituted by a single cylindrical duct whose end connected to the vortex generating means 50 is here bent at 90 degrees.
- the exhaust line 30 further comprises means 35 for injecting a reducing agent.
- injection means conventionally comprise a reservoir 36 of reducing agent, a pump 37 which pumps the reducing agent into the reservoir 36 to inject it under pressure into the downstream conduit 32, via an injection pipe 38.
- the reducing agent used here is an aqueous solution of urea. It comprises about one-third of suitable urea, in contact with the flue gas, to be converted into ammonia which allows, within the SCR 33 catalyst, to reduce the nitrogen oxides pollutants included in the flue gases.
- the vortex generating means 50 comprise a housing 58 into which the injection pipe 38 opens, and which has an axial outlet 57 connected to the side of the catalyst SCR 33 and a side inlet 56 connected at the bent end of the upstream duct 31 along an axis W offset with respect to the axis V of the axial outlet 57.
- the housing 58 has for this purpose an elongate shape along the axis V, in three coaxial parts juxtaposed. It more precisely presents a cylindrical upstream portion 51 around the axis V and of diameter approximately equal to 150 millimeters, ie two to three times larger than the diameter of the upstream duct 31. It has a central part 52 which is convergent conical around of the axis V, that is to say which has a truncated cone shape whose section decreases in the direction of flow of flue gas to a diameter of about 50 millimeters. Its opening angle is approximately equal to 30 degrees. Finally, it has a swallow part 53 cylindrical of revolution about the axis V which is connected to the downstream duct 32.
- the free end of the upstream portion 51 is closed by a bottom wall 59 which extends along a plane P1 oblique with respect to the axis V.
- the inclination angle A1 of this plane P1 relative to the normal plane at the axis V is here about equal to 20 degrees.
- the free end of the downstream portion 53 is however open and forms the axial outlet 57 of the housing 58. It is lined with a fixing flange for securing the housing 58 with the downstream duct 32. It could alternatively be directly welded to the downstream duct 32.
- the side wall of the upstream portion 51 of the housing 58 is in turn pierced by an opening which forms the lateral inlet 56 of the housing 58.
- This opening has a geometry such that the bent end of the upstream pipe 31 may be there connected without this connection will induce losses on the flow of flue gas.
- the axis W in which the upstream duct 31 is connected to the housing 58 is here orthogonal to the axis V of the housing 58 and is not secant thereto.
- the axis W of the upstream duct 31 is offset with respect to the axis V of the casing 58 so that the external face of the upstream duct 31 is connected tangentially to the external face of the upstream portion 51 of the casing 58.
- the flue gas flow from the upstream duct 31 opens into the housing 58 tangentially to the inner face of the wall of its upstream portion 51, and is thus rotated by it.
- the length of the upstream portion 51 of the housing 58 is variable along its periphery.
- the upstream duct 31 is connected to the most elongated zone of the upstream portion 51 of the casing 58.
- the flue gases that open into the casing 58 are driven in a swirling motion of axis V by the cylindrical shape of the upstream portion. 51, while being directed towards the axial outlet 57 of the housing 58 through the bottom wall 59.
- the reducing agent injection means 35 comprise an injector 55 which is connected to the end of the injection pipe 38.
- This injector 55 is provided with a body disposed outside the housing 58, and an end nose opening inside the housing 58 via an opening in the center of the bottom wall 59 of this housing.
- the injector is more precisely arranged so that the jet of reducing agent that it injects into the vortex flow of burned gases is directed in the axis V of the axial outlet 57 of the housing 58.
- the projection cone has an angle weak opening which makes it possible to disperse the reducing agent homogeneously in the flue gases.
- the injector 55 is controlled in real time by the electronic control means of the motor 10, so that the amount of injected reducing agent is accurately metered.
- the exhaust line 30 further comprises a bypass line 39 which originates in the upstream duct 31, upstream of its bent end, and which opens into the bottom wall 59 of the housing 58.
- the bottom wall 59 presents this effect a secondary inlet made next to the opening made in the center of the bottom wall for the injector 55, so that the flow of flue gases from this bypass pipe reduces the formation of urea crystals and / or polymers in the union flange of the injector and the exhaust line. This flow also prevents any phenomenon of return of the flue gas from the side inlet 56 to the same lateral inlet.
- the bypass pipe 39 has a diameter approximately 5 times smaller than that of the upstream pipe 31. Its end connected to the bottom wall 59 of the housing 58 extends along an axis U intersecting with the axis V of the reducing agent jet .
- the downstream duct 32 comprises, in addition to the catalyst SCR 33, a connecting duct 34 which connects the axial outlet of the casing 58 to the inlet of this catalyst.
- This connecting duct 34 has a divergent conical shape from the axial outlet 57 of the casing 58 to the inlet of the SCR catalyst 33.
- the widening section of this connecting duct 34 makes it possible to slow down and make the turbulence less turbulent. burned out of the convergent conical central portion 52 of the housing 58.
- the opening angle of this duct is approximately equal to 7 degrees.
- the flue gases from the combustion of fresh gas and fuel in the cylinders 11A open into the turbine 72, then into the upstream duct 31. They are thus driven, for the most part, to the side inlet 56 of the housing 58, and for a small part, to the secondary inlet of the housing 58 via the bypass line 39. The majority of the burned gases then rush into the housing 58 and is guided by the cylindrical wall of the upstream portion 51 of the housing 58, which gives it a swirling motion of axis V.
- the injector 55 injects simultaneously, in the center of this vortex flow of flue gas, the aqueous mixture of urea.
- the volume of aqueous solution injected is calculated as a function, inter alia, of the flow rate of nitrogen oxides so that, once all of the urea has been transformed, the mixture of ammonia and nitrogen oxides is stoichiometric.
- the mixture of burnt gases and aqueous urea solution is homogenized in the venturi formed by the central portion 52 of the casing 58.
- the high temperature of the flue gas allows the urea to be transformed according to the following chemical reactions.
- the water contained in the aqueous solution of urea evaporates, so that the burned gases contain
- the temperature of the gases causes a thermolysis of the urea, so that each molecule of urea generates a molecule of ammonia NH 3 and a molecule of isocyanic acid HCNO
- This acid is then converted into ammonia and carbon dioxide by a hydrolysis reaction.
- the diameter of the latter 58 is large enough that the aqueous solution of urea is dispersed on a large area. This aqueous solution heats up rapidly in contact with the flue gas, which prevents the isocyanic acid from polymerizing and forming a deposit on this wall.
- the swirling motion and the acceleration of the flue gases in the venturi formed by the central portion 52 of the housing 58 promote the homogenization of the flow.
- the length and slowing of the flue gases within the connecting duct 34 increases the residence time of the flue gases to improve the conversion of urea to ammonia.
- the mixture that enters the SCR catalyst 33 is fairly homogeneous and stoichiometric.
- the reduction reaction of the nitrogen oxides contained in the flue gases will then be more effective. Releases of ammonia and nitrogen oxides to the atmosphere are minimized.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Toxicology (AREA)
- Exhaust Gas After Treatment (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
FR0702176A FR2914353A1 (en) | 2007-03-26 | 2007-03-26 | INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE EXHAUST LINE WITH MEANS FOR REDUCING NITROGEN OXIDES |
PCT/FR2008/050149 WO2008122724A1 (en) | 2007-03-26 | 2008-01-30 | Exhaust line for internal combustion engine provided with means for reducing nitrogen oxides |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP2126299A1 true EP2126299A1 (en) | 2009-12-02 |
Family
ID=38521804
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP08762009A Withdrawn EP2126299A1 (en) | 2007-03-26 | 2008-01-30 | Exhaust line for internal combustion engine provided with means for reducing nitrogen oxides |
Country Status (3)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP2126299A1 (en) |
FR (1) | FR2914353A1 (en) |
WO (1) | WO2008122724A1 (en) |
Families Citing this family (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE202008001547U1 (en) | 2007-07-24 | 2008-04-10 | Emcon Technologies Germany (Augsburg) Gmbh | Assembly for introducing a reducing agent into the exhaust pipe of an exhaust system of an internal combustion engine |
FR2966513B1 (en) * | 2010-10-20 | 2013-05-10 | Peugeot Citroen Automobiles Sa | DEVICE FOR INTRODUCING A FLUID IN AN EXHAUST LINE, ASSEMBLY AND MOTOR VEHICLE COMPRISING SUCH A DEVICE |
AT512193B1 (en) | 2011-11-24 | 2013-10-15 | Avl List Gmbh | INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE WITH AN EXHAUST SYSTEM |
WO2016176076A1 (en) | 2015-04-30 | 2016-11-03 | Faurecia Emissions Control Technologies, Usa, Llc | Full rotation mixer |
WO2018075061A1 (en) | 2016-10-21 | 2018-04-26 | Faurecia Emissions Control Technologies Usa, Llc | Reducing agent mixer |
US10787946B2 (en) | 2018-09-19 | 2020-09-29 | Faurecia Emissions Control Technologies, Usa, Llc | Heated dosing mixer |
FR3111826B1 (en) * | 2020-06-30 | 2022-09-02 | Faurecia Systemes Dechappement | Device for mixing a reducing agent with an exhaust gas, in particular for a combustion engine exhaust line |
Family Cites Families (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE4308542A1 (en) * | 1993-03-17 | 1994-09-22 | Man Nutzfahrzeuge Ag | Method and device for the selective catalytic reduction of NO¶x¶ in oxygen-containing gases |
ATE193222T1 (en) * | 1995-06-28 | 2000-06-15 | Siemens Ag | METHOD AND DEVICE FOR CATALYTICALLY CLEANING THE EXHAUST GAS FROM A COMBUSTION PLANT |
EP1770253B1 (en) * | 2004-07-16 | 2012-09-26 | Nissan Diesel Motor Co., Ltd. | Exhaust purification apparatus for engine |
-
2007
- 2007-03-26 FR FR0702176A patent/FR2914353A1/en not_active Withdrawn
-
2008
- 2008-01-30 EP EP08762009A patent/EP2126299A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2008-01-30 WO PCT/FR2008/050149 patent/WO2008122724A1/en active Application Filing
Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
---|
See references of WO2008122724A1 * |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
WO2008122724A1 (en) | 2008-10-16 |
FR2914353A1 (en) | 2008-10-03 |
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