EP2044311A2 - Method for controlling a combustion engine during a temporary stoppage and corresponding control device - Google Patents
Method for controlling a combustion engine during a temporary stoppage and corresponding control deviceInfo
- Publication number
- EP2044311A2 EP2044311A2 EP07823332A EP07823332A EP2044311A2 EP 2044311 A2 EP2044311 A2 EP 2044311A2 EP 07823332 A EP07823332 A EP 07823332A EP 07823332 A EP07823332 A EP 07823332A EP 2044311 A2 EP2044311 A2 EP 2044311A2
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- engine
- valves
- intake
- exhaust
- during
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F02D41/00—Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents
- F02D41/02—Circuit arrangements for generating control signals
- F02D41/04—Introducing corrections for particular operating conditions
- F02D41/042—Introducing corrections for particular operating conditions for stopping the engine
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F02D13/00—Controlling the engine output power by varying inlet or exhaust valve operating characteristics, e.g. timing
- F02D13/08—Controlling the engine output power by varying inlet or exhaust valve operating characteristics, e.g. timing for rendering engine inoperative or idling
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F02D41/00—Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents
- F02D41/0002—Controlling intake air
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02N—STARTING OF COMBUSTION ENGINES; STARTING AIDS FOR SUCH ENGINES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F02N11/00—Starting of engines by means of electric motors
- F02N11/08—Circuits or control means specially adapted for starting of engines
- F02N11/0814—Circuits or control means specially adapted for starting of engines comprising means for controlling automatic idle-start-stop
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01L—CYCLICALLY OPERATING VALVES FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES
- F01L2800/00—Methods of operation using a variable valve timing mechanism
- F01L2800/03—Stopping; Stalling
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F02D13/00—Controlling the engine output power by varying inlet or exhaust valve operating characteristics, e.g. timing
- F02D13/02—Controlling the engine output power by varying inlet or exhaust valve operating characteristics, e.g. timing during engine operation
- F02D13/0203—Variable control of intake and exhaust valves
- F02D13/0207—Variable control of intake and exhaust valves changing valve lift or valve lift and timing
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F02D13/00—Controlling the engine output power by varying inlet or exhaust valve operating characteristics, e.g. timing
- F02D13/02—Controlling the engine output power by varying inlet or exhaust valve operating characteristics, e.g. timing during engine operation
- F02D13/0253—Fully variable control of valve lift and timing using camless actuation systems such as hydraulic, pneumatic or electromagnetic actuators, e.g. solenoid valves
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F02D41/00—Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents
- F02D41/0002—Controlling intake air
- F02D2041/001—Controlling intake air for engines with variable valve actuation
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F02D41/00—Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents
- F02D41/0002—Controlling intake air
- F02D2041/001—Controlling intake air for engines with variable valve actuation
- F02D2041/0012—Controlling intake air for engines with variable valve actuation with selective deactivation of cylinders
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F02D2250/00—Engine control related to specific problems or objectives
- F02D2250/28—Control for reducing torsional vibrations, e.g. at acceleration
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F02D41/00—Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents
- F02D41/008—Controlling each cylinder individually
- F02D41/0087—Selective cylinder activation, i.e. partial cylinder operation
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F02D41/00—Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents
- F02D41/02—Circuit arrangements for generating control signals
- F02D41/04—Introducing corrections for particular operating conditions
- F02D41/06—Introducing corrections for particular operating conditions for engine starting or warming up
- F02D41/062—Introducing corrections for particular operating conditions for engine starting or warming up for starting
- F02D41/065—Introducing corrections for particular operating conditions for engine starting or warming up for starting at hot start or restart
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02N—STARTING OF COMBUSTION ENGINES; STARTING AIDS FOR SUCH ENGINES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F02N19/00—Starting aids for combustion engines, not otherwise provided for
- F02N19/004—Aiding engine start by using decompression means or variable valve actuation
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02N—STARTING OF COMBUSTION ENGINES; STARTING AIDS FOR SUCH ENGINES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F02N9/00—Starting of engines by supplying auxiliary pressure fluid to their working chambers
- F02N9/04—Starting of engines by supplying auxiliary pressure fluid to their working chambers the pressure fluid being generated otherwise, e.g. by compressing air
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
- Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
- Y02T10/10—Internal combustion engine [ICE] based vehicles
- Y02T10/12—Improving ICE efficiencies
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
- Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
- Y02T10/10—Internal combustion engine [ICE] based vehicles
- Y02T10/40—Engine management systems
Definitions
- a method of controlling a heat engine during a temporary stop and corresponding control device is a method of controlling a heat engine during a temporary stop and corresponding control device.
- the present invention relates to a method for controlling a heat engine during a temporary stop and the corresponding device.
- a four-stroke engine of a motor vehicle generally comprises a block defining cylinders defining combustion chambers in each of which is mounted a piston connected to a crankshaft connected via the gearbox to the wheels of. motor vehicle to drive them in rotation.
- an intake duct and an exhaust duct are provided with valves movable between opening and closing positions. The valves are moved between their two positions via camshafts driven by the engine.
- the combustion engine also includes a fuel combustion chamber supplying device and an engine management unit connected to the fueling device and the ignition circuit in the case of a spark ignition engine.
- the electricity used in the vehicle is provided by an alternator driven by the engine and connected to the vehicle battery to recharge it.
- the engine is started by a starter which is connected to the battery and which has an output gear meshing on a ring gear secured to the crankshaft. It is also known to use an alternator-starter which alternately performs alternator and starter functions.
- the alternator starter controlled as starter allows a fast start of the engine.
- the actuator is controlled to immobilize the valves as quickly as possible to reduce the noise related to the movement of the valves, noise that could be inconvenient when stopping the engine during which the general sound level is relatively low.
- the object of the invention is to provide a method and a device facilitating restarting.
- a control method during a temporary stop of a four-stroke thermal engine comprising a block delimiting cylinders defining combustion chambers which are equipped with pistons and into which open an intake duct and an exhaust duct provided with movable valves between the open positions and the closed positions, the method comprising the steps of detecting the conditions of a temporary stopping of the engine and of control a hold of the intake valves in the closed position after a passage through an intake phase during a last cycle of the engine before the temporary stop.
- the intake cylinder remains filled until restart so that the starting torque is applied from the first half-turn crankshaft.
- the exhaust valves are also kept closed during a last engine cycle before the temporary stop.
- the cylinder which would normally be empty at the end of the exhaust phase is filled with compressed gas so that during start-up the engine benefits from an additional torque resulting from the expansion of this gas.
- the method comprises the step of cutting the injection during an intake phase preceding the holding of the exhaust valves in the position. closed. This avoids the release of unburned fuel into the atmosphere when the engine is restarted.
- this relates to a device for controlling the operation of a four-stroke thermal engine
- a device for controlling the operation of a four-stroke thermal engine comprising a block delimiting cylinders defining combustion chambers which are equipped with pistons and in which a piston intake duct and an exhaust duct provided with valves movable between open and closed positions, the combustion engine also comprising a device for supplying the combustion chambers with fuel and at least one electromagnetic valve actuator, in wherein a management unit is configured to detect conditions of a temporary stopping of the engine and to command a hold of the intake valves in the closed position after a passage through an intake phase during a last cycle of the front engine shutdown.
- the feed device comprises a combustion chamber injection member and the management unit is arranged to temporarily stop the engine by successively controlling in the combustion chambers a shutdown of the combustion chamber. the injection member and an immobilization of the valve controlled by one actuator.
- Maintaining the valves in the closed position generates, in the combustion chambers, the establishment of counterpressures which oppose the movements of the pistons and thus accelerate the stopping of the engine.
- the immobilization of the intake valve in the closed position at the end of an intake phase makes it possible to keep fresh gases in the cylinders, thus making it easier to restart the engine.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic perspective view of a heat engine incorporating a control device according to the invention
- FIG. 2 is a partial schematic cross-sectional view of this motor
- FIG. 3 is a diagram schematically showing the operating cycles of the motor as a function of time.
- the heat engine comprises a block 10 delimiting four cylinders 1, 2, 3, 4 in line.
- the cylinders 1 and 4 frame the cylinders 2 and 3.
- Each cylinder 1, 2, 3, 4 defines a chamber 5 closed on one side by a cylinder head 6 and on the other side by a piston 7 movable to slide in the cylinder 1, 2, 3, 4 between two extreme positions (top dead center and bottom dead center) and connected by a rod 8 to a crankshaft 9 pivotally mounted in the block 10.
- Each combustion chamber 5 open an intake duct 11 and an exhaust duct 12 which are formed in the cylinder head 6.
- the intake duct 11 and the exhaust duct 12 are each equipped with a intake valve 13 and an exhaust valve 14 moved between two open and closed positions by electromagnetic actuators 15, 16 respectively.
- a spark plug 17 is mounted on the cylinder head 6 to open into the combustion chamber 5.
- the spark plug 17 is connected to an ignition circuit known in itself and not shown here.
- An injector 18 of a fuel supply device is also mounted on the cylinder head 6.
- the engine further comprises an alternator starter
- the alternator starter 19 connected in a manner known per se to the crankshaft 9 by a belt 20.
- the alternator starter 19 is a device, known in itself, connected to the battery and capable of functioning as an electric motor or as an alternator. When operating as an electric motor, the alternator starter 19 is powered by the battery and provides the crankshaft 9 additional torque to rotate the crankshaft 9. The alternator starter 19 is thus used for starting the engine. When operating as an alternator, the alternator starter 19 is driven by the crankshaft 9 to recharge the battery.
- the engine further comprises a management unit (or ECU, "Engine Control Unit") belonging to a device for controlling the operation of the engine also comprising the alternator starter 19 and the electromagnetic actuators 15, 16.
- This management unit shown with the reference 21, is connected in particular to the injectors 18, to the electromagnetic actuators 15, 16, to the ignition circuit and to the alternator starter 19 to to send these.
- the management unit 21, itself known, comprises for example a microprocessor 22 associated with a memory 23 containing programs executed by the microprocessor 22.
- the management unit 21 is here also arranged to stop the engine. when the motor vehicle equipped with this engine comes to a stop and restart the engine as soon as the driver passes a speed (in the case of a sequential gearbox) or presses the accelerator (in the case of a gearbox automatic gears).
- the device for controlling the operation of the motor comprises an additional source of power supply, such as capacitors, connected to the starter 19 and to the actuators 15, 16 for supplying them, for example, depending on the power requirement. of these.
- the control of the power supply is for example carried out from the management unit 21.
- the operating cycle of each of the cylinders is a four-stroke cycle comprising an admission time, a compression time, a relaxation time and an exhaust time. Each time represents a quarter cycle of operation, a half-turn of crankshaft.
- the cycle times of each cylinder are referenced ADM for admission, COMP for compression, DET for expansion and ECH for exhaust and represent a half-turn of crankshaft.
- A indicates ignition and "I” fuel injection.
- the pistons are at the top dead center (“TDC") at the end of the compression and exhaust times, and at the bottom dead center at the end of the intake and expansion times.
- TDC top dead center
- the same time occurs for the cylinders 1, 3, 4, 2 respectively with a shift of a quarter cycle of operation. tioning.
- the intake valve 13 is controlled to open during the admission time of the operating cycle of the cylinder
- the exhaust valve 14 is controlled to open during the exhaust time of the operating cycle of the cylinder, the spark plug 17 is controlled to generate a spark at the end of the compression cycle,
- the injector 18 is controlled to inject fuel during the intake phase.
- the management unit 21 controls the temporary shutdown of the engine.
- Stopping the heat engine (period P2) is performed for each cylinder 1, 2, 3, 4 by deactivating the injection so that the admission time will be carried out without introducing fuel into the combustion chamber 5: 1
- the management unit 21 controls the actuator 15 which opens the intake valve 13 for the time of introducing air and then closes it. The air is then trapped in the combustion chamber 5, the exhaust valve 14 being kept closed.
- the order of deactivation of the injection is as follows: cylinder 1, cylinder 3, cylinder 4, cylinder 2.
- the motor stops here once the cylinder 2 has been deactivated, However, it is likely that the establishment of backpressures causes the engine to stop before.
- the management unit 21 controls the alternator diverter so that it rotates the crankshaft. 9 while the management unit 21 controls the injection into the cylinder on admission and resume the normal cycle on the other cylinders to restart the engine.
- the management unit 21 controls the injection into the cylinder on admission and resume the normal cycle on the other cylinders to restart the engine.
- stopping the engine is obtained by switching off the ignition.
- the mixture in the intake cylinder is then directly ready for use during startup.
- the control unit 21 controls the deactivation of an engine. or two of the cylinders 1, 2, 3, 4.
- the deactivation of one or two of the cylinders 1, 2, 3, 4 causes a balance of the crankshaft 9 which results in a succession of acceleration or deceleration of the crankshaft 9.
- L management unit 21 then controls 1 'alternator starter 19 so that it:
- the part of the torque taken and the additional torque to be supplied are here determined by the management unit 21 as a function of the difference between the instantaneous speed output shaft 9 and the nominal rotational speed it should have for the operating speed of the engine.
- the alternator starter 19 thus makes it possible to compensate for the imbalance of the crankshaft 9 produced by the deactivation of one or more cylinders.
- the memory 23 here further comprises control laws of the alternator starter 19 as a function of the cylinder or cylinders deactivated. It is possible to control the starter motor 19 either according to the speed detected by the detector 24, or according to one of the control laws stored in the memory 23. It is also possible to combine these two control modes. to optimize the imbalance compensation.
- the invention is not limited to the embodiment described and variants can be made without departing from the scope of the invention as defined by the claims.
- the invention is applicable to any type of engine and for example to a non-controlled ignition engine such as a diesel engine, a direct or indirect injection engine.
- a non-controlled ignition engine such as a diesel engine, a direct or indirect injection engine.
- the number of cylinders can be different from four.
- valves can be immobilized in the open position or in an intermediate position during the temporary shutdown, this solving the problem of noise but not allowing the establishment of counterpressures to accelerate the stopping of the engine.
Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
FR0606798A FR2904371B1 (en) | 2006-07-25 | 2006-07-25 | DEVICE FOR MONITORING THE OPERATION OF AN ENGINE ASSOCIATED WITH AN ELECTROMAGNETIC ACTUATOR OF VALVES AND AN ALTERNATOR STARTER |
PCT/FR2007/001274 WO2008012431A2 (en) | 2006-07-25 | 2007-07-25 | Method and device for controlling a combustion engine during a temporary stoppage |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP2044311A2 true EP2044311A2 (en) | 2009-04-08 |
Family
ID=37857174
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP07823332A Withdrawn EP2044311A2 (en) | 2006-07-25 | 2007-07-25 | Method for controlling a combustion engine during a temporary stoppage and corresponding control device |
Country Status (5)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US8155864B2 (en) |
EP (1) | EP2044311A2 (en) |
JP (1) | JP5086346B2 (en) |
FR (1) | FR2904371B1 (en) |
WO (1) | WO2008012431A2 (en) |
Families Citing this family (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
KR20110047202A (en) * | 2008-07-30 | 2011-05-06 | 발레오 시스템므 드 꽁트롤르 모뙤르 | Control units for one or more electromagnetic actuators of heat engine valves, and various assemblies of such control units and electromagnetic actuators |
JP5125960B2 (en) * | 2008-09-30 | 2013-01-23 | マツダ株式会社 | Diesel engine automatic stop device and diesel engine control method |
DE102009035160B4 (en) * | 2009-03-31 | 2021-02-11 | Dr. Ing. H.C. F. Porsche Aktiengesellschaft | Method for starting an internal combustion engine |
FR2988138A1 (en) * | 2012-03-13 | 2013-09-20 | Peugeot Citroen Automobiles Sa | Control device for use in logic controller for power supply system used to drive car, has control unit for providing force to engine to carry out compressions according to unusual periodicity, and alternator-starter for rotating shaft |
JP6191552B2 (en) * | 2014-06-19 | 2017-09-06 | トヨタ自動車株式会社 | Automatic stop control device for internal combustion engine |
Family Cites Families (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JP3684966B2 (en) * | 1999-12-13 | 2005-08-17 | 日産自動車株式会社 | Engine electromagnetic valve control device |
US6257194B1 (en) * | 2000-08-02 | 2001-07-10 | Ford Global Technologies, Inc. | Method to manage internal combustion engine shutdown |
US6445982B1 (en) * | 2001-03-26 | 2002-09-03 | Visteon Global Technologies, Inc. | Regenerative deceleration for a hybrid drive system |
US7079935B2 (en) * | 2004-03-19 | 2006-07-18 | Ford Global Technologies, Llc | Valve control for an engine with electromechanically actuated valves |
US7184879B1 (en) | 2006-01-23 | 2007-02-27 | Ford Global Technologies, Llc | Method for controlling valves during the stop of an engine having a variable event valvetrain |
US7194993B2 (en) * | 2004-03-19 | 2007-03-27 | Ford Global Technologies, Llc | Starting an engine with valves that may be deactivated |
US7240663B2 (en) * | 2004-03-19 | 2007-07-10 | Ford Global Technologies, Llc | Internal combustion engine shut-down for engine having adjustable valves |
US7021289B2 (en) * | 2004-03-19 | 2006-04-04 | Ford Global Technology, Llc | Reducing engine emissions on an engine with electromechanical valves |
-
2006
- 2006-07-25 FR FR0606798A patent/FR2904371B1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2007
- 2007-07-25 JP JP2009521296A patent/JP5086346B2/en active Active
- 2007-07-25 US US12/374,503 patent/US8155864B2/en active Active
- 2007-07-25 WO PCT/FR2007/001274 patent/WO2008012431A2/en active Application Filing
- 2007-07-25 EP EP07823332A patent/EP2044311A2/en not_active Withdrawn
Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
---|
See references of WO2008012431A2 * |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
US20090287399A1 (en) | 2009-11-19 |
FR2904371B1 (en) | 2012-08-31 |
JP5086346B2 (en) | 2012-11-28 |
FR2904371A1 (en) | 2008-02-01 |
US8155864B2 (en) | 2012-04-10 |
JP2009544890A (en) | 2009-12-17 |
WO2008012431A3 (en) | 2008-03-13 |
WO2008012431A2 (en) | 2008-01-31 |
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RIN1 | Information on inventor provided before grant (corrected) |
Inventor name: VASILESCU, CLAUDIU Inventor name: BIZET, BENOIT Inventor name: PICRON, VANESSA Inventor name: ROCHETTE, CLAUDINE Inventor name: GIRARDIN, ANTHONY |
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Effective date: 20170201 |