EP2071013B1 - Lubricant composition comprising a flow improver having a bi-modal side-chain distribution - Google Patents
Lubricant composition comprising a flow improver having a bi-modal side-chain distribution Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP2071013B1 EP2071013B1 EP08105917.2A EP08105917A EP2071013B1 EP 2071013 B1 EP2071013 B1 EP 2071013B1 EP 08105917 A EP08105917 A EP 08105917A EP 2071013 B1 EP2071013 B1 EP 2071013B1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- lubricant composition
- distribution
- composition according
- side chain
- viscosity modifier
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Active
Links
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 title claims description 86
- 239000000314 lubricant Substances 0.000 title claims description 65
- 229920001577 copolymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 38
- 239000004034 viscosity adjusting agent Substances 0.000 claims description 27
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 24
- 239000005977 Ethylene Substances 0.000 claims description 18
- 239000000178 monomer Substances 0.000 claims description 18
- VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethene Chemical compound C=C VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 17
- 239000003112 inhibitor Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 12
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000004711 α-olefin Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000003607 modifier Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000002270 dispersing agent Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 230000001050 lubricating effect Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000001993 dienes Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- QQONPFPTGQHPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N propylene Natural products CC=C QQONPFPTGQHPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000004805 propylene group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([*:1])C([H])([H])[*:2] 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000008186 active pharmaceutical agent Substances 0.000 claims 2
- 229920000089 Cyclic olefin copolymer Polymers 0.000 claims 1
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 19
- VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-OWOJBTEDSA-N Fumaric acid Chemical compound OC(=O)\C=C\C(O)=O VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-OWOJBTEDSA-N 0.000 description 14
- -1 alkaline earth metal salts Chemical class 0.000 description 13
- VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N trans-butenedioic acid Natural products OC(=O)C=CC(O)=O VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 13
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 10
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 10
- 239000010687 lubricating oil Substances 0.000 description 10
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 5
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 150000001298 alcohols Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000003599 detergent Substances 0.000 description 4
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000007795 chemical reaction product Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000005227 gel permeation chromatography Methods 0.000 description 3
- JEIPFZHSYJVQDO-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron(III) oxide Inorganic materials O=[Fe]O[Fe]=O JEIPFZHSYJVQDO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000003208 petroleum Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000006116 polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229920001897 terpolymer Polymers 0.000 description 3
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052784 alkaline earth metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 239000002199 base oil Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 235000014113 dietary fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- KZNICNPSHKQLFF-UHFFFAOYSA-N dihydromaleimide Natural products O=C1CCC(=O)N1 KZNICNPSHKQLFF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000000194 fatty acid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229930195729 fatty acid Natural products 0.000 description 2
- 239000006260 foam Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 125000001570 methylene group Chemical group [H]C([H])([*:1])[*:2] 0.000 description 2
- 239000002480 mineral oil Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000006386 neutralization reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000010802 sludge Substances 0.000 description 2
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 2
- SXYOAESUCSYJNZ-UHFFFAOYSA-L zinc;bis(6-methylheptoxy)-sulfanylidene-sulfido-$l^{5}-phosphane Chemical compound [Zn+2].CC(C)CCCCCOP([S-])(=S)OCCCCCC(C)C.CC(C)CCCCCOP([S-])(=S)OCCCCCC(C)C SXYOAESUCSYJNZ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- WAMHDKQIQKMQOT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,4,4-trimethylpentan-2-ylsulfanylbenzene Chemical compound CC(C)(C)CC(C)(C)SC1=CC=CC=C1 WAMHDKQIQKMQOT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000006539 C12 alkyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- XQVWYOYUZDUNRW-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Phenyl-1-naphthylamine Chemical compound C=1C=CC2=CC=CC=C2C=1NC1=CC=CC=C1 XQVWYOYUZDUNRW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920002367 Polyisobutene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- UCKMPCXJQFINFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulphide Chemical compound [S-2] UCKMPCXJQFINFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XTXRWKRVRITETP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Vinyl acetate Chemical compound CC(=O)OC=C XTXRWKRVRITETP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000003158 alcohol group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229910001860 alkaline earth metal hydroxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000287 alkaline earth metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000002947 alkylene group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 150000001408 amides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000008064 anhydrides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000002518 antifoaming agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052788 barium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- DSAJWYNOEDNPEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N barium atom Chemical compound [Ba] DSAJWYNOEDNPEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920001400 block copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 description 1
- OSMZVRQRVPLKTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N calcium;1-nonyl-7-thiabicyclo[4.1.0]hepta-2,4-dien-6-ol Chemical compound [Ca].C1=CC=CC2(CCCCCCCCC)C1(O)S2 OSMZVRQRVPLKTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003518 caustics Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 1
- DIOQZVSQGTUSAI-UHFFFAOYSA-N decane Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCC DIOQZVSQGTUSAI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000006731 degradation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000151 deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000006866 deterioration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000001991 dicarboxylic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000004205 dimethyl polysiloxane Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000013870 dimethyl polysiloxane Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 150000002118 epoxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000004185 ester group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 238000005886 esterification reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920001038 ethylene copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920006213 ethylene-alphaolefin copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 150000004665 fatty acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000005189 flocculation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000016615 flocculation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000001530 fumaric acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003502 gasoline Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002314 glycerols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000001183 hydrocarbyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-M hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-] XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 239000004615 ingredient Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000006317 isomerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005461 lubrication Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010446 mineral oil Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002751 molybdenum Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000005078 molybdenum compound Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002752 molybdenum compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000002763 monocarboxylic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- PTRSTXBRQVXIEW-UHFFFAOYSA-N n,n-dioctylaniline Chemical compound CCCCCCCCN(CCCCCCCC)C1=CC=CC=C1 PTRSTXBRQVXIEW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000005609 naphthenate group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000003345 natural gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- FATBGEAMYMYZAF-KTKRTIGZSA-N oleamide Chemical compound CCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC(N)=O FATBGEAMYMYZAF-KTKRTIGZSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FATBGEAMYMYZAF-UHFFFAOYSA-N oleicacidamide-heptaglycolether Natural products CCCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCC(N)=O FATBGEAMYMYZAF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000002989 phenols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- AQSJGOWTSHOLKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N phosphite(3-) Chemical class [O-]P([O-])[O-] AQSJGOWTSHOLKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UEZVMMHDMIWARA-UHFFFAOYSA-M phosphonate Chemical compound [O-]P(=O)=O UEZVMMHDMIWARA-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000435 poly(dimethylsiloxane) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 150000004291 polyenes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229920005652 polyisobutylene succinic anhydride Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000098 polyolefin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001296 polysiloxane Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000006254 rheological additive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007127 saponification reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920002545 silicone oil Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003890 succinate salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 235000011044 succinic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 150000003444 succinic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229960002317 succinimide Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003505 terpenes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 235000007586 terpenes Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- BWSZXUOMATYHHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N tert-butyl octaneperoxoate Chemical compound CCCCCCCC(=O)OOC(C)(C)C BWSZXUOMATYHHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920006029 tetra-polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- FAGUFWYHJQFNRV-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetraethylenepentamine Chemical compound NCCNCCNCCNCCN FAGUFWYHJQFNRV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000007970 thio esters Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000003039 volatile agent Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M169/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by containing as components a mixture of at least two types of ingredient selected from base-materials, thickeners or additives, covered by the preceding groups, each of these compounds being essential
- C10M169/04—Mixtures of base-materials and additives
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M2203/00—Organic non-macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds and hydrocarbon fractions as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2203/10—Petroleum or coal fractions, e.g. tars, solvents, bitumen
- C10M2203/1006—Petroleum or coal fractions, e.g. tars, solvents, bitumen used as base material
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M2205/00—Organic macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds or fractions, whether or not modified by oxidation as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2205/02—Organic macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds or fractions, whether or not modified by oxidation as ingredients in lubricant compositions containing acyclic monomers
- C10M2205/022—Ethene
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M2205/00—Organic macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds or fractions, whether or not modified by oxidation as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2205/02—Organic macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds or fractions, whether or not modified by oxidation as ingredients in lubricant compositions containing acyclic monomers
- C10M2205/024—Propene
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M2205/00—Organic macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds or fractions, whether or not modified by oxidation as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2205/02—Organic macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds or fractions, whether or not modified by oxidation as ingredients in lubricant compositions containing acyclic monomers
- C10M2205/026—Butene
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M2205/00—Organic macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds or fractions, whether or not modified by oxidation as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2205/02—Organic macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds or fractions, whether or not modified by oxidation as ingredients in lubricant compositions containing acyclic monomers
- C10M2205/028—Organic macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds or fractions, whether or not modified by oxidation as ingredients in lubricant compositions containing acyclic monomers containing aliphatic monomers having more than four carbon atoms
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M2205/00—Organic macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds or fractions, whether or not modified by oxidation as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2205/08—Organic macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds or fractions, whether or not modified by oxidation as ingredients in lubricant compositions containing non-conjugated dienes
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M2209/00—Organic macromolecular compounds containing oxygen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2209/02—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
- C10M2209/08—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds containing monomers having an unsaturated radical bound to a carboxyl radical, e.g. acrylate type
- C10M2209/084—Acrylate; Methacrylate
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M2209/00—Organic macromolecular compounds containing oxygen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2209/02—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
- C10M2209/08—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds containing monomers having an unsaturated radical bound to a carboxyl radical, e.g. acrylate type
- C10M2209/086—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds containing monomers having an unsaturated radical bound to a carboxyl radical, e.g. acrylate type polycarboxylic, e.g. maleic acid
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
- C10N2020/00—Specified physical or chemical properties or characteristics, i.e. function, of component of lubricating compositions
- C10N2020/01—Physico-chemical properties
- C10N2020/02—Viscosity; Viscosity index
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
- C10N2020/00—Specified physical or chemical properties or characteristics, i.e. function, of component of lubricating compositions
- C10N2020/01—Physico-chemical properties
- C10N2020/04—Molecular weight; Molecular weight distribution
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
- C10N2030/00—Specified physical or chemical properties which is improved by the additive characterising the lubricating composition, e.g. multifunctional additives
- C10N2030/08—Resistance to extreme temperature
Definitions
- the present invention relates to lubricant compositions having improved flow properties, particularly lubricant compositions comprising American Petroleum Institute (API) Group III base stocks which exhibit improved low temperature flow properties.
- API American Petroleum Institute
- Lubricant compositions are used in various applications such as automotive applications, industrial applications, etc. Lubricant compositions are typically formulated from a base stock and one or more additives.
- additives for use in lubricant compositions are well known in the art.
- additives include, but are not limited to, lube oil flow improvers (LOFIs), viscosity modifiers (VMs), etc.
- LOFIs lube oil flow improvers
- VMs viscosity modifiers
- WO98/28386A disclose (di)alkyl fumarate-vinyl acetate copolymers for use as a lube oil flow improver.
- the present invention provides a lubricant composition having improved low temperature flow performance properties comprising (a) an API Group III base stock; (b) a semi-crystalline viscosity modifier; and (c) one or more LOFIs having a side-chain distribution which satisfies certain requirements.
- the present invention provides a lubricant composition
- a lubricant composition comprising (a) an API Group III base stock;
- the lubricant composition comprises an automotive lubricating oil composition, more especially an automotive lubricating oil composition for use in piston engines, especially gasoline (spark-ignited) and diesel (compression-ignited), crankcase lubrication, such compositions being referred to as crankcase lubricants.
- the present invention provides a method of lubricating a compression-ignited or spark-ignited combustion engine, comprising operating the engine with a lubricant composition according to the first aspect of the invention.
- the method according to the second aspect of the present invention comprises lubricating the crankcase of a compression-ignited or spark-ignited internal combustion engine.
- the present invention provides the use, in a lubricant composition which comprises an API Group III base stock, of (b) a semi-crystalline viscosity modifier as defined in accordance with the first aspect of the present invention; in combination with (c) one or more LOFIs as defined in accordance with the first aspect of the present invention, to improve the low temperature flow properties of the lubricant composition.
- the low temperature flow properties of the lubricant composition are measured using the MRV Pumpability Test according to ASTM D4684.
- the use in accordance with the third aspect of the present invention enables the lubricant composition to pass the MRV Pumpability Test according to ASTM D4684.
- lubricant composition as used herein represents a “lubricating oil composition”.
- polymer includes copolymers unless otherwise specifically stated to be limited to a polymer derived solely from the polymerization of a single monomer and encompasses branched as well as linear polymers.
- copolymer refers to a polymer resulting from the polymerization reaction of two chemically different monomers.
- ethylene alphaolefin copolymers it is understood that such copolymers can optionally contain a minor amount (for example, greater than zero but less than 10% by weight) of a nonconjugated polyene, in which case the copolymer is sometimes referred to as a terpolymer.
- ethylene alphaolefin polymers it is understood both copolymers and terpolymers of ethylene with at least one other alpha-olefin are included.
- average carbon number refers to the average carbon number weighted by molar fraction.
- lubricating oil flow improver covers all additives which modify the size, number, and growth of wax crystals in lubricating (or lube for short) oils in such a way as to impart improved low temperature handling, pumpability, and/or vehicle operability as measured by such tests as pour point, Mini-Rotary Viscometer (MRV), and Scanning Brookfield Viscometer.
- the majority of lubricating oil flow improvers are polymers or copolymers, or contain polymers or copolymers. These polymers are generally side chain, backbone or mixtures thereof.
- base oil refers to a refined fluid that is free of additives and is used as a component in a lubricant blend.
- base stock refers to a blend, mixture, or similar of base oils.
- bi-modal refers to a carbon chain length frequency distribution which has two distinct peaks (or modes) with each peak being a carbon chain length (or carbon chain lengths adjacent in terms of sequential even number of carbons) which has a higher mole percentage than neighboring carbon chain lengths.
- the bi-modal carbon chain length frequency distribution has a "lower portion of the distribution” and an "upper portion of the distribution”.
- lower portion of the distribution refers to the portion of the bi-modal distribution which is composed of the mode with the lower carbon chain length (or lengths) and adjacent carbon chain lengths (in terms of sequential even number chain lengths) of lower mole percent.
- the highest carbon chain length in the lower portion of the distribution is C 14 .
- upper portion of the distribution refers to the portion of the bi-modal distribution which is composed of the mode with the higher carbon chain length (or lengths) and adjacent carbon chain lengths of lower mole percent.
- the lowest carbon chain length in the upper portion of the distribution is C 16 .
- primarily means the amount of one component present in the composition, compound, etc. is more than the amounts of any other component present on a component-by-component basis.
- the lubricant composition comprises (a) a Group III base stock; (b) a semi-crystalline viscosity modifier; and (c) one or more LOFIs that meet certain specifications.
- the lubricant composition comprises an API Group III base stock.
- Group III base stocks as defined by the API have a viscosity index that is open-ended.
- the viscosity index of the base stock is greater than 120.
- the base stocks has a viscosity index of equal to or greater than 120 and equal to or less than 200.
- Suitable, commercially available Group III base stocks include, but are not limited to: the Visom brand of base stocks commercially available from ExxonMobil (Fawley, U.K.); the Yubase brand of base stocks commercially available from SK Corporation (Ulsan, South Korea); the Ultra-S brand of base stocks are commercially available from ConocoPhillips (Westlake, LA (USA)); and the Nexbase brand of base stocks commercially available from Neste (Porvoo, Finland).
- the base stock is made using gas-to-liquids (“GTL”) process.
- GTL gas-to-liquids
- GTL is a refinery process used to convert natural gas or other gaseous hydrocarbons into longer-chain hydrocarbons.
- GTL can be used to convert methane-rich gases into liquid fuels either via direct conversion or via syngas as an intermediate using the Fischer Tropsch process.
- isomerization catalyst can be used with GTL to make Group III base stocks
- the lubricant composition comprises a semi-crystalline viscosity modifier.
- the semi-crystalline viscosity modifier comprises one or more high molecular weight hydrocarbon polymers as is well known in the art.
- suitable hydrocarbon polymers include copolymers of ethylene copolymerized with at least one additional alphaolefin monomer having from 3 to 30, for example, from 3 to 8 carbon atoms and which may be straight or branched.
- a low concentration, e.g., less than about 10 wt. %, of a nonconjugated diene can be present.
- these copolymers are those comprising ethylene and propylene.
- Ethylene copolymers suitable for the present invention include tapered or block copolymers (including terpolymers, tetrapolymers, etc.) as well as those that have controlled compositional homogeneity and/or heterogeneity within and among copolymer chains which are well known in the art.
- Such copolymers are described in " Polymers as Lubricating Oil Viscosity Modifiers", G. VerStrate, M. J. Struglinski, Chapter 15; in “Polymers as Rheology Modifiers", D. N. Schulz and J. E. Glass, editors, American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C., 1991 .
- the semi-crystalline viscosity modifier is an oil-soluble polymer comprised of ethylene and a C 3 to C 18 alpha-olefin, the polymer being characterized by the following combination of parameters: (a) an average ethylene content within the range between 60 to 80 mole percent, wherein said polymer contains no more than 1.3% by weight of a polymer fraction which is insoluble in normal decane at 45°C; (b) a degree of crystallinity less than 25%; (c) a weight average molecular weight/number average molecular weight ratio less than 4.0; and (d) a viscosity average molecular weight within the range between 10,000 and 200,000 Daltons.
- Suitable viscosity modifiers are disclosed in US Patent No. 3,551,336 .
- the semi-crystalline viscosity modifier is a segmented copolymer of ethylene and at least one other alpha-olefin monomer; each copolymer is intramolecularly heterogeneous and intermolecularly homogeneous and at least one segment of the copolymer, constituting at least 10% of the copolymer's chain, is a crystallizable segment.
- Suitable viscosity modifiers are disclosed in US Patent No. 4,804,794 .
- the semi-crystalline viscosity modifier is included in combination with an amorphous viscosity modifier.
- an oil-soluble polymer composition comprising a first copolymer of ethylene and a C 3 to C 18 alpha-olefin having an ethylene content of 50-95 mole percent and a second copolymer of ethylene and a C 3 to C 18 higher alpha-olefin having an ethylene content of 5-80 mole percent, the ethylene content of the first copolymer being at least 5 mole percent more than the ethylene content of the second polymer.
- Suitable amorphous viscosity modifiers are disclosed in US Patent No. 3,697,429 .
- the semi-crystalline viscosity modifier has a number average molecular weight ranging from 20,000 to 500,000 Daltons, for example, from 25,000 to 400,000 Daltons or from 30,000 to 300,000 Daltons as determined by gel permeation chromatography.
- the semi-crystalline viscosity modifier can be present in the lubricant composition in an amount ranging from 0.05 to 5 wt. % of the polymer
- the lubricant composition comprises one or more LOFIs having a side-chain distribution which satisfies the following requirements:
- the amount of C 14 must be less than 20 mole %, for example, less than 10 mole % of the total side chain distribution.
- the side chains comprise even carbon number segments ranging from C 8 to C 18 , i.e., C 8 , C 10 , C 12 , C 14 , C 16 , C 18 .
- the LOFI comprises a dialkyl fumarate-vinyl acetate copolymer.
- the dialkyl fumarate-vinyl acetate copolymer can be formed from a mixture of alcohols having carbon numbers ranging from 8 to 18, with an average carbon number from 12.4 to 14.4, for example, from 12.8 to 14.0, or from 13.0 to 13.8.
- the copolymer is a sidechain copolymer having methylene segments as the side chains.
- LOFIs can contain pendent ester groups derived from a mixture of alcohols whereby the alcohol residue can be characterized as repeating methylene units, and which are oil soluble, or dispersible, polymeric compositions that generally have weight average molecular weights ranging from 50,000 to 350,000 Daltons as determined by gel permeation chromatography.
- the dialkyl fumarate-vinyl acetate copolymer has a specific viscosity ranging from 0.3 to 1.5, for example, from 0.3 to 1.0 or from 0.45 to 0.7.
- the dialkyl fumarate-vinyl acetate copolymer has a weight average molecular weight ranging from 50,000 to 350,000 Daltons, for example, from 50,000 to 200,000 Daltons or from 75,000 to 120,000 Daltons.
- additives The LOFI and one or more other components, excluding the base stock, in a lubricant composition are referred to as "additives".
- the LOFI has a weight average molecular weight, as determined by gel permeation chromatography, ranging from 50,000 to 350,000 Daltons, for example from 80,000 to 200,000 Daltons.
- the LOFI has a specific viscosity ranging from 0.3 to 1.0, for example, from 0.4 to 0.8.
- the LOFI can be present in the lubricant composition in an amount ranging from 0.005 to 1.0 weight percent, for example from 0.05 to 0.5 weight percent.
- the lubricant composition of the present invention can further comprise one or more of the optional components: corrosion inhibitors, oxidation inhibitors, friction modifiers, dispersants, anti-foaming agents, anti-wear agents, detergents, rust inhibitors, etc.
- the lubricant composition of the present invention comprises a corrosion inhibitor.
- Corrosion inhibitors also known as anti-corrosive agents, reduce the degradation of the metallic parts contacted by the lubricating oil composition.
- Illustrative of corrosion inhibitors are phosphosulfurized hydrocarbons and the products obtained by reaction of a phosphosulfurized hydrocarbon with an alkaline earth metal oxide or hydroxide, preferably in the presence of an alkylated phenol or of an alkylphenol thioester, and also preferably in the presence of carbon dioxide.
- Phosphosulfurized hydrocarbons are prepared by reacting a suitable hydrocarbon such as a terpene, a heavy petroleum fraction of a C 2 to C 6 olefin polymer such as polyisobutylene, with from 5 to 30 wt. percent of a sulfide of phosphorus for 1/2 to 15 hours, at a temperature in the range of 150°F to 600°F (66°C to 316°C). Neutralization of the phosphosulfurized hydrocarbon may be effected in the manner taught in U.S. Pat. No. 1,969,324 .
- the lubricant composition of the invention can comprise an oxidation inhibitor.
- Oxidation inhibitors reduce the tendency of mineral oils to deteriorate in service which deterioration can be evidenced by the products of oxidation such as sludge and varnish-like deposits on the metal surfaces, and by viscosity growth.
- oxidation inhibitors include alkaline earth metal salts of alkylphenolthioesters having preferably C 5 to C 12 alkyl side chains, e.g., calcium nonylphenol sulfide, barium t-octylphenyl sulfide, dioctylphenylamine, phenylalphanaphthylamine, phosphosulfurized or sulfurized hydrocarbons, etc.
- the lubricant of the present invention comprises a friction modifier.
- Friction modifiers serve to impart the proper friction characteristics to lubricating oil compositions such as automatic transmission fluids.
- suitable friction modifiers are found in U.S. Pat. No. 3,933,659 that discloses fatty acid esters and amides; U.S. Pat. No. 4,176,074 that describes molybdenum complexes of polyisobutenyl succinic anhydride-amino alkanols; U.S. Pat. No. 4,105,571 that discloses glycerol esters of dimerized fatty acids; U.S. Pat. No. 3,779,928 that discloses alkane phosphonic acid salts; U.S. Pat.
- Preferred friction modifiers include succinate esters, or metal salts thereof, of hydrocarbyl substituted succinic acids or anhydrides and thiobis alkanols such as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,344,853 as well as various molybdenum compounds.
- the lubricant composition of the present invention comprises a dispersant.
- Dispersants maintain compounds resulting from oxidation during use that are insoluble or substantially insoluble in the oil, in suspension in the fluid thus preventing sludge flocculation and precipitation or deposition on metal parts.
- Suitable dispersants include high molecular weight alkyl succinates, the reaction product of oil-soluble polyisobutylene succinic anhydride with ethylene amines such as tetraethylene pentamine and borated salts thereof.
- the lubricant composition of the present invention comprises a component to provide foam control.
- Foam control can be provided by an antifoamant of the polysiloxane type, e.g., silicone oil and polydimethyl siloxane.
- the lubricant composition of the present invention comprises an anti-wear agent.
- Anti-wear agents as their name implies, reduce wear of metal parts.
- Representatives of conventional anti-wear agents are zinc dialkyldithiophosphate and zinc diaryldithiophosphate.
- the lubricant composition of the present invention comprises a detergent and metal rust inhibitor.
- Detergents and metal rust inhibitors include the metal salts of sulphonic acids, alkyl phenols, sulfurized alkyl phenols, alkyl salicylates, naphthenates and other oil soluble mono- and dicarboxylic acids.
- Highly basic (viz., overbased) metal salts such as highly basic alkaline earth metal sulfonates (especially Ca and Mg salts) are frequently used as detergents. Representative examples of such materials, and their methods of preparation, are found in U.S. Pat. No. 6,127,321 .
- Lubricant composition of the present invention can be made using methods and techniques which are well known in the art.
- Lubricant compositions according to the present invention are typically made by blending individual components into the base stock.
- the components can be added directly to the base stock by dispersing, or dissolving the additives at the desired level of concentration at room temperature or elevated temperatures.
- the present invention is illustrated by the following non-limiting examples.
- the lubricant compositions comprised a Group III base stock (Yubase base stock); a semi-crystalline viscosity modifier (Paratone 8451 from Chevron Oronite Company); and a LOFI which was prepared as described below.
- Each lubricant composition contained a different LOFI.
- the lubricant composition of Example 1 contains LOFI 1
- the lubricant composition of Example 2 contains LOFI 2 and so on.
- LOFIs Five LOFIs (LOFIs 1-5) were prepared by first making five dialkyl fumarate monomers (Dialkyl Fumarate Monomers 1-5) using a blend of alcohols having a distribution of carbon atoms as shown in Table I. Alcohol 1 in Table I is used to prepare Dialkyl Fumarate Monomer 1, Alcohol 2 in Table I is used to prepare Dialkyl Fumarate Monomer 2 and so on. 232 g of fumaric acid, 824 g of the specified alcohol blend, and 0.2 g Fascat 4100® were added to the round bottom flask equipped with a Dean-Stark apparatus. The slurry was stirred under a stream of nitrogen and slowly heated to 220°C.
- the esterification reaction was monitored by measuring the amount of water collected in the Dean-Stark trap. When the evolution of water ceased (typically 4 to 6 hours), the dialkyl fumarate monomer was decanted from the reactor and analyzed for neutralization number (2.0 mg KOH/g) and saponification number (223 mg KOH/g). Dialkyl Fumarate Monomers 1-5 were formed in this way.
- Dialkyl Fumarate Monomer 1 was used to prepare Dialkyl Fumarate Vinyl Acetate Copolymer 1
- Dialkyl Fumarate Monomer 2 was used to prepare Dialkyl Fumarate Vinyl Acetate Copolymer 2 and so on.
- 150 g of a Dialkyl Fumarate Monomer (Dialkyl Fumarate Monomers 1-5) were added to a Parr® brand, 300 cm 3 stainless steel reactor. The reactor was sealed, heated to 50°C, and flushed with nitrogen for 10 minutes.
- Dialkyl Fumarate Vinyl Acetate Copolymers 1-5 were blended as is well known in the art with a Group III base stock (Yubase base stock) and a semi-crystalline viscosity modifier (Paratone 8451 from Chevron Oronite Company) to form the SAE 5W-30 lubricant compositions of Examples 1-5.
- a Group III base stock Yubase base stock
- a semi-crystalline viscosity modifier Paratone 8451 from Chevron Oronite Company
- the distribution contains side chains ranging from C 8 to C 18 with an average carbon number from 12.4 to 14.4 ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ (2) the side chain distribution is bi-modal with the lower portion of the bi-modal distribution made up primarily of C 12 and the upper portion of the distribution made up primarily of C 16 , C 18 or combinations thereof ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ X X (3) the sum of the upper portion of the distribution must be less than the lower portion of the distribution.
- the amount of C 14 must be less than 20% or less than 10% when the essential components of the bi-modal distribution are made up of mixtures of (a) C 12 and C 16 or (b) C 12 , C 16 and C 18 and must be less than the sum of C 16 and C 18 ; ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ X X (4) the amount of C 12 must be at least 40 mole % or at least 50 mole % of the total side chain distribution. ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ X
- the LOFIs in the lubricant compositions of Examples 1-3 satisfy all of the requirements and are encompassed by the present invention.
- the LOFIs in the lubricant compositions of Examples 4 and 5 do not satisfy all of the requirements and fall outside of the present invention.
- MRV Pumpability Test Ex. 1 Ex. 2 Ex. 3 Ex. 4 Ex. 5 At a Treat Rate of 0.50% Viscosity [mPa ⁇ s] 27,200 -- 24,400 161,100 54,200 Yield Stress [Pa] ⁇ 35 -- ⁇ 35 ⁇ 350 ⁇ 140 At a Treat Rate of 0.20% Viscosity [mPa ⁇ s] 23,800 21,400 22,400 -- -- Yield Stress [Pa] ⁇ 35 ⁇ 35 ⁇ 35 -- -- -- means yield stress and viscosity were not tested.
- a lubricant composition In order to pass the MRV Pumpability Test, a lubricant composition must exhibit a viscosity equal to or less than 60,000 mPa ⁇ s and a yield stress of less than 35 Pa. At a treat rate of 0.50%, only Examples land 3 passed the MRV Pumpability Test. At a treat rate of 0.20%, only Examples 1-3 pass the MRV Pumpability Test. As stated above, Examples 1-3 are encompassed by the present invention.
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Description
- The present invention relates to lubricant compositions having improved flow properties, particularly lubricant compositions comprising American Petroleum Institute (API) Group III base stocks which exhibit improved low temperature flow properties.
- Lubricant compositions are used in various applications such as automotive applications, industrial applications, etc. Lubricant compositions are typically formulated from a base stock and one or more additives.
- Various additives for use in lubricant compositions are well known in the art. Examples of such additives include, but are not limited to, lube oil flow improvers (LOFIs), viscosity modifiers (VMs), etc.
- Automobile manufacturers and government regulators have introduced new, more stringent performance requirements for lubricants. Examples are the requirements for oil volatility and fuel efficiency. These changes have made the choice of base stock(s) used in lubricants much more important than they were in the past. Due to their low viscosity and low volatility, API Group III base stocks have become the base stock of choice for the next generation of lubricant compositions.
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WO98/28386A EP 0,296,714 A andGB 635,903 A - The present invention provides a lubricant composition having improved low temperature flow performance properties comprising (a) an API Group III base stock; (b) a semi-crystalline viscosity modifier; and (c) one or more LOFIs having a side-chain distribution which satisfies certain requirements.
- According to a first aspect, the present invention provides a lubricant composition comprising (a) an API Group III base stock;
- (b) one or more semi-crystalline viscosity modifier(s) which is a copolymer of ethylene copolymerized with at least one additional alphaolefin monomer having from 3 to 30 carbon atoms; and
- (c) one or more LOFIs which is a dialkyl fumarate-vinyl acetate copolymer having a side-chain distribution which satisfies the following requirements:
- (1) the distribution contains side chains ranging from C8 to C18 with an average carbon number ranging from 12.4 to 14.4;
- (2) the side chain distribution is bi-modal with a lower portion of the bi-modal distribution made up primarily of C12 and an upper portion of the distribution made up primarily of C16, C18 or combinations thereof;
- (3) the total mole % of the upper portion of the distribution must be less than that of the lower portion of the distribution;
- (4) the amount of C14 on the side chain is less than 20 mole % of the total side chain distribution when the essential components of the bi-modal distribution is made up of mixtures of (i) C12 and C16 or (ii) C12, C16 and C18; and,
- (5) the amount of C12 on the side chain must be at least 40 mole % of the total side chain distribution.
- Suitably, the lubricant composition comprises an automotive lubricating oil composition, more especially an automotive lubricating oil composition for use in piston engines, especially gasoline (spark-ignited) and diesel (compression-ignited), crankcase lubrication, such compositions being referred to as crankcase lubricants.
- According to a second aspect, the present invention provides a method of lubricating a compression-ignited or spark-ignited combustion engine, comprising operating the engine with a lubricant composition according to the first aspect of the invention.
- Preferably, the method according to the second aspect of the present invention comprises lubricating the crankcase of a compression-ignited or spark-ignited internal combustion engine.
- According to a third aspect, the present invention provides the use, in a lubricant composition which comprises an API Group III base stock, of (b) a semi-crystalline viscosity modifier as defined in accordance with the first aspect of the
present invention; in combination with (c) one or more LOFIs as defined in accordance with the first aspect of the present invention, to improve the low temperature flow properties of the lubricant composition. - Suitably, the low temperature flow properties of the lubricant composition are measured using the MRV Pumpability Test according to ASTM D4684. Suitably, the use in accordance with the third aspect of the present invention enables the lubricant composition to pass the MRV Pumpability Test according to ASTM D4684.
- It will be appreciated that the term "lubricant composition" as used herein represents a "lubricating oil composition".
- The features of the invention relating, where appropriate, to each and all aspects of the invention, will now be described in more detail as follows:
- Unless otherwise indicated, all numbers expressing quantities of ingredients, reaction conditions, dimensions, physical characteristics, processing parameters, and the like, used in the specification and claims are to be understood as being modified in all instances by the term "about". Accordingly, unless indicated to the contrary, the numerical values set forth in the following specification and claims may vary depending upon the desired properties sought to be obtained by the present invention. At the very least, each numerical value should at least be construed in light of the number of reported significant digits and by applying ordinary rounding techniques. Moreover, all ranges disclosed herein are to be understood to encompass the beginning and ending range values and any and all subranges subsumed therein. For example, a stated range of "1 to 10" should be considered to include any and all subranges between (and inclusive of) the minimum value of 1 and the maximum value of 10; that is, all subranges beginning with a minimum value of 1 or more and ending with a maximum value of 10 or less, e.g., 5.5 to 10.
- As used herein, the following terms are defined in the manner described below.
- The term "polymer" includes copolymers unless otherwise specifically stated to be limited to a polymer derived solely from the polymerization of a single monomer and encompasses branched as well as linear polymers.
- The term "copolymer" refers to a polymer resulting from the polymerization reaction of two chemically different monomers. With reference to ethylene alphaolefin copolymers, it is understood that such copolymers can optionally contain a minor amount (for example, greater than zero but less than 10% by weight) of a nonconjugated polyene, in which case the copolymer is sometimes referred to as a terpolymer. With reference to ethylene alphaolefin polymers, it is understood both copolymers and terpolymers of ethylene with at least one other alpha-olefin are included.
- The term "average carbon number" refers to the average carbon number weighted by molar fraction.
- The term "lubricating oil flow improver" (LOFI) covers all additives which modify the size, number, and growth of wax crystals in lubricating (or lube for short) oils in such a way as to impart improved low temperature handling, pumpability, and/or vehicle operability as measured by such tests as pour point, Mini-Rotary Viscometer (MRV), and Scanning Brookfield Viscometer. The majority of lubricating oil flow improvers are polymers or copolymers, or contain polymers or copolymers. These polymers are generally side chain, backbone or mixtures thereof.
- The term "base oil" refers to a refined fluid that is free of additives and is used as a component in a lubricant blend.
- The term "base stock" refers to a blend, mixture, or similar of base oils.
- Various "Groups" of base stocks, for example, API Group III base stocks, will be referred to herein. Those Group classifications have been established by the American Petroleum Institute (API) according to the table included in
U.S. Patent No. 6,475,963 . - The term "bi-modal" refers to a carbon chain length frequency distribution which has two distinct peaks (or modes) with each peak being a carbon chain length (or carbon chain lengths adjacent in terms of sequential even number of carbons) which has a higher mole percentage than neighboring carbon chain lengths. The bi-modal carbon chain length frequency distribution has a "lower portion of the distribution" and an "upper portion of the distribution".
- The term "lower portion of the distribution" refers to the portion of the bi-modal distribution which is composed of the mode with the lower carbon chain length (or lengths) and adjacent carbon chain lengths (in terms of sequential even number chain lengths) of lower mole percent. The highest carbon chain length in the lower portion of the distribution is C14.
- The term "upper portion of the distribution" refers to the portion of the bi-modal distribution which is composed of the mode with the higher carbon chain length (or lengths) and adjacent carbon chain lengths of lower mole percent. The lowest carbon chain length in the upper portion of the distribution is C16.
- The term "primarily" means the amount of one component present in the composition, compound, etc. is more than the amounts of any other component present on a component-by-component basis.
- The lubricant composition comprises (a) a Group III base stock; (b) a semi-crystalline viscosity modifier; and (c) one or more LOFIs that meet certain specifications.
- The lubricant composition comprises an API Group III base stock. Group III base stocks as defined by the API have a viscosity index that is open-ended. Suitably, the viscosity index of the base stock is greater than 120. Alternatively, the base stocks has a viscosity index of equal to or greater than 120 and equal to or less than 200. Suitable, commercially available Group III base stocks include, but are not limited to: the Visom brand of base stocks commercially available from ExxonMobil (Fawley, U.K.); the Yubase brand of base stocks commercially available from SK Corporation (Ulsan, South Korea); the Ultra-S brand of base stocks are commercially available from ConocoPhillips (Westlake, LA (USA)); and the Nexbase brand of base stocks commercially available from Neste (Porvoo, Finland).
- Suitably, the base stock is made using gas-to-liquids ("GTL") process. GTL is a refinery process used to convert natural gas or other gaseous hydrocarbons into longer-chain hydrocarbons. For example, GTL can be used to convert methane-rich gases into liquid fuels either via direct conversion or via syngas as an intermediate using the Fischer Tropsch process. As is well known in the art, isomerization catalyst can be used with GTL to make Group III base stocks
- The lubricant composition comprises a semi-crystalline viscosity modifier. Typically, the semi-crystalline viscosity modifier comprises one or more high molecular weight hydrocarbon polymers as is well known in the art. Examples of suitable hydrocarbon polymers include copolymers of ethylene copolymerized with at least one additional alphaolefin monomer having from 3 to 30, for example, from 3 to 8 carbon atoms and which may be straight or branched. Optionally, a low concentration, e.g., less than about 10 wt. %, of a nonconjugated diene can be present. In a non-limiting embodiment, these copolymers are those comprising ethylene and propylene. Ethylene copolymers suitable for the present invention include tapered or block copolymers (including terpolymers, tetrapolymers, etc.) as well as those that have controlled compositional homogeneity and/or heterogeneity within and among copolymer chains which are well known in the art. Such copolymers are described in "Polymers as Lubricating Oil Viscosity Modifiers", G. VerStrate, M. J. Struglinski, Chapter 15; in "Polymers as Rheology Modifiers", D. N. Schulz and J. E. Glass, editors, American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C., 1991.
- Suitably, the semi-crystalline viscosity modifier is an oil-soluble polymer comprised of ethylene and a C3 to C18 alpha-olefin, the polymer being characterized by the following combination of parameters: (a) an average ethylene content within the range between 60 to 80 mole percent, wherein said polymer contains no more than 1.3% by weight of a polymer fraction which is insoluble in normal decane at 45°C; (b) a degree of crystallinity less than 25%; (c) a weight average molecular weight/number average molecular weight ratio less than 4.0; and (d) a viscosity average molecular weight within the range between 10,000 and 200,000 Daltons. Suitable viscosity modifiers are disclosed in
US Patent No. 3,551,336 . - Alternatively, the semi-crystalline viscosity modifier is a segmented copolymer of ethylene and at least one other alpha-olefin monomer; each copolymer is intramolecularly heterogeneous and intermolecularly homogeneous and at least one segment of the copolymer, constituting at least 10% of the copolymer's chain, is a crystallizable segment. Suitable viscosity modifiers are disclosed in
US Patent No. 4,804,794 . - Suitably, the semi-crystalline viscosity modifier is included in combination with an amorphous viscosity modifier. An example of this is an oil-soluble polymer composition comprising a first copolymer of ethylene and a C3 to C18 alpha-olefin having an ethylene content of 50-95 mole percent and a second copolymer of ethylene and a C3 to C18 higher alpha-olefin having an ethylene content of 5-80 mole percent, the ethylene content of the first copolymer being at least 5 mole percent more than the ethylene content of the second polymer. Suitable amorphous viscosity modifiers are disclosed in
US Patent No. 3,697,429 . - Suitably, the semi-crystalline viscosity modifier has a number average molecular weight ranging from 20,000 to 500,000 Daltons, for example, from 25,000 to 400,000 Daltons or from 30,000 to 300,000 Daltons as determined by gel permeation chromatography.
- The semi-crystalline viscosity modifier can be present in the lubricant composition in an amount ranging from 0.05 to 5 wt. % of the polymer
- The lubricant composition comprises one or more LOFIs having a side-chain distribution which satisfies the following requirements:
- (1) Every side chain present comprises carbon chains made up of from 8 to 18 carbon atoms with an average carbon number from 12.4 to 14.4, for example, from 12.8 to 14.0 or from 13.0 to 13.8;
- (2) the side chain distribution is bi-modal with the lower portion of the bi-modal distribution made up primarily of C12 and the upper portion of the distribution (i.e., the distribution with the higher carbon number mode) made up primarily of C16, C18 or combinations thereof;
- (3) the total mole % of the upper portion of the distribution must be less than that of
the lower portion of the distribution; and - (4) the amount of C12 on the side chain must be at least 40 mole %, for example, at least 50 mole % or at least 60 mole %, of the total side chain distribution.
- Suitably, when the essential components of the bi-modal distribution are made up of mixtures of (a) C12 and C16 or (b) C12, C16 and C18, the amount of C14 must be less than 20 mole %, for example, less than 10 mole % of the total side chain distribution.
- Suitably, the side chains comprise even carbon number segments ranging from C8 to C18, i.e., C8, C10, C12, C14, C16, C18.
- Suitably, the LOFI comprises a dialkyl fumarate-vinyl acetate copolymer.
- The dialkyl fumarate-vinyl acetate copolymer can be formed from a mixture of alcohols having carbon numbers ranging from 8 to 18, with an average carbon number from 12.4 to 14.4, for example, from 12.8 to 14.0, or from 13.0 to 13.8. The copolymer is a sidechain copolymer having methylene segments as the side chains.
- These LOFIs can contain pendent ester groups derived from a mixture of alcohols whereby the alcohol residue can be characterized as repeating methylene units, and which are oil soluble, or dispersible, polymeric compositions that generally have weight average molecular weights ranging from 50,000 to 350,000 Daltons as determined by gel permeation chromatography.
- Suitably, the dialkyl fumarate-vinyl acetate copolymer has a specific viscosity ranging from 0.3 to 1.5, for example, from 0.3 to 1.0 or from 0.45 to 0.7. Suitably, the dialkyl fumarate-vinyl acetate copolymer has a weight average molecular weight ranging from 50,000 to 350,000 Daltons, for example, from 50,000 to 200,000 Daltons or from 75,000 to 120,000 Daltons.
- The LOFI and one or more other components, excluding the base stock, in a lubricant composition are referred to as "additives".
- Suitably, the LOFI has a weight average molecular weight, as determined by gel permeation chromatography, ranging from 50,000 to 350,000 Daltons, for example from 80,000 to 200,000 Daltons.
- Suitably, the LOFI has a specific viscosity ranging from 0.3 to 1.0, for example, from 0.4 to 0.8.
- The LOFI can be present in the lubricant composition in an amount ranging from 0.005 to 1.0 weight percent, for example from 0.05 to 0.5 weight percent.
- The lubricant composition of the present invention can further comprise one or more of the optional components: corrosion inhibitors, oxidation inhibitors, friction modifiers, dispersants, anti-foaming agents, anti-wear agents, detergents, rust inhibitors, etc.
- Suitably, the lubricant composition of the present invention comprises a corrosion inhibitor. Corrosion inhibitors, also known as anti-corrosive agents, reduce the degradation of the metallic parts contacted by the lubricating oil composition. Illustrative of corrosion inhibitors are phosphosulfurized hydrocarbons and the products obtained by reaction of a phosphosulfurized hydrocarbon with an alkaline earth metal oxide or hydroxide, preferably in the presence of an alkylated phenol or of an alkylphenol thioester, and also preferably in the presence of carbon dioxide. Phosphosulfurized hydrocarbons are prepared by reacting a suitable hydrocarbon such as a terpene, a heavy petroleum fraction of a C2 to C6 olefin polymer such as polyisobutylene, with from 5 to 30 wt. percent of a sulfide of phosphorus for 1/2 to 15 hours, at a temperature in the range of 150°F to 600°F (66°C to 316°C). Neutralization of the phosphosulfurized hydrocarbon may be effected in the manner taught in
U.S. Pat. No. 1,969,324 . - Suitably, the lubricant composition of the invention can comprise an oxidation inhibitor. Oxidation inhibitors reduce the tendency of mineral oils to deteriorate in service which deterioration can be evidenced by the products of oxidation such as sludge and varnish-like deposits on the metal surfaces, and by viscosity growth. Such oxidation inhibitors include alkaline earth metal salts of alkylphenolthioesters having preferably C5 to C12 alkyl side chains, e.g., calcium nonylphenol sulfide, barium t-octylphenyl sulfide, dioctylphenylamine, phenylalphanaphthylamine, phosphosulfurized or sulfurized hydrocarbons, etc.
- Suitably, the lubricant of the present invention comprises a friction modifier. Friction modifiers serve to impart the proper friction characteristics to lubricating oil compositions such as automatic transmission fluids. Representative examples of suitable friction modifiers are found in
U.S. Pat. No. 3,933,659 that discloses fatty acid esters and amides;U.S. Pat. No. 4,176,074 that describes molybdenum complexes of polyisobutenyl succinic anhydride-amino alkanols;U.S. Pat. No. 4,105,571 that discloses glycerol esters of dimerized fatty acids;U.S. Pat. No. 3,779,928 that discloses alkane phosphonic acid salts;U.S. Pat. No. 3,778,375 that discloses reaction products of a phosphonate with an oleamide;U.S. Pat. No. 3,852,205 that discloses S-carboxyalkylene hydrocarbyl succinimide, S-carboxyalkylene hydrocarbyl succinamic acid and mixtures thereof;U.S. Pat. No. 3,879,306 that discloses N-(hydroxyalkyl)alkenyl-succinamic acids or succinimides;U.S. Pat. No. 3,932,290 which discloses reaction products of di-(lower alkyl) phosphites and epoxides; andU.S. Pat. No. 4,028,258 that discloses the alkylene oxide adduct of phosphosulfurized N-(hydroxyalkyl) alkenyl succinimides. Preferred friction modifiers include succinate esters, or metal salts thereof, of hydrocarbyl substituted succinic acids or anhydrides and thiobis alkanols such as described inU.S. Pat. No. 4,344,853 as well as various molybdenum compounds. - Suitably, the lubricant composition of the present invention comprises a dispersant. Dispersants maintain compounds resulting from oxidation during use that are insoluble or substantially insoluble in the oil, in suspension in the fluid thus preventing sludge flocculation and precipitation or deposition on metal parts. Suitable dispersants include high molecular weight alkyl succinates, the reaction product of oil-soluble polyisobutylene succinic anhydride with ethylene amines such as tetraethylene pentamine and borated salts thereof.
- Suitably, the lubricant composition of the present invention comprises a component to provide foam control. Foam control can be provided by an antifoamant of the polysiloxane type, e.g., silicone oil and polydimethyl siloxane.
- Suitably, the lubricant composition of the present invention comprises an anti-wear agent. Anti-wear agents, as their name implies, reduce wear of metal parts. Representatives of conventional anti-wear agents are zinc dialkyldithiophosphate and zinc diaryldithiophosphate.
- Suitably, the lubricant composition of the present invention comprises a detergent and metal rust inhibitor. Detergents and metal rust inhibitors include the metal salts of sulphonic acids, alkyl phenols, sulfurized alkyl phenols, alkyl salicylates, naphthenates and other oil soluble mono- and dicarboxylic acids. Highly basic (viz., overbased) metal salts, such as highly basic alkaline earth metal sulfonates (especially Ca and Mg salts) are frequently used as detergents. Representative examples of such materials, and their methods of preparation, are found in
U.S. Pat. No. 6,127,321 . - The lubricant composition of the present invention can be made using methods and techniques which are well known in the art. Lubricant compositions according to the present invention are typically made by blending individual components into the base stock. For example, the components can be added directly to the base stock by dispersing, or dissolving the additives at the desired level of concentration at room temperature or elevated temperatures.
- The present invention is illustrated by the following non-limiting examples. In the Examples, the lubricant compositions comprised a Group III base stock (Yubase base stock); a semi-crystalline viscosity modifier (Paratone 8451 from Chevron Oronite Company); and a LOFI which was prepared as described below. Each lubricant composition contained a different LOFI. For example, the lubricant composition of Example 1 contains LOFI 1, the lubricant composition of Example 2 contains LOFI 2 and so on.
- Five LOFIs (LOFIs 1-5) were prepared by first making five dialkyl fumarate monomers (Dialkyl Fumarate Monomers 1-5) using a blend of alcohols having a distribution of carbon atoms as shown in Table I. Alcohol 1 in Table I is used to prepare Dialkyl Fumarate Monomer 1, Alcohol 2 in Table I is used to prepare Dialkyl Fumarate Monomer 2 and so on. 232 g of fumaric acid, 824 g of the specified alcohol blend, and 0.2 g Fascat 4100® were added to the round bottom flask equipped with a Dean-Stark apparatus. The slurry was stirred under a stream of nitrogen and slowly heated to 220°C. The esterification reaction was monitored by measuring the amount of water collected in the Dean-Stark trap. When the evolution of water ceased (typically 4 to 6 hours), the dialkyl fumarate monomer was decanted from the reactor and analyzed for neutralization number (2.0 mg KOH/g) and saponification number (223 mg KOH/g). Dialkyl Fumarate Monomers 1-5 were formed in this way.
- The LOFIs were then prepared by making a dialkyl fumarate-vinyl acetate copolymer from the dialkyl fumarate monomers (formed in the step described above) as described below. Dialkyl Fumarate Monomer 1 was used to prepare Dialkyl Fumarate Vinyl Acetate Copolymer 1, Dialkyl Fumarate Monomer 2 was used to prepare Dialkyl Fumarate Vinyl Acetate Copolymer 2 and so on. 150 g of a Dialkyl Fumarate Monomer (Dialkyl Fumarate Monomers 1-5) were added to a Parr® brand, 300 cm3 stainless steel reactor. The reactor was sealed, heated to 50°C, and flushed with nitrogen for 10 minutes. Then, 26.5 g of deoxygenated vinyl acetate were injected into the Parr® reactor containing the Dialkyl Fumarate Monomer. The mixture was stirred for 15 minutes before heating to the reaction temperature of 100°C. 0.26 g tert-butyl peroctoate was dissolved in 2.0 g Blandol® White Mineral Oil produced by Sonneborn and then injected into the mixture. The mixture was stirred for 5 to 8 hours to complete the polymerization reaction. The copolymer was then poured from the reactor into a round-bottom flask and stripped of volatiles on a rotary evaporator. Dialkyl Fumarate Vinyl Acetate Copolymers 1-5 were formed in this way.
- Dialkyl Fumarate Vinyl Acetate Copolymers 1-5 were blended as is well known in the art with a Group III base stock (Yubase base stock) and a semi-crystalline viscosity modifier (Paratone 8451 from Chevron Oronite Company) to form the SAE 5W-30 lubricant compositions of Examples 1-5.
- In Table I below, compositional information is provided for the LOFI Side Chains for Examples 1-5.
Table I. Distribution of Carbon Atoms in Alcohols 1-5 Alcohol 1 Alcohol 2 Alcohol 3 Alcohol 4 Alcohol 5 C8 [mole fraction] 0 0 0 0 .1 C10 [mole fraction] 0 0 .2 0 .3 C12 [mole fraction] .7 .708 .5 .4 0 C14 [mole fraction] .1 .084 0 .5 0 C16 [mole fraction] 0 .008 0 .1 .6 C18 [mole fraction] .2 .200 .3 0 0 Avg Cn 13.4 13.4 13.4 13.4 13.4 - As stated previously, side chains of the LOFIs of the present invention must satisfy certain requirements. The various requirements are listed in Table II below. For the various exemplary lubricant compositions (Exs. 1-5) made in the manner described above, a "✔" appears in a box if the LOFI meets the requirement, and an "X" appears in a box if the LOFI does not meet the requirement.
Table II Requirement Ex. 1 Ex. 2 Ex. 3 Ex. 4 Ex. 5 (1) the distribution contains side chains ranging from C8 to C18 with an average carbon number from 12.4 to 14.4 ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ (2) the side chain distribution is bi-modal with the lower portion of the bi-modal distribution made up primarily of C12 and the upper portion of the distribution made up primarily of C16, C18 or combinations thereof ✔ ✔ ✔ X X (3) the sum of the upper portion of the distribution must be less than the lower portion of the distribution. This necessitates the amount of C14 must be less than 20% or less than 10% when the essential components of the bi-modal distribution are made up of mixtures of (a) C12 and C16 or (b) C12, C16 and C18 and must be less than the sum of C16 and C18; ✔ ✔ ✔ X X (4) the amount of C12 must be at least 40 mole % or at least 50 mole % of the total side chain distribution. ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ X - As you can see, the LOFIs in the lubricant compositions of Examples 1-3 satisfy all of the requirements and are encompassed by the present invention. The LOFIs in the lubricant compositions of Examples 4 and 5 do not satisfy all of the requirements and fall outside of the present invention.
- The lubricant compositions of Examples 1-5 were subjected to MRV Pumpability Test according to ASTM D 4684. The results of the test are shown in Table III.
Table III. MRV Pumpability Test Ex. 1 Ex. 2 Ex. 3 Ex. 4 Ex. 5 At a Treat Rate of 0.50% Viscosity [mPa·s] 27,200 -- 24,400 161,100 54,200 Yield Stress [Pa] < 35 -- < 35 < 350 <140 At a Treat Rate of 0.20% Viscosity [mPa·s] 23,800 21,400 22,400 -- -- Yield Stress [Pa] < 35 < 35 < 35 -- -- -- means yield stress and viscosity were not tested. - In order to pass the MRV Pumpability Test, a lubricant composition must exhibit a viscosity equal to or less than 60,000 mPa·s and a yield stress of less than 35 Pa. At a treat rate of 0.50%, only Examples land 3 passed the MRV Pumpability Test. At a treat rate of 0.20%, only Examples 1-3 pass the MRV Pumpability Test. As stated above, Examples 1-3 are encompassed by the present invention.
Claims (15)
- A lubricant composition comprising:(a) an API Group III base stock;(b) one or more semi-crystalline viscosity modifier(s) which is a copolymer of ethylene copolymerized with at least one additional alphaolefin monomer having from 3 to 30 carbon atoms; and(c) one or more LOFIs which is a dialkyl fumarate-vinyl acetate copolymer having a side-chain distribution which satisfies the following requirements:(1) the distribution contains side chains ranging from C8 to C18 with an average carbon number ranging from 12.4 to 14.4;(2) the side chain distribution is bi-modal with a lower portion of the bi-modal distribution made up primarily of C12 and an upper portion of the distribution made up primarily of C16, C18 or combinations thereof;(3) the total mole % of the upper portion of the distribution must be less than that of the lower portion of the distribution;(4) the amount of C14 on the side chain is less than 20 mole % of the total side chain distribution when the essential components of the bi-modal distribution is made up of mixtures of (i) C12 and C16 or (ii) C12, C16 and C18; and,(5) the amount of C12 on the side chain must be at least 40 mole % of the total side chain distribution.
- The lubricant composition according to claim 1, wherein the distribution contains side chains ranging from C8 to C18 with an average carbon number ranging from 12.8 to 14.0.
- The lubricant composition according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the amount of C14 on the side chain is less than 10 mole % of the total side chain distribution and the bi-modal distribution is made up of mixtures of (i) C12 and C16 or (ii) C12, C16 and C18.
- The lubricant composition according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the amount of C12 on the side chain must be at least 50 mole % of the total side chain distribution.
- The lubricant composition according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the side chains comprise even carbon number segments ranging from C8 to C18.
- The lubricant composition according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the dialkyl fumarate-vinyl acetate copolymer has a weight average molecular weight of from 50,000 to 350,000 Daltons.
- The lubricant composition according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the dialkyl fumarate-vinyl acetate copolymer has a specific viscosity ranging from 0.3 to 1.0.
- The lubricant composition according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the LOFI is present in an amount ranging from 0.005 weight percent to 1.0 weight percent, based on the total weight of the lubricant composition.
- The lubricant composition according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the semi-crystalline viscosity modifier is a copolymer of ethylene copolymerized with propylene.
- The lubricant composition according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the semi-crystalline viscosity modifier comprises an ethylene alpha-olefin copolymer containing a small amount of one or more non-conjugated dienes.
- The lubricant composition according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the semi-crystalline viscosity modifier is present in an amount of 0.05 to 5 wt %, based on the total weight of the lubricant composition.
- The lubricant composition according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the semi-crystalline viscosity modifier is included in combination with an amorphous viscosity modifier.
- The lubricant composition according to any one of the preceding claims further comprising one or more of the following components: corrosion inhibitors, oxidation inhibitors, friction modifiers, dispersants.
- A method of lubricating a compression-ignited or spark-ignited combustion engine comprising operating the engine with a lubricant composition as claimed in any one of the preceding claims.
- The use, in a lubricant composition which comprises an API Group III base stock, of (b) one or more semi-crystalline viscosity modifier(s) as defined in any one of claims 1 to 13; in combination with (c) one or more LOFIs as defined in any one of claims 1 to 13, to improve the low temperature flow properties of the lubricant composition.
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
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US11/949,083 US20090143263A1 (en) | 2007-12-03 | 2007-12-03 | Lubricant composition comprising a bi-modal side-chain distribution lofi |
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EP2071013A2 EP2071013A2 (en) | 2009-06-17 |
EP2071013A3 EP2071013A3 (en) | 2011-10-12 |
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US (1) | US20090143263A1 (en) |
EP (1) | EP2071013B1 (en) |
JP (1) | JP5517440B2 (en) |
CN (1) | CN101451086B (en) |
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US9518244B2 (en) * | 2007-12-03 | 2016-12-13 | Infineum International Limited | Lubricant composition comprising a bi-modal side-chain distribution LOFI |
WO2013062924A2 (en) * | 2011-10-27 | 2013-05-02 | The Lubrizol Corporation | Lubricating composition containing an esterified polymer |
US11098262B2 (en) | 2018-04-25 | 2021-08-24 | Afton Chemical Corporation | Multifunctional branched polymers with improved low-temperature performance |
CN109238508B (en) * | 2018-08-17 | 2021-06-18 | 中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所 | Method for obtaining earth surface temperature and CO2Method of concentration correlation |
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- 2008-12-02 CN CN2008101816647A patent/CN101451086B/en active Active
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EP2071013A3 (en) | 2011-10-12 |
CN101451086A (en) | 2009-06-10 |
CN101451086B (en) | 2013-06-12 |
US20090143263A1 (en) | 2009-06-04 |
JP2009138195A (en) | 2009-06-25 |
CA2645580C (en) | 2015-06-30 |
EP2071013A2 (en) | 2009-06-17 |
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CA2645580A1 (en) | 2009-06-03 |
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