EP2099469A2 - Radiation protection and treatment for exposure to gamma-radiation - Google Patents
Radiation protection and treatment for exposure to gamma-radiationInfo
- Publication number
- EP2099469A2 EP2099469A2 EP07874288A EP07874288A EP2099469A2 EP 2099469 A2 EP2099469 A2 EP 2099469A2 EP 07874288 A EP07874288 A EP 07874288A EP 07874288 A EP07874288 A EP 07874288A EP 2099469 A2 EP2099469 A2 EP 2099469A2
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- branched
- chain
- alkyl
- straight
- lpa
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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Classifications
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
- A61K31/66—Phosphorus compounds
- A61K31/675—Phosphorus compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. pyridoxal phosphate
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
- A61K31/66—Phosphorus compounds
- A61K31/661—Phosphorus acids or esters thereof not having P—C bonds, e.g. fosfosal, dichlorvos, malathion or mevinphos
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P1/00—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P39/00—General protective or antinoxious agents
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P7/00—Drugs for disorders of the blood or the extracellular fluid
Definitions
- the invention relates generally to radioprotective agents, and more specifically to compositions that act as effectors of the LPA 2 receptor and their use as radioprotective agents.
- the stem cells of the intestinal mucosa represent one of the most radiation- vulnerable cell types in the mammalian body.
- the threat of radiation exposure is a serious public health concern.
- the hematopoietic syndrome is the result of destruction of bone marrow, resulting in infection and hemorrhage
- the gastrointestinal syndrome is the result of destructive changes in the gastrointestinal tract and bone marrow, resulting in infection, dehydration and electrolyte imbalance, with death usually occurring within 2 weeks
- the cardiovascular/central nervous system syndrome is the result of collapse of the circulatory system, increased fluid and pressure in the brain, vasculitis, and meningitis. Death from the cardiovascular/central nervous system syndrome usually occurs within 3 days. Certain free radical scavengers may ameliorate the central nervous system syndrome.
- Lysophosphatidic acid (l-radyl-2-hydroxy-5 i ⁇ -glycero-3-phosphate, LPA) is a growth factor-like lipid mediator with anti-apoptotic actions elicited through a set of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR).
- LPAi LPA 2 , LPA 3 , LPA 4 , and LP A 5
- LPAi LPA 2 receptor subtypes
- LPA 2 receptor subtypes Li C, et al. Lysophosphatidic acid inhibits cholera toxin-induced secretory diarrhea through CFTR-dependent protein interactions. J Exp Med 2005;202:975-86; Yun CC, et al. LP A2 receptor mediates mitogenic signals in human colon cancer cells.
- LPA 2 receptors play an important attenuating role in bacterial toxin- induced secretory diarrhea via PDZ- domain-mediated protein-protein interactions inhibiting the activation of the CFTR Cl " channel (Li C, et al. Lysophosphatidic acid inhibits cholera toxin-induced secretory diarrhea through CFTR-dependent protein interactions. J Exp Med 2005;202:975-86).
- Lysophosphatidic acid as a potent anti-apoptotic agent for the intestinal epithelium (Gastroenterology, 123:206-216).
- Apoptosis in the intestinal epithelium is the primary pathological factor that leads to chemotherapy- or radiation- induced gastrointestinal damage (Potten CS. Radiation, the ideal cytotoxic agent for studying the cell biology of tissues such as the small intestine. Radiat Res 2004; 161: 123- 36; Hall PA, et al. Regulation of cell number in the mammalian gastrointestinal tract: the importance of apoptosis. J Cell Sci 1994; 107 ( Pt 12):3569-77; Pritchard DM, Watson AJ.
- LPA phospholipase- and lipase- mediated deacylation or (lipid)phosphatase-mediated dephosphorylation, since the products of these enzymatic reactions can no longer activate LPA receptors.
- the invention relates to compositions for use in methods for decreasing damage to and increasing survival of cells of the gastrointestinal system following radiation exposure, the method comprising administering to a human or animal that has been exposed to radiation a therapeutically-effective amount of a compound as in formula
- X 1 x 2 (I) wherein, at least one of X 1 , X 2 , and X 3 is (HO) 2 PS-Z 1 -, or (HO) 2 PO-Z 2 -P(OH)S-Z 1 -, X 1 and X 2 are linked together as — O — PS(OH) — O — , or X 1 and X 3 are linked together as — O— PS(OH) -NH-; at least one of X 1 , X 2 , and X 3 is R 1 — Y x -A- with each being the same or different when two of X 1 , X 2 , and X 3 are R 1 — Y x -A-, or X 2 and X 3 are linked together as -N(H) -C(O) -N(R 1 )-; optionally, one of X 1 , X 2 , and X 3 is H;
- A is either a direct link, (CH 2 )k with k being an integer from 0 to 30, or O;
- Y 1 is — (CH 2 )/ — with / being an integer from 1 to 30, — O — , — S — ,
- Z 1 is — (CH 2 ) m — , -CF 2 -, — CF 2 (CH 2 ) m — , or — O(CH 2 ) m — with m being an integer from 1 to 50, — C(R 3 )H— , -NH-, — O— , or -S-;
- Z 2 is — (CH 2 ) n — or — O(CH 2 ) n — with n being an integer from 1 to 50 or — O — ;
- R 1 for each of X 1 , X 2 , or X 3 , is independently hydrogen, a straight or branched- chain Cl to C30 alkyl, a straight or branched-chain C2 to C30 alkenyl, an aromatic or heteroaromatic ring with or without mono-, di-, or tri- substitutions of the ring, an acyl including a Cl to C30 alkyl or an aromatic or heteroaromatic ring, an arylalkyl including straight or branched-chain Cl to C30 alkyl, an aryloxy alkyl including straight or branched-chain Cl to C30 alkyl,
- R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , R 7 , and R 8 are independently hydrogen, a straight or branched- chain Cl to C30 alkyl, a straight or branched-chain C2 to C30 alkenyl, an aromatic or heteroaromatic ring with or without mono-, di-, or tri- substitutions of the ring, an acyl including a Cl to C30 alkyl or aromatic or heteroaromatic ring, an arylalkyl including straight or branched-chain Cl to C30 alky, or an aryloxyalkyl including straight or branched-chain Cl to C30 alkyl.
- composition as in formula (I) may comprise a compound wherein:
- X 1 is R 1 — Y 1 — A— ;
- X 2 is -Z ⁇ P(S)(OH) 2 ;
- X 3 is hydrogen;
- A is a direct link or (CH 2 ) / with / being an integer from 1-30;
- Y 1 is (CH 2 ) / with / being an integer from 1-30;
- Z 1 is oxygen;
- R 1 is independently a straight or branched-chain Ci to C 30 alkyl, a straight or branched-chain C 2 to C 30 alkenyl, an aromatic or heteroaromatic ring (optionally substituted), an acyl including a Ci to C 30 alkyl, an aromatic or heteroaromatic ring, an arylalkyl including straight or branched-chain Ci to C 30 alkyl, an aryloxyalkyl including straight or branched-chain Ci to C 30 alkyl,
- R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , R 7 , and R 8 are independently hydrogen, a straight or branched- chain Ci to C 30 alkyl, a straight or branched-chain C 2 to C 30 alkenyl, an aromatic or heteroaromatic ring with or without mono-, di-, or tri- substitutions of the ring, an acyl including a Ci to C 30 alkyl or aromatic or heteroaromatic ring, an arylalkyl including straight or branched-chain Ci to C 30 alky, or an aryloxyalkyl including straight or branched-chain Ci to C30 alkyl.
- the step of administering to a human or animal that has been exposed to radiation a therapeutically-effective amount of a compound as in formula (I) may be performed by oral administration for the prevention of cellular damage, increasing cellular survival, and treating radiation sickness resulting from radiation exposure to the gastrointestinal system, including, for example, cells of the small intestine, large intestine, or both.
- the invention also provides methods for the use of compositions of formula (I) as described above for decreasing damage to and increasing survival of cells of the hematopoietic system prior to or subsequent to radiation exposure, the method comprising administering to a human or animal that has been exposed to radiation a therapeutically-effective amount of a compound as in formula (I).
- Administering to a human or animal that has been exposed to radiation a therapeutically-effective amount of a compound as in formula (I) for the prevention of cell damage, cell death, and/or radiation sickness resulting from the hematopoietic syndrome may be performed by subcutaneous administration, by intramuscular administration, by intravenous administration, or other similar means, and may be more easily performed by subcutaneous administration or intramuscular administration via injection if self-administration is necessary.
- kits for preventing or treating radiation sickness comprising a therapeutically-effective amount of a compound as in formula (I) in an orally- administrable form and a form chosen from the group consisting of subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous, and intraperitoneal administration.
- a kit may comprise an orally-administrable form of thiophosphoric acid O-octadec-9-enyl ester and an injectable form of thiophosphoric acid O-octadec-9-enyl ester for the treatment of the gastrointestinal syndrome and the hematopoietic syndrome of radiation sickness.
- Fig. 1 Chemical structures of LPA and OTP (Panel A). Molecular models of OTP docked into the ligand binding pocket of LPA receptors (Panel B). Ca 2+ transients elicited by OTP and LPA in RH7777 cells stably expressing the individual EDG family LPA receptors (Panel C). Wild type RH7777 cells show no Ca 2+ transients in response to LPA up to concentrations as high as 10 ⁇ M. [016] Fig. 2. Activation of pro survival signaling pathways by LPA and OTP in
- IEC-6 cells IEC-6 cells. IEC-6 cells were pretreated with pertussis toxin (PTX, 50 ng/ml) overnight, PD98059 (20 ⁇ M) for 1 h, or LY294002 (10 ⁇ M) for 30 min, followed by the addition of 10 DM OTP or LPA. Activation of ERK1/2 (Panel A), P38 MAPK (Panel B), and PKB/AKT (Panel C) was evaluated by Western blot 5 min after treatment with 10 ⁇ M OTP or LPA. A total of 20 ⁇ g lysate protein was loaded for each lane.
- PTX pertussis toxin
- RH7777 cells were transfected with empty pCDNA3.1 vector or LPAi, LPA 2 , or LPA 3 and pre-incubated with 10 ⁇ M OTP or LPA for 15 min, followed by TNF- ⁇ (20 ng/ml) plus CHX (10 ⁇ g/ml) exposure to induce apoptosis (Panel A). Whereas LPA reduced TNF- ⁇ CHX- induced DNA fragmentation in all three transfectants, OTP was effective only in LPA 2 cells. Both ligands elicited Ca 2+ transients in these same cell lines (cf. Fig. 1C).
- LPAi and LPA 2 transfectants were pretreated with pertussis toxin overnight (PTX, 50 ng/ml), the MEK inhibitor PD98059 (20 ⁇ M) for 1 h, or the PDK inhibitor LY294002 (10 ⁇ M) for 30 min, followed by the addition of 10 ⁇ M OTP or LPA for 15 min and challenged with TNF- ⁇ (20 ng/ml) plus CHX (10 ⁇ g/ml). DNA fragmentation was evaluated 6 h after TNF- ⁇ CHX addition. The reduction in DNA fragmentation was partially sensitive to PTX in LPA 2 cells and was abolished in LPAi cells. *p ⁇ 0.05, **p ⁇ 0.001 compared with TNF- ⁇ CHX alone. Data shown represent means ⁇ SD of three experiments.
- FIG. 4 OTP inhibits apoptosis in small intestinal epithelia of mice following ⁇ -irradiation.
- Wild type C57BL6 (black bars) and LPAi (grey bars) or LPA 2 KO mice (open bars) were given vehicle orally (100 ⁇ l 200 ⁇ M BSA control), LPA (200 ⁇ M) or OTP (200 ⁇ M) 2 h before subjecting them to 15 Gy whole body ⁇ -irradiation. Animals were sacrificed 4 h after irradiation to evaluate apoptosis in the small intestine by H&E staining. (Panel A) The mean number of apoptotic cells per crypt- villus unit.
- LPA and OTP caused a statistically significant decrease in the number of apoptotic bodies compared to the vehicle-treated animal group (p ⁇ 0.01). Furthermore, OTP was significantly more effective than LPA (*p ⁇ 0.05). The number of apoptotic bodies was significantly higher in the LPA 2 KO mice compared to wild type or LPAi mice (*p ⁇
- Fig. 5 OTP and LPA reduced caspase 3 activation and activated prosurvival pathways in vivo.
- C57/BL6 mice were pretreated with 2 mg/kg LPA or OTP for 2 h and subjected to 15 Gy radiation exposure. Mice were sacrificed 4 h after radiation.
- Panel A Quantification of active caspase 3 immunoreactive cells. Paraffin- embedded jejunum sections from animals treated with radiation and pretreated with either LPA or OTP were stained with a rabbit polyclonal active caspase 3 antibody and fluorescein-labeled secondary antibody using indirect immunofluorescence as described under Methods, and the sections were counterstained with DAPI.
- Active caspase 3 immunoreactive cells were counted in a minimum of 100 crypt- villus units in groups of four animals in the groups. Both agents significantly reduced the number of activated caspase 3 positive cells (p ⁇ 0.05) when compared with vehicle-treated controls.
- Caspase 3 activity was determined in epithelial cell lysates prepared from the same animals whose jejunum segments were used for activated caspase 3 immuno staining in panel A. LPA and OTP both significantly reduced caspase 3 activity in the tissue lysates, a finding in agreement with the reduced number of active caspase 3 cells.
- Sections of vehicle-treated mice showed less BCI-X L expression compared to sections obtained from mice treated with LPA (B) or OTP (C).
- Calibration bar is 200 ⁇ m. The patterns shown represent sections obtained from all mice in the corresponding group of four mice per treatment.
- FIG. 7 Clonogenic regeneration assays reveal increased intestinal crypt survival in OTP- and LPA-treated mice following irradiation.
- Crypt survival was evaluated by H&E staining combined with BrdU immuno staining.
- Data are expressed as means ⁇ SD of surviving crypts per cross-section.
- the level of significance based on Student's t-test was *p ⁇ 0.05, or **p ⁇ 0.01, between the designated groups, and was # p ⁇ 0.01 compared to irradiation alone and between the mean crypt survival in wild type and LPAi and LPA 2 KO mice.
- FIG. 8 Graphs illustrating the effects of oleyl thiophosphate (OTP) in ameliorating radiation-induced acute hematopoietic syndrome.
- OTP oleyl thiophosphate
- Left panel OTP increases peripheral WBC counts, as indicated.
- Right panel OTP increases peripheral platelet counts, as indicated.
- Mice were randomized into control and OTP treatment groups, and were then subjected to a single dose of 6 Gy whole-body irradiation. A single dose of OTP (2.5 mg/kg) or vehicle was administered by subcutaneous injection 6 hrs after radiation exposure. Peripheral blood was collected at day 6, 12 and 18 after irradiation exposure. Total white blood cells (WBC) and platelets (PLT) were counted using a Zl cell coulter (Beckman, FL).
- WBC white blood cells
- PLT platelets
- the inventors had previously reported the discovery of a novel composition for use as a gastrointestinal radioprotectant when administered prior to radiation exposure. Here they report the use of the composition as a gastrointestinal radioprotectant when administered after radiation exposure, being shown by the inventors to be effective if provided even multiple hours after radiation exposure, and the use of the composition as a radioprotectant for preventing or treating the hematopoietic syndrome associated with radiation exposure, if administered either prior to or multiple hours after radiation exposure.
- kits for protecting and treating humans and animals exposed to ⁇ -radiation comprising a combination of a compound of formula (I) in a form for oral administration for the protection and treatment of cells of the gastrointestinal system and a compound of formula (I) for subcutaneous or intravenous administration for the protection and treatment of cells in the hematopoietic system.
- Subcutaneous, intravenous, intraperitoneal, intramuscular, or other means of administration may be included in the use of the composition for protection and treatment of the hematopoietic system, intraperitoneal and other means of administration may be included in the use of the composition for protecting the cells and tissues of the gastrointestinal system, and subcutaneous, intravenous, intraperitoneal or other means of achieving distribution of the composition outside the gastrointestinal system may also be included in the use of the composition for the protection of the cardiovascular and central nervous systems.
- Tablets, capsules, gelcaps, syrups, liquids, and other orally-administrable formulations may be provided for the oral administration of a compound of formula (I), while syringes, single injection devices, and other injection means may be provided for the subcutaneous administration of a compound of formula (I).
- orally-administrable tablets, capsules, or other easy-to-administer formulations comprising the compound thiophosphoric acid O-octadec-9-enyl ester (oleyl thiophosphate; OTP) may be provided in bottles, vials, blister packs, or other containers in a kit with a subcutaneously injectable form of OTP such as a combination of one or more vials of OTP and at least one syringe, or one or more auto-injectable single unit combinations of OTP and injection device.
- OTP thiophosphoric acid
- OTP thioctadec-9-enyl ester
- kits may comprise a subcutaneously-injectable formulation of OTP in a form such as, for example, a vial of OTP and a syringe, an autoinjectable single unit combination of OTP and injection device, or other combination of OTP and means for subcutaneous or intramuscular injection of OTP.
- Useful dosages of the compounds of formula (I) can be determined utilizing the information provided herein and by comparing their in vitro activity, and in vivo activity in animal models. Methods for the extrapolation of effective dosages in mice, and other animals, to humans are known to those of skill in the art.
- Formulations of the composition may be presented in a single dose form or as divided doses for administration at appropriate intervals such as, for example, as two, three, four or more sub-doses per day.
- X 1 X 2 (I) wherein, at least one of X 1 , X 2 , and X 3 is (HO) 2 PS-Z 1 -, or (HO) 2 PO-Z 2 -P(OH)S-Z 1 -, X 1 and X 2 are linked together as — O — PS(OH) — O — , or X 1 and X 3 are linked together as — O— PS(OH) -NH-; at least one of X 1 , X 2 , and X 3 is R 1 — Y x -A- with each being the same or different when two of X 1 , X 2 , and X 3 are R 1 — Y x -A-, or X 2 and X 3 are linked together as -N(H) -C(O) -N(R 1 )-; optionally, one of X 1 , X 2 , and X 3 is H;
- A is either a direct link, (CH 2 )k with k being an integer from 0 to 30, or O;
- Y 1 is — (CH 2 ) / — with / being an integer from 1 to 30, — O — , — S — ,
- Z 1 is — (CH 2 ) m — , -CF 2 -, — CF 2 (CH 2 ) m — , or — O(CH 2 ) m — with m being an integer from 1 to 50, — C(R 3 )H— , -NH-, —O-, or -S-;
- Z 2 is — (CH 2 ) n — or — O(CH 2 ) n — with n being an integer from 1 to 50 or — O — ;
- R 1 for each of X 1 , X 2 , or X 3 , is independently hydrogen, a straight or branched- chain Cl to C30 alkyl, a straight or branched-chain C2 to C30 alkenyl, an aromatic or heteroaromatic ring with or without mono-, di-, or tri- substitutions of the ring, an acyl including a Cl to C30 alkyl or an aromatic or heteroaromatic ring, an arylalkyl including straight or branched-chain Cl to C30 alkyl, an aryloxy alkyl including straight or branched-chain Cl to C30 alkyl,
- R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , R 7 , and R 8 are independently hydrogen, a straight or branched- chain Cl to C30 alkyl, a straight or branched-chain C2 to C30 alkenyl, an aromatic or heteroaromatic ring with or without mono-, di-, or tri- substitutions of the ring, an acyl including a Cl to C30 alkyl or aromatic or heteroaromatic ring, an arylalkyl including straight or branched-chain Cl to C30 alky, or an aryloxyalkyl including straight or branched-chain Cl to C30 alkyl.
- thiophosphoric acid O-octadec-9- enyl ester OTP
- OTP oleyl thiophosphate
- X 1 is R 1 — Y 1 — A— ;
- X 2 is -Z ⁇ P(S)(OH) 2 ;
- X 3 is hydrogen
- A is a direct link or (CH 2 ) / with / being an integer from 1-30;
- Y 1 is (CH 2 ) / with / being an integer from 1-30;
- Z 1 is oxygen
- R 1 is independently a straight or branched-chain Ci to C 30 alkyl, a straight or branched-chain C 2 to C 30 alkenyl, an aromatic or heteroaromatic ring (optionally substituted), an acyl including a Ci to C 30 alkyl, an aromatic or heteroaromatic ring, an arylalkyl including straight or branched-chain Ci to C 30 alkyl, an aryloxyalkyl including straight or branched-chain Ci to C 30 alkyl,
- Il Il Il O S O ; and R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , R 7 , and R 8 are independently hydrogen, a straight or branched- chain Ci to C 30 alkyl, a straight or branched-chain C 2 to C 30 alkenyl, an aromatic or heteroaromatic ring with or without mono-, di-, or tri- substitutions of the ring, an acyl including a Ci to C 30 alkyl or aromatic or heteroaromatic ring, an arylalkyl including straight or branched-chain Ci to C 30 alky, or an aryloxyalkyl including straight or
- LPA consists of a glycerol backbone with a hydroxyl group, a phosphate group, and a fatty acid or fatty alcohol chain. Modeling studies done by the inventors, while identifying the absolute requirement for a negatively charged headgroup and an aliphatic tail, also revealed that the glycerol backbone was not necessary for ligand binding and receptor activation.
- LPA analogs compounds with agonist or antagonist effects on LPA receptors, similar to the effects demonstrated by LPA — and discovered OTP, a compound that could provide a radioprotective effect if administered prior to or subsequent to significant exposure to ⁇ -radiation.
- OTP has demonstrated effectiveness in the inventors' experimental in decreasing cell damage and increasing cell survival in the gastrointestinal system, while LPA is rapidly metabolized in the GI system.
- Radioprotectant compounds for use following radiation exposure could also be provided in food or food supplement products, which might have special benefit for the protection and treatment of animals, particularly pets and agricultural animals to whom their human owners may administer a radioprotectant composition.
- OTP protects intestinal epithelial cells from apoptosis both in vitro and in vivo and was significantly stronger in reducing caspase 3 activation and DNA fragmentation compared to LPA.
- OTP-elicited protection was partially sensitive to PTX.
- OTP-induced reduction of DNA fragmentation and of caspase 3 activation required MEK-ERK 1/2 and PI3K-AKT.
- LPA prevented tumor necrosis factor- ⁇ plus cycloheximide (TNF- ⁇ /CHX)-induced DNA fragmentation through any of the three EDG family LPA receptors inserted into RH7777 cells, OTP protected only cells expressing LPA 2 .
- LPA leoyl
- LPA and OTP were applied to cells complexed with fatty acid-free BSA (Sigma, St. Louis, MO) as previously described Virag T, et al. (Fatty Alcohol Phosphates are Subtype-Selective Agonists and Antagonists of LPA Receptors.
- Camptothecin and cycloheximide (CHX) were purchased from Sigma.
- Recombinant rat TNF- ⁇ was purchased from BD Pharmingen (San Diego, CA).
- PD98059 and PD 158780 were purchased from Calbiochem (San Diego, CA).
- PTX Pertussis toxin
- AG1296, AG1487, W-acetyl-Asp- Glu-His-Asp-p-nitroanilide (Ac-DEVD-pNA) and N-acetyl-Leu-Glu-His-Asp-p- nitroanilide (Ac-LEHD-pNA) colorimetric caspase substrates were from Biomol Laboratories Inc., (Plymouth Meeting, PA).
- rabbit anti-caspase 3 (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc., Santa Cruz, CA), rabbit anti- active caspase 3 (Abeam, Inc., Cambridge, MA), mouse monoclonal anti-JNKl (BD Pharmingen), and mouse monoclonal anti-phospho (Thr 183 /Tyr 185 )-JNK; rabbit anti- ERK1/2 and rabbit anti-phospho-(Tyr 202 /Tyr 204 ) ERK1/2, rabbit anti-AKT, and rabbit anti-phospho-(Ser 473 )-AKT, rabbit anti-Bcl-2, monoclonal mouse anti-Bcl-X L (Cell Signaling, Inc., Beverly, MA), monoclonal mouse anti-phospho-(Thr 180 /Tyr 182 )-P38 (Promega, Madison, WI), and mouse monoclonal anti-actin (Calbiochem).
- Horseradish peroxidase-conjugated anti-rabbit and anti-mouse secondary antibody used for Western blotting was purchased from Sigma.
- FITC-labeled goat anti-rabbit IgG was purchased from Molecular Probe (Eugene, OR).
- Normal goat serum and VECTASHIELD ® Mounting Medium with DAPI were purchased from Vector Laboratories, Inc.(Burlingame, CA).
- mice Groups of four mice were sacrificed after 30 min, 90 min, and 180 min, and blood samples were collected through cardiac puncture using 0.2% EDTA anti-coagulant.
- Ten microliters whole-blood samples from each mouse were mixed with Ecolume (Packard, Boston, MA) liquid scintillation cocktail and counted after 24 h of equilibration in a liquid scintillation counter.
- Membrane fractions (300 ⁇ g/reaction) prepared by centrifugation at 10 4 x g from transgenic LPPl fibroblasts were added to [ 3 H]-OTP (1.5xlO 6 dpm) mixed with 8 ⁇ mole cold OTP and subjected to LPP-I hydrolysis for 8 h using a previously established protocol (Yue J, et al. Mice with transgenic overexpression of lipid phosphate phosphatase- 1 display multiple organotypic deficits without alteration in circulating lysophosphatidate level. Cell Signal 2004; 16: 385-99).
- the reaction mixture was dried in vacuo and the residue was acidified with 100 ⁇ l 1 N HCl and extracted four times with 0.5 ml ethyl acetate. The extracts were combined and the solvent was evaporated. The extracted reaction products were taken up in 2 ml ethyl acetate and a 20 ⁇ l aliquot was applied to TLC using methanol: ether solvent (2:98. WV) as described (Kates M. Techniques of Lipidology. Elsevier, 1988).
- IEC-6 cells were obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (Manassas, VA) at passage 13 and were grown in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum, insulin (10 ⁇ g/ml), and gentamicin sulfate (50 ⁇ g/ml) at 37 0 C in a humidified 90% air/10% CO 2 atmosphere.
- RH7777 cells, stably expressing LPA 2 receptors, were provided by Dr. Fumikazu Okajima (Gunma University, Japan).
- RH7777 cells stably expressing LPAi or LP A 3 receptors were generated by the inventors' group and characterized elsewhere (Fischer DJ, et al. Short-chain phosphatidates are subtype- selective antagonists of lysophosphatidic acid receptors. MoI Pharmacol 2001; 60: 776- 84). Wild type and stably transfected RH7777 cells were grown in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium with 10% fetal bovine serum and 2 mM glutamine containing 250 ⁇ g/ml G418 for the stable transfectants.
- Apoptosis in IEC-6 cells was induced by exposing them to 20 ⁇ M camptothecin or a 25-Gy Cs 137 source ⁇ -irradiation (Mark I model 25 Gamma Irradiator, J. L. Shepherd & Associates, San Fernando, CA) at a rate of 4.80 Gy/min. DNA fragmentation and caspase 3 activity were measured 6 h after camptothecin treatment or 18 h postirradiation.
- Apoptosis in RH7777 cells was induced by 10 ng/ml TNF- ⁇ plus 10 Dg/ml CHX and evaluated 6h later.
- OTP Pharmacological characterization of OTP.
- the ligand properties of OTP were evaluated using RH7777 cells stably transfected with each LPA receptor of the EDG family exactly as described in the inventors' previous report (Durgam GG, et al. Synthesis, structure- activity relationships, and biological evaluation of fatty alcohol phosphates as lysophosphatidic acid receptor ligands, activators of PPAR-gamma, and inhibitors of autotaxin. J Med Chem 2005; 48: 4919-30).
- RH7777 cells lack endogenous Ca 2+ responses to LPA applied as high as 30 ⁇ M, the highest concentration tested but acquire these responses upon transfection of any of the LPA receptors (Virag T, et al.
- Fatty Alcohol Phosphates are Subtype-Selective Agonists and Antagonists of LPA Receptors. MoI Pharmacol 2003;63: 1032-1042; Durgam GG, et al. Synthesis, structure- activity relationships, and biological evaluation of fatty alcohol phosphates as lysophosphatidic acid receptor ligands, activators of PPARgamma, and inhibitors of autotaxin. J Med Chem 2005; 48: 4919-30; Fischer DJ, et al. Short-chain phosphatidates are subtype- selective antagonists of lysophosphatidic acid receptors. MoI Pharmacol 2001;60:776-84). [039] RT-PCR.
- DNA fragmentation was measured by ELISA following the procedure provided with the Cell Death Detection kit from Roche, Inc. (Indianapolis, IN) as described previously (Deng W, et al. Lysophosphatidic acid protects and rescues intestinal epithelial cells from radiation- and chemotherapy-induced apoptosis. Gastroenterology 2002; 123: 206-16; Deng W, et al. LPA protects intestinal epithelial cells from apoptosis by inhibiting the mitochondrial pathway.
- Caspase 3 and caspase 9 activity in IEC-6 cells was measured by ELISA by using the specific Ac- DEVD-pNA chromogenic substrate (for caspase 3) and Ac-LEHD-pNA for caspase 9 as described previously.
- Small intestine samples were washed thoroughly with PBS, scraped off the muscle layer, mixed with lysis buffer, homogenized, and centrifuged. The supernatants were collected for evaluating caspase 3 activity as described above.
- Caspase activity was expressed as picomole pNA cleaved per minute per microgram protein.
- Protein concentrations were determined using the BCA reagent kit (Pierce Biotechnology, Inc., Rockford, IL). For ERK1/2 10 ⁇ g, for AKT 40 ⁇ g, for p38 20 ⁇ g, and for JNK 50 ⁇ g of the cell lysate was fractionated by SDS-PAGE and transferred to PVDF membranes, blocked with 5% nonfat milk, and incubated with various primary antibodies. Blots were reacted with the appropriate HRP- conjugated secondary antibodies and developed using the SuperSignal chemiluminescence reagent (Pierce Biotechnology, Inc.).
- LPA or OTP was administered by oral gavage 2 h before irradiation. Mice were killed either 4 h after irradiation by isoflurane inhalation for analysis of apoptosis or 4 days later for the clonogenic assay. Four segments of the jejunum and the ileum were fixed in 10% neutralized formaldehyde (pH7.4) buffer and processed for histological evaluation. Mice used in the clonogenic regeneration assay received bromo-deoxy uridine (BrdU, 120 mg/kg) and 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine (12 mg/kg) intraperitoneally 2 h before death to label the S -phase regenerating cells in intestine.
- PrdU bromo-deoxy uridine
- 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine (12 mg/kg
- a surviving crypt was defined as a regenerative crypt that contained a cluster of 10 or more H&E- stained cells. The viability of surviving crypts was confirmed by positive immuno staining for BrdU of incorporation into five or more crypt cells.
- TRIS-buffered saline TRIS-buffered saline
- TRIS-buffered saline TRIS-buffered saline
- Rabbit active caspase 3 antibody was diluted 1:50 in 1% BSA/TBS/0.1% Tween and incubated at 4°C overnight.
- FITC-labeled goat anti-rabbit IgG was applied for 2 h after washes, the slides were mounted with VECTASHIELD ® with DAPI (Vector Laboratories) and visualized by Nikon Eclipse 80i fluorescence microscope. At least 100 villi per animal were counted for the presence of activated caspase 3 positive cells.
- OTP ameliorates radiation-induced hematopoietic syndrome by increasing white blood cell production and/or promoting their release from central hematopoietic system; and (2) stimulating platelet production.
- the LP A 3 complex fails to show a strong hydrogen bonding interaction with Q3.29 due to the unfavorably nonlinear angle formed by the amide N-H and the hydrogen bond acceptor (112°).
- a greater number of strong ionic interactions are observed in the LP A 3 complex involving not only R3.28 but also K7.35 (2.2 A P-O:H-N and 2.4 A P-S:H-N distances, respectively).
- OTP failed to interact with R5.38.
- OTP shows both strong ionic interaction with R3.28 (1.6 A P-O:H-N distance) and moderate hydrogen bonding interaction with Q3.29 (142°). This hydrogen bonding angle is within the most highly populated cluster of angles observed in crystal structures.
- the LPA 2 receptor lacks cationic amino acid residues at the top of TM7, so these two interactions comprise the required headgroup interactions for full agonism.
- LPA and OTP activate LPA receptors stably expressed in RH7777 cells, providing a simple assay platform to study the pharmacological properties of these receptors as described in many previous reports.
- OTP was compared in wild type, LPAi, LPA 2 , and LP A 3 transfected RH7777 cells using Ca 2+ mobilization as a measure of receptor activation (Fig.1C).
- OTP was inactive in wild type RH7777 cells up to 30 ⁇ M, the highest concentration tested. However, it activated all three EDG-family LPA receptors with varying potency and efficacy. OTP was always less potent than oleoyl LPA at all three receptors and was less efficacious at LPAi and LP A 3 receptors.
- OTP was a full agonist and showed an apparent EC 50 of 90 nM compared 1 nM for oleoyl LPA.
- LPA protects intestinal epithelial cells from apoptosis induced by four different mechanisms (Deng W, et al. Lysophosphatidic acid protects and rescues intestinal epithelial cells from radiation- and chemotherapy-induced apoptosis. Gastroenterology 2002; 123: 206-16; Deng W, et al.. LPA protects intestinal epithelial cells from apoptosis by inhibiting the mitochondrial pathway. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2003 ;284:G821-9). The inventors compared the antiapoptotic effect of OTP with that of LPA.
- OTP and LPA significantly inhibited caspase 3 and caspase 9 activity induced with ⁇ -irradiation; again, the OTP- induced inhibition was significantly higher than that of LPA (p ⁇ 0.05, Fig. 2C).
- analysis of caspase 3 activation by Western blotting demonstrated that both OTP and LPA significantly inhibited the conversion of the 32-kDa procaspase into its active form, and OTP showed significantly higher inhibition compared to LPA (Fig. 2D. p ⁇ 0.05).
- the antiapoptotic activity of OTP requires PTX- sensitive G protein, mitogen activated protein kinase and PIS '-kinase/ 'AKT signaling.
- the inventors have previously shown that in IEC-6 cells the antiapoptotic action of LPA requires PTX- sensitive G protein, MEK, and PI3 -kinase signaling.
- the inventors found that OTP, just like LPA, activated ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK and AKT phosphorylation (Fig. 3A-C). The inventors did not detect JNK phosphorylation under identical conditions.
- OTP selectively protects LPA 2 transfectants from TNF-a-induced apoptosis.
- RH7777 cells do not endogenously express the EDG-family LPA receptor but express low amounts of LP A 5 transcripts.
- LPA or OTP was applied to wild type RH7777 cells exposed to TNF- ⁇ plus cycloheximide to induce apoptosis, neither compound applied at 10 ⁇ M attenuated DNA fragmentation (Fig. 4A).
- LPA 2 is known to be coupled to G q and it mediates ERK1/2 activation in part, a finding consistent with the partial inhibitory effect of PTX on the apoptotic effect found in IEC6, as well as in LPA 2 transfected RH7777 cells.
- OTP attenuates radiation-induced apoptosis in the intestine.
- LPA given orally prevents apoptosis induced by ⁇ - irradiation in the stem cell region of the intestinal crypt (Deng W, et al. Lysophosphatidic acid protects and rescues intestinal epithelial cells from radiation- and chemotherapy- induced apoptosis. Gastroenterology 2002; 123:206- 16).
- the inventors further tested whether OTP exerted a similar effect and compared its anti-apoptotic efficacy with that of LPA by quantifying apoptotic bodies in the jejunal epithelium 4 h after 15 Gy ⁇ - irradiation ( ⁇ LDioo/io)-
- ⁇ LDioo/io ⁇ - irradiation
- ⁇ -irradiation induced a significantly higher rate of apoptosis per crypt- villus unit in LPA 2 knockouts compared to that in wild type mice, whereas there was no difference between wild type and LPAi mice (Fig. 5A).
- LPA and OTP had the same protective effect in wild type and LPAi mice.
- LPA and OTP failed to attenuate ⁇ -irradiation-induced apoptosis in LPA 2 KO mice.
- the biggest radiation-induced increase in apoptotic bodies was found in the stem cell region of the crypt (Fig. 5B).
- LPA and OTP caused the biggest decrease in the number of apoptotic cells in this region of the crypt suggesting that the cellular targets of LPA and OTP are the stem cells.
- RT-PCR analysis of the LPA receptors showed that all but LPA 4 transcripts were expressed in the tissue (Fig. 5C).
- the LPAi and LPA 2 KO animals showed no compensatory change in the expression of the other LPA receptors.
- LPA 2 is required for the anti- apoptotic effect of OTP. Nonetheless, these data differ from the in vitro findings in the case of LPA and point to the essential role of LPA 2 in mediating the in vivo anti- apoptotic effect of LPA.
- Jejunum and ileum sections were immuno stained with an antibody specific for the activated form of caspase 3, and the number of positive cells was counted in a minimum of 100 crypt- villus units in slides prepared from groups of four animals.
- the inventors could not detect caspase 3 positive cells, possibly due to the low amount of antigen present in cells naturally undergoing apoptosis combined with their low incidence in the healthy small intestine.
- caspase 3 positive cells were readily detected. Both LPA and OTP treatments significantly reduced the number of activated caspase 3 positive cells by -60% (Fig. 6A, p ⁇ 0.05).
- OTP and LPA enhance intestinal crypt survival after radiation injury, ⁇ - irradiation induces apoptosis in crypt cells, which in turn reduces the regenerative or clonogenic potential leading to the disruption of the barrier and absorptive function in the injured gut.
- the inventors examined the effect of LPA and OTP on crypt survival in irradiated mice using H&E staining and BrdU incorporation to monitor regenerating S- phase enterocytes. Irradiation with a dose of 15 Gy caused a 90% reduction in the number of crypts in jejunum in wild type mice within 4 days (Figs. 8-9). Oral LPA or OTP pretreatment enhanced intestinal crypt survival in a dose-dependent manner (Fig. 8A).
- OTP treatment of mice with doses above 0.2 mg/kg significantly enhanced crypt survival, while LPA treatment required a minimum dose of 1.5 mg/kg to cause a significant protection in crypt survival (p ⁇ 0.05, Fig. 8A).
- OTP at doses above 1 mg/kg maintained a significantly greater number of crypts than did LPA (p ⁇ 0.05, Fig. 8A).
- oral OTP applied at 2 mg/kg increased the number of surviving crypts in the jejunum from 10 crypts to an average of 27 crypts per circumference (Fig. 8A).
- LPA 2 KO mice treated the same way as their wild type counterparts described above.
- LPAi and particularly LPA 2 KO mice showed lower crypt survival.
- LPA and OTP both elicited significantly increased crypt survival, which was not significantly different from that seen in wild type mice treated the same manner.
- LPA 2 KO mice revealed significantly higher radiation sensitivity. Whereas in wild type mice exposed to a 15 Gy dose the mean crypt survival per circumference was 10, in LPA 2 KO mice it was as little as 1 crypt/circumference (Fig. 8B). Neither LPA nor OTP applied at 2 mg/kg, the highest dose tested, showed any effect in enhancing intestinal crypt survival in the LPA 2 KO mice.
- OTP is a highly effective antiapoptotic agent that engages prosurvival pathways similar to those elicited by LPA through the LPA 2 receptor subtype.
- OTP shares a pharmacological profile similar to that of LPA in that it activated the three EDG family LPA receptors expressed heterologously in RH7777 cells.
- the rank order of OTP' s EC 50 values was LPA 2 (90 nM) ⁇ LPA 3 ⁇ LPA x based on Ca 2+ transients elicited in this heterologous expression system. These values render OTP a considerably weaker ligand of the three LPA receptors compared to LPA 18: 1.
- OTP when compared to LPA in three different apoptosis models, which included radiation- and camptothecin-elicited DNA damage-induced and TNF- ⁇ /CHX-elicited receptor- induced mechanisms, always surpassed the protective effect of LPA.
- OTP was more effective in reducing the number of apoptotic bodies, caspase 3 positive cells, and caspase 3 activity in C57/BL6 mice expose to an LDioo/15 dose of ⁇ - irradiation.
- OTP was not cleaved by pancreatic lipase, the major lipase in the intestine. It is not degraded by lipid phosphate phosphatase 1, which is the other major mechanism for the inactivation of LPA. Due to the lack of a glycerol backbone, unlike LPA, OTP cannot be acylated by lysophosphatidate transacetylases. Likely due to its polar character, OTP does not transverse the cell membrane readily, and the inventors could not detect radioactively labeled OTP in the blood of experimental animals following application via oral gavage.
- LPA 2 receptor subtype is sufficient and necessary for the antiapoptotic effect of OTP.
- the receptor reconstitution experiments carried out in RH7777 cells stably transfected with the individual receptor subtypes although OTP activated Ca 2+ transients through each receptor subtype, only cells expressing LPA 2 were protected against apoptosis.
- experiments conducted in LPA 2 KO mice confirmed that this receptor was absolutely necessary for the attenuation of apoptosis and increased crypt survival elicited by OTP.
- LPA also showed antiapoptotic protection in RH7777 cells expressing either LPAi or LP A 3 in the TNF- ⁇ /CHX induced apoptosis model.
- the RH7777 cells show extreme resistance to radiation that precluded studying the radioprotective effect exerted by these receptors in this model.
- LPA 2 is distinct from the other two subtypes in that its C-terminus has been shown to interact with PDZ and LIM domain-containing proteins. LPA 2 can signal through specific protein-protein interactions in a non-G-protein-coupled manner and access triple LIM domain-containing proteins including TRIP6, zyxin, LPP, and Siva-1.
- LPA 2 G protein- linked activation of c-src by LPA 2 phosphorylates TRIP6, which in turn augments LPA-induced ERK activation and could lead to increased BAD phosphorylation and inhibition of procaspase 9.
- the potential interaction Of LPA 2 with Siva-1 offers an exciting possibility, because DNA damage-induced activation of Siva-1 scavenges the antiapoptotic BCI-X L .
- LPA 2 may capture Siva-1 and enable BCI-X L to attenuate apoptosis triggered by DNA damage.
- the PDZ domain-mediated interactions including the PDZ-binding protein NHERF2 provide yet another link with antiapoptotic signaling, because stable knockdown of NHERF2 in CaCo-2 cells has been found to attenuate LPA 2 - induced ERK1/2, AKT, and PLC ⁇ activation.
Abstract
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Non-Patent Citations (5)
Title |
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DENG W ET AL: "The Lysophosphatidic Acid Type 2 Receptor Is Required for Protection Against Radiation-Induced Intestinal Injury", GASTROENTEROLOGY, ELSEVIER, PHILADELPHIA, PA, vol. 132, no. 5, 1 May 2007 (2007-05-01), pages 1834-1851, XP026856769, ISSN: 0016-5085 [retrieved on 2007-05-05] * |
DURGAM G G ET AL: "Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of second-generation phosphatidic acid derivatives as lysophosphatidic acid receptor ligands", BIOORGANIC & MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY LETTERS, PERGAMON, ELSEVIER SCIENCE, GB, vol. 16, no. 3, 1 February 2006 (2006-02-01), pages 633-640, XP027965847, ISSN: 0960-894X [retrieved on 2006-02-01] * |
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W DENG: "Lysophosphatidic acid protects and rescues intestinal epithelial cells from radiation- and chemotherapy-induced apoptosis", GASTROENTEROLOGY, vol. 123, no. 1, 1 July 2002 (2002-07-01), pages 206-216, XP055050227, ISSN: 0016-5085, DOI: 10.1053/gast.2002.34209 * |
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