EP2022906A1 - Film element - Google Patents

Abstract

The structure has a pulvinated foil element (1) made of film or fabric layer (2), which forms an outer wall of a weathering sealed cavity (3) fillable with gas. Material layers (4) reduce energy transmission via radiation and/or provide noise insulation at a side of the film- or fabric layer. The material layers are completely enclosed by the film or fabric layer for protection of the material layers against weather influence, where the material layers are made of one of indium tin oxide layer, pigmented or unpigmented thin aluminum layer, silver layer, gold layer and platinum layer.

Description

The present invention relates to a facade or roof construction in lightweight construction with at least one film element of at least one film or fabric layer, which forms the outer walls of a weatherproof, can be filled with a gas cavity, wherein at least one material layer to reduce the energy transfer by radiation and / or Sound insulation is arranged on at least one side of the film or fabric layers.

To explain the different requirements due to the constant change of environmental conditions, the physical basics of heat transfer should be discussed briefly. On closer examination, one can distinguish three different basic processes in the heat and energy transmission, transmission by conduction, transmission by convection and transmission by radiation.

In the transfer of energy by conduction, the individual atoms in a continuum around a rest position are brought into vibration as a result of the temperature. Amplitude and frequency of the oscillation are determined by the The amplitude and frequency of the oscillation are influenced by the temperature, ie the higher the temperature, the larger the oscillation amplitude is. The relationship between temperature and energy content, ie the energy stored in the oscillation, of a continuum is described by its heat capacity. If a continuum is heated locally, the atoms oscillate there with a higher amplitude. This state propagates through the continuum, the neighboring atoms absorb energy and also begin to vibrate at a higher amplitude. The speed of propagation is described by the thermal conductivity. The higher the thermal conductivity, the faster the increased amplitude of vibration propagates through the continuum. As a result, the amplitude decreases at the original location and it gets cooler. The dominant physical laws are the first and second laws of Fick. Characteristic of this type of energy transfer is the relatively slow progression, since the excitation propagates only slowly through the continuum.

A second type of energy transfer is by convection. In the case of convection, the heat is transferred through the transport of matter heated to the environment and through the transition from this matter to its boundary. This type of energy transport takes place primarily in liquids and gases such as the air. The transport itself is described by the speed of the flowing media and their heat storage capacity, the heat transfer itself by the heat transfer, which depends on the viscosity or viscosity of the flowing medium, on the direction of the outflow relative to the boundary, on the roughness of the boundary and on its shape.

The decisive for the subject invention energy transport is the energy transport by radiation, more precisely by electromagnetic waves. In contrast to energy transfer by convection, electromagnetic radiation needs no medium. The transport can also be done in a vacuum. The most important source of radiation for the earth is the sun. The radiation can be characterized by wavelength, by amplitude and by the direction of oscillation, which is perpendicular to the direction of propagation of the wave.

The wavelength of the radiation depends on the surface temperature of the radiating body, the amplitude of the number of radiating atoms or molecules and their chemical composition. To label the radiation, the intensity is often given as a function of the wavelength. For example, with a surface temperature of approximately 5,000 ° K, the sun has a maximum intensity in the range between 300 and 800 nm, ie exactly in the range of visible light. Shortwave and longwave shares are also available. Overall, the wavelength of the sun's radiation ranges from 100 nm to approximately 2,500 nm. At a normal room temperature of approximately 300 ° K, bodies also radiate, depending on their absorption capacity, the maximum of the radiation Characteristically shifted in relation to solar radiation. It is about 5 to 30 microns.

The radiation now interacts with all bodies in the form of reflection, transmission and absorption. The reflection depends solely on the surface condition, i. from the color and roughness of the material. Of course, transmission and absorption also depend on the thickness of the absorbing layer.

Body radiations correspond to their surface temperature and their surface condition, resulting in an interaction of all radiating surfaces in the environment including the sun during the day and the cold space at night. The two extremes of the sun during the day and the cold space at night make it clear that when used outdoors, for example tents or halls, two contrary conditions result, which also require different material properties.

In the case of solid components, the outer layer is heated during the day by solar radiation and convection. The induced thermal wave propagates slowly to the inside of the component. In solid components, it is now possible to design the wall structures so that the heat wave in the interior of the component only becomes effective when it has become night and according to the heating effects radiation and convection no longer act. The heat-insulating effect can because of the slow propagation of the heat wave, neglecting the radiation effects. The slow heat wave and the storage capacity together with the heat capacity of the component buffer the effect of the radiation.

The situation with components formed from thin membranes is quite different from the situation just described. Here, the outer layer is heated by the sunlight and convection. At a thickness of only about 1 mm, the membrane is heated after a very short time by its full thickness and therefore emits both to the outside and to the inside. Thus, the interior of the component is heated by the radiation and by convection after a short time. There is thus no slowdown or buffering as in solid components, since due to the small thickness of the membrane, the heat wave after a short time heating the membrane in its full thickness. The spectrum of the acting radiation is that of the sun, the spectrum of the secondary radiation is determined by temperature and material of the membrane.

The situation of cold space at night is also very different. In the case of a solid component, the outwardly facing layer is first cooled by radiation against the cold sky and by convection. As a result, a heat wave is initiated from the inside to the outside, but due to their low propagation speed is intercepted by the thickness the solid component is designed accordingly. Again, a corresponding buffer effect can be seen.

In a membrane, however, there is a cooling by convection and radiation, since the membrane radiates against the cold night sky, which has a low radiation temperature, according to their temperature and their material properties against the sky and cools down very quickly due to the small thickness. As a result, the thermal interior of the building now radiates against the cooled membrane, causing a constant energy transport from the inside to the outside. These radiation effects are amplified by the convection.

It has therefore been suggested in various literature to provide the membrane with different coatings to reduce heat transfer. Such thermal insulation and sound insulation materials for building construction are well known. For example, the DE 101 01 966 B4 Such thermal insulation and sound insulation material, which is formed as a composite material with superimposed layers. The composite material has at least one metallized layer, at least one polyolefin layer and at least one air cushion layer. However, a disadvantage of this composite material is that the outer layers of the composite material are exposed unprotected to the weather conditions and the material is soiled, damaged or even worn away. Furthermore, it is very difficult to create a complex with such a composite material that makes it possible to to respond to the different requirements due to the constant change of environmental conditions. In addition, this composite material is not translucent.

It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a facade or roof construction, which is less prone to possible damage with effective reduction of radiation effects, is easier to clean and at the same time at least partially retains its light transmission.

This object is achieved in that the material layer is almost completely enclosed by the film or fabric layer to protect against the weather.

In other words, the weather-sensitive layers are protected from environmental damage by being arranged within the particular pillow-like film element.

The foil or fabric layers enclosing the at least one material layer can be selected such that they are free of damage due to temperature fluctuations, moisture and dirt and easy to clean, for example by simple washing, or even self-cleaning, for example by choosing a lotus effect surface.

The at least one material layer for reducing the heat transfer by radiation and / or sound insulation may in one embodiment be arranged on a side of at least one of the film elements facing the cavity. It can either be in direct contact with the film element, for example by vapor deposition or sputtering. Other ways known in the art for attaching such a material layer to a film element such as gluing, welding or the like are also conceivable.

For the formation of the material layers materials come from the group consisting of "low e layers" (layers with very low emission), pigmented or unpigmented ITO layers (indium tin oxide layers), pigmented or unpigmented thin aluminum layers, pigmented or unpigmented thin silver, gold or platinum layers, pigmented or unpigmented laminated thin films with ITO layer, or combinations thereof in question.

In order to achieve a certain degree of reflection on or within the film element, the layer thicknesses of the material layers can be varied. Thus, in one embodiment of the present invention, layer thicknesses of between 1 μm and 100 μm, preferably 2 μm and 75 μm, more preferably 5 μm and 50 μm and in particular 10 μm are adjustable.

If a plurality of material layers are arranged within the film element, then it is also possible to select the layer thickness differently depending on requirements from the material layer to the material layer. In this case, by selecting the layer thickness and / or the number of layers of material within the cavity, the light transmission can be adapted to the application-dependent conditions. This makes it possible to adjust the light transmittance targeted. In this case, the light transmittance of the film element between 2% and 75%, preferably 10% and 60% and in particular 50% can be selected.

In a further embodiment, at least one further film element is arranged in the form of an intermediate layer within the cavity. As a result, on the one hand a plurality of film or fabric layers of possibly different materials and / or layer thicknesses can be arranged within the cavity, which increases the possibility of adjusting the sound insulation properties and the light transmission of the film element.

By providing intermediate layers, on the other hand, the stability of the film element can be improved against undesired deformations, for example due to environment-induced stresses. For this purpose, the intermediate layers may be provided with transverse struts which also reduce or even completely prevent a displacement or excessive deformation of the film or fabric layers.

The intermediate layer can be formed in the cavity arranged such a plurality of sections or chambers, whereby it is possible to set different pressures in the chamber sections formed by the intermediate layer (s). As a result, on the one hand, the rigidity of the thermal insulation and / or soundproofing material can be adjusted to suit the area of application of the material; on the other hand, the sound insulation and also the convection can be considerably improved or reduced by partial evacuation.

A further improvement of the sound insulation properties can be achieved in that the intermediate layer is formed by an acoustically absorptive material, which is likewise arranged inside the cavity.

In a further embodiment, at least one intermediate layer is formed within the cavity as a solar film, in particular as a printed thin film solar film.

Alternatively, at least one intermediate layer may be formed from a translucent, self-supporting material web, which is constructed in such a way that the thermal conductivity and convection as well as the sound insulation properties can be set by at least partial evacuation of the cavity. The evacuation ensures that the sound no longer moves unhindered because it lacks the medium air. The material web is thicker compared to the film elements to prevent collapse of the layer during and after evacuation.

Another possibility to adjust the translucency or heat insulation of the facade or roof structures, can be achieved by at least one of the film elements is at least partially printed with an opaque material, in particular a thin film printed solar film. The translucence or heat insulation of the façade or roof construction can then be adjusted via the print density. Both outer and inner sides of the film elements can be printed with the opaque material or the thin film solar film.

In one embodiment, the intermediate layer is firmly connected to the film element. Alternatively, the at least one intermediate layer arranged in the cavity can be retractable into and removed from the cavity, for example via an actuating mechanism. This possibility of arrangement of the intermediate layer is advantageous in the formation of the intermediate layer as a solar film, since such a film element can have two functions. Is light needed in the tent z. B. because a festivity is to be aligned therein, the interior of the otherwise darkening solar film can be removed from the film element and thus enter the daylight through the film element into the interior almost unhindered. If the tent is not used, then the solar foil be retracted into the film element and used to generate electricity. For example, during the day the electricity can be won, which is then needed during an evening event to illuminate the tent. Should be prevented from becoming too large. Energy transfer by radiation to space at night and thus comes to a large loss of heat, the interior of the tent facing sides (and thus in the example listed above, the back of the solar film) may be provided with a radiation-reflecting material layer.

In order to be able to set an overpressure or underpressure in the cavities or in the chamber sections, the film element according to the invention can be connected to an air-generating unit.

In a further embodiment, a filter or a drying device is further provided on the air generating unit. This makes it possible, on the one hand, to filter the air and thus remove dirt particles from the air to be supplied, in order to prevent any damage to the sensitive material layers that may be caused thereby. On the other hand, it is possible to dry the air and, if necessary, to temper it, in order to prevent corrosion within the cavity and, if necessary, to create a temperature barrier.

With regard to further advantageous embodiments of the present invention is based on the subclaims and the following description of several embodiments with reference to the accompanying drawings.

Figur 1

ein erfindungsgemäßes kissenförmiges Folienele- ment mit zwei Materiallagen zur Reduktion der Energieübertragung durch Strahlung und/oder zur Schalldämmung;

Figur 2

ein erfindungsgemäßes kissenförmiges Folienele- ment mit einer Zwischenschicht;

Figur 3

ein erfindungsgemäßes kissenförmiges Folienele- ment mit einer verschiebbaren Zwischenschicht;

Figur 4

ein erfindungsgemäßes kissenförmiges Folienele- ment mit einer Zwischenschicht und unterschied- lichen Drücken in den durch die Zwischenschicht gebildeten Kammern;

Figur 5

ein erfindungsgemäßes kissenförmiges Folienele- ment mit einer Zwischenschicht aus einer selbsttragenden Materialbahn; und

Figur 6

eine Zeltkonstruktion mit sechs erfindungsgemä- ßen Folienelementen.

Show it:

FIG. 1

an inventive pillow-shaped Folienele- ment with two layers of material to reduce the energy transfer by radiation and / or for sound insulation;

FIG. 2

an inventive pillow-shaped Folienele- ment with an intermediate layer;

FIG. 3

an inventive pillow-shaped Folienele- ment with a displaceable intermediate layer;

FIG. 4

an inventive pillow-shaped film element with an intermediate layer and different pressures in the chambers formed by the intermediate layer;

FIG. 5

an inventive pillow-shaped Folienele- ment with an intermediate layer of a self-supporting material web; and

FIG. 6

a tent construction with six inventive film elements.

The FIG. 1 shows a film element 1 according to the invention for use in a facade or roof construction for lightweight construction such as in flying buildings and in particular in tents.

The film element 1 has two film or fabric layers 2, which are arranged such that they form the outer walls of a weatherproof, here pillow-like and gas-filled cavity 3.

Within the cavity 3 formed by the film or fabric layers 2, two layers of material 4 for reducing the energy transfer by radiation and / or for sound insulation are arranged. The material layers 4 have low-e properties, i. they have a very low emission behavior. In the formed by the film or fabric layers 2 cavity 3, there is an overpressure, which is why the film or fabric layers 2 bulge outward. The side of the film element 1 is clamped in each case in a binder 5, via which the film element 1 either directly with a scaffold (not shown) fixed in position or can also be connected to a further film element 1.

To produce the film element 1 two film or fabric layers 2 are superimposed and welded at the edges, that forms a substantially parallel cavity 3 in the form of an air chamber. In addition to the welding, the foil or fabric layers 2 can be provided with a support rib, not shown or cross strut be provided to improve the dimensional stability of the film element 1. Further stiffening by on the circumference of the film or fabric layers 2 distributed support ribs are also conceivable.

In order to ensure a particularly simple cleaning of the film or fabric layers 2 or of the film element 1, these support ribs should be arranged as far as possible within the cavity 3. Due to the relatively smooth surface, the film element 1 is easy to clean and more resistant to damage.

The FIG. 2 shows a pillow-shaped film element 1 according to the invention according to the FIG. 1 , in which an intermediate layer 6 is arranged.

Both on the inner sides of the outer walls of the film element 1 forming film or fabric layers 2 and on both sides of the intermediate layer 6 material layers 4 are arranged to reduce the energy transfer by radiation and / or for sound insulation. The material layers 4 are evaporated in this embodiment. Of course, it is also possible to arrange the material layers 4 on other, known in the art on the type of film or fabric layers 2 and the intermediate layer 6, for example, aufzusputtern, glue over foils, to weld o.ä.

The material layers 4 are all formed in this embodiment of a low-e coating whose material thickness however, varies. The material layer 4 arranged on the upper film or fabric layer 2 has a layer thickness of approximately 4 .mu.m, the material layer 4 arranged on the side of the intermediate layer 6 directed upwards has a layer thickness of approximately 2.5 .mu.m, which leads to the lower side of FIG Intermediate layer 6 arranged material layer 4 has a thickness of about 2 microns and the material layer 4 on the underside arranged film or fabric layer 2 finally a layer thickness of about 3 microns.

In this embodiment, all material layers 4 are formed as low-e coatings, but it is also conceivable to choose different material combinations of different materials such as pigmented or unpigmented ITO layers, thin aluminum layers or thin silver, gold or platinum layers. Depending on the type, number and layer thickness of the material layer, it is possible to set a light transmission between 2% and 75% depending on the application.

The FIG. 3 showed a film element 1 according to the invention with an intermediate layer 6, which is arranged displaceably via an actuating mechanism, not shown, and in the cavity as indicated by the arrows, retractable and removable from it again. It is thereby achieved that, depending on the desired application and field of application, the reflection of the material layers 4 or their light transmission to the external conditions, such as solar radiation or cloudy sky, can be adjusted.

The FIG. 4 shows a pillow-shaped film element 1 according to the invention with a continuous intermediate layer 6, which divides the cavity 3 into two chambers 7. Both chambers are supplied separately via supply lines with a liquid or, as in this case, with gas. In the in the FIG. 4 As shown, the pressures of the respective gases are different, so that a certain shift of the intermediate layer 6 and the bulge of the film or fabric layers 2 and set correspondingly different volumes.

In the FIG. 5 an inventive pillow-shaped film element 1 is shown, which has an intermediate layer 6 of a self-supporting material web, among others, which is formed comparatively thick to the film elements 2, to prevent collapse of the layer during evacuation. The material web, inter alia, is constructed so that the thermal conductivity and the convection and the sound insulation properties by at least partial evacuation of the cavity 3, in which the material web is arranged, inter alia, is adjustable. The evacuation ensures that the sound can no longer move unhindered through the pillow because it lacks the necessary medium air.

In this exemplary embodiment, the intermediate layer 6 has a central opening 8, via which the two chamber sections 7 formed by the intermediate layer 6 communicate with one another. This ensures that both Chamber sections 7 can be filled by a single air generating unit with air or other appropriate gas.

If the gas-tight cavity 3 is filled with air, for example, the film element 1 forms a self-supporting, in this embodiment, an outwardly directed air cushion, which can be influenced by providing further intermediate layers 6. For example, it is possible to influence the inclination of the edge regions of the film element 1 by horizontal tangents between film or fabric layers 2 and intermediate layer 6, for example to ensure a simple drainage of rainwater to all sides. If the outwardly directed film or fabric layer 2 has a so-called lotus effect structure, then even a type of self-cleaning surface of the facade or roof construction can be provided.

By carrying out the film element 1 as an air cushion, an insulating effect is achieved in particular against heat transfer, so that on the one hand in sunlight less heating of the enclosed space takes place and on the other hand at a desired heating of the enclosed space from inside a small heat loss is achieved to the outside.

Of course, it is also possible to fill individual film elements 1 or chamber sections 7 with different gases. For example, in tents that should be used at night, be useful to fill various cavities 3 with a halogen and to provide a lighting effect or lighting the tent interior for a long time or to fill the chambers 7 with an inert gas, a particularly light gas or other special Gas.

The FIG. 6 shows a tent construction 10 with six film elements according to the invention 1. The tent is substantially rectangular with side walls 10a, 10b, 10c and 10d and a roof 11 is formed, which is substantially horizontal. The roof 11 of the tent consists of a plurality of film element 1, which are arranged one above the other and connected to each other at their edge regions, welded together in this embodiment. At the outer edges 12 of the film elements 1 of the roof 11, a circumferential welt 12 is provided, via which the film elements 1 to the support structure 13 of the tent can be fastened and clamped to it. The film elements 1 are each composed of film or fabric layers 2, wherein at least one of the film or fabric layers 2 is printed with an opaque material here in the form of circles. The diameter of the circles determines the area covered by the circles and thus the light transmittance and brightness within the tent.

Claims (14)

Façade or roof construction (10, 10a, 10b, 10c, 10d, 11) in lightweight construction with at least one foil element (1) comprising at least one foil or fabric layer (2) which surrounds the outer walls of a weather-tight cavity (3) which can be filled with a gas ), wherein at least one material layer (4) for reducing the energy transfer by radiation and / or sound insulation on at least one side of the film or fabric layer (2) is arranged, characterized in that the material layer (4) for protection against weather influences almost is completely enclosed by the film or fabric layer (2). Façade or roof structure (10, 10a, 10b, 10c, 10d, 11) according to claim 1, characterized in that at least one material layer (4) for reducing the energy transfer by radiation and / or for sound insulation at one of the cavity (3) facing Side of at least one of the film or fabric layers (2) is arranged. Façade or roof construction (10, 10a, 10b, 10c, 10d, 11) according to claim 1 or 2, characterized and 100μm, preferably 2μm and 75μm more preferably 5μm and 50μm and especially 10μm. Façade or roof construction (10, 10a, 10b, 10c, 10d, 11) according to one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that the material for forming the material layers (4) from the group consisting of low-e layers, pigmented or unpigmented ITO layers (indium tin oxide layers), pigmented or unpigmented thin aluminum layers, pigmented or unpigmented thin silver, gold or platinum layers, pigmented or unpigmented laminated thin films with ITO layer, or even combinations thereof. Façade or roof structure (10, 10a, 10b, 10c, 10d, 11) according to claim 3, characterized in that by selecting the layer thickness and / or the number of layers of material (4) within the cavity (3) a light transmission between 2% and 75%, preferably 10% and 60% and in particular of 50% is adjustable. Facade or roof structure (10, 10a, 10b, 10c, 10d, 11) according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that at least one further film or fabric layer (2) in the form of an intermediate layer (6) within the cavity (3 ) is arranged. Façade or roof construction (10, 10a, 10b, 10c, 10d, 11) according to claim 6, characterized in that the at least one intermediate layer (6) the cavity (3) subdivided into a plurality of chamber sections (7) such that different pressures can be set in the chamber sections (7) formed by the intermediate layer (s) (6). Facade or roof structure (10, 10a, 10b, 10c, 10d, 11) according to claim 6 or 7, characterized in that at least one intermediate layer (6) is formed by an acoustically absorptive material which is disposed within the cavity (3). Facade or roof structure (10, 10a, 10b, 10c, 10d, 11) according to one of claims 6 to 8, characterized in that at least one intermediate layer (6) within the cavity (3) as a solar film, in particular as at least one of the films - or fabric layers (2, 6) printed on thin film solar film is formed. Façade or roof structure (10, 10a, 10b, 10c, 10d, 11) according to one of claims 6 to 9, characterized in that at least one intermediate layer (6) of a translucent, self-supporting material web (4a) is formed, which constructed in that the thermal conductivity and / or convection and / or the sound insulation properties can be set by at least partially evacuating the cavity (3). Façade or roof construction (10, 10a, 10b, 10c, 10d, 11) according to one of claims 6 to 10, characterized in that the at least one in the cavity (3) arranged intermediate layer (6) via an actuating mechanism in the cavity (3) retractable and removable from it. Façade or roof construction (10, 10a, 10b, 10c, 10d, 11) according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that at least one of the film or fabric layers (2) at least partially printed with an opaque material, in particular with a thin film solar film is, wherein the translucence or heat insulation of the facade or roof construction on the pressure density is adjustable. Façade or roof structure (10, 10a, 10b, 10c, 10d, 11) according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the film element (1) can be connected to an air generating unit to a positive or negative pressure in the cavity (3 ). Façade or roof structure (10, 10a, 10b, 10c, 10d, 11) according to claim 13, characterized in that the air generating unit has a filter and / or a drying device to the cavity (3) with moisture reduced and / or filtered and optionally tempered ambient air to seize.

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