EP2125673B1

EP2125673B1 - Non-toxic percussion primers

Info

Publication number: EP2125673B1
Application number: EP07870653.8A
Authority: EP
Inventors: Jack Erickson; Joel Sandstrom; Gene Johnston; Neal Norris; Patrick Braun; Patrick Blau; Lisa Liu
Original assignee: Vista Outdoor Operations LLC
Current assignee: Vista Outdoor Operations LLC
Priority date: 2007-02-09
Filing date: 2007-02-09
Publication date: 2020-08-26
Anticipated expiration: 2027-02-09
Also published as: EP2602238A2; EP2602238A3; WO2008100252A3; EP2125673A2; WO2008100252A2; EP2602238B1

Description

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to percussion primer compositions for explosive systems.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Due to the concern over the known toxicity of certain metal compounds such as lead, there has been an effort to replace percussion primers based on lead styphnate, with lead-free percussion primers.
The Department of Defense (DOD) and the Department of Energy (DOE) have made a significant effort to find replacements for metal based percussion primers. Furthermore, firing ranges and other locales of firearms usage have severely limited the use of percussion primers containing toxic metal compounds due to the potential health risks associated with the use of lead, barium and antimony.
Ignition devices rely on the sensitivity of the primary explosive that significantly limits available primary explosives. The most common lead styphnate alternative, diazodinitrophenol (DDNP or dinol), has been used for several decades relegated to training ammunition. DDNP-based primers suffer from poor reliability that may be attributed to low friction sensitivity, low flame temperature, and are hygroscopic.
Metastable interstitial composites (MIC) (also known as metastable nanoenergetic composites (MNC) or superthermites), including Al/MoO₃, Al/WO₃, Al/CuO and Al/Bi₂2O₃, have been identified as potential substitutes for currently used lead styphnate. These materials have shown excellent performance characteristics, such as impact sensitivity and high temperature output. However, it has been found that these systems, despite their excellent performance characteristics, are difficult to process safely. The main difficulty is handling of dry nano-size powder mixtures due to their sensitivity to friction and electrostatic discharge (ESD). See U.S. Patent No. 5717159 and U.S. Patent Publication No. 2006/0113014 .
Health concerns may be further compounded by the use of barium and lead containing oxidizers. See, for example, U.S. Patent Publication No. 20050183805 .
US2006113014A1 discloses a method for preparing metastable nanoenergetic composites (MNC) and for wet loading those MNCs into percussion primer cups.
US4133707A discloses an extrudable ammunition priming mix with viscosity characteristics which remain relatively stable over an extended time span.
EP0334725A1 discloses new percussive primer charges and process for their manufacture. DE19606237A1 discloses a non-toxic detonator composition for light weapon munitions free of lead and barium. EP1195366A discloses a non-toxic primer mix including both bismuth sulfide and potassium nitrate as the pyrotechnic portion of the primer. WO9944968A1 discloses a non-toxic primer composition for use in ammunition with a hygroscopic oxidizer which is protected from absorption of water.
US6544363B1 discloses a non-toxic heavy-metal-free priming mix and a method of forming same. EP0699646A1 discloses a priming mixture containing no toxic materials, in particular no Pb, Ba or Sb compounds, and presenting at least one primary explosive, an oxidizing agent, a reducing agent, and an inert friction agent; the oxidizing agent comprising stannic oxide SnO₂. WO2006009579A2 discloses a primer for small arms ammunition including a primary explosive and an oxidizer system containing bismuth oxide. US2006219341A1 discloses a sensitized explosive that comprises an explosive precipitated onto a sensitizer. WO2006083379A2 discloses nanoenergetic materials based on aluminum and bismuth oxide. US3367805A discloses thickened inorganic nitrate aqueous slurry containing finely divided aluminum having a lyophobic surface of high surface area. US3113059A discloses an inhibited aluminum-water composition and method. WO9612770A discloses a system for inhibiting the corrosion of ferrous and other metals by passivating the metals.
WO0206421A discloses reaction mixtures that include exothermic generating particles having a water soluble coating encasing a portion of the particles and, optionally an aqueous solution, and a buffer. DE2513735A1 discloses a corrosion inhibitor for metals in aqueous systems containing polycarboxylic acid, zinc, phosphate, phosphonate or polymer dispersant. Müller B., CORROSION SCIENCE JANUARY 2004 ELSEVIER LTD GB, Vol. 46, No. 1, January 2004 (2004-01), pages 159-167, XP002507196 discloses citric acid as corrosion inhibitor for aluminium pigment.
There remains a need in the art for an ignition formulation that is free of toxic metals, is non-corrosive, may be processed and handled safely, has sufficient sensitivity, and is more stable over a broad range of storage conditions.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

One aspect not forming part of the present invention relates to a method of making a percussion primer or igniter, the method including providing at least one water wet explosive, combining at least one nano-size non-coated fuel particle having natural surface oxides thereon with at least one water wet explosive to form a first mixture and combining at least one oxidizer.
Another aspect not forming part of the present invention relates to a method for preparing a percussion primer, the method including providing at least one water wet explosive, combining at least one sensitizer with the at least one water wet explosive, combining at least one nano-size non-coated fuel particle having natural surface oxides thereon with the at least one additional water wet explosive to form a wet mixture, dry blending at least one oxidizer and at least one binder to form a resultant dry blend and adding the dry blend to the water wet mixture and mixing until homogeneous to form a final mixture.
The present invention relates to a percussion primer composition according to claim 1.
Another aspect not forming part of the present invention relates to a percussion primer premixture, the premixture including at least one explosive, at least one nano-size non-coated fuel particle having surface oxides thereon and water in an amount of about 10 wt-% to about 40 wt-% of the premixture.
Another aspect not forming part of the present invention relates to a primer composition including at least one explosive, at least one non-coated nano-size fuel particle having natural surface oxides thereon, a buffer system including at least one salt of citric acid and at least one salt of phosphoric acid and an oxidizer.
Another aspect not forming part of the present invention relates to a gun cartridge including a casing, a secondary explosive disposed within the casing and a primary explosive disposed within the casing, the primary explosive including at least one primary energetic, at least one nano-size non-coated fuel particle having natural surface oxides thereon and at least one oxidizer.
Another aspect not forming part of the present invention relates to a primer-containing ordinance assembly including a housing, a secondary explosive disposed within the housing and a primary explosive disposed within the housing, the primary explosive including at least one primary energetic, at least one nano-size non-coated fuel particle having natural surface oxides thereon; and at least one oxidizer.
The invention is described in the following detailed description of the invention and in the claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1A is a longitudinal cross-section of a rimfire gun cartridge employing a percussion primer composition of one embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 1B is an enlarged view of the anterior portion of the rimfire gun cartridge shown in FIG. 1A.
FIG. 2A a longitudinal cross-section of a centerfire gun cartridge employing a percussion primer composition of one embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 2B is an enlarged view a portion of the centerfire gun cartridge of FIG. 2A that houses the percussion primer.
FIG. 3 is a schematic illustration of exemplary ordnance in which a percussion primer of one embodiment of the invention is used.
FIG. 4 is a simulated bulk autoignition temperature (SBAT) graph.
FIG. 5 is an SBAT graph.
FIG. 6 is an SBAT graph.
FIG. 7 is an SBAT graph.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

While this invention may be embodied in many different forms, there are described in detail herein specific preferred embodiments of the invention. This description is an exemplification of the invention as defined in the claims and is not intended to limit the invention to the particular embodiments illustrated.
The present invention relates to percussion primer compositions according to claim 1.
In some embodiments, a sensitizer for increasing the sensitivity of the primary explosive is added to the primer compositions.
The primer mixture according to one or more embodiments of the invention creates sufficient heat to allow for the use of moderately active metal oxides that are non-hygroscopic, non-toxic and non-corrosive. The primary energetic is suitably selected from energetics that are relatively insensitive to shock, friction and heat according to industry standards, making processing of these energetics more safe. Some of the relatively insensitive explosives that find utility herein for use as the primary explosive have been categorized generally as a secondary explosive due to their relative insensitivity.
Examples of suitable classes of energetics include, but are not limited to, nitrate esters, nitramines, nitroaromatics and mixtures thereof. The energetics suitable for use herein include both primary and secondary energetics in these classes.
Examples of suitable nitramines include, but are not limited to, CL-20, RDX, HMX and nitroguanidine.
RDX (royal demolition explosive), hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5 triazine or 1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazacyclohexane, may also be referred to as cyclonite, hexagen, or cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine.
HMX (high melting explosive), octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine or 1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7 tetraazacyclooctane (HMX), may also be referred to as cyclotetramethylene-tetranitramine or octagen, among other names.
CL-20 is 2,4,6,8,10,12-hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (HNIW) or 2,4,6,8,10,12-hexanitro-2,4,6,8,10,12-hexaazatetracyclo[5.5.0.0^5,90^3,11]-dodecane.
Examples of suitable nitroaromatics include, but are not limited to, tetryl (2,4,6-trinitrophenyl-methylnitramine), TNT (2,4,6-trinitrotoluene), DDNP (diazodinitrophenol or 4,6-dinitrobenzene-2-diazo-1-oxide) and mixtures thereof.
Examples of suitable nitrate esters include, but are not limited to, PETN (pentaerythritoltetranitrate) and nitrocellulose.
The above lists are intended for illustrative purposes only, and not as a limitation on the scope of the present invention as defined in the claims.
In some embodiments, nitrocellulose is employed. Nitrocellulose, particularly nitrocellulose having a high percentage of nitrogen, for example, greater than about 10 wt-% nitrogen, and having a high surface area, has been found to increase sensitivity. In primers wherein the composition includes nitrocellulose, flame temperatures exceeding those of lead styphnate have been created. In some embodiments, the nitrocellulose has a nitrogen content of about 12.5-13.6% by weight and a particle size of 80-120 mesh.
The primary explosive can be of varied particulate size. For example, particle size may range from approximately 0.1 micron to about 100 microns. Blending of more than one size and type can be effectively used to adjust formulation sensitivity.
The primary explosive is employed in amounts of about 5% to about 40% by weight.
Examples of suitable nano-size non-coated fuel particles include, but are not limited to, aluminum, boron, molybdenum, silicon, titanium, tungsten, magnesium, melamine, zirconium, calcium silicide, and mixtures thereof.
The size of the fuel particle is from about 0.05 microns (50 nm) to about 0.120 microns (about 120 nm), and suitably about 70 nm to about 120 nm. The fuel particle has an average size of greater than 0.05 microns (50 nm), more suitably greater than about 0.070 microns (70 nm) and even more suitably has an average particle size of about 0.1 micron or about 100 nanometers. Keeping the average size fuel particle above about 0.05 microns or 50 nanometers, significantly improves the safety of processing due to the naturally occurring surface oxides and thicker oxide layer that exist on larger fuel particles. Smaller fuel particles may exhibit higher impact (friction) and shock sensitivities.
Very small fuel particles, such as those between about 20 nm and 50 nm, can be unsafe to handle. In the presence of oxygen they are prone to autoignition and are thus typically kept solvent wet or coated such as with polytetrafluoroethylene or an organic acid such as oleic acid.
The fuel particles according to one or more embodiments of the invention have a natural oxide coating. Surface oxides reduce the sensitivity of the fuel particle, and reduce the need to provide any additional protective coating such as a fluoropolymer coating, e.g. polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), an organic acid coating or a phosphate based coating to reduce sensitivity and facilitate safe processing of the composition. See, for example, U.S. Patent No. 5,717,159 or U.S. Patent Application Publication No. US 2006/0113014 A1 .
The natural oxide coating on nano-size particles having a larger average particle size, i.e. those having a particle size of about 50 nm to about 120 nm, suitably those having a particle size of about 70 nm to about 120 nm, improves the stability of the particles, which consequently increases the margin of safety for processing and handling. Furthermore, a lower surface area may also decrease hazards while handling the nano-size fuel particles as risk of an electrostatic discharge initiation of the nano-size fuel particles decreases as the surface area decreases.
Thus, coatings for the protection of the fuel particle may be eliminated due to the increased surface oxides on the larger fuel particles.
A specific example of an aluminum fuel particle that may be employed herein is Alex® nano-aluminum powder having an average particle size of about 100 nanometers (0.1 microns) available from Argonide Nanomaterials in Pittsburgh, PA.
The nano-size fuel particles are employed in amounts of about 5% to about 20% by weight of the primer composition.
Buffers are added to the primer compositions to decrease the likelihood of hydrolysis of the fuel particles, which is dependent on both temperature and pH. While single acid buffers may be employed, the present inventors have found that a dual acid buffer system significantly increases the temperature stability of the percussion primer composition. Of course, more than two buffers may be employed as well. For example, it has been found that while a single acid buffer system can increase the temperature at which hydrolysis of the fuel particle occurs to about 120-140° F (about 49°C - 60°C), these temperatures are not sufficient for standard processing of percussion primers that includes oven drying. Therefore, higher hydrolysis onset temperatures are desirable for safe oven drying of the percussion primer compositions.
While any buffer may be suitably employed herein, it has been found that some buffers are more effective than others for reducing the temperature of onset of hydrolysis. For example, in some embodiments, an organic acid and a phosphate salt are employed. More specifically, in some embodiments, a combination of citrate and phosphate are employed. In weakly basic conditions, the dibasic phosphate ion (HPO₄ ^2-) and the tribasic citrate ion (C₆H₅O₇ ^3-) are prevalent. In weakly acid conditions, the monobasic phosphate ion (H₂PO₄ ^-) and the dibasic citrate ion (C₆H₆O₇ ^2-) are most prevalent.
Furthermore, the stability of explosives to both moisture and temperature is desirable for safe handling of firearms. For example, small cartridges are subject to ambient conditions including temperature fluctuations and moisture, and propellants contain small amounts of moisture and volatiles. It is desirable that these loaded rounds are stable for decades, be stable for decades over a wide range of environmental conditions of fluctuating moisture and temperatures.
It has been discovered that primer compositions can be safely stored water wet (25%) for long periods without any measurable affect on the primer sensitivity or ignition capability. In some embodiments, the primer compositions may be safely stored for at least about 5 weeks without any measurable affect on primer sensitivity or ignition capability.
The aluminum contained in the percussion primer compositions according to one or more embodiments of the invention exhibit no exotherms during simulated bulk autoignition tests (SBAT) at temperatures greater than about 200° F (about 93° C), and even greater than about 225° F (about 107° C) when tested as a slurry in water.
In some embodiments, additional fuels may be added.
A sensitizer may be added to the percussion primer compositions according to one or more embodiments of the invention. As the particle size of the nano-size fuel particles increases, sensitivity decreases. Thus, a sensitizer may be beneficial. Sensitizers may be employed in amounts of 0% to about 20%, suitably 0% to about 15% by weight and more suitably 0% to about 10% by weight of the composition. One example of a suitable sensitizer includes, but is not limited to, tetracene.
The sensitizer may be employed in combination with a friction generator. Friction generators are useful in amounts of about 0% to about 25% by weight of the primer composition. One example of a suitable friction generator includes, but is not limited to, glass powder.
Tetracene is suitably employed as a sensitizing explosive while glass powder is employed as a friction generator.
An oxidizer is employed in the primer compositions according to one or more embodiments of the invention. Oxidizers may be employed in amounts of about 20% to about 70% by weight of the primer composition. Suitably, the oxidizers employed herein are moderately active metal oxides, and are non-hygroscopic and are not considered toxic. Examples of oxidizers include, but are not limited to, bismuth oxide, bismuth subnitrate, bismuth tetroxide, bismuth sulfide, zinc peroxide, tin oxide, manganese dioxide, molybdenum trioxide, and combinations thereof.
Other conventional primer additives such as binders may be employed in the primer compositions herein as is known in the art. Both natural and synthetic binders find utility herein. Examples of suitable binders include, but are not limited to, natural and synthetic gums including xanthan, Arabic, tragacanth, guar, karaya, and synthetic polymeric binders such as hydroxypropylcellulose and polypropylene oxide, as well as mixtures thereof. See also U.S. Patent Publication No. 2006/0219341 A1 . Binders may be added in amounts of about 0.1 wt% to about 5 wt-% of the composition, and more suitably about 0.1 wt% to about 1 wt% of the composition.
Other optional ingredients as are known in the art may also be employed in the compositions according to one or more embodiments of the invention. For example, inert fillers, diluents, other binders, low out put explosives, etc., may be optionally added.
The above lists and ranges are intended for illustrative purposes only, and are not intended as a limitation on the scope of the present invention as defined in the claims.
The primer compositions may be processed using simple water processing techniques. The use of larger fuel particles is safer for handling while maintaining the sensitivity of the assembled primer. It is surmised that this may be attributed to the use of larger fuel particles and/or the dual buffer system. The steps of milling and sieving employed for MIC-MNC formulations may also be eliminated. For at least these reasons, processing of the primer compositions is safer.
The method of making the primer compositions generally includes mixing the primary explosive water wet with at least one nano-size non-coated fuel particle having natural surface oxides thereon to form a first mixture, and adding an oxidizer to the first mixture. The oxidizer may be optionally dry blended with at least one binder to form a second dry mixture, and the second mixture then added to the first mixture and mixing until homogeneous to form a final mixture.
As used herein, the term water-wet, shall refer to a water content of between about 10 wt-% and about 40 wt-%, more suitably about 18% to about 30% and most suitably about 25% by weight.
If a sensitizer is added, the sensitizer may be added either to the water wet primary explosive, or to the primary explosive/nano-size non-coated fuel particle water wet blend. The sensitizer may optionally further include a friction generator such as glass powder.
At least one buffer, or combination of two or more buffers, may be added to the process to keep the system acidic and to prevent significant hydrogen evolution and further oxides from forming. In embodiments wherein the metal based fuel is subject to hydrolysis, such as with aluminum, the addition of a mildly acidic buffer having a pH in the range of about 4-8, suitably 4-7, can help to prevent such hydrolysis. While at a pH of 8, hydrolysis is delayed, by lowering the pH, hydrolysis can be effectively stopped, thus, a pH range of 4-7 is preferable. The buffer solution is suitably added as increased moisture to the primary explosive prior to addition of the non-coated nano-size fuel particle. Furthermore, the nano-size fuel particle may be preimmersed in the buffer solution to further increase handling safety.
Although several mechanisms can be employed depending on the primary explosive, it is clear that simple water mixing methods may be used to assemble the percussion primer using standard industry practices and such assembly can be accomplished safely without stability issues. The use of such water processing techniques is beneficial as previous primer compositions such as MIC/MNC primer compositions have limited stability in water.
The nano-size fuel particles and the explosive can be water-mixed , maintaining conventional mix methods and associated safety practices.
Broadly, primary oxidizer-fuel formulations, when blended with fuels, sensitizers and binders, can be substituted in applications where traditional lead styphnate and diazodinitrophenol (DDNP) primers and igniter formulations are employed. The heat output of the system is sufficient to utilize non-toxic metal oxidizers of higher activation energy typically employed but under utilized in lower flame temperature DDNP based formulations.
Additional benefits of the present invention include improved stability, increased ignition capability, improved ignition reliability, lower final mix cost, and increased safety due to the elimination of lead styphnate production and handling.
The present invention finds utility in any igniter or percussion primer application where lead styphnate is currently employed. For example, the percussion primer according to the present invention may be employed for small caliber and medium caliber cartridges, as well as industrial powerloads.
The following tables provide various compositions and concentration ranges for a variety of different cartridges. Such compositions and concentration ranges are for illustrative purposes only, and are not intended as a limitation on the scope of the present invention as defined in the claims.

For purposes of the following tables, the nitrocellulose is 30-100 mesh and 12.5-13.6 wt-% nitrogen. The nano-aluminum is sold under the tradename of Alex® and has an average particles size of 0.1 microns. The additional aluminum fuel is 80-120 mesh.

Table 1: Illustrative percussion primer compositions for pistol/small rifle.

Pistol/Small Rifle	Range wt-%	Preferred wt-%
Nitrocellulose	10-30	20
Nano-Aluminum	8-12	10
Bismuth trioxide	50-70	64.5
Tetracene	0-6	5
Binder	0.3-0.8	0.4
Buffer/stabilizer	0.1-0.5	0.1

Table 2: Illustrative percussion primer compositions for large rifle.

Large rifle	Range wt-%	Preferred wt-%
Nitrocellulose	6-10	7.5
Single-base ground propellant	10-30	22.5
Nano-Aluminum	8-12	10
Aluminum	2-6	4
Bismuth trioxide	40-60	50
Tetracene	0-6	5
Binder	0.3-0.8	0.4
Buffer/stabilizer	0.1-0.5	0.1

Table 3: Illustrative percussion primer compositions for industrial/commercial power load rimfire.

Power load rimfire	Range wt-%	Preferred wt-%
Nitrocellulose	14-22	18
Nano-Aluminum	7-15	9.5
Bismuth trioxide	30-43	38
DDNP	12-18	14.5
Tetracene	0-7	5
Binder	1-2	1
Glass	12-18	14

Table 4: Illustrative percussion primer compositions for industrial commercial power load rimfire.

Rimfire	Range wt-%	Preferred wt-%
Nitrocellulose	14-25	19
Nano-Aluminum	7-15	10
Bismuth trioxide	40-70	55
Tetracene	0-10	5
Binder	1-2	1
Glass	0-20	10

Table 5: Illustrative percussion primer compositions for industrial/commercial rimfire.

	Range wt-%	Preferred wt-%
Nitrocellulose	12-20	15
Nano-Aluminum	8-12	10
Bismuth trioxide	50-72	59
Tetracene	4-10	5
Binder	1-2	1
Glass	0-25	10

Table 6: Illustrative percussion primer compositions for industrial/commercial shotshell.

Shotshell	Range wt-%	Preferred wt-%
Nitrocellulose	14-22	18
Single-base ground propellant	8-16	9
Aluminum	6-10	8
Aluminum	2-5	3
Bismuth trioxide	45-65	46
Tetracene	4-10	5
Binder	1-2	1
Glass	0-25	10

In one embodiment, the percussion primer is used in a centerfire gun cartridge or in a rimfire gun cartridge. In small arms using the rimfire gun cartridge, a firing pin strikes a rim of a casing of the gun cartridge. In contrast, the firing pin of small arms using the centerfire gun cartridge strikes a metal cup in the center of the cartridge casing containing the percussion primer. Gun cartridges and cartridge casings are known in the art and, therefore, are not discussed in detail herein. The force or impact of the firing pin may produce a percussive event that is sufficient to detonate the percussion primer in the rimfire gun cartridge or in the centerfire gun cartridge, causing the secondary explosive composition to ignite.
Turning now to the figures, FIG. 1A is a longitudinal cross-section of a rimfire gun cartridge shown generally at 6. Cartridge 6 includes a housing 4. Percussion primer 2 may be substantially evenly distributed around an interior volume defined by a rim portion 3 of casing 4 of the cartridge 6 as shown in FIG. 1B which is an enlarged view of an anterior portion of the rimfire gun cartridge 6 shown in FIG. 1A.
FIG. 2A is a longitudinal cross-sectional view of a centerfire gun cartridge shown generally at 8. In this embodiment, the percussion primer 2 may be positioned in an aperture 10 in the casing 4. FIG. 2B is an enlarged view of aperture 10 in FIG. 2A more clearly showing primer 2 in aperture 10.
The propellant composition 12 may be positioned substantially adjacent to the percussion primer 2 in the rimfire gun cartridge 6 or in the centerfire gun cartridge 8. When ignited or combusted, the percussion primer 2 may produce sufficient heat and condensing of hot particles to ignite the propellant composition 12 to propel projectile 16 from the barrel of the firearm or larger caliber ordnance (such as, without limitation, handgun, rifle, automatic rifle, machine gun, any small and medium caliber cartridge, automatic cannon, etc.) in which the cartridge 6 or 8 is disposed. The combustion products of the percussion primer 2 may be environmentally friendly, noncorrosive, and nonabrasive
As previously mentioned, the percussion primer 2 may also be used in larger ordnance, such as (without limitation) grenades, mortars, or detcord initiators, or to initiate mortar rounds, rocket motors, or other systems including a secondary explosive, alone or in combination with a propellant, all of the foregoing assemblies being encompassed by the term "primer-containing ordnance assembly," for the sake of convenience. In the ordnance, motor or system 14, the percussion primer 2 may be positioned substantially adjacent to a secondary explosive composition 12 in a housing 18, as shown in FIG. 3.
The following non-limiting examples further illustrate the present invention but are in no way intended to limit the scope thereof as defined in the claims.

EXAMPLES

Example 1

Nitrocellulose	10-40 wt%
Aluminum	5-20 wt%	(average particle size 0.1 micron)
Aluminum	0-15 wt%	(standard mesh aluminum as common to primer mixes)
Tetracene	0-10 wt%
Bismuth Trioxide	20-75 wt%
Gum Tragacanth	0.1-1.0 wt%

The nitrocellulose in an amount of 30 grams was placed water-wet in a mixing apparatus. Water-wet tetracene, 5g, was added to the mixture and further mixed until the tetracene was not visible. Nano-aluminum powder, 10g, was added to the water-wet nitrocellulose/tetracene blend and mixed until homogeneous. Bismuth trioxide, 54 g, was dry blended with 1 g of gum tragacanth and the resultant dry blend was added to the wet explosive mixture, and the resultant blend was then mixed until homogeneous. The final mixture was removed and stored cool in conductive containers.

Example 2

Various buffer systems were tested using the simulated bulk autoignition temperature (SBAT) test. Simple acidic buffers provided some protection of nano-aluminum particles. However, specific dual buffer systems exhibited significantly higher temperatures for the onset of hydrolysis. The sodium hydrogen phosphate and citric acid dual buffer system exhibited significantly higher temperatures before hydrolysis occurred. This is well above stability requirements for current primer mix and propellants. As seen in the SBAT charts, even at pH=8.0, onset with this system is delayed to 222° F (105.6° C). At pH = 5.0 onset is effectively stopped.

Table 7

ALEX® Aluminum in Water
Buffer	pH	SBAT onset Temperature °F(°C)
1) Distilled water only		118° F (47.8° C)
2) Sodium acetate/acetic acid	5.0	139° F (59.4° C)
3) Potassium phosphate/borax	6.6	137° F (58.3° C)
4) Potassium phosphate/borax	8.0	150° F (65.6° C)
5) Sodium hydroxide/acetic acid/phosphoric acid / boric acid	5.02	131° F (55° C)
6) Sodium hydroxide/ acetic acid/phosphoric acid/boric acid	6.6	125° F (51.7° C)
7) Sodium hydroxide/ acetic acid/phosphoric acid/boric acid	7.96	121° F (49.4° C)
8) Sodium hydrogen phosphate/citric acid	5.0	No exotherm/water evaporation endotherm only
9) Sodium hydrogen phosphate/citric acid	6.6	239° F (115° C)
10) Sodium hydrogen phosphate/citric acid	8.0	222° F (105.6° C)
11) Citric acid/NaOH 3.84g/1.20g in 100g H₂O	4.29	140° F (60° C)
12) Citric acid/NaOH (3.84g/2.00g in 100g H₂O)	5.43	100° F (37.8° C)
13) Sodium hydrogen phosphate (2.40g/2.84g in 100g H₂O)	6.57	129° F (53.9° C)

As can be seen from Table 7, the combination of sodium hydrogen phosphate and citric acid significantly increases the temperature of onset of hydrolysis at a pH of 8.0 to 222° F (105.6° C) (see no. 10 above). At a pH of 5.0, hydrolysis is effectively stopped. See no. 8 in table 7.
FIG. 4 is an SBAT graph illustrating the temperature at which hydrolysis begins when Alex® aluminum particles are mixed in water with no buffer. The hydrolysis onset temperature is 118° F (47.8° C). See no. 1 in table 7.
FIG. 5 is an SBAT graph illustrating the temperature at which hydrolysis begins using only a single buffer which is citrate. The hydrolysis onset temperature is 140° F (60° C). See no. 11 in table 7.
FIG. 6 is an SBAT graph illustrating the temperature at which hydrolysis begins using only a single buffer which is a phosphate buffer. The hydrolysis onset temperature is 129° F (53.9° C).
FIG. 7 is an SBAT graph illustrating the temperature at which hydrolysis begins using a dual citrate/phosphate buffer system. Hydrolysis has been effectively stopped at a pH of 5.0 even at temperatures of well over 200° F (about 93° C).
As previously discussed, the present invention finds utility in any application where lead styphnate based igniters or percussion primers are employed. Such applications typically include an igniter or percussion primer, a secondary explosive, and for some applications, a propellant.
As previously mentioned, other applications include, but are not limited to, igniters for grenades, mortars, detcord initiators, mortar rounds, detonators such as for rocket motors and mortar rounds, or other systems that include a primer or igniter, a secondary explosive system, alone or in combination with a propellant, or gas generating system such as air bag deployment and jet seat ejectors.
The above disclosure is intended to be illustrative and not exhaustive. This description will suggest many variations and alternatives to one of ordinary skill in this art. The scope of the invention is defined by the attached claims.

Claims

A percussion primer composition obtainable by using a water processing technique, the composition comprising:
about 5% to about 40% by weight of the primer composition of at least one explosive and optionally a sensitizer;

about 5% to about 20% by weight of the primer composition of at least one nano-size non-coated fuel particle with an average size of about 50 nanometres to about 120 nanometres, the fuel particle having natural surface oxides thereon;

at least one buffer; and

an oxidizer.
The percussion primer composition of claim 1 wherein said at least one explosive is selected from the group consisting of nitramines, nitroaromatics, nitrate esters and mixtures thereof.
The percussion primer composition of claim 1 wherein said nano-size non-coated fuel particle is aluminium.
The percussion primer composition of claim 1 wherein said nano-size non-coated fuel particle has an average particle size of about 70 nanometres to about 120 nanometres.
The percussion primer composition of claim 1 wherein said nano-size non-coated fuel particle has an average particle size of about 100 nanometres.
The percussion primer composition of claim 1, the at least one buffer comprising:
a buffer system, the buffer system comprising at least one salt of citric acid and

at least one salt of phosphoric acid.
The percussion primer composition of any of the preceding claims, wherein said at least one explosive is nitrocellulose.
The percussion primer composition of any of claim 1 to 6, wherein the at least one explosive consists essentially of at least one moderately insensitive explosive chosen from nitrocellulose, PETN, CL-20, RDX, HMX, TNT, nitroguanidine, DDNP t, tetryl, and mixtures thereof.
The percussion primer composition of claim 1 further comprising at least one sensitizer.
The percussion primer composition of claim 9 wherein said sensitizer is tetracene.
The percussion primer composition of any one of the preceding claims, further comprising at least one binder.
The percussion primer composition of claim 1, where the at least one explosive consists essentially of a nitrate ester chosen from pentaerythritoltetranitrate, nitrocellulose, and mixtures thereof.