EP2105130A1 - Pharmazeutische Formulierung und Verfahren zu deren Herstellung - Google Patents
Pharmazeutische Formulierung und Verfahren zu deren Herstellung Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP2105130A1 EP2105130A1 EP08005531A EP08005531A EP2105130A1 EP 2105130 A1 EP2105130 A1 EP 2105130A1 EP 08005531 A EP08005531 A EP 08005531A EP 08005531 A EP08005531 A EP 08005531A EP 2105130 A1 EP2105130 A1 EP 2105130A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- solid dispersion
- polymer
- pharmaceutical formulation
- poly
- active ingredient
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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- A61K9/14—Particulate form, e.g. powders, Processes for size reducing of pure drugs or the resulting products, Pure drug nanoparticles
- A61K9/16—Agglomerates; Granulates; Microbeadlets ; Microspheres; Pellets; Solid products obtained by spray drying, spray freeze drying, spray congealing,(multiple) emulsion solvent evaporation or extraction
- A61K9/1605—Excipients; Inactive ingredients
- A61K9/1629—Organic macromolecular compounds
- A61K9/1635—Organic macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds, e.g. polyvinyl pyrrolidone, poly(meth)acrylates
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a pharmaceutical formulation comprising a solid dispersion containing an active substance embedded in a polymer in an amorphous form and, independently of the solid dispersion, an external polymer as a recrystallization inhibitor.
- solubility of a poorly soluble active ingredient is improved, for example, by the measures described above, there is the further problem that it may come to a supersaturated solution of the drug by the increased dissolution rate, for example after administration of the pharmaceutical formulation in the stomach. From such a supersaturated solution, the active ingredient can then turn out in crystalline form, whereby the bioavailability of the active ingredient decreases accordingly. It is known that this adverse effect due to the solubility improvement in a sparingly soluble active ingredient can be mitigated by the fact that the pharmaceutical formulation additionally contains a solution stabilizer which stabilizes the supersaturated solution of the active ingredient and thus prevents recrystallization of the active ingredient.
- solution stabilizer may either be part of the solid dispersion, may be present as a mixture with the solid dispersion in the pharmaceutical formulation, or administered as a separate formulation in temporal relation with the pharmaceutical formulation.
- the pharmaceutical formulation contains both the solid dispersion and the solution stabilizer in a common unit dose, there is the problem that corresponding dosage units can become so heavy and so large that they can no longer be swallowed because of the required amount of solution stabilizer with increasing amount of active ingredient and the amount of solution stabilizer must be increased.
- the WO 03/000294 A1 in its general part, that it is possible to prepare solid dispersions with up to 80% by weight of active ingredient. In Examples 7 and 8, however, an active ingredient loading of only 25% by weight requires at least 20% by weight of solution stabilizer.
- the pharmaceutical formulation according to the invention is suitable for virtually any active substance, preference being given to those active substances which are sparingly soluble in water or even less soluble.
- Substances which are sparingly soluble in water are understood herein to mean those according to the definition of the European Pharmacopoeia. These are active substances in which 1 part by mass of substance of 100-1000 parts by volume of solvent are dissolved. Even less soluble are those active ingredients which require more than 1000 parts by volume of solvent for their dissolution.
- Corresponding active ingredients are known to the person skilled in the art and extensively described in the prior art. A list can be found for example in the WO 03/000294 A1 , For example, the active ingredient celecoxib or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is preferred according to the invention.
- the pharmaceutical formulation of the present invention is useful, for example, in active ingredients of the following classes of drugs: acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, acne agents, analgesics, antiphlogistics, antiadipositas, antiarrhythmics, antiasthmatics, anti-dementives, antibiotics (including penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems, glycopeptides, lincosamides, aminoglycosides, tetracyclines , Macrolides, nitroimidazole derivatives, gyrase inhibitors, sulfonamides), antidepressants, antidiabetics, antiemetics, antiepileptics, antihistamines / antiallergics, antihypertensives, (including centrally acting ⁇ 2-agonists, ACE inhibitors, ⁇ -sympatholytics, ⁇ -sympatholytics, AT-receptor antagonists, Ca antagonists), anticoagulants, anticon
- the following active substances or their pharmaceutically acceptable salts can be used: abacavir, acamprosate, acarbose, acebutolol, aceclofenac, acemetacin, acetazolamide, acetophenazine, acetylcysteine, acyclovir, acipimox, acitretin alendronate, alfentanil, alfuzosin, alimemazine, aliskiren, almagate, almotriptan, alphacalcidol , Alpha tocopheryl acetate, alprazolam, alprenolol, amantadine, ambrisentan, amifostine, amiloride, aminoglutethimide, aminopentamide, amiodarone, amisulpride, amitryptiline, amlodipine, amoxicillin, amphetamine, amphotericin B, ampicillin, amprenavir, amrinone
- the active substances may be present individually or in combination of two or more active substances.
- the active compounds can be used in their free form, as pharmaceutically acceptable salts or as cocrystals.
- the active ingredient is embedded in a solid dispersion, so that it is present after embedding in amorphous form.
- solid dispersion is meant a dispersion of the amorphous active ingredient in a polymer matrix.
- the amorphous active ingredient is preferably distributed in a molecularly disperse manner in the polymer matrix.
- the solid dispersion is a solid solution.
- the solid dispersion contains a polymer which simultaneously acts as a solubility improver and recrystallization inhibitor.
- the polymer is said to be a solubility enhancer if it is capable of embedding the drug in its amorphous form. This improves the solubility of the otherwise poorly soluble active ingredient.
- the polymer is referred to, because it is able to stabilize the amorphous form of the active ingredient in the polymer matrix and thus to prevent recrystallization of the active ingredient, for example during storage. Accordingly, one skilled in the art can readily select by simple experimentation suitable polymers which are suitable both for embedding the amorphous form of the active substance and stabilizing it. Suitable polymers are also described in the prior art, for example the WO 03/000294 A1 and the EP-A-1 027 886 ,
- the polymer for embedding the active substance in amorphous form in the solid dispersion is selected from the group consisting of Eudragits, in particular Eudragit E, copovidone, sugar alcohols, ammonium methacrylate copolymer, poly (dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate comethacrylate ester), Poly (methyl acrylate-methyl methacrylate comethacrylic acid), poly (methacrylic acid-co-methyl methacrylate) 1: 2, hydroxypropyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose, cellulose acetate butyrate, cellulose acetate phthalate, poly (ethylene oxide), poly (ethylene glycol), poly (vinyl pyrrolidone), poly (vinyl acetate), hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose phthalate, polyvinyl pyrrolidone covinyl acetate, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose acetate succinate, poly (lactide-co-
- the solid dispersion consists of the active ingredient or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and a polymer.
- additional polymers and / or auxiliaries such as plasticizers, fillers, etc. would increase the recrystallization tendency of the amorphous active ingredient.
- the present invention thus makes it possible to dispense with corresponding, customary additives and accordingly makes available particularly storage-stable formulations. As far as appropriate additives are needed or desired, they may be present mixed with the external polymer, without thereby destabilizing the amorphous form of the active ingredient.
- the solid dispersion which contains an active substance embedded in a polymer in amorphous form is present together with another polymer which acts as a solution stabilizer.
- the additional polymer does not form part of the solid dispersion and is therefore also referred to as external polymer.
- the two components may, for example, be simply mixed together or, for example, in tablets in two separate spaces, in the form of a core with a coating, for example the solid dispersion core and the external polymer coating or vice versa.
- the solid dispersion can be ground, for example, mixed with the external polymer and filled as a mixture, for example in capsules or pressed into tablets.
- the external polymer must not only be mixed at the molecular level with the solid dispersion.
- Suitable solution stabilizers for the external polymer are, for example, gel-forming polymers, as are known to the person skilled in the art.
- the external polymer may in particular be selected from the group consisting of cellulose derivatives, in particular methylene cellulose (MC), hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC), hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose (HPMC), sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (NaCMC), carrageenan, xanthan, tragacanth, locust bean gum, guar gum, copolymers of methacrylic acid, galactomannans , Alginates, starch, modified starch, agar-agar, gum arabic, tara gum and pectin.
- MC methylene cellulose
- HPMC hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose
- HPMC sodium carboxymethyl cellulose
- carrageenan xanthan
- tragacanth locust bean gum
- guar gum copolymers of methacrylic acid, galactomannans , Al
- the pharmaceutical formulation of the present invention contains Eudragit, especially Eudragit E as a solid dispersion polymer and HPMC as an external polymer.
- the combination of an amorphous form embedded in a polymer active ingredient with a small amount of an external polymer as a solution stabilizer makes it possible to load the solid dispersion with a large amount of active ingredient.
- the solid dispersion contained in the pharmaceutical formulation of the invention thus preferably contains at least 30 wt .-% of active ingredient based on the total weight of the solid dispersion.
- the solid dispersion contains at least 40% by weight, particularly preferably 45-55% by weight of active compound, based on the total weight of the solid dispersion.
- the combination of the solid dispersion of amorphous-embedded drug and polymer which also acts as a solubility enhancer and recrystallization inhibitor, requires the pharmaceutical formulation of the invention to use only a minor amount of external polymer to prevent recrystallization of the drug from a supersaturated solution.
- the pharmaceutical formulation according to the invention thus contains only 3 to less than 20 wt .-% of external polymer, based on the total weight of solid dispersion and external polymer.
- the formulation contains 3 to 18% by weight, for example 3 to 15% by weight. of the external polymer, based on the total weight of solid dispersion and external polymer.
- the pharmaceutical formulation of the present invention contains 5-15% by weight, more preferably 8-12% by weight of the external polymer, based on the total weight of solid dispersion and external polymer.
- the pharmaceutical formulation according to the invention can be present as a medicament known per se, in particular a solid dosage form.
- a solid dosage form This can be selected, for example, from tablets, orodispersible tablets, orodispersible tablets, pellets, hard gelatine capsules, dragees, granules, etc.
- Pellets and granules can be present, for example, filled in sachets or stick packs. But there are also liquid dosage forms such as suspensions comprises.
- Solid dosage forms such as pellets, capsules and tablets, are preferred according to the invention. These can be coated or uncoated. Tablets can be prepared, for example, by dry compaction or direct compression of the comminuted, especially ground, solid dispersion in admixture with the external polymer.
- pellets can be made by cutting strands upon exiting an extruder and then cooling.
- a micropelletizer connected behind the extruder is suitable for this purpose.
- a granulator connected behind an extruder and a cooling belt is suitable, which cuts the solidified strands into granules.
- the solid dispersion can be ground and mixed with the external polymer and optionally other auxiliaries and filled into capsules, for example gelatine capsules.
- auxiliaries and additives are usually fillers, binders, disintegrants, flow regulators, lubricants, flavoring agents and optionally other additives.
- the pharmaceutical formulations according to the invention may contain, for example, 0-90% by weight of auxiliaries.
- the content of disintegrants may be in the range of 1-40% by weight, preferably 20-30% by weight, depending on the disintegrant used, the fillers and the other additives.
- the content of lubricant is usually in the range of 0.1-4 wt .-%.
- excipient each relate to the total weight of the pharmaceutical formulation.
- one or more compounds may be used, e.g. microcrystalline cellulose, starch, cellulose powder, lactose, in particular spray-dried lactose, glucose, mannitol and sorbitol.
- Suitable disintegrants are starch, especially corn starch, alginic acid and its salts and derivatives such as calcium alginate and sodium alginate, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, polyacrylic acid, cross-linked polyvinyl pyrrolidone, cross-linked sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, cross-linked sodium carboxymethyl starch, low substituted sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, sodium bicarbonate and magnesium peroxide.
- Suitable lubricants include, for example, magnesium stearate, calcium behenate, glycerol monostearate, stearic acid, hydrogenated vegetable fats, PEG 4000, sodium dodecylsulfate, magnesium dodecylsulfate and talcum.
- a flow control agent for example, fumed silica is suitable.
- the pharmaceutical formulation of the invention may be film-coated with one or more coating agents having one or more layers.
- coating agents are, for example, film formers, such as cellulose derivatives (for example MC, HEC, HPC, HPMC, NaCMC), methacrylates, copovidone, PVP, cellulose acetate phthalate, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose phthalate, carboxymethylethylcellulose, polyvinyl acetate phthalate, shellac, methacrylic acid esters and ethylcellulose.
- film formers such as cellulose derivatives (for example MC, HEC, HPC, HPMC, NaCMC), methacrylates, copovidone, PVP, cellulose acetate phthalate, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose phthalate, carboxymethylethylcellulose, polyvinyl acetate phthalate, shellac, methacrylic acid esters and ethylcellulose.
- the films may be further adjuvants such as e.g. Softeners are added.
- the coating may be desirable to apply the coating as a "dry coating" or to provide an intermediate layer which protects the solid dispersion from contact with the solvent during coating.
- the outer coating contains a substance such as a plasticizer, which may adversely affect the stability of the amorphous form of the active substance.
- the tablet weight is not particularly limited, ordinary tablets are 100 to 800 mg, e.g. 300 to 400 mg.
- the preparation of solid dispersions which are suitable for the pharmaceutical formulation according to the invention is known to the person skilled in the art. Various methods are for example in the WO 03/000294 A1 described.
- the solid dispersion is prepared by melt extrusion.
- the active ingredient is mixed with the polymer. This mixture is introduced into the extruder and processed there to a homogeneous melt.
- the screw profile can include, for example kneading blocks, since the shear forces generated by the kneading blocks contribute to the melting of the mixture.
- the melting is preferably carried out at a temperature below the melting point of the active ingredient. More preferably, the melting takes place at a temperature which is 0.1-5 ° C above the glass transition temperature or melting point of the polymer and 0.1-5 ° C below the melting point of the active ingredient.
- the temperature of the last cylinder in front of the nozzle plate, the viscosity of the melt can be regulated. There is a minimum temperature for each system, otherwise the nozzle becomes clogged.
- the extrusion is preferably carried out at an outlet pressure of about 20 bar to about 100 bar, in particular from about 20 bar to about 50 bar.
- the extrudate in order for the extrudates not to stick together into a single mass but to solidify as separate strands, it is preferable that the extrudate is not sticky.
- the solid dispersion should have a glass transition temperature above 18 ° C.
- the extrudate obtained is typically in strands of different lengths, which are randomly broken after exiting the extruder after cooling. These may then continue, for example, with a mill, e.g. a centrifugal mill to obtain fractions of a certain particle size. Depending on the grinding process, one can produce particles of different sizes. Typically, the particle size is below 500 microns. This corresponds at the same time to the particle size of the most widely used excipients for the preparation of solid dosage forms. Thus, a better mixing of the ground extrudate is made possible with the excipients.
- the melt leaves the extruder in the form of strands of different lengths, which as such are not yet a dosage form.
- the extrudate In order to process the melt into a uniformly metered dosage form, the extrudate must first be comminuted, for example ground in a mill. The milling process has no influence on the amorphous, supercooled / glassy melt, so that no crystal nuclei form and the amorphous system remains stable.
- the release of the drug from the extrudates of Example 1 was measured in 900 mL of 0.1 N HCl with a paddle apparatus. To see if the dissolution rate could be improved by preparing a solid solution, an opaque (i.e., containing crystalline active substance) extrudate and the physical mixture of drug and polymer were released in addition to the transparent extrudate.
- Example 2 To this was added 10% HPMC to the release medium and the sample of Example 2 was re-released. The drug was completely released in 5 to 10 minutes and the supersaturated solution was stabilized over a period of about 60 minutes. The result is in FIG. 2 shown.
- Example 1 The extrudates of Example 1 were stored for 6-12 months at room temperature and at room temperature / 60% relative humidity to study the stability of the amorphous systems. The experiment showed that the transparent extrudates are storage stable and do not recrystallize. The results are in FIG. 3 played.
- the extrudate strands from Example 1 were ground with a centrifugal mill into particles ⁇ 500 ⁇ m in order to be able to process them further into tablets, capsules, etc. Since a mechanical energy input can have a negative effect on the amorphous system by forming crystal nuclei, it was checked by means of X-ray diffractometry whether crystal nuclei had formed after grinding.
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Abstract
Die vorliegende Erfindung betrifft eine pharmazeutische Formulierung, die eine feste Dispersion, die einen in amorpher Form in ein Polymer eingebetteten Wirkstoff enthält, und unabhängig von der festen Dispersion ein externes Polymer als Rekristallisationsinhibitor umfasst.
Description
- Die vorliegende Erfindung betrifft eine pharmazeutische Formulierung, die eine feste Dispersion, die einen in amorpher Form in ein Polymer eingebetteten Wirkstoff enthält, und unabhängig von der festen Dispersion ein externes Polymer als Rekristallisationsinhibitor umfasst.
- Zahlreiche Versuche wurden unternommen, um die Bioverfügbarkeit von Wirkstoffen, insbesondere schwer löslichen Wirkstoffen zu erhöhen. Eine Möglichkeit besteht darin, entsprechende Wirkstoffe in amorpher Form zur Verfügung zu stellen. Verbindungen, die in amorpher statt kristalliner Form vorliegen, sind in der Regel leichter löslich und verfügen dementsprechend auch über eine höhere Bioverfügbarkeit.
- Bei pharmazeutischen Formulierungen, die den Wirkstoff in amorpher Form enthalten, besteht allerdings das Problem, dass der Wirkstoff oftmals dazu neigt, während der Herstellung der Formulierung oder deren Lagerung auszukristallisieren. Verschiedene Versuche wurden unternommen, den Wirkstoff in amorpher Form zur Verfügung zu stellen und dann ein entsprechendes Rekristallisieren des Wirkstoffs zu unterdrücken. Eine der bekannten Möglichkeiten besteht darin, den Wirkstoff in amorpher Form in eine feste Dispersion eines Polymers als Löslichkeitsverbesserer einzubetten. Hierdurch können glasartige Partikel erhalten werden, in denen der Wirkstoff in amorpher Form vorliegt und die, wenn sie einen Rekristallisationsinhibitor enthalten, über einen längeren Zeitraum stabil sind, d.h. in denen der Wirkstoff zumindest während der üblichen Lagerdauer nicht rekristallisiert. Entsprechende feste Dispersionen sowie verschiedene Verfahren zu deren Herstellung sind beispielsweise aus der
WO 03/000294 A1 EP-A-1 027 886 bekannt. - Wird die Löslichkeit eines an sich schwer löslichen Wirkstoffs beispielsweise durch die vorstehend beschriebenen Maßnahmen verbessert, so ergibt sich das weitere Problem, dass es durch die erhöhte Auflösungsgeschwindigkeit beispielsweise nach Verabreichung der pharmazeutischen Formulierung im Magen zu einer übersättigten Lösung des Wirkstoffs kommen kann. Aus einer derartigen, übersättigten Lösung kann der Wirkstoff dann wiederum in kristalliner Form ausfallen, wodurch die Bioverfügbarkeit des Wirkstoffs entsprechend sinkt. Es ist bekannt, dass dieser nachteilige Effekt aufgrund der Löslichkeitsverbesserung bei einem an sich schwer löslichen Wirkstoff dadurch abgemildert werden kann, dass die pharmazeutische Formulierung zusätzlich einen Lösungsstabilisator enthält, der die übersättigte Lösung des Wirkstoffs stabilisiert und damit ein Rekristallisieren des Wirkstoffs verhindert. Entsprechende pharmazeutische Formulierungen sind beispielsweise in der
WO 03/000294 A1 WO 03/000235 A1 - Das Verabreichen von zwei unabhängigen Formulierungen, von denen eine den Wirkstoff und die andere den Lösungsstabilisator enthält, weist den Nachteil auf, dass der Patient mindestens zwei Tabletten oder Kapseln einnehmen muss, wobei immer das Risiko besteht, dass eine der beiden Formulierungen vergessen wird.
- Enthält die pharmazeutische Formulierung sowohl die feste Dispersion als auch den Lösungsstabilisator in einer gemeinsamen Dosiseinheit, so ergibt sich das Problem, dass entsprechende Dosiseinheiten aufgrund der benötigten Menge an Lösungsstabilisator so schwer und damit groß werden können, dass sie nicht mehr geschluckt werden können, da mit steigender Menge an Wirkstoff auch die Menge an Lösungsstabilisator erhöht werden muss. So offenbart beispielsweise die
WO 03/000294 A1 - Es besteht somit weiterhin ein Bedürfnis danach, eine pharmazeutische Formulierung der vorstehend beschriebenen Art zur Verfügung zu stellen, die eine möglichst hohe Wirkstoffbeladung aufweisen kann, wobei die amorphe Form des Wirkstoffs trotzdem ausreichend stabilisiert wird und genügend Lösungsstabilisator vorliegt, um ein Rekristallisieren des Wirkstoffs nach Auflösung beispielsweise im Magen zu verhindern.
- Es wurde nun überraschend gefunden, dass eine entsprechende pharmazeutische Formulierung, die die vorstehenden Nachteile nicht aufweist, erhalten wird, wenn die feste Dispersion ein Polymer enthält, das gleichzeitig als Löslichkeitsverbesserer und Rekristallisationsinhibitor wirkt und die pharmazeutische Formulierung neben der festen Dispersion 3 bis weniger als 20 Gew.-% eines weiteren Polymers enthält, das als Lösungsstabilisator wirkt. Durch das Mischen der festen Dispersion mit einer geringen Menge eines zusätzlichen Lösungsstabilisators kann die Beladung der festen Dispersion mit dem Wirkstoff ganz erheblich erhöht werden, so dass die vorstehend beschriebenen Nachteile des Standes der Technik überwunden werden können.
- Die vorliegende Erfindung betrifft somit eine pharmazeutische Formulierung, umfassend
- a) eine feste Dispersion, die einen in amorpher Form in ein Polymer eingebetteten Wirkstoff enthält, und
- b) unabhängig von der festen Dispersion ein externes Polymer als Lösungsstabilisator,
- Die erfindungsgemäße pharmazeutische Formulierung ist für praktisch jeden Wirkstoff geeignet, wobei solche Wirkstoffe bevorzugt sind, die in Wasser schwer löslich oder noch schlechter löslich sind. Unter in Wasser schwer löslichen Wirkstoffen werden vorliegend solche gemäß der Definition des Europäischen Arzneibuchs verstanden. Hierbei handelt es sich um Wirkstoffe, bei denen 1 Massenteil Substanz von 100-1000 Volumenteilen Lösungsmittel gelöst werden. Unter noch schlechter löslich werden solche Wirkstoffe verstanden, die mehr als 1000 Volumenteile Lösungsmittel für deren Auflösung benötigen. Entsprechende Wirkstoffe sind dem Fachmann bekannt und im Stand der Technik umfangreich beschrieben. Eine Auflistung findet sich beispielsweise in der
WO 03/000294 A1 - Die pharmazeutische Formulierung der vorliegenden Erfindung eignet sich beispielsweise für Wirkstoffe aus den folgenden Wirkstoffgruppen: Acetylcholinesterase-Inhibitoren, Aknemittel, Analgetika, Antiphlogistika, Antiadiposita, Antiarrhythmika, Antiasthmatika, Antidementiva, Antibiotika (darunter Penicilline, Cephalosporine, Carbapeneme, Glycopeptide, Lincosamide, Aminoglycoside, Tetracycline, Makrolide, Nitroimidazol-Derivate, Gyrasehemmer, Sulfonamide), Antidepressiva, Antidiabetika, Antiemetika, Antiepileptika, Antihistaminika / Antiallergika, Antihypertonika, (darunter zentral angreifende α2-Agonisten, ACE-Hemmer, α-Sympatholytika, β-Sympatholytika, AT-Rezeptorantagonisten, Ca-Antagonisten), Antikoagulatien, Antikonvulsiva, Antimykotika, Antiparkinsonmittel, Antiprotozoika, Antipsoriatika, Antipsychotika, Antirheumatika, Aldosteron-Antagonisten, Alkoholentwöhnungsmittel, Mittel zur Behandlung der benignen Prostatahyperplasie, Biphosphonate, Cannabinoide, Cholesterol-Resorptionshemmer, COX-1-Inhibitoren, COX-2-Inhibitor, unspzifische COX-Inhibitoren, Diuretika, Endothelin-Rezeptorantagonist, Glucocorticoide, H2-Rezeptorantagonisten, Immunsupressiva, Inkontinenzmittel, Hormone, Mittel zur Behandlung der Hyperphosphatämie, Immunmodulatoren, Immunsuppressiva, Kontrazeptiva, Koronarmittel, Lipase-Inhibitoren, Lipid-Senker, Magen-Darm-Mittel, Malariamittel, Mucolytika, Multikinase-Inhibitoren, Mittel zur Behandlung der Multiplen Sklerose, Muskelrelaxantien, α-Sympatomimetika, Neuroleptika, Osteoporosemittel, Biphosphonate, Mittel zur Behandlung von HIV, Parasympatholytika, Phosphodiesterase-Hemmer, Protonenpumpeninhibitoren, Mittel zur Behandlung von Prostata-CA, Psychostimulantien, Renin-Hemmer, Sedativa, Spasmolytika, Steroidhormine, Thrombinhemmer, Tranquilantien, Triptane, Tyrosinkinase-Inhibitoren, Virustatika, Vitamine, insbesondere fettlösliche, Zytostatika (darunter Antimetaboliten, Alkylierende SubstanzenTopoisomerase-Hemmstoffe, Mitosehemmstoffe, Anthracycline, Antiestrogene, Antiandrogene, Aromatasehemmer).
- Beispielsweise können folgende Wirkstoffe oder ihre pharmazeutisch verträglichen Salze eingesetzt werden: Abacavir, Acamprosat, Acarbose, Acebutolol, Aceclofenac, Acemetacin, Acetazolamid, Acetophenazin, Acetylcystein, Aciclovir, Acipimox, Acitretin Alendronat, Alfentanil, Alfuzosin, Alimemazin, Aliskiren, Almagat, Almotriptan, Alphacalcidol, Alpha Tocopherylacetat, Alprazolam, Alprenolol, Amantadin, Ambrisentan, Amifostin, Amilorid, Aminoglutethimid, Aminopentamid, Amiodaron, Amisulprid, Amitryptilin, Amlodipin, Amoxicillin, Amphetamin, Amphotericin B, Ampicillin, Amprenavir, Amrinon, Amsacrin, Anastrozol, Anidulafungin, Aprepitant, Aripiprazole, Atazanavir, Atenolol, Atomoxetin, Atorvastatin, Atovaquon, Atrasentan, Atrolactamid, Atropin, Avanafil, Azapropazon, Azathioprin, Azelastin, Azithromycin, Azosemid, Beclemid, Beclometason, Bemetizid, Benazepril, Bendamustin, Bendroflumethiazid, Benperidol, Benserazid, Benzquinamid, Bervastatin, Betahistin, Betamethason, Betaxolol, Bezafibrat, Bicalutamid, Bifeprunox, Bifonazol, Biperiden, Bisoprolol, Bleomycin, Bosentan, Brimonidin, Bromazepam, Bromocriptin, Bromoprid, Bromperidol, Brotizolam, Budesonid, Budipin, Bumetamid, Bupranolol, Buprenorphin, Bupropion, Buspiron, Busulfan, Butizid, Butyrophenon, Cabergolin, Calcipotriol, Calcitriol, Camptothecin, Candesartan, Capecitabin, Captopril, Carbamazepin, Carbidopa, Carboplatin, Carmustin, Carphenazin, Carvedilol, Cefaclor, Cefadroxil, Cefalexin, Cefamandol, Cefazolin, Cefepim, Cefetametpivoxil, Cefixim, Cefodizim, Cefotaxim, Cefotiam, Cefoxitin, Cefpodoximproxetil, Cefsulodin, Ceftazidim, Ceftibuten,Ceftriaxon, Cefuroxim, Cefuroximaxetil, Celecoxib, Celiprolol, Cerivastatin, Cetirizin, Chinin, Chlorambucil, Chlordiazepoxid, Chloroquin, Chlorphenoxamin, Chlorpromazin, Chlorprothixen, Chlorprotixen, Ciclesonide, Ciclopirox-Olamin, Ciclosporin, Cilastatin Cilazapril, Cilostazol, Cimetidin, Cinacalcet, Ciprofloxacin, Cisaprid, Cisplatin, Citalopram, Cladribin, Clarithromycin, Clavulansäure, Clemastin, Clinafloxacin, Clindamycin, Clobazam, Clobazam, Clodronat, Clofibrat, Clomethiazol, Clomipramin, Clonazepam, Clonidin, Clopamid, Clopenthixol, Clopidogrel, Clospirazin, Clothiapin, Clotrimazol, Clozapin, Codein, Colecalciferol, Cortison, Cromoglycinsäure, Cyclophosphamid, Cyproteronacetat, Cytarabin, Dabigatran, Dacarbazin, Dactinomycin, Dalvastatin, Dapoxetin, Darifenacin, Dasatinib, Daunorubicin, Delavirdin, Denaverin, Desipramin, Desloratadin, Desmopressin, Desogestrel, Desogestrel, Dexamethason, Dexchlorpheniramin, Dexetimid, Diamorphin, Diazepam, Dibenzepin, Diclofenac, Didanosin, Dienogest, Diethazin, Diflunisal, Dihydrocodein, Diltiazem, Dimenhydrinat, Dimenhydrinat, Dimethadion, Dimetinden, Diphenhydramin, Diphenylhydantoin, Dipyridamol, Disopyramid, Docetaxel, Dolasetron, Domperidon, Donepezil, Doxazosin, Doxepin, Doxorubicin, Doxycycllin, Doxylamin, Drofenin, Dronedaron, Droperidol, Drospirenon, Droxidopa, Duloxetin, Dutasterid, Econazol, Efavirenz, Eletriptan, Emtricitabin, Enalapril, Enfuvirtid, Enoxacin, Enoximon, Entacapone, Epirubicin, Eplerone, Eprosartan, Erlotinib, Erythromycin, Escitalopram, Esomeprazol, Estradiol, Estramustin, Ethinylestradiol, Ethopropazin, Ethosuximid, Ethylbenzhydramin, Etidronat, Etofibrat, Etofyllinclofibrat, Etoposid, Etoricoxib, Exemestan, Ezetimib, 5-FU (Fluorouracil), Famciclovir, Famotidin, Famotidin, Felbamat, Felbamat, Felodipin, Fendilin, Fenetyllin, Fenofibrat, Fenoterol, Fentanyl, Fenticonazol, Fesoterodin, Fexofenadin, Finasterid, Flecainid, Fleroxacin, Fluanison, Fluconazol, Flucytosin, Fludarabin, Flumazenil, Flunisolid, Flunitrazepam, Fluocortolon, Fluoxetin, Flupentixol, Fluphenaminsäure, Fluphenazin, Flupirtin, Flurazepam, Flurbiprofen, Fluspirilen, Flutamid, Fluticason, Fluvastatin, Fluvoxamin, Folinsäure, Formoterol, Fosinopril, Fosphenytoin, Frovatriptan, Furosemid, Gabapentin, Galantamin, Gallopamil, Gatifloxacin, Gefitinib, Gemcitabin, Gemfibrozil, Geprofloxacin, Gestoden, Glatiramer, Glibenclamid, Glibornurid, Gliclazid, Glimepirid, Glipizid, Gliquidon, Glisoxepid, Glucosamin, Goserelin, Granisetron, Griseofulvin, Guanfacin, Halofantrin; Haloperidol; Hydrochlorothiazid, Hydrocodon; Hydrocortison, Hydromorphon; Hydroxyzin; Ibandronat, Ibuprofen, Idarubicin, Ifosfamid, Imatinib, Imipenem, Imipramin, Imiquimod, Indapamid, Indinavir, Indiplon, Indometacin, Ipratropium, Ipratropiumbromid, Irbesartan, Irinotecan, Isoconazol, Isotretinoin; Isradipin, Itraconazol, Ixabepilon, Ketoconazol, Ketoprofen, Ketotifen, Labetalol, Lacidipin, Lamivudin, Lamotrigin, Lansoprazol, Lapatinib, Leflunomid, Lenalidomide; Lercanidipin, Letrozol; Leuprorelin, Levetiracetam, Levocetirizin, Levodopa, Levofloxacin, Levomepromazin, Levomethadon, Levonorgesterl, Licofelone, Lidocain, □-Liponsäure, Lisinopril, Lisurid, Lofepramin, Lomustin, Lonazolac, Lopinavir, Loracarbef; Loratadin, Lorazepam, Lormetazepam, Lornoxicam, Losartan, Lovastatin, Manidipin, Maprotilin, Maraviroc, Mebeverin, Meclozin, Mefenaminsäure, Mefloquin, Mefrusid, Meloxicam, Melperon, Memantine, Mephenytoin, Mephobarbital, Mepindolol, Mercaptopurin, Meropenem, Mesalazin, Mesuximid, Metamizol, Metformin, Methadon, Methamphetamin, Methotrexat; Methoxypromazin, Methsuximid, Methyldopa, Methylphenidat, Methylprednisolon, Metipranolol, Metoclopramid, Metoprolol, Metronidazol, Mexiletin, Mianserin, Miconazol, Midazolam, Miglitol, Milrinon, Minocyclin, Mirtazapin, Misoprostol, Mitiglinid, Mitomycin, Mitoxantron; Mizolastin, Moclobemid, Modafinil, Moexipril, Mofegilin, Molindon, Molsidomin, Mometason, Montelukast, Moperon, Morphin, Mosapramin, Moxifloxacin, Moxonidin; Mycophenolsäure, Nadolol, Nalbuphin, Naloxon, Naltrexon, Naproxen, Naratriptan, Narcobarbital, Natamycin, Nateglinid, Na-Valproate, Naxagolid, Nebivolol, Nedocromil, Nefazodon, Nefopam, Nelfinavir, Nevirapin, Nicardipin, Nicorandil, Nicotin, Nifedipin, Nilutamid; Nilvadipin, Nimesulid, Nimetazepam, Nimodipin, Nimorazol, Nimustin, Nisoldipin, Nitrazepam, Nitrendipin, Nitrezepam, NitroglycerinTTS; Nizatidin, Norfloxacin, Norgestimat, Nortryptilin, Nystatin, Octreotid, Ofloxacin, Olanzapin, Olmesartan, Olpadronat, Olsalazin, Omeprazol, Ondansetron, Opipramol, Orlistat; Oseltamivir, Oxaceprol, Oxaflumazin, Oxaliplatin, Oxazepam, Oxcarbamazepin, Oxcarbazepin, Oxiconazol, Oxitropium; Oxitropiumbromid, Oxprenolol, Oxybutynin, Oxycodon; Paclitaxel, Paliperidone, Palonosetron, Pamidronat, Pantoprazol, Papaverin, Paracetamol, Paramethadion, Paroxetin, Pefloxacin, Pemetrexed, Pemolin, Penbutolol, Penciclovir, Penfluridol, Pentazocin, Pentostatin, Pentoxyfylin, Perazin, Pergolid, Perimethazin, Perindopril, Perphenazin, Pethidin, Phenacemid, Phenazon, Pheniramin, Phenobarbital, Phenotiazin, Phenprocoumon, Phensuximid, Phenylbutazon, Phenytoin, Pimecrolimus, Pimozid, Pindolol, Pioglitazon, Pipamperon, Piperacetazin, Piperacillin, Pirenzepin, Piretanid, Piribedil, Piritramid, Piroxicam, Pitavastatin, Pramipexol, Prasugrel; Pravastatin, Prazepam, Prednicarbat, Prednisolon, Prednison, Pregabalin, Primaquin, Primidon, Prochlorperazin, Progabid, Proguanil, Promazin, Promethazin, Propafenon, Propiverin, Propranolol, Propyphenazon, Prothipendyl, Pyrimethamin, Quetiapin, Quinapril, Rabeprazol; Racecadotril, Raloxifen, Ramelteon, Ramipril, Ranitidin, Ranolazin, Rasagilin, Reboxetin, Recuroniumbromid; Remacemid, Remifentanyl, Remoxiprid, Repaglinid, Retigabin, Ribavirin, Rifaximin, Rilmenidine, Riluzole, Rimonabant, Risedronat, Risperidon, Ritonavir, Rivaroxaban, Rivastigmin, Rizatriptan, Rofecoxib, Roflumilast, Ropinirol, Rosiglitazon, Rosuvastatin, Rotigotin, Roxatidinacetat, Roxithromycin, Rufinamid, Salmeterol, Saquinavir, Scopolamin, Selegilin, Sertindol, Sertraconazol, Sertralin, Sevelamer carbonate; Sevelamer, Sibutramin, Sildenafil, Simvastatin, Sirolimus, Sitagliptin, Solifenacin, Sorafenib; Sotalol, Sparfloxacin, Spiramycin, Spironolacton, Stavudin, Stiripentol, Strontiumranelat, Sufentanil, Sulbactam, Sulfacarbamid, Sulfadiazin, Sulfalen; Sulfamerazin, Sulfamethoxazol, Sulfasalazin; Sulforidazin, Sulpirid, Sultiam, Sumatriptan, Sunitinib, Tacrin, Tacrolimus, Tadalafil, Tamoxifen, Tamsulosin, Tazobactam; Teicoplanin, Telithromycin; Telmisartan, Temazepam, Temozolomid, Teniposid, Tenofovir, Tenoxicam, Terazosin, Terbinafin, Terfenadin,Tetrabenazin, Tetrazepam, Theophyllin, Thioguanin, Thioproperazin,Thioridazin, Thiotepa, Thiothixen, Thioxanthen, Tiagabin, Tianeptin, Tiaprid, Tiaprofensäure, Tibolon; Tilidin, Tiludronat, Timolol; Tinidazol; Tioconazol, Tiotropium, Tiropramid; Tizanidin, Tocainid, Tolbutamid, Tolterodin, Topiramat, Topotecan; Torasemid, Toremifen; Tramadol, Trandolapril, Tranylcypromin, Trazodon, Treosulfan, Tretinoin, Triamcinolon; Triamteren, Triazolam, Trichlormethiazid, Trifluoperazin, Trifluperidol, Triflupromazin, Triflusal, Trimetazidin, Trimethadion, Trimipramin, Tritoqualin, Trofosfamid, Tropicamid, Tropisetron; Trospiumchlorid, Urapidil, Valaciclovir, Valdecoxib, Valganciclovir, Valproat Natrium, Valproinsäure, Valsartan, Vancomycin; Vardenafil; Vareniclin, Vatalanib; Venlafaxin, Vigabatrin, Vildagliptin; Viloxazin; Vinblastin, Vincristin, Vinorelbin, Vitamine A,D,E,K, Voriconazol, Warfarin, Xipamid, Zafirliukast; Zalcitabin, Zaleplon, Zanamivir, Zidovudin, Ziprasidon, Zoledronat; Zolmitriptan, Zolpidem, Zonisamide, Zopiclon, Zotepin, Zuclopentihixol.
- Die Wirkstoffe können einzeln oder in Kombination von zwei oder mehreren Wirkstoffen vorliegen. Ferner können die Wirkstoffe in ihrer freien Form, als pharmazeutisch verträgliche Salze oder als Cokristalle eingesetzt werden.
- Erfindungsgemäß wird der Wirkstoff in einer festen Dispersion eingebettet, so dass er nach Einbettung in amorpher Form vorliegt. Unter "fester Dispersion" wird dabei eine Dispersion des amorphen Wirkstoffs in einer Polymermatrix verstanden. Vorzugsweise ist der amorphe Wirkstoff molekular dispers in der Polymermatrix verteilt. In diesem Fall handelt es sich bei der festen Dispersion um eine feste Lösung.
- Die feste Dispersion enthält ein Polymer, das gleichzeitig als Löslichkeitsverbesserer und Rekristallisationsinhibitor wirkt. Dabei wird das Polymer als Löslichkeitsverbesserer bezeichnet, wenn es in der Lage ist, den Wirkstoff in seiner amorphen Form einzubetten. Hierdurch wird die Löslichkeit des ansonsten nur schwer löslichen Wirkstoffs verbessert. Als Rekristallisationsinhibitor wird das Polymer bezeichnet, weil es in der Lage ist, die amorphe Form des Wirkstoffs in der Polymermatrix zu stabilisieren und damit ein Rekristallisieren des Wirkstoffs beispielsweise während der Lagerung zu verhindern. Dementsprechend kann ein Fachmann ohne weiteres durch einfache Versuche geeignete Polymere, die sich sowohl für die Einbettung der amorphen Form des Wirkstoffs eignen als auch diese stabilisieren, auswählen. Geeignete Polymere sind auch im Stand der Technik beschrieben, beispielsweise der
WO 03/000294 A1 EP-A-1 027 886 . - Erfindungsgemäß bevorzugt wird das Polymer für die Einbettung des Wirkstoffs in amorpher Form in der festen Dispersion ausgewählt aus der Gruppe bestehend aus Eudragiten, insbesondere Eudragit E, Copovidon, Zuckeralkohole, Ammoniummethacrylat Copolymer, Poly(dimethylaminoethylmethacrylatcomethacrylat Ester), Poly(methylacrylatcomethylmethacrylatcomethacrylsäure), Poly(methacrylsäurecomethylmethacrylat) 1:2, Hydroxypropylcellulose, Ethylcellulose, Celluloseacetatbutyrat, Celluloseacetatphthalat, Poly(ethylenoxid), Poly(ethylenglycol), Poly(vinylpyrrolidon), Poly(vinylacetat), Hydroxypropylmethylcellulosephthalat, Polyvinylpyrrolidoncovinylacetat, Hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, Hydroxypropylmethylcelluloseacetatsuccinat, Poly(lactidcoglycolid), Polyvinylalkohol, Chitosanlactat, Pectin, Carbomer, Polycarbophil, Poly(ethylencovinylacetat), Polyethylen, Poly(vinylacetatcomethacrylsäure), Polycaprolacton, Carnaubawachs, Ethylenvinylacetat Copolymer, Glycerolpalmitostearat, Stärke, Maltodextrin, Isomalt und Polyvinylalkoholpolyethylenglycol Copolymer. Die Polymere können alleine oder als Mischung von zwei oder mehr Polymeren verwendet werden. Vorzugsweise enthält die feste Dispersion jedoch nur ein Polymer.
- In einer besonders bevorzugten Ausführungsform besteht die feste Dispersion aus dem Wirkstoff oder einem pharmazeutisch verträglichen Salz davon und einem Polymer. Zusätzliche Polymere und/oder Hilfsstoffe wie Weichmacher, Füllmittel, etc. würden demgegenüber die Rekristallisationsneigung des amorphen Wirkstoffs erhöhen. Die vorliegende Erfindung ermöglicht somit einen Verzicht auf entsprechende, sonst übliche Zusätze und stellt dementsprechend besonders lagerstabile Formulierungen zur Verfügung. Soweit entsprechende Zusätze benötigt oder gewünscht werden, können diese mit dem externen Polymer gemischt vorliegen, ohne hierdurch die amorphe Form des Wirkstoffs zu destabilisieren.
- In der erfindungsgemäßen pharmazeutischen Formulierung liegt die feste Dispersion, die einen in amorpher Form in ein Polymer eingebetteten Wirkstoff enthält, zusammen mit einem weiteren Polymer vor, das als Lösungsstabilisator wirkt. Das zusätzliche Polymer bildet dabei keinen Bestandteil der festen Dispersion und wird daher auch als externes Polymer bezeichnet. Die beiden Komponenten können beispielsweise einfach miteinander vermischt vorliegen oder beispielsweise in Tabletten in zwei voneinander getrennten Räumen, in Form eines Kerns mit einem Überzug, wobei beispielsweise der Kern aus der festen Dispersion und der Überzug aus dem externen Polymer oder umgekehrt gebildet sein kann. Alternativ kann die feste Dispersion beispielsweise gemahlen, mit dem externen Polymer gemischt und als Mischung z.B. in Kapseln gefüllt oder in Tabletten verpresst werden. Das externe Polymer darf nur nicht auf molekularer Ebene mit der festen Dispersion gemischt sein.
- Als Lösungsstabilisator für das externe Polymer eignen sich beispielsweise gelbildende Polymere, wie sie dem Fachmann bekannt sind. Das externe Polymer kann insbesondere ausgewählt sein aus der Gruppe bestehend aus Cellulosederivaten, insbesondere Methylencellulose (MC), Hydroxypropylcellulose (HPC), Hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC), Natriumcarboxymethylcellulose (NaCMC), Carrageenan, Xanthan, Tragant, Johannisbrotkernmehl, Guarkernmehl, Copolymere der Methacrylsäure, Galactomannane, Alginate, Stärke, Modifizierte Stärke, Agar-Agar, Gummi arabicum, Tarakernmehl und Pektin. Als externes Polymer kann ein einzelnes Polymer oder eine Mischung von zwei oder mehr Polymeren eingesetzt werden. Ein besonders bevorzugtes externes Polymer ist Hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC).
- In einer besonders bevorzugten Ausführungsform enthält die pharmazeutische Formulierung der vorliegenden Erfindung Eudragit, insbesondere Eudragit E als Polymer der festen Dispersion und HPMC als externes Polymer.
- Die Kombination aus einem in amorpher Form in ein Polymer eingebetteten Wirkstoff mit einer geringen Menge eines externen Polymers als Lösungsstabilisator ermöglicht es, die feste Dispersion mit einer großen Menge Wirkstoff zu beladen. Die in der erfindungsgemäßen pharmazeutischen Formulierung enthaltene feste Dispersion enthält somit vorzugsweise mindestens 30 Gew.-% Wirkstoff bezogen auf das Gesamtgewicht der festen Dispersion. Insbesondere enthält die feste Dispersion mindestens 40 Gew.-%, besonders bevorzugt 45-55 Gew.-% Wirkstoff, bezogen auf das Gesamtgewicht der festen Dispersion. Es können jedoch auch geringere Mengen Wirkstoff eingesetzt werden, beispielsweise mindestens 5 Gew.-%, mindestens 10 Gew.-% oder mindestens 20 Gew.-%, jeweils bezogen auf das Gesamtgewicht der festen Dispersion.
- Durch die Kombination aus der festen Dispersion aus in amorpher Form eingebettetem Wirkstoff und Polymer, das gleichzeitig als Löslichkeitsverbesserer und Rekristallisationsinhibitor wirkt, benötigt die erfindungsgemäße pharmazeutische Formulierung nur eine geringe Menge externes Polymer, um ein Rekristallisieren des Wirkstoffs aus einer übersättigten Lösung zu verhindern. Die erfindungsgemäße pharmazeutische Formulierung enthält somit nur 3 bis weniger als 20 Gew.-% externes Polymer, bezogen auf das Gesamtgewicht aus fester Dispersion und externem Polymer. Insbesondere enthält die Formulierung 3 bis 18 Gew.-%, beispielsweise 3 bis 15 Gew.-% des externen Polymers, bezogen auf das Gesamtgewicht aus fester Dispersion und externem Polymer. Vorzugsweise enthält die pharmazeutische Formulierung der vorliegenden Erfindung 5-15 Gew.-%, besonders bevorzugt 8-12 Gew.-% des externen Polymers, bezogen auf das Gesamtgewicht aus fester Dispersion und externem Polymer.
- Die erfindungsgemäße pharmazeutische Formulierung kann als an sich bekanntes Arzneimittel, insbesondere feste Arzneiform vorliegen. Diese kann beispielsweise ausgewählt sein aus Tabletten, orodispersiblen Tabletten, Schmelztabletten, Pellets, Hartgelatinekapseln, Dragees, Granulaten, etc. Pellets und Granulate können beispielsweise in Sachets oder Stick-Packs abgefüllt vorliegen. Es sind aber auch flüssige Arzneiformen wie Suspensionen umfasst.
- Erfindungsgemäß bevorzugt sind Festdosierungsformen, wie Pellets, Kapseln und Tabletten. Diese können beschichtet oder unbeschichtet sein. Tabletten können beispielsweise durch Trockenkompaktierung oder Direktverpressen der zerkleinerten, insbesondere gemahlenen festen Dispersion in Mischung mit dem externen Polymer hergestellt werden.
- Pellets können beispielsweise durch Schneiden von Strängen beim Verlassen eines Extruders und anschließendes Abkühlen hergestellt werden. Dazu eignet sich insbesondere ein hinter den Extruder geschalteter Mikropelletizer. Zur Herstellung von Granulaten eignet sich beispielsweise ein hinter einem Extruder und ein Kühlband geschalteter Granulator, der die erstarrten Stränge in Granulate schneidet.
- Zur Herstellung von Kapseln kann die feste Dispersion gemahlen und mit dem externen Polymer sowie gegebenenfalls weiteren Hilfsstoffen gemischt und in Kapseln, beispielsweise Gelatinekapseln, abgefüllt werden.
- Die Formulierung der festen Dispersion zu Tabletten erfolgt mit üblichen pharmazeutischen Hilfs- und Zusatzstoffen, wobei das externe Polymer zur Lösungsstabilisierung ebenfalls zugesetzt wird. Weitere geeignete Hilfsstoffe sind in der Regel Füllstoffe, Bindemittel, Sprengmittel, Fließregulierungsmittel, Schmiermittel, Geschmacksstoffe sowie gegebenenfalls weitere Zusatzstoffe.
- Die erfindungsgemäßen pharmazeutischen Formulierungen können beispielsweise 0-90 Gew.-% Hilfsstoffe enthalten.
- Der Gehalt an Sprengmitteln kann im Bereich von 1-40 Gew.-%, vorzugsweise 20-30 Gew.-% liegen, abhängig vom verwendeten Sprengmittel, der Füllstoffe und der übrigen Zusatzstoffe.
- Der Gehalt an Schmiermittel ist in der Regel im Bereich von 0,1-4 Gew.-%.
- Die vorstehend genannten Hilfsstoffmengen beziehen sich jeweils auf das Gesamtgewicht der pharmazeutischen Formulierung.
- Als Füllstoffe können eine oder mehrere Verbindungen verwendet werden, wie z.B. mikrokristalline Cellulose, Stärke, Cellulosepulver, Lactose, insbesondere sprühgetrocknete Lactose, Glucose, Mannitol und Sorbitol.
- Geeignete Sprengmittel sind Stärke, insbesondere Maisstärke, Alginsäure und deren Salze und Derivate, wie Calciumalginat und Natriumalginat, Natriumcarboxymethylcellulose, Polyacrylsäure, quervernetztes Polyvinylpyrrolidon, vernetzte Natriumcarboxymethylcellulose, quervernetzte Natriumcarboxymethylstärke, niedrigsubstituierte Natriumcarboxymethylcellulose, Natriumhydrogencarbonat und Magnesiumperoxid. Geeignete Schmiermittel sind beispielsweise Magnesiumstearat, Calciumbehenat, Glycerinmonostearat, Stearinsäure, hydrierte Pflanzenfette, PEG 4000, Natriumdodecylsulfat, Magnesiumdodecylsulfat und Talcum. Als Fließregulierungsmittel eignet sich beispielsweise hochdisperses Siliciumdioxid.
- Liegt die erfindungsgemäße pharmazeutische Formulierung beispielsweise als Tablette oder Pellet vor, kann sie mit einem oder mehreren Beschichtungsmitteln mit einer oder mehreren Schichten filmbeschichtet sein. Verwendbare Beschichtungsmittel sind beispielsweise Filmbildner, wie Cellulosederivate (z.B. MC, HEC, HPC, HPMC, NaCMC), Methacrylate, Copovidon, PVP, Celluloseacetatphthalat, Hyroxypropylmethylcellulosephthalat, Carboxymethylethylcellulose, Polyvinylacetatphthalat, Schellack, Methacrylsäureester und Ethylcellulose.
- Falls erforderlich, können den Filmen weitere Hilfsstoffe wie z.B. Weichmacher zugesetzt werden.
- Falls für die Beschichtung Wasser eingesetzt wird, kann dies zu einer Kristallisation des Wirkstoffs in der festen Dispersion führen oder diese beschleunigen. In diesem Fall kann es wünschenswert sein, die Beschichtung als "Dry Coating" aufzubringen oder eine Zwischenschicht vorzusehen, die die feste Dispersion vor einer Berührung mit dem Lösungsmittel während der Beschichtung schützt. Gleiches gilt, wenn die äußere Beschichtung eine Substanz wie einen Weichmacher enthält, die sich nachteilig auf die Stabilität der amorphen Form des Wirkstoffs auswirken kann.
- Das Tablettengewicht ist nicht besonders eingeschränkt, übliche Tabletten sind 100 bis 800 mg, z.B. 300 bis 400 mg.
- Die Herstellung fester Dispersionen, die für die erfindungsgemäße pharmazeutische Formulierung geeignet sind, ist dem Fachmann bekannt. Verschiedene Verfahren sind beispielsweise in der
WO 03/000294 A1 - Über die Temperatur der letzten Zylinder vor der Düsenplatte kann die Viskosität der Schmelze reguliert werden. Dabei gibt es für jedes System eine Mindesttemperatur, da die Düse sonst verstopft. Die Extrusion erfolgt hierbei vorzugsweise bei einem Auslassdruck von ca. 20 bar bis ca. 100 bar, insbesondere von ca. 20 bar bis ca. 50 bar.
- Damit die Extrudate nicht zu einer einzigen Masse zusammenkleben sondern als getrennte Stränge erstarren ist es darüber hinaus vorzuziehen, dass das Extrudat nicht klebrig ist.
- Hierzu sollte die feste Dispersion eine Glasübergangstemperatur oberhalb von 18 °C aufweisen.
- Das erhaltene Extrudat liegt typischerweise in unterschiedlich langen Strängen vor, die nach dem Austritt aus dem Extruder nach dem Abkühlen zufällig gebrochen werden. Diese können dann weiter beispielsweise mit einer Mühle, z.B. einer Zentrifugalmühle zerkleinert werden, um Fraktionen bestimmter Partikelgröße zu erhalten. Je nach Mahlvorgang kann man dabei Partikel unterschiedlicher Größe herstellen. Typischerweise liegt die Partikelgröße unterhalb 500 µm. Dies entspricht gleichzeitig der Partikelgröße der am meisten eingesetzten Hilfsstoffe zur Herstellung fester Arzneiformen. Somit wird ein besseres Mischen des gemahlenen Extrudats mit den Hilfsstoffen ermöglicht.
- Die Schmelze verlässt den Extruder in Form von Strängen unterschiedlicher Länge, die als solche noch keine Arzneiform darstellen. Um die Schmelze zu einer gleichmäßig dosierten Arzneiform zu verarbeiten, muss das Extrudat zunächst zerkleinert, beispielsweise in einer Mühle gemahlen werden. Der Mahlprozess hat dabei auf die amorphe, unterkühlte/glasartige Schmelze keinen Einfluss, so dass sich keine Kristallkerne bilden und das amorphe System stabil bleibt.
- Die Schmelzextrusion hat gegenüber anderen bekannten Herstellungsverfahren den Vorteil, dass durch eine intensive Homogenisierung feste Lösungen erhalten werden können. Außerdem kann mit relativ hochviskosen Polymerschmelzen gearbeitet werden. Entsprechende Polymere mit einer relativ hohen Glasübergangstemperatur eignen sich besonders als Rekristallisationsinhibitoren. Schließlich kann auf den Einsatz von Lösungsmitteln bei der Schmelzextrusion vollständig verzichtet werden, so dass ein aufwändiges Entfernen von Lösungsmittelrückständen nicht erforderlich ist.
- Figur 1:
- Freisetzung erfindungsgemäßes (transparentes) Eudragit E-Celecoxib (CEL)-Extrudate (50% CEL); Paddle, 0,1N HCl, 250nm, im Vergleich zu nicht erfindungsgemäßem, kristallinem (opaquen) Extrudat und einer physikalischen Mischung aus CEL und Eudragit E.
- Figur 2:
- Rekristallisationsinhibition durch Zusatz von 10% HPMC zum Freisetzungsmedium; Paddle, 0,1N HCl, 250nm. Die unteren Kurven stellen die Freisetzung des reinen gemahlenen Extrudats dar (50% Celecoxib, 50% Eudragit E); die oberen Kurven die Freisetzung des reinen gemahlenen Extrudats (50% Celecoxib, 50% Eudragit E) in einer Lösung, die 10% (bezogen auf die Extrudat-Einwaage) HPMC enthält. Dargestellt sind jeweils zwei Kurven, also n=2.
- Figur 3:
- Lagerstabilität Eudragit E-CEL-Extrudate (50% CEL) bei RT / 60% r.F.
- Figur 4:
- Stabilität Eudragit E-Celecoxib-Extrudate (50% CEL) bei mechanischer Einwirkung in einer Mühle auf das Extrudat.
- Die vorliegende Erfindung wird nachfolgend anhand von Beispielen erläutert, die jedoch nicht einschränkend sein sollen.
- Für die Schmelzextrusion wurden 50% Gew.-% Eudragit E und 50 Gew.-% Celecoxib in einem Turbula-Mischer gemischt und über die Dosiereinheit in den Extruder dosiert. Die Extrusion erfolgte bei einem Auslassdruck von 20 bis 50 bar. Die Zylinder wurden vor dem Einsatz mehrere Stunden vorgewärmt.
- Unter den gewählten Bedingungen wurden transparente Extrudate in Form von Strängen mit einem Durchmesser von ca. 1 mm erhalten, welche bei Raumtemperatur abgekühlt und gemahlen wurden.
- Die Freisetzung des Wirkstoffs aus den Extrudaten aus Beispiel 1 wurde in 900 mL 0,1 N HCl mit einer Paddle-Apparatur gemessen. Um zu sehen, ob die Lösungsgeschwindigkeit durch Herstellung einer festen Lösung verbessert werden konnte, wurden neben dem transparenten Extrudat auch ein opaques (d.h. kristallinen Wirkstoff enthaltendes) Extrudat und die physikalische Mischung aus Wirkstoff und Polymer freigesetzt.
- Die in vitro Freisetzungsversuche ergaben, dass innerhalb 5 Minuten eine 33-fache Übersättigung stattfindet. Liegen Kristalle im Extrudat vor, kommt es nur zu einer geringeren Übersättigung. Die Ergebnisse sind in
Figur 1 graphisch dargestellt. - Die in vitro Freisetzungsversuche haben gezeigt, dass der Wirkstoff nach ca. 10 Minuten wieder ausfällt. Damit der Wirkstoff vom Körper resorbiert werden kann, muss er aber gelöst vorliegen. Deshalb wurde versucht, den Wirkstoff möglichst lange in Lösung zu halten.
- Dazu wurden 10% HPMC zum Freisetzungsmedium gegeben und die Probe aus Beispiel 2 erneut freigesetzt. Der Wirkstoff wurde in 5 bis 10 Minuten vollständig freigesetzt und die übersättigte Lösung wurde über einen Zeitraum von ca. 60 Minuten stabilisiert. Das Ergebnis ist in
Figur 2 dargestellt. - Die Extrudate aus Beispiel 1 wurden 6-12 Monate bei Raumtemperatur und bei Raumtemperatur / 60% relativer Feuchte gelagert, um die Stabilität der amorphen Systeme zu untersuchen. Der Versuch zeigte, dass die transparenten Extrudate lagerstabil sind und nicht rekristallisieren. Die Ergebnisse sind in
Figur 3 wiedergegeben. - Die Extrudatstränge aus Beispiel 1 wurden mit einer Zentrifugalmühle in Partikel <500µm gemahlen, um sie weiter zu Tabletten, Kapseln etc. verarbeiten zu können. Da ein mechanischer Energieeintrag sich negativ auf das amorphe System auswirken kann, indem sich Kristallkeime bilden, wurde mittels Röntgendiffraktometrie überprüft, ob sich nach dem Mahlen Kristallkeime gebildet haben.
- Als Ergebnis konnte festgestellt werden, dass das Mahlen keinen Einfluss auf den amorphen Zustand hat und die Extrudate auch nach der Verarbeitung zu Pulver amorphe Systeme darstellen, da keine Banden des kristallinen Celecoxibs detektierbar sind. Das Ergebnis ist in
Figur 4 wiedergegeben.
Claims (15)
- Pharmazeutische Formulierung, umfassenda) eine feste Dispersion, die einen in amorpher Form in ein Polymer eingebetteten Wirkstoff enthält, undb) unabhängig von der festen Dispersion ein externes Polymer als Lösungsstabilisator,dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die feste Dispersion ein Polymer enthält, das gleichzeitig als Löslichkeitsverbesserer und Rekristallisationsinhibitor wirkt und die pharmazeutische Formulierung 3 bis weniger als 20 Gew.-% externes Polymer enthält, bezogen auf das Gesamtgewicht aus fester Dispersion und externem Polymer.
- Pharmazeutische Formulierung nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der Wirkstoff in Wasser schwer löslich oder schlechter löslich als schwer löslich ist.
- Pharmazeutische Formulierung nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche,
dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der Wirkstoff Celecoxib oder ein pharmazeutisch verträgliches Salz davon ist. - Pharmazeutische Formulierung nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche,
dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das Polymer der festen Dispersion ausgewählt ist aus der Gruppe bestehend aus Eudragiten, insbesondere Eudragit E, Copovidon, Zuckeralkohole, Ammoniummethacrylat Copolymer, Poly(dimethylaminoethylmethacrylatcomethacrylat Ester), Poly(methylacrylatcomethylmethacrylatcomethacrylsäure), Poly(methacrylsäurecomethylmethacrylat) 1:2, Hydroxypropylcellulose, Ethylcellulose, Celluloseacetatbutyrat, Celluloseacetatphthalat, Poly(ethylenoxid), Poly(ethylenglycol), Poly(vinylpyrrolidon), Poly(vinylacetat), Hydroxypropylmethylcellulosephthalat, Polyvinylpyrrolidoncovinylacetat, Hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, Hydroxypropylmethylcelluloseacetatsuccinat, Poly(lactidcoglycolid), Polyvinylalkohol, Chitosanlactat, Pectin, Carbomer, Polycarbophil, Poly(ethylencovinylacetat), Polyethylen, Poly(vinylacetatcomethacrylsäure), Polycaprolacton, Carnaubawachs, Ethylenvinylacetat Copolymer, Glycerolpalmitostearat, Stärke, Maltodextrin, Isomalt und Polyvinylalkoholpolyethylenglycol Copolymer. - Pharmazeutische Formulierung nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche,
dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das externe Polymer ausgewählt ist aus der Gruppe bestehend aus Cellulosederivaten, Carrageenan, Xanthan, Tragant, Johannisbrotkernmehl, Guarkernmehl, Copolymere der Methacrylsäure, Galactomannane, Alginate, Stärke, Modifizierte Stärke, Agar-Agar, Gummi arabicum, Tarakernmehl und Pektin. - Pharmazeutische Formulierung nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche,
dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das externe Polymer Hydroxypropylmethylcellulose ist. - Pharmazeutische Formulierung nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche,
dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die feste Dispersion mindestens 30 Gew.-%, insbesondere mindestens 40 Gew.-%, vorzugsweise 45-55 Gew.-% Wirkstoff enthält, bezogen auf das Gesamtgewicht der festen Dispersion. - Pharmazeutische Formulierung nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche,
dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass sie 5-15 Gew.-%, vorzugsweise 8-12 Gew.-% externes Polymer enthält, bezogen auf das Gesamtgewicht der festen Dispersion. - Pharmazeutische Formulierung nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche,
dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass sie in der festen Dispersion nur ein Polymer enthält. - Pharmazeutische Formulierung nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche,
dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die feste Dispersion durch Schmelzextrusion erhältlich ist. - Pharmazeutische Formulierung nach Anspruch 10, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die feste Dispersion eine Glasübergangstemperatur von >18 °C aufweist.
- Verfahren zur Herstellung einer pharmazeutischen Formulierung nach einem der Ansprüche 1-11, umfassend die Schritte:- Aufschmelzen und Mischen des Polymers, das gleichzeitig als Löslichkeitsverbesserer und Rekristallisationsinhibitor wirkt, und des Wirkstoffs,- Abkühlen der Schmelze um eine feste Dispersion zu erhalten, die einen in amorpher Form in das Polymer eingebetteten Wirkstoff enthält,- Zerkleinern der festen Dispersion,- Mischen der festen Dispersion mit einem externen Polymer als Lösungsstabilisator und- Herstellen der pharmazeutischen Formulierung aus dem Gemisch.
- Verfahren nach Anspruch 12, wobei die feste Dispersion durch Schmelzextrusion erhalten wird.
- Verfahren nach Anspruch 13, wobei das Aufschmelzen bei einer Temperatur unterhalb des Schmelzpunkts des Wirkstoffs erfolgt.
- Verfahren nach Anspruch 14, wobei das Aufschmelzen bei einer Temperatur erfolgt, die 0,1-5 °C oberhalb der Glasübergangstemperatur oder des Schmelzpunkts des Polymers und 0,1-5 °C unterhalb des Schmelzpunkts des Wirkstoffs liegt.
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