EP2092597A1 - Reseau d'antennes a onde de sol progressive kilometrique ou hectometrique - Google Patents
Reseau d'antennes a onde de sol progressive kilometrique ou hectometriqueInfo
- Publication number
- EP2092597A1 EP2092597A1 EP07866539A EP07866539A EP2092597A1 EP 2092597 A1 EP2092597 A1 EP 2092597A1 EP 07866539 A EP07866539 A EP 07866539A EP 07866539 A EP07866539 A EP 07866539A EP 2092597 A1 EP2092597 A1 EP 2092597A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- antenna
- ground
- line
- excitation line
- network
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
- H01Q1/00—Details of, or arrangements associated with, antennas
- H01Q1/04—Adaptation for subterranean or subaqueous use
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
- H01Q1/00—Details of, or arrangements associated with, antennas
- H01Q1/12—Supports; Mounting means
- H01Q1/14—Supports; Mounting means for wire or other non-rigid radiating elements
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
- H01Q1/00—Details of, or arrangements associated with, antennas
- H01Q1/48—Earthing means; Earth screens; Counterpoises
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
- H01Q11/00—Electrically-long antennas having dimensions more than twice the shortest operating wavelength and consisting of conductive active radiating elements
- H01Q11/02—Non-resonant antennas, e.g. travelling-wave antenna
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
- H01Q11/00—Electrically-long antennas having dimensions more than twice the shortest operating wavelength and consisting of conductive active radiating elements
- H01Q11/12—Resonant antennas
- H01Q11/14—Resonant antennas with parts bent, folded, shaped or screened or with phasing impedances, to obtain desired phase relation of radiation from selected sections of the antenna or to obtain desired polarisation effect
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
- H01Q21/00—Antenna arrays or systems
- H01Q21/06—Arrays of individually energised antenna units similarly polarised and spaced apart
- H01Q21/08—Arrays of individually energised antenna units similarly polarised and spaced apart the units being spaced along or adjacent to a rectilinear path
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
- H01Q5/00—Arrangements for simultaneous operation of antennas on two or more different wavebands, e.g. dual-band or multi-band arrangements
- H01Q5/20—Arrangements for simultaneous operation of antennas on two or more different wavebands, e.g. dual-band or multi-band arrangements characterised by the operating wavebands
- H01Q5/25—Ultra-wideband [UWB] systems, e.g. multiple resonance systems; Pulse systems
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
- H01Q9/00—Electrically-short antennas having dimensions not more than twice the operating wavelength and consisting of conductive active radiating elements
- H01Q9/04—Resonant antennas
- H01Q9/30—Resonant antennas with feed to end of elongated active element, e.g. unipole
- H01Q9/32—Vertical arrangement of element
- H01Q9/34—Mast, tower, or like self-supporting or stay-supported antennas
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
- H01Q9/00—Electrically-short antennas having dimensions not more than twice the operating wavelength and consisting of conductive active radiating elements
- H01Q9/04—Resonant antennas
- H01Q9/30—Resonant antennas with feed to end of elongated active element, e.g. unipole
- H01Q9/32—Vertical arrangement of element
- H01Q9/38—Vertical arrangement of element with counterpoise
Definitions
- the present invention relates to an antenna array, in particular for transmitting on a Telescope or hectometric progressive wave in a low or medium frequency band between about 10 kHz and about 3 MHz, for example for digital radio program broadcasting.
- a substantially Anac or hectometric ground wave antenna suffers from a bandwidth that is lower as the frequency of use is low.
- the antenna comprises a single metal excitation loop, is powered by a single transmitter and does not allow the multiplexing of several programs, or the broadcasting of programs on several frequencies.
- the antenna is also omnidirectional like the pylon and has a limited scope of application for local broadcasting near or in a city in long or medium waves.
- an array of ground wave antennas each comprising a ground plane buried substantially horizontally near and below the ground surface and a metal excitation line extending substantially rectilinearly and parallel to it above. of the ground plane and the ground plane for radiating ground waves, characterized in that it comprises at least one interconnection means connecting first and second consecutive antennae of the network for supplying the second antenna with a power not radiated by the first antenna, each antenna having a terminal impedance equal to its characteristic impedance.
- the power not radiated on a ground wave typically hectometric or kilometer by the first antenna of the couple represents approximately 90% of the power supplied to the first antenna and feeds the second antenna of the antenna. torque, so that the power initially supplied to the network is used to the maximum according to the number of antennas of the network and the power lost in a terminal load of the network is minimal.
- the ground wave is due to the injection of high currents in the ground without any lateral radiation of a space wave compared to a pylon antenna, the antenna using a magnetic and non-electric radiation mode for waves substantially. kilometers or hectometres.
- the ground wave, and not a space wave carries a useful digital or analog signal to receivers.
- the virtual absence of a space wave component above the ground surface advantageously solves problems of electromagnetic compatibility and exposure of people, and coupling of the antenna with structures close to the antenna at the antenna. above the ground.
- the ground wave antenna array according to the invention is very discreet and thus insensitive to any violent wind, blast, lightning, earthquake or explosion.
- the ground wave antenna array has almost no radar echo area (SER).
- the different antennas of the network can extend in different directions so as to transmit towards privileged targets while respecting administrative constraints related to radiation patterns and apparent power radiated in certain sensitive areas or near borders.
- each antenna of the network has a terminal impedance equal to its impedance characteristic so as to radiate progressive waves, which confers a large bandwidth to the antenna.
- the higher the number of antennas in the network the wider the bandwidth of the network.
- the network can thus have a very wide bandwidth, even at low frequencies, allowing digital broadcasting and multiplexing of several programs from the single site of the network.
- the network can pave the way for LF digital broadcasting with excellent rural and urban spread.
- the network may also comprise a terminal load between an end of the excitation line of an antenna of the network and the ground plane associated with this antenna, the terminal load having an impedance equal to 1 'characteristic impedance of the line of excitation, and the other end of said excitation line being connected to another excitation line of another antenna of the network by an interconnection means.
- the network may also comprise at least one means for re-phasing the waves radiated by two consecutive and interconnected antennas. This re-phasing makes it possible to summon the radiations of the two antennas and to improve the directivity as well as the gain of the network, in particular when the antennas extend in the same direction.
- the interconnection means may thus comprise an underground return line or a transformer and the means for re-phasing may comprise a reverse inverting phase return line or a phase inverting transformer.
- the way interconnection and the means for re-phasing can be partially confused.
- the excitation line of each antenna has a length in a ratio with the wavelength radiated by the excitation line between about 45/100 and about 65/100, length of excitation line for which the directivity and the efficiency of the antenna are maximum.
- the excitation line of each antenna furthermore has a characteristic impedance of between approximately 200 ⁇ and approximately 500 ⁇ , which limits the intensity of the current and the ohmic losses for a given frequency and allows operation with a high power, by example greater than about 100 kW.
- the network may comprise at least one power supply means having terminals connected respectively to the excitation line and to the ground plane of an antenna of the network and capable of supplying power. greater than about 100 kW.
- the network may comprise antennas having different lengths and several power supply means for providing signals in different frequency bands in order to broadcast these signals respectively by antennas of different lengths adapted to said frequency bands.
- FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic vertical front view partially showing a first antenna and a last antenna of a network according to the invention
- FIG. 2 is a schematic vertical front view of a network comprising two antennas connected together according to a first embodiment of the invention
- FIG. 3 is a diagrammatic vertical front view of a network comprising two antennas connected together according to a second embodiment of the invention
- FIG. 4 is a schematic vertical front view illustrating the power radiated by each of the antennas of a network connected together in pairs;
- FIG. 5 shows schematically electric field components in a line equivalent to an antenna according to the invention.
- FIG. 6 is a diagram similar to FIG. 1 for adapting the connection of a transmitter to an antenna as a function of the characteristic impedance of the transmitter.
- the antenna array according to the invention comprises at least two ground wave antennas.
- the antennas of the network are connected to each other consecutively two by two.
- the antenna network further comprises at least one interconnection means between two consecutive antennas. More precisely, the number of antennas in the network exceeds by one the number of interconnection means of the network. Elements common to each of the ground wave antennas of the network are described below with reference to FIG.
- a ground wave antenna according to the invention radiating with a useful wavelength ⁇ , emission or reception, substantially Telescope or substantially hectometric wavelength substantially comprises a substantially horizontal metal mass plane PM and a metal excitation line LE substantially horizontal.
- the ground plane PM is buried near and below the surface of the soil S has a thickness of earth e of a few tens of centimeters, typically about 50 cm below the surface of the ground.
- the ground plane is covered with earth, including any decorative arrangement such as a lawn or a plantbed.
- the ground plane extends horizontally in a direction substantially parallel to that of the excitation line LE and has a width of the order of 1 m for a length substantially equal to that of the excitation line.
- the ground plane occupies a floor area of a few tens of square meters to a few hundred square meters.
- the contour of the ground plane may be rectangular or substantially regular polygonal, so as to form for example a horizontal band parallel to the excitation line LE.
- the ground plane PM is metallic and must provide excellent electrical continuity between the elements that compose it so that it contributes to the directionality of the antenna, be of easy construction and therefore inexpensive, and be insensitive to chemical attack in the natural environment that is the earth.
- the ground plane is made of welded sheets. The sheets are anchored directly into the ground and are welded or tied together by metal fasteners to ensure excellent electrical continuity between the sheets and the ground.
- the ground plane is a wire mesh.
- the trellis is composed of wires with square mesh for example having a small side with respect to the useful wavelength ⁇ , for example between about ⁇ / 20 and ⁇ / 10 approximately.
- the wire mesh can also be formed at least partially by reinforcement embedded in concrete, for example the reinforced concrete slab or other existing underground structure or to build.
- the ground plane PM may be copper or aluminum, or an alloy whose main component is copper or aluminum.
- the metal excitation line LE extends substantially horizontally above the ground surface S at a height h and above the ground plane PM at a height H.
- the height H is generally between about 1 m. and about 3 m and the height h is deduced from He.
- the excitation line LE has a length greater than 25 m approximately.
- the excitation line and the ground plane are superimposed so that they are regularly centered on a vertical common axis. Burial of the ground plane S in the ground S underlying the LE excitation line slightly above the ground makes the ground antenna almost invisible and unobtrusive, particularly in urban areas, compared to a pylon antenna.
- the excitation line LE has a length LLE substantially of the order of half a useful wavelength ⁇ / 2 of the antenna.
- the length LLE is generally between a ratio of about 45/100 to about 65/100 with the wavelength radiated by the excitation line, ie between 0.45 ⁇ and 0.65 ⁇ , and preferably equal to at 0.57 ⁇ .
- the excitation line LE is for example supported in a horizontal plane above the ground S at the height h by substantially vertical insulating posts PI which are regularly distributed along the line, for example every 4 m to 5 m. Each PI post is for example wood or plastic.
- the excitation line LE is preferably made of a galvanized metal tube of diameter D between about 5 cm and about 20 cm.
- the tube is for example made of steel, or preferably a better conductor, for example copper or aluminum, or an alloy having the predominant component of copper or aluminum.
- the excitation line LE consists of several superimposed or parallel tubes, a few tens of centimeters apart to allow a higher power, an improved bandwidth and a reduction in losses.
- the excitation line LE may be thinner and made in the form of a wire or a sheet of metal son, which leads to decrease the bandwidth of the antenna.
- the excitation line LE is in the form of a cage of diameter D composed of several parallel parallel wires circularly having a diameter of between about 6 mm and about 12 mm.
- the cage constituting the excitation line LE comprises metal rings welded to the metal wires regularly distributed along its length, for example every 5 m to 10 m, to keep the parallel and equidistant metal wires in pairs and thus preserve the equipotential distribution in circular section in the cage.
- the cages are advantageously lighter than the tubes and all the cages of the cages are less expensive than the tubes.
- a first antenna of the network comprises, in addition to a metal ground plane and a metal excitation line, at least one AP power supply means for supplying the entire antenna network.
- a last antenna of the network comprises, in addition to a metal ground plane and a metal excitation line, a substantially vertical ET termination element connecting the excitation line to the ground plane and comprising a terminal load Zc.
- the impedance of the terminal load is equal to the characteristic impedance of the excitation line. Therefore, only said first and last antennas of the network are each connected to an antenna, and the other antennas of the network are each connected to two antennas.
- the power supply means AP has wire terminals f1 and f2 connected to the first antenna and the termination element ET is connected to the last antenna partially shown.
- Each ground antenna of the network thus described is substantially equivalent to a large half-wave line which radiates in a directive manner a ground wave of vertical polarization in a radius of a few kilometers to a few tens of kilometers depending on the power of some hundreds of watts to a few thousand watts of AP power supply means connects to the first antenna of the network.
- the power supply means AP mainly comprises a transmitter installed on the ground, close to the ground plane PM and the excitation line LE, for example to transmit broadcasting programs through the antenna network, and a power cable. As shown schematically in FIG. 1, two wires f1 and f2 of the power cable connect negative and positive terminals of the emitter respectively to the ground plane PM and to one end of the excitation line LE.
- a characteristic impedance of the ground antenna of the order of approximately 450 ⁇ is compatible with an amplifier of the 1/9 toroidal transformer type at the output of the transmitter whose output impedance is low of the order about 50 ⁇ .
- the interconnection means between two consecutive antennas of the network comprises an underground return line LR and first and second metallic connection elements ER1 and ER2 which are respectively connected to a first line of LEl excitation of a first antenna and a second LE2 excitation line of a second antenna.
- the return line LR extends substantially horizontally in a means for confining the CLC field lines below the ground plane PM1 relative to the first excitation line LE1.
- the return line LR has the particularity of being non-radiating and having a characteristic impedance equal to that of the excitation lines.
- the first connecting element ER1 has an upper end ERI welded to one of the ends of the first excitation line LE1, and a lower end ERIi soldered to one end of the return line LR which is located at a distance a from the ground plane PM1 below the surface of the ground S.
- the other end of the return line LR is welded to a lower end ER2i of the second connecting element ER2 whose upper end ER2s is soldered to one end of the second excitation line LE2.
- the connecting elements pass through the ground and the earth via an ISO insulator, such as porcelain, and can be made of a galvanized metal tube with a diameter of between about 5 cm and about 20 cm.
- the return line LR is placed in the means of confinement of the CLC field lines which is a gutter underlying the ground plane PM.
- the parasitic radiation of the return line is then controlled since the field lines coming from the return line are confined to the ground plane.
- the return line LR is enclosed in the means for confining the CLC field lines, which is a metal box whose upper part consists of a part of the ground plane PM.
- the parasitic radiation of the return line is then completely eliminated since all the lines of fields coming from the return line are confined in the metal box, which does not generate any excitation of the ground and neighboring lines.
- the return line can then be a coaxial line carrying high power.
- the connecting elements ER1 and ER2, the return line LR and the excitation lines LE1 and LE2 may be of the same kind, such as galvanized metal tubular rods having identical cross-section diameters, for example about 60 mm.
- the ISO insulators through which the connecting elements ER1 and ER2 cross the earth are respectively attached to the ends of the confinement means of the CLC field lines and pass through the ground planes PM1 and PM2 via small holes provided for this purpose.
- the diameter of the insulators being slightly greater than that of the connecting elements.
- Figure 2 shows a configuration of the network with only two antennas radiating in opposite directions. The current leading ends of the two antennas can be very close.
- This type of network configuration can be extended to more than two antennas.
- the antennas of the array are arranged in a star or a ring or a polygon so as to radiate in respective directions which gives the network a substantially "omnidirectional" radiation.
- a main direction of ground wave radiation of the network is defined along an axis of sensitive alignment of the excitation lines or sensitive symmetry of the excitation lines arranged side by side and substantially parallel.
- the interconnection means between two consecutive antennas of the network comprises a transformer TRA whose ends are connected to first and second excitation lines LE1 and LE2 of the two consecutive antennas via transmission lines. transition of the same nature as the lines of excitation.
- the transformer TRA can be located above the ground S, or buried near the ground. In the latter case, the transformer and transition lines are placed in the ground inside insulators that may be porcelain.
- Figure 3 shows a configuration of the network has only two antennas radiating for example in the same direction.
- the ground planes PM1 and PM2 of the two antennas can constitute only one ground plane.
- This type of network configuration can be extended to more than two antennas to obtain a series of linear antennas of the network in order to obtain a maximum gain in the direction of the antennas and ensure a strong reduction of the rear field of the antennas.
- the antennas can be put in series to obtain a ring-shaped network and impart omni-directionality to the network.
- the gain of the network is optimized by a re-phasing of each of the antennas of the network, as explained below in the operating mode of the ground wave antennas of the network.
- the invention is not limited to the embodiments described above and their variants.
- it also relates to any combination of variants of the first and second embodiments, such as a serial array of substantially parallel antennas.
- the interconnection means makes it possible to recover the power not radiated by a first antenna to feed a second antenna consecutive to the first antenna with this recovered power, as shown schematically in FIG. 4.
- the antennas of the network are connected together by two for example by means of return lines LR. It will be understood that the antennas shown in a superimposed manner for the sake of clarity in FIG. 4 are actually juxtaposed on the ground S.
- a power equal to about 0.09 P is radiated by the excitation line LE2 in ground wave, and a power equal to about 0.81 P is recovered to feed the third antenna. Therefore, a power equal to about 0.9 x ⁇ , I P is radiated by the excitation line LEn of a last antenna of the ground-wave network, and only about a power equal to 0.9 P is lost.
- the excitation line LEn of the last antenna is terminated on an impedance load Zc equal to the characteristic impedance of the excitation line LEn. Moreover, all the excitation lines of the network have the same characteristic impedance Zc, so that a second excitation line consecutive to a first excitation line is seen as a impedance load Zc for the first excitation line.
- each ground antenna is based on the excitation of the ground by the half-wave LE excitation line, trapped between the surface of the ground S and the ground plane PM in order to create a normal electric field component Ey ensuring the antenna a vertical polarization.
- the excitation line LE acts as a horizontal linear excitation source placed above the ground and traversed by a current parallel to the ground in a progressive wave regime.
- the ground wave generated by the antenna is guided by the earth strip as a result of multiple reflections on the separation surface between the dielectric formed by the earth and the external environment consisting of air and the buried metal surface constituted by the ground plane PM.
- the mass plane PM necessary to generate the wave in the ground is preferably a metal strip whose width is substantially equal to the height H at which the excitation line extends above the ground plane, which avoids electric field edge effects between the excitation line and the ground plane and improves the confinement of the electric field lines under the excitation line.
- ground plane PM Through the burial of the ground plane PM, electric field lines are channeled flush with the ground S so as to inject a high current at high frequency into the ground and thus propagate a ground wave hectometric, or kilometer, carrier useful transmission signal.
- the thickness e also influences the operation of the antenna particularly in the capacitive reactance of the antenna.
- the ground antenna is the seat of two waves: a surface wave in the air, called the evanescent wave, and a guided wave, called a captive wave, in the earth. is a lossy dielectric according to the useful frequency.
- Maxwell for the two environments constituted by the air and the earth shows that in each of the two environments:
- K is the dielectric constant relative between the two environments constituted by air and earth.
- a exp (- ⁇ x) the variation of the amplitude A of the ground wave as a function of the height x with respect to the ground
- P 1 / ⁇ the height for which the relative value of the amplitude of the ground wave has increased from 1 to 1 / e
- e here denotes the exponential number, which corresponds to 87% of the energy located in a zone of thickness P above the ground.
- the ground wave is usable in long and medium wave on different soil qualities, is also received in height with a quality acceptable for a height less than 1000 m, and does not reach the ionospheric layer.
- the evanescent wave accompanies the captive wave, and has a great interest for the diffusion since it is perceived on the surface of the ground.
- the captive wave is a guided wave in the earth.
- a pure guided wave can not give rise to any radiation unless the wave encounters all kinds of discontinuities such as changes in refractive indices, backgrounds, dimensions or obstacles.
- the presence of the discontinuity then causes a loss of radiated energy that can be evaluated at:
- Each ground antenna of the network according to the invention resides on this principle. As shown in the preceding equations, any variation of a refractive index Ni or N2, or of the thickness e, causes a different attenuation and therefore a different radiation.
- the antenna exploits the discontinuity between the air and the ground and radiates thus thanks to the main discontinuity, indicated in D in figure 1, created on the periphery of the antenna between the couple ground and plane of metallic mass and the ground without the metallic mass plan.
- the invention takes advantage of the good electrical conduction of the earth, or the ground in general, at low frequencies, to solicit the ground as vector of propagation of the surface wave and the guided wave. Moreover, any significant discontinuity on the path of the ground wave is suppressed so as not to radiate any space wave.
- the magnetic transverse wave TM is excited by the current in the excitation line LE parallel to the ground a few meters.
- the height H-e relative to the ground results from a compromise between a tight coupling mode, the impedance of the excitation line, the desired bandwidth and the size of the antenna.
- Each ground antenna of the network according to the invention can be considered in radio analysis somewhat equivalent to a two-wire line of length LLE assumed to be close to half a wavelength, as shown diagrammatically in FIG.
- the two-wire line is constituted by the excitation line LE and is located in the air above the ground S.
- the other wire of the two-wire line consists of the ground plane PM in the ground.
- the two-wire line thus presents a lossless medium and a medium with losses: the two media being different, there is an imbalance in the fundamental line mode of the line. This imbalance can only be restored by the presence of a differential current sitting on the imperfect ground surface, but a very good conductor of the ground wave.
- the electric field E of a wave propagating on the surface of a perfect conductor is perpendicular to this surface, without component tangential field Ex.
- the soil is not perfect, an additional tangential component Ex appears on the surface of the ground.
- the electric field thus has a predominant vertical component Ey at the surface of the ground S and the additional tangential component Ex and becomes elliptical in a plane parallel to the direction of propagation.
- the discontinuity of the air / soil medium and the loss in the dielectric soil lead to the establishment of a current of soil.
- the wavefront is thus inclined and the ground speed of the current is slowed down, so the wave guided on the surface of the ground is called a slow wave since it has a speed lower than that of light.
- the vertical polarization is exploited in the antenna and the horizontal electric field component is negligible in the propagation by the antenna. More particularly, to satisfy conditions at the boundary between the media, the tangential field is zero at the surface of the ground.
- the electric field being vertical, the phase of the latter follows the phase of the current passing through the excitation line with a slight delay since the field is conveyed by the guided wave which is slow.
- Better directivity and efficiency of the antenna can be achieved by limiting the length of the excitation line.
- a line that is too long reverses the phase of the vertical component of the electric field and deteriorates the directivity of the antenna.
- By inverting the phase at the end of a line of optimized length, i.e. close to the half wavelength said line can be connected to another line of excitation collinear with the line d previous excitation, via an interconnection means as described above, to sum the radiation of the two lines and improve the directivity.
- the excitation line of the antenna In order to confer a large bandwidth on the antenna, the excitation line of the antenna must be terminated by a suitable terminal load whose impedance is equal to the characteristic impedance of the excitation line, in order to switch to a progressive wave regime, allowing a single current in the direction of propagation to the load.
- the antenna radiation impedance Z an t of the antenna is substantially equal to the characteristic impedance of the antenna.
- antenna for example between 200 ⁇ and 500 ⁇
- the length LLE of the excitation line LE is of the order of the half-wavelength ⁇ / 2.
- the antenna impedance Z an t of the antenna is the impedance reduced by a terminal impedance Zt across the two parts of the antenna, the horizontal excitation line LE and a vertical connection element EL comprising the means AP power supply and the two wires connecting the transmitter of the latter to the ground plane and the excitation line, which have their own characteristic impedances ZLE and ZEL-
- the terminal impedance Zt is placed at the end of the line has a end LEd, between this end and the ground plane PM.
- the vertical line formed by the link element EL of height H and of diameter of a characteristic impedance substantially equal to:
- the impedance brought back is independent of the length of the line and the frequency F, and the antenna has a wide bandwidth.
- each antenna is progressive wave, independent of frequency, and therefore broadband.
- the bandwidth of the antenna array then depends on the dimensions of each antenna and the means of interconnection between the antennas.
- Z L E 324 ⁇
- Z E L 265 ⁇ .
- a frequency of 1330 kHz is measured at the end of the line at the level of the terminal load, for example by a calibrated high-frequency current clamp.
- a current of 8.9 mA is then measured in the load of 450 ⁇ , which corresponds to a received power equal to:
- the efficiency of the antenna network is higher for a wavelength of between 0, 45 ⁇ and 0.65 ⁇ , and goes through a maximum for a wavelength equal to 0.57 ⁇ .
- the yield is moreover almost invariant for a height h of the line relative to the ground of between 1 m and 3 m.
- the antenna can have a high impedance, which limits the current intensity and the ohmic losses for a given frequency. Moreover, the choice of a highly conductive material such as copper is not mandatory.
- the maximum current would be 70 A, which corresponds to a maximum power of approximately 160 kW for an impedance line equal to 330 ⁇ . If the excitation line is a cage composed of several identical parallel metallic wires having a diameter of 12 mm, the transported power can reach 1 MW.
- the latter optionally comprises a means of re-phasing between the two antennas of each pair of consecutive antennas of the network in order to restore phase radiated waves by both antennas and thus maximize the gain of the network.
- the reshaping means may be an underground return line LR or a phase inverting transformer TRA, possibly associated with a capacitance or a choke.
- a first antenna has a substantially straight excitation line and having a length of the order of half the wavelength.
- the current phase at the end of the excitation line has rotated 180 °.
- An underground return line connecting the excitation line of the first antenna to the excitation line of a second antenna has the same length as the excitation line of the first antenna.
- the phase of the current at the end of the return line has also turned 180 °.
- the second antenna is powered in phase with the first antenna.
- a first antenna has an excitation line having a length equal to 0.57 ⁇ .
- the phase of the current at the end of the excitation line has rotated by 205 °.
- An underground return line connecting the excitation line of the first antenna to the excitation line of a second antenna has a shorter length than the excitation line of the first antenna so that the current phase at the antenna end of the return line rotated 155 °, so that the first and second antennas are energized in phase.
- the excitation line may be suspended between insulating poles regularly distributed along the line, the arrow between two consecutive poles conferring a length additional to the line of aerial excitation with respect to the return line extending for example rectilinearly under the airline.
- the excitation line may further extend zigzagly in a tense manner or be slightly spiraled around itself while preserving a main direction.
- the ends of a phase-inverting transformer comprising, for example, interleaved coils are connected to the excitation lines of a first antenna and a second antenna, the excitation line of the first antenna being of length of the order of the half-wavelength.
- the return line or the transformer can be associated with a capacity for an extension of the electrical length of the line, or with an inductance for a reduction of the length electric line.
- the power supply means AP comprises a plurality of power supply means providing signals, for example digital radio programs that can be multiplexed at the input of the antenna array.
- the antennas of the network then have different lengths so that they respectively diffuse the signals in different frequency bands.
- the ground wave antenna according to the invention described above can be indifferently a transmitting antenna for transmitting, or a receiving antenna to receive a kilometer or hectometre of soil carrying a useful signal, while being discreet and insensitive to external parasites on the ground and the ionosphere.
Landscapes
- Variable-Direction Aerials And Aerial Arrays (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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FR0655838A FR2910727B1 (fr) | 2006-12-21 | 2006-12-21 | Reseau d'antennes a onde de sol progressive kilometrique ou hectometrique |
PCT/FR2007/052384 WO2008081125A1 (fr) | 2006-12-21 | 2007-11-23 | Reseau d'antennes a onde de sol progressive kilometrique ou hectometrique |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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EP2092597A1 true EP2092597A1 (fr) | 2009-08-26 |
Family
ID=38042625
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP07866539A Withdrawn EP2092597A1 (fr) | 2006-12-21 | 2007-11-23 | Reseau d'antennes a onde de sol progressive kilometrique ou hectometrique |
Country Status (3)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP2092597A1 (fr) |
FR (1) | FR2910727B1 (fr) |
WO (1) | WO2008081125A1 (fr) |
Families Citing this family (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
FR2965978B1 (fr) * | 2010-10-07 | 2012-10-19 | Tdf | Antenne de grande dimension a ondes de surface et a large bande |
FR3040111B1 (fr) * | 2015-08-10 | 2017-12-01 | Tdf | Antenne a ondes de surface, reseau d'antennes et utilisation d'une antenne ou d'un reseau d'antennes |
Family Cites Families (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3268900A (en) * | 1964-08-31 | 1966-08-23 | Langine R Waszkiewicz | Image loop antenna |
FR2870047B1 (fr) * | 2004-05-04 | 2006-07-14 | Telediffusion Fse | Antenne de sol a boucle rayonnant en ondes kilometriques ou hectometriques |
-
2006
- 2006-12-21 FR FR0655838A patent/FR2910727B1/fr active Active
-
2007
- 2007-11-23 WO PCT/FR2007/052384 patent/WO2008081125A1/fr active Application Filing
- 2007-11-23 EP EP07866539A patent/EP2092597A1/fr not_active Withdrawn
Non-Patent Citations (2)
Title |
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None * |
See also references of WO2008081125A1 * |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
FR2910727B1 (fr) | 2010-08-20 |
FR2910727A1 (fr) | 2008-06-27 |
WO2008081125A1 (fr) | 2008-07-10 |
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