EP2037542A2 - Connector - Google Patents
Connector Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP2037542A2 EP2037542A2 EP08022512A EP08022512A EP2037542A2 EP 2037542 A2 EP2037542 A2 EP 2037542A2 EP 08022512 A EP08022512 A EP 08022512A EP 08022512 A EP08022512 A EP 08022512A EP 2037542 A2 EP2037542 A2 EP 2037542A2
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- plug
- connector according
- contacts
- socket
- connector
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
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Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01R—ELECTRICALLY-CONDUCTIVE CONNECTIONS; STRUCTURAL ASSOCIATIONS OF A PLURALITY OF MUTUALLY-INSULATED ELECTRICAL CONNECTING ELEMENTS; COUPLING DEVICES; CURRENT COLLECTORS
- H01R13/00—Details of coupling devices of the kinds covered by groups H01R12/70 or H01R24/00 - H01R33/00
- H01R13/44—Means for preventing access to live contacts
- H01R13/447—Shutter or cover plate
- H01R13/453—Shutter or cover plate opened by engagement of counterpart
- H01R13/4534—Laterally sliding shutter
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01R—ELECTRICALLY-CONDUCTIVE CONNECTIONS; STRUCTURAL ASSOCIATIONS OF A PLURALITY OF MUTUALLY-INSULATED ELECTRICAL CONNECTING ELEMENTS; COUPLING DEVICES; CURRENT COLLECTORS
- H01R13/00—Details of coupling devices of the kinds covered by groups H01R12/70 or H01R24/00 - H01R33/00
- H01R13/44—Means for preventing access to live contacts
- H01R13/447—Shutter or cover plate
- H01R13/453—Shutter or cover plate opened by engagement of counterpart
- H01R13/4532—Rotating shutter
Definitions
- the invention relates to an electrical connector of a plug and an associated socket according to the preamble of claim 1.
- a connector is used in particular for use in 42 V vehicle electrical systems in motor vehicles.
- Electrical networks in the low and low voltage area are usually contacted via connectors from a plug and a corresponding socket.
- Such connectors are needed for example for vehicle electrical systems of vehicles for the supply of electrical consumers in the vehicle.
- a system voltage of 42 V or possibly even higher voltages is likely to prevail in the future because the energy required to supply an increasing number of consumers can only be provided at relatively high voltages at justifiable expense.
- the arcs described can arise in particular when current-carrying connectors and their contacts are opened or left in the half-open state by incorrect handling. If the opening process is very slow or the parts of a connector remain at a comparatively small distance from each other, the arc burning between the two parts of the separating connector can cause injuries and considerable destruction on the connector itself, on the insulation of the connected cables, and even cause fires.
- Object of the invention is in contrast to provide specifically by constructive design of the connector means that force extinction of the arc during the separation process of the plug and socket, but equally in the mated state a secure contact connection is ensured by generating a contact normal force.
- the invention relates to a connector in which a normal contact force ensures a secure contact in the mated condition, wherein when loosening the contact piece, the means for avoiding disruptive arcs act mechanically and in which the resulting arc is deleted by introducing an insulating element. It is essential in the invention that by the structural design of the connector from plug and Socket and a sufficient contact force is realized. This is ensured, in particular, by the sleeve provided with an axial slot, which has undersize relative to the plug-in element. This results in the joining of the connector to an elastic deformation of the socket, as a result, the essential for the functioning of an electrical connector contact normal force is generated. Due to the oblique interface between the electrically conductive and electrically insulating part of the bush and the corresponding azimuthal orientation of this separation surface can be ensured that a possibly igniting arc can not occur at the location of the axial slot.
- the invention can be realized advantageously in two alternatives.
- the contact point of the metallic contacts of both contacts is selected by constructive design of the plug and the socket so that the resulting after separating the two metallic parts at this point arc can not burn in a gaseous environment - usually air - but a Isolierstoff toschlag would have to be forced. Since very high voltages are necessary for this, an inevitable extinction of any resulting arc is achieved.
- FIGS. 1 to 3 Based on FIGS. 1 to 3 on the one hand and the FIGS. 4 to 6 the principle of a shutter mechanism for extending the arc after disconnection of the connector is explained.
- FIG. 1 a connector is shown in which a plug with metallic plug contact 1 is present, which is inserted into a metallic socket 10 for contacting.
- the socket 10 is structurally designed so that after disconnecting the plug contact 1 and socket 10 a possibly arisen arc is initially extended and is subdivided in the sequence by an insulating material, whereby a rapid extinction of the arc is initiated.
- FIG. 2 the plugged state is shown.
- the plug contact 1 is inserted into the socket 10 and establishes the contact connection.
- a symmetrical seat is achieved, whereby a sufficient normal contact force between plug contact 1 and socket 10 is ensured.
- the flap 11a, 11b When reconnecting the two parts 1 and 10 of the connector, the flap 11a, 11b automatically pushed away by the plugging operation, so that the two parts 1, 10 of the connector can engage again.
- FIGS. 3 to 6 consists of a plug 2 with a substantially spherical plug-in element of a rear part 3 of electrically conductive material and a front part of insulating material.
- the associated socket 20 has a rear part 21 of electrically conductive material, for example copper and a part 22 of insulating material.
- FIG. 5 shows that in particular the insulating body 4 are formed on plug 2 and the annular extension 22 on the sleeve 20 so that they separate the metal parts when disconnecting the connector. This is especially done by comparing FIG. 3 with the plug connection in mated condition with the FIG. 4 clarified with the disconnection of the connector.
- FIG. 7 An advantageous embodiment of the connector according to the FIGS. 4 to 6 in simplified view shows FIG. 7 , This results in a compact rotationally symmetrical design of the connector.
- FIG. 5 it is advantageous to provide the sleeve 20 with a longitudinal slot 25.
- the bushing can be made undersized and the elastic deformation during insertion of the contact pin 2, the electrical contact is secured.
- the formation of a possibly tolerance-related gap between the pin and socket is avoided with this principle.
- FIG. 7 It can be seen that, especially in this arrangement, a robust construction can be realized without moving parts.
Landscapes
- Connector Housings Or Holding Contact Members (AREA)
- Details Of Connecting Devices For Male And Female Coupling (AREA)
- Coupling Device And Connection With Printed Circuit (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Die Erfindung bezieht sich auf einen elektrischen Steckverbinder aus einem Stecker und einer zugehörigen Buchse gemäß dem Oberbegriff des Patentanspruches 1. Ein solcher Steckverbinder dient insbesondere zur Verwendung bei 42 V-Bordnetzen in Kraftfahrzeugen.The invention relates to an electrical connector of a plug and an associated socket according to the preamble of
Elektrische Netze im Nieder- und Schutzkleinspannungsbereich werden üblicherweise über Steckverbinder aus einem Stecker und einer zugehörigen Buchse kontaktiert. Solche Steckverbinder werden beispielsweise für Bordnetze von Fahrzeugen zur Versorgung von elektrischen Verbrauchern im Fahrzeug benötigt. Speziell bei KFZ-Bordnetzen wird sich in Zukunft wahrscheinlich eine Systemspannung von 42 V oder evtl. noch höhere Spannungen durchsetzen, weil die zur Speisung einer zunehmenden Anzahl von Verbrauchern notwendige Energie bei vertretbarem Aufwand nur mit höheren Spannungen bereitgestellt werden kann.Electrical networks in the low and low voltage area are usually contacted via connectors from a plug and a corresponding socket. Such connectors are needed for example for vehicle electrical systems of vehicles for the supply of electrical consumers in the vehicle. Especially in vehicle electrical systems, a system voltage of 42 V or possibly even higher voltages is likely to prevail in the future because the energy required to supply an increasing number of consumers can only be provided at relatively high voltages at justifiable expense.
Bei einer Systemspannung von 42 V oder höher ergibt sich zwangsläufig, dass ein im Netz entstehender Störlichtbogen nicht selbsttätig verlöscht, wie dies beispielsweise in einem 12 V-Netz der Fall ist, sondern bestehen bleibt. Solche Lichtbögen können zu extremen thermischen Belastungen bis hin zu einem Brand führen.At a system voltage of 42 V or higher, it inevitably results that an arc generated in the network does not automatically extinguish, as is the case, for example, in a 12 V network, but remains. Such arcs can lead to extreme thermal loads and even to a fire.
Die beschriebenen Lichtbögen können insbesondere dann entstehen, wenn stromdurchflossene Steckverbinder und deren Kontakte geöffnet oder durch fehlerhafte Handhabung in halb geöffneten Zustand belassen werden. Erfolgt der Öffnungsvorgang sehr langsam bzw. verharren die Teile eines Steckverbinders in vergleichsweise kleiner Entfernung zueinander, kann der zwischen den beiden Teilen des sich trennenden Steckverbinders brennende Lichtbogen Verletzungen und erhebliche Zerstörungen am Steckverbinder selbst, an der Isolation der angeschlossenen Kabel und in der Folge sogar Brände verursachen.The arcs described can arise in particular when current-carrying connectors and their contacts are opened or left in the half-open state by incorrect handling. If the opening process is very slow or the parts of a connector remain at a comparatively small distance from each other, the arc burning between the two parts of the separating connector can cause injuries and considerable destruction on the connector itself, on the insulation of the connected cables, and even cause fires.
In den bisher üblichen 12 V-Bordnetzen bei Kraftfahrzeugen kann das Problem von störenden Lichtbögen prinzipiell nicht entstehen, weil die speisende Spannung geringer ist als die für die Aufrechterhaltung des Lichtbogens notwendige Mindestspannung, die als Anoden-Kathoden-Fall-Spannung bezeichnet wird. In Bordsystemen von Flugzeugen oder dergleichen werden zwar deutlich höhere Spannungen verwendet, wobei diese Spannungen Wechselspannungen sind, die im Regelfall ein Verlöschen eventuell vorhandener Lichtbögen im Nulldurchgang des Lichtbogenstroms erzwingen.In the hitherto conventional 12 V vehicle electrical systems, the problem of disruptive arcs can not arise in principle because the supply voltage is lower than the minimum voltage required for the maintenance of the arc, which is referred to as anode-cathode-case voltage. In on-board systems of aircraft or the like, although significantly higher voltages are used, these voltages are alternating voltages, which force a extinction of possibly existing arcs in the zero crossing of the arc current in the rule.
Von Letzterem abgesehen kann die beschriebene Problematik an Steckkontakten in allen Systemen mit Spannungen größer als 20 V auftreten. Solche Spannungen werden unter anderem beispielsweise in Waschmaschinen, Trockner oder dergleichen verwendet.Apart from the latter, the problem described can occur at plug contacts in all systems with voltages greater than 20 V. Such stresses are used inter alia, for example, in washing machines, dryers or the like.
In der Niederspannungstechnik mit Wechselspannungen bis zu 690 V effektiv wird in strombegrenzenden Schaltern die Lichtbogenspannung erhöht, indem der Lichtbogen verlängert, gekühlt oder in sogenannten Deion-Kammern abgelenkt wird. Hierdurch sind Lichtbogenspannungen von einigen 100 V erreichbar. Für den Einsatz an 42 V-Steckverbindungen scheidet die Anwendung bekannter Lösungen aus, da die Steckverbinder für diesen Anwendungszweck kostengünstig sein müssen.In low-voltage technology with AC voltages up to 690 V effectively, the arc voltage in current limiting switches is increased by lengthening, cooling or deflecting the arc in so-called Deion chambers. As a result, arc voltages of a few 100 V can be achieved. For use with 42 V connectors eliminates the use of known solutions, since the connectors for this application must be inexpensive.
Mit der nicht vorveröffentlichten
Weiterhin wird in der älteren, nicht vorveröffentlichten
Daneben sind aus der
Aufgabe der Erfindung ist es demgegenüber, speziell durch konstruktive Gestaltung der Steckverbindung Mittel bereitzustellen, die während des Trennvorganges von Stecker und Buchse ein Verlöschen des Lichtbogens erzwingen, wobei aber gleichermaßen im gesteckten Zustand eine sichere Kontaktverbindung durch Erzeugung einer Kontakt-Normalkraft gewährleistet ist.Object of the invention is in contrast to provide specifically by constructive design of the connector means that force extinction of the arc during the separation process of the plug and socket, but equally in the mated state a secure contact connection is ensured by generating a contact normal force.
Die Aufgabe ist erfindungsgemäß durch die Merkmale des Patentanspruches 1 gelöst. Weiterbildungen sind in den Unteransprüchen angegeben.The object is achieved by the features of
Gegenstand der Erfindung ist ein Steckverbinder, bei dem durch im gesteckten Zustand eine Normalkontaktkraft ein sicherer Kontakt gewährleistet ist, wobei beim Lösen des Kontaktstückes die Mittel zur Vermeidung von störenden Lichtbögen mechanisch wirken und bei denen durch Einbringen eines Isolierstoffelementes der entstehende Lichtbogen gelöscht wird. Wesentlich ist bei der Erfindung, dass durch die konstruktive Gestaltung der Steckverbindung aus Stecker und Buchse auch eine hinreichend Kontaktkraft realisiert ist. Dies wird insbesondere durch die mit einem Axialschlitz versehene Buchse gewährleistet, die gegenüber dem Steckelement Untermaß aufweist. Hierdurch kommt es beim Fügen der Steckverbindung zu einer elastischen Verformung der Buchse, in deren Folge die für die Funktionsweise einer elektrischen Steckverbindung unerlässliche Kontakt-Normalkraft erzeugt wird. Durch die schräge Trennfläche zwischen elektrisch leitfähigem und elektrisch isolierendem Teil der Buchse und entsprechender azimutaler Orientierung dieser Trennfläche kann sichergestellt werden, dass ein evtl. zündender Lichtbogen nicht am Ort des Axialschlitzes auftreten kann.The invention relates to a connector in which a normal contact force ensures a secure contact in the mated condition, wherein when loosening the contact piece, the means for avoiding disruptive arcs act mechanically and in which the resulting arc is deleted by introducing an insulating element. It is essential in the invention that by the structural design of the connector from plug and Socket and a sufficient contact force is realized. This is ensured, in particular, by the sleeve provided with an axial slot, which has undersize relative to the plug-in element. This results in the joining of the connector to an elastic deformation of the socket, as a result, the essential for the functioning of an electrical connector contact normal force is generated. Due to the oblique interface between the electrically conductive and electrically insulating part of the bush and the corresponding azimuthal orientation of this separation surface can be ensured that a possibly igniting arc can not occur at the location of the axial slot.
Die Erfindung kann in vorteilhafter Weise in zwei Alternativen realisiert werden. In der einen Alternative weist die Buchse des Steckverbinders zwei Klappen aus Kunststoff auf, die beim Trennen der Kontakte einen Verschlussmechanismus zur Verlängerung des Lichtbogens bilden. In der anderen Alternative wird durch konstruktive Gestaltung des Steckers und der Buchse der Berührungspunkt der metallischen Kontakte beider Kontakte so gewählt, dass der nach Trennen der beiden metallischen Teile an diesem Punkt entstehenden Lichtbogen nicht in gasförmiger Umgebung - meist Luft - brennen kann, sondern einen Isolierstoffdurchschlag erzwungen werden müsste. Da hierzu sehr hohe Spannungen notwendig sind, wird damit eine zwangsläufige Löschung eines etwaig entstehenden Lichtbogens erreicht.The invention can be realized advantageously in two alternatives. In one alternative, the socket of the connector on two flaps made of plastic, which form a closure mechanism for extending the arc when disconnecting the contacts. In the other alternative, the contact point of the metallic contacts of both contacts is selected by constructive design of the plug and the socket so that the resulting after separating the two metallic parts at this point arc can not burn in a gaseous environment - usually air - but a Isolierstoffdurchschlag would have to be forced. Since very high voltages are necessary for this, an inevitable extinction of any resulting arc is achieved.
In beiden Fällen sind geeignete Mittel für eine zur sicheren Kontaktierung hinreichende Normal-Kontaktkraft vorgesehen. Solche Mittel sind insbesondere konstruktive Maßnahmen bei der Abstimmung des Kontaktstiftes und der Buchse des Steckverbinders.In both cases, suitable means are provided for a secure contact sufficient normal contact force. Such means are in particular constructive measures in the vote of the contact pin and the socket of the connector.
Weitere Einzelheiten und Vorteile der Erfindung ergeben sich aus nachfolgender Figurenbeschreibung von Ausführungsbeispielen in Verbindung mit den Patentansprüchen. Es zeigen
Figur 1- ein erstes Ausführungsbeispiel in Schnittdarstellung,
Figur 2- die Steckverbindung gemäß
in gestecktem Zustand,Figur 1 Figur 3- die Steckverbindung gemäß Figur beim Trennen beider Kontaktteile,
Figur 4- ein zweites Ausführungsbeispiel in Schnittdarstellung,
- Figur 5
- die Steckverbindung gemäß
im gesteckten Zustand,Figur 4 - Figur 6
- die Steckverbindung gemäß
beim Trennen beider Kontaktteile undFigur 4 - Figur 7
- die Steckverbindung gemäß
in Seitenansicht.Figur 4
- FIG. 1
- a first embodiment in sectional view,
- FIG. 2
- the connector according to
FIG. 1 in mated condition, - FIG. 3
- the connector according to figure when separating both contact parts,
- FIG. 4
- a second embodiment in sectional view,
- FIG. 5
- the connector according to
FIG. 4 when plugged in, - FIG. 6
- the connector according to
FIG. 4 when separating both contact parts and - FIG. 7
- the connector according to
FIG. 4 in side view.
Anhand der
In
Für letzteren Zweck ist auf der Buchse 10 eine aus zwei Teilen 11a und 11b bestehende Klappe aus Kunststoff vorhanden, die mittels geeigneter Federn 12a und 12b verschwenkbar ist. In
Beim Trennen des Steckverbinders und Buchse mit Steckkontakt 1 und Buchse 10 entsprechend
Beim erneuten Verbinden der beiden Teile 1 und 10 des Steckverbinders wird die Klappe 11a, 11b durch den Steckvorgang selbsttätig weggeschoben, so dass die beiden Teile 1, 10 des Steckverbinders wieder ineinander greifen können.When reconnecting the two
In den
Aus der
Eine vorteilhafte Ausbildung der Steckverbindung entsprechend den
Bei Gestaltung des Steckverbinders als rotationssymmetrischer Körper entsprechend
Bei
Aus
Bei beiden vorstehend beschriebenen Ausführungsbeispielen ergibt sich eine kostengünstige Gestaltung des Steckverbinders. Diese Steckverbinder sind für alle Systeme mit Spannungen über 20 V geeignet, wobei entstehende Lichtbögen bei einer bewussten oder unbeabsichtigten Trennung der Steckverbindung auf jeden Fall schnell und zuverlässig ohne weiteren Schaden gelöscht werden können.In both embodiments described above, a cost-effective design of the connector results. These connectors are suitable for all systems with voltages over 20 V, and resulting arcs can in any case be deleted quickly and reliably without further damage in the event of intentional or unintentional disconnection of the connector.
Claims (13)
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE10324903A DE10324903B3 (en) | 2003-05-30 | 2003-05-30 | Connectors |
EP04734511A EP1678792B1 (en) | 2003-05-30 | 2004-05-24 | Electrical plug-in connector |
Related Parent Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP04734511A Division EP1678792B1 (en) | 2003-05-30 | 2004-05-24 | Electrical plug-in connector |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP2037542A2 true EP2037542A2 (en) | 2009-03-18 |
Family
ID=33482375
Family Applications (2)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP08022512A Withdrawn EP2037542A2 (en) | 2003-05-30 | 2004-05-24 | Connector |
EP04734511A Expired - Lifetime EP1678792B1 (en) | 2003-05-30 | 2004-05-24 | Electrical plug-in connector |
Family Applications After (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP04734511A Expired - Lifetime EP1678792B1 (en) | 2003-05-30 | 2004-05-24 | Electrical plug-in connector |
Country Status (5)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (2) | EP2037542A2 (en) |
AT (1) | ATE431000T1 (en) |
DE (2) | DE10324903B3 (en) |
ES (1) | ES2322998T3 (en) |
WO (1) | WO2004107506A1 (en) |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US11046196B2 (en) | 2018-07-26 | 2021-06-29 | Ford Global Technologies, Llc | Charge port covering assembly and method |
Families Citing this family (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE102015016926A1 (en) | 2015-12-24 | 2017-06-29 | Audi Ag | Electrical connection element |
LU93125B1 (en) | 2016-06-28 | 2018-01-24 | Phoenix Contact Gmbh & Co Kg Intellectual Property Licenses & Standards | Connector having a contact portion for discharging an arc |
Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US20010024894A1 (en) | 2000-03-23 | 2001-09-27 | Dieter Mosebach | Electrical outlet with protective cover |
DE10139844C1 (en) | 2001-08-14 | 2003-04-17 | Fraunhofer Ges Forschung | Two-part electrical plug connector for automobile applications has ventilation channel for ingress of air during connector separation |
DE10149201C1 (en) | 2001-10-05 | 2003-06-18 | Bayerische Motoren Werke Ag | Electrical connector for motor vehicle has elastically-deformable element which deforms when electrical connection is made, and separates contacts when securing device is released |
Family Cites Families (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE2315569C3 (en) * | 1973-03-28 | 1980-01-24 | Siemens Ag, 1000 Berlin Und 8000 Muenchen | Closure for a housing containing contact springs |
US5277605A (en) * | 1992-09-10 | 1994-01-11 | Cooper Power Systems, Inc. | Electrical connector |
JP2001266985A (en) * | 2000-03-24 | 2001-09-28 | Fujikura Ltd | Male terminal and connector and electric connection structure using it |
-
2003
- 2003-05-30 DE DE10324903A patent/DE10324903B3/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2004
- 2004-05-24 DE DE502004009467T patent/DE502004009467D1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2004-05-24 WO PCT/EP2004/005577 patent/WO2004107506A1/en active Search and Examination
- 2004-05-24 EP EP08022512A patent/EP2037542A2/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2004-05-24 AT AT04734511T patent/ATE431000T1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2004-05-24 ES ES04734511T patent/ES2322998T3/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2004-05-24 EP EP04734511A patent/EP1678792B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Patent Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US20010024894A1 (en) | 2000-03-23 | 2001-09-27 | Dieter Mosebach | Electrical outlet with protective cover |
DE10139844C1 (en) | 2001-08-14 | 2003-04-17 | Fraunhofer Ges Forschung | Two-part electrical plug connector for automobile applications has ventilation channel for ingress of air during connector separation |
DE10149201C1 (en) | 2001-10-05 | 2003-06-18 | Bayerische Motoren Werke Ag | Electrical connector for motor vehicle has elastically-deformable element which deforms when electrical connection is made, and separates contacts when securing device is released |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US11046196B2 (en) | 2018-07-26 | 2021-06-29 | Ford Global Technologies, Llc | Charge port covering assembly and method |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
DE502004009467D1 (en) | 2009-06-18 |
WO2004107506A1 (en) | 2004-12-09 |
ES2322998T3 (en) | 2009-07-03 |
EP1678792A1 (en) | 2006-07-12 |
DE10324903B3 (en) | 2005-02-17 |
ATE431000T1 (en) | 2009-05-15 |
EP1678792B1 (en) | 2009-05-06 |
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