EP2019919A1 - Dispositif miniaturisé apte à fonctionner comme moteur ou refroidisseur selon un cycle thermodynamique de stirling - Google Patents
Dispositif miniaturisé apte à fonctionner comme moteur ou refroidisseur selon un cycle thermodynamique de stirlingInfo
- Publication number
- EP2019919A1 EP2019919A1 EP07766056A EP07766056A EP2019919A1 EP 2019919 A1 EP2019919 A1 EP 2019919A1 EP 07766056 A EP07766056 A EP 07766056A EP 07766056 A EP07766056 A EP 07766056A EP 2019919 A1 EP2019919 A1 EP 2019919A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- chamber
- compression chamber
- complementary
- displacer
- piston
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02G—HOT GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT ENGINE PLANTS; USE OF WASTE HEAT OF COMBUSTION ENGINES; NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F02G1/00—Hot gas positive-displacement engine plants
- F02G1/04—Hot gas positive-displacement engine plants of closed-cycle type
- F02G1/043—Hot gas positive-displacement engine plants of closed-cycle type the engine being operated by expansion and contraction of a mass of working gas which is heated and cooled in one of a plurality of constantly communicating expansible chambers, e.g. Stirling cycle type engines
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
- F25B9/00—Compression machines, plants or systems, in which the refrigerant is air or other gas of low boiling point
- F25B9/14—Compression machines, plants or systems, in which the refrigerant is air or other gas of low boiling point characterised by the cycle used, e.g. Stirling cycle
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02G—HOT GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT ENGINE PLANTS; USE OF WASTE HEAT OF COMBUSTION ENGINES; NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F02G2250/00—Special cycles or special engines
- F02G2250/31—Nano- or microengines
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
- F25B2400/00—Component parts or details not otherwise provided for in this subclass
- F25B2400/15—Microelectro-mechanical devices
Definitions
- the invention relates to the field of mechanical microelectronic systems, also called MEMS for "Microelectromechanical System". It relates more particularly microsystems or miniaturized devices for ensuring a conversion of mechanical energy into heat and vice versa. It relates more specifically to miniaturized devices operating according to a Stirling thermodynamic cycle, and in particular according to the so-called ⁇ and ⁇ configurations of this type of thermal machine.
- a thermal machine operating according to a Stirling thermodynamic cycle comprises an expansion chamber and a compression chamber which are connected via a regenerator, allowing the passage of a working fluid, which is generally a gas, from the expansion chamber to the compression chamber and vice versa, under the effect of the movement of a piston commonly called “displacer”.
- a piston "motor” for the transfer of energy in the form of mechanical work is movable in a fraction of the compression chamber, to change the volume.
- the movements of the displacer piston and the engine piston are synchronized and their phase shift is maintained by a synchronizing device, to ensure optimal operation according to a Stirling cycle.
- thermodynamic cycle of Stirling for an operation in motor mode, connects four phases during which the working fluid, undergoes the following transformations: namely, constant volume heating, isothermal expansion, then cooling to constant volume, followed by isothermal compression.
- the compression chamber is thermally connected to a source of heat, so that the working fluid in the compression chamber is at a lower temperature than in the expansion chamber.
- the compression chamber may incorporate a fraction of a heat exchanger for exchanging heat with the lateral region of the device. The presence of this exchanger fraction separates the compression chamber into two parts which are, however, at the same temperature because of the high thermal conductivity of the exchanger fraction, necessary for a good exchange coefficient.
- thermodynamic efficiency of a Stirling engine is equal to 1-T D / T C , where T D is T c are the temperatures that prevail respectively in the expansion and compression chambers. It is therefore conceivable that the efficiency is even higher than the temperature difference between the expansion chamber and the compression chamber is important.
- T D is T c are the temperatures that prevail respectively in the expansion and compression chambers. It is therefore conceivable that the efficiency is even higher than the temperature difference between the expansion chamber and the compression chamber is important.
- the more a device is miniaturized the more the expansion chamber is close to the compression chamber, so that the thermal insulation between the two chambers can not be effectively maintained.
- the heat dissipated at the expansion chamber causes an increase in the temperature in the compression chamber by thermal conduction through the elements of the system, and therefore a reduction of the temperature difference, synonymous with yield reduction.
- a problem to be solved by the invention is that of maintaining satisfactory performance in terms of thermodynamic efficiency, while allowing a particularly compact configuration.
- US 5,941,079 discloses several combinations of elementary structures of Stirling devices. Such architectures impose special provisions to be controlled. Indeed, in steady state, the adjustment of the phase shift between the movement of the displacer piston connected to the expansion chamber, and the engine piston connected to the compression chamber is obtained by an appropriate design of the dynamic characteristics of the displacer piston and the engine piston associated with dissipation phenomena of viscous origin within the regenerator. In the case of engine-type operation, starting and then synchronizing movements of the displacer piston and the engine piston can only be obtained by controlling through an actuating device thereof. The converter used can then be of the electromechanical, piezoelectric, electrostatic or electrostrictive type. Another object of the invention is to provide a Stirling engine or cooler structure that does not require simultaneous control of the displacer mechanism and the engine piston to obtain the desired operation.
- the invention therefore relates to a miniaturized device, which is able to function as a motor or as a cooler, according to a Stirling thermodynamic cycle.
- a miniaturized device which is able to function as a motor or as a cooler, according to a Stirling thermodynamic cycle.
- a device comprises an expansion chamber and a compression chamber, which are connected by means of a regenerator allowing the fluid to pass from the expansion chamber to the compression chamber and vice versa, under the effect of the movement of a displacer mechanism, also called simply displacer.
- a fraction of the compression chamber is movable, in order to change the volume, in the manner of a piston.
- this device is characterized in that it also comprises a complementary chamber, which is connected to the compression chamber via a complementary connection channel.
- This complementary chamber is separated from the expansion chamber by the displacer mechanism.
- This complementary chamber is at an intermediate temperature between the temperature of the compression chamber and the temperature of the expansion chamber.
- the device according to the invention comprises an additional chamber, which makes it possible to reduce the pressure effect existing in the compression chamber on the face of the displacer opposite to the expansion chamber.
- the device according to the invention is remarkable in that the displacer is in indirect contact with the chamber compression through the characteristic complementary chamber.
- this complementary chamber may be at a temperature intermediate between that of the expansion chamber and the compression chamber.
- the difference in temperature between the two faces of the displacer is less than in conventional systems, at constant temperature difference between expansion chamber and compression chamber.
- connection channel connecting the complementary chamber to the compression chamber may include a specific thermal arrangement, so as to maintain a temperature difference between the compression chamber and the complementary chamber, and thus promote a significant temperature difference between the compression chamber and the relaxation chamber.
- an active device for regulating the temperature of the gas flowing in the connection channel can be provided.
- This device may comprise thermo-elements that heat or cool this gas, depending on the needs.
- the regulating device may be formed by a complementary regenerator.
- the displacer has two contact surfaces, respectively with the expansion chamber and the complementary chamber, which have different areas. In other words, the contact surface between the displacer and the expansion chamber is typically greater than the contact area between the complementary chamber and the same displacer.
- the start can be obtained by the appropriate choice of the dynamic characteristics of the displacer and the element acting as a piston engine.
- the dynamic system formed by the displacer mechanism and the piston element which is stable until the temperature differential between the expansion chamber and the compression chamber, becomes dynamically unstable beyond this temperature differential thanks to the feedback. in pressure on the surface of the displacer in contact with the fluid contained in the complementary chamber. This instability causes the movement of the displacer and the element acting as a piston at the slightest disturbance.
- the amplitude of the displacements increases so that nonlinear dissipation phenomena modify the dynamics of the system to reach a stable operating point.
- the synchronization of the movements of the displacer and the element acting as a piston is then dependent on the dynamic characteristics of the displacer mechanism and the piston as well as the dissipation phenomena of viscous origin in the regenerator and the complementary channel.
- a mechanical limitation of the amplitude of the movement of the element acting as a piston engine can also be implemented so as to obtain the desired thermodynamic characteristics.
- regenerator as well as possibly the connection channel can be arranged in different ways, depending on the properties of the working fluid, the desired thermal performance and available technologies.
- the circulation of the working fluid in the regenerator and the connection channel or channels can be effected in a direction parallel to the direction defined between the expansion chamber and the compression chamber.
- the regenerator and the connection channel may be composed of several tubular channels dug in the thickness of the component material.
- this regenerator may allow the circulation of the working fluid in a plane perpendicular to this same direction defined between the expansion and compression chambers.
- the surface of the regenerator may be larger.
- the expansion chamber and the compression chamber are arranged in two distinct components, and connected by pipes connecting the different chambers in an appropriate manner.
- the distance between the compression chamber and the expansion chamber is further increased so as to increase the temperature difference between these two chambers and thus the efficiency of the device.
- the device according to the invention may comprise a synchronization mechanism between the movement of the displacer of the element acting as a piston.
- This synchronization mechanism comprises non-compulsorily a pressure chamber arranged so that the surface of the element acting as a piston, opposite the compression chamber is subjected to this pressure.
- the frequency associated with the element acting as a piston engine can then be modified by the adjustment of this pressure by a suitable device.
- This synchronization mechanism may also comprise non-compulsorily stops which limit the displacement amplitude of the element acting as piston to a value ensuring the optimal operation of the device used in motor mode.
- a device for controlling the element acting as a piston engine can also be added. He then understands electromechanical converter associated with a control circuit that controls the amplitude and / or the frequency and / or the damping associated with the element acting as a piston.
- the design of the device according to the invention allows it to be used as a motor, in order to transform a thermal energy into a mechanical energy, or as a cooler, that is to say in order to transform a mechanical energy in thermal energy.
- the mechanical energy produced at the element acting as piston can be used and converted in various ways, for example into electrical energy, by the use of converters of varied type such as electrostatic, electromagnetic or piezoelectric for example. It may be noted that in this case, the converter used may be part of the engine control device.
- the piston acting on the compression chamber may be associated with a member capable of causing displacement by the use of converters of various types such as electrostatic, electromagnetic or piezoelectric for example.
- Figure 1 is a schematic sectional view of the main part of the device according to the invention, shown only with respect to the essential elements in connection with the invention.
- Figures 2 and 3 are sectional views of alternative solutions for the positioning and orientation of the regenerator and the embodiment of the displacer.
- Figure 4 is a sectional view along the plane IV-IV of Figure 3, showing specific arrangements of the regenerator and the connection channel.
- Figures 5 and 6 are schematic sectional views of two alternative embodiments showing the device made in the form of two interconnected components.
- Figure 7 is a sectional view of an alternative embodiment relating to the location of the various characteristic chambers of the invention.
- Figures 8 and 9 are sectional views of Figure 7 along the plane respectively VIII-HIV 'and IX-IX'.
- FIG. 1 illustrates such a device (1), in which only the elements essential to the understanding of the invention are shown, and in which the entire environment of the invention, which may be necessary for the operation, is not represented. of the invention.
- the device (1) illustrated in FIG. 1 comprises an expansion chamber (2), a compression chamber (3), which are connected by a regenerator (4).
- the device (1) also comprises a complementary chamber (5) which is separated from the expansion chamber (2) by a displacer mechanism (6).
- This complementary chamber (5) is connected to the compression chamber (3) via a connection channel (7), or generally by a specific connection.
- the compression chamber (3) has one of its walls
- the displacer (6) has its upper face (12) which is in contact with the expansion chamber (2), whereas the lower face (13) of this same displacer (6) is in contact with the complementary chamber ( 5), connected to the compression chamber (3).
- the specific connection (7) maintains a temperature difference between the intermediate chamber (5) and the compression chamber (3), so that the temperature gradient inside the displacer (6) is smaller than in traditional systems, assuming the same theoretical yield.
- the lower face (13) of the displacer (6) has a smaller area than the surface of the upper face (12) of the same regenerator, which is in contact with the expansion chamber (2).
- This dissymmetry between the two faces of the displacer is advantageous with regard to starting and maintaining an optimum phase shift between the movement of the displacer and that of the piston associated with the compression chamber.
- This asymmetry can be generated by different geometries of the two faces (12) and (13) of the displacer (6), or the presence of specific stiffeners present on one of its two faces.
- the embodiment of the displacer (6) can integrate the taking into account of the stiffness parameters that it is desired to give the displacer.
- the expansion chamber (2) is thermally connected to a heat source (not shown), which can be of very different natures.
- a heat source not shown
- it may be a contact with a room of combustion, or a thermal sensor, capable of receiving energy by conduction, convection or radiation.
- the piston (8), mobile during operation of the device can be associated with various electrical converters for transforming the movement of the piston (8) into an electrical energy acting according to different principles, depending on the applications.
- the conversion can take place by a piezoelectric, electrostatic or electromagnetic effect for example.
- the device according to the invention can be made within the same component, as illustrated in FIGS. 2 and 3.
- the expansion chamber (22) is connected to the chamber compression (23) via the regenerator (24).
- the complementary chamber (25) is itself connected to the compression chamber (23) via the connection channel (27).
- regenerator and the connection channel (24, 27) have a multi-tubular configuration, parallel to the direction (28) connecting the compression chamber (23) to the expansion chamber (22).
- these regenerators are constituted by channels dug in the thickness of the material (26) separating the complementary chamber (25) from the compression chamber (23).
- the expansion chamber (32) is connected to the compression chamber (33) via the regenerator composed of a first portion (34) tubular, parallel to the direction
- FIG. 4 illustrates the geometry that can adopt the different elements that constitute the active part of the regenerator.
- a first fraction of this active part of the regenerator is illustrated with channels (40) separated by quasi-rectilinear portions (41). These channels (40) make it possible to define a relatively large contact area, and to limit the pressure drops caused by the passage of the working fluid within the active part of the regenerator.
- the elements making it possible to play the thermal buffer effect are in the form of studs (43) distributed in staggered rows, in the event that it is desired to create turbulences in the to improve the heat exchange between the working fluid and the active elements of the regenerator.
- the device according to the invention can be realized by conventional techniques in the field of the embodiment of MEMS.
- membranes can be made from films that are stretched to generate a uniform tension in the thickness thereof.
- the stretched films thus claimed will be assembled on the device so as to obtain the displacer on the one hand and the piston on the other hand.
- this voltage will be such that the dynamic behavior of the device according to the invention depending on the resonant frequencies of the membranes acting as piston and displacer is adapted to the operating conditions.
- the configuration illustrated in Figures 5 and 6 has an advantage in terms of thermal insulation between the expansion chamber and the compression chamber. More specifically, the expansion chamber (52) illustrated in Figure 5 is separated from the complementary chamber (55) via the displacer (56), which has an asymmetrical configuration.
- the expansion chambers (52) and complementary (55) are formed inside a first component (51), which comprises different pipes (58), (59) for connection with a second component (60) which encloses the compression chamber (53), the regenerator (54) and the specific connection (57).
- the pipes (62, 63) connecting the two components (51, 60) have the geometry and in particular the desired length, depending on the distance between the two components (51, 60).
- the two components (51, 60) are shown side by side, and may in particular be made at the same substrate.
- the pipes (66) connecting the expansion chamber (52) and the regenerator (54), as well as the pipe (67) connecting the complementary chamber (55) and the connecting channel (57) are made appropriate, either outside the two components (51, 60), or can be formed in the thickness of the material to achieve both components and geometric implantation constraints.
- FIG. 7 Such a configuration is particularly described in Figure 7 in which the expansion chamber (72) is formed above the complementary chamber (75) from which it is separated by the displacer (76).
- the compression chamber (73) is formed in an offset portion of the overall component, and has a piston (78) defining the upper portion. This piston (78) can move between abutments (79, 80) formed respectively in the compression chamber (73) and the volume (81) located on the other side of the piston (78).
- the compression chamber is connected to the complementary chamber by a pipe (83), which could include a thermal device (not shown).
- the compression chamber (73) is connected to the expansion chamber (72) via the regenerator, a part (84) of which appears in FIG. 8, and which is extended by an additional fraction (85).
- the two portions (84, 85) of the main regenerator are connected by a portion passing through the thickness which separates the two section planes VIII-HIV ', IX-IX'.
- the compression and expansion chambers have a circular geometry, favorable to their mechanical strength.
- the device according to the invention has the major advantage of allowing miniaturization Stirling machines, while maintaining a satisfactory level of performance, by maintaining a significant temperature difference between the chamber of relaxation and the compression chamber.
- the absence of complex kinematics and connections makes it possible to overcome the problems of mechanical wear of parts in relative movement and the appearance of play generating shocks and vibrations.
- the low inertia in motion also limit the vibrations transmitted by the device to its environment thus limiting the noise generated.
- the device according to the invention can find multiple applications, among which include the micro generation of electrical energy, the recovery and recovery of thermal energy, as well as the cooling of electronic systems in particular.
- the necessary thermal energy is generated by catalytic combustion and the device according to the invention allows the efficient conversion of heat energy into mechanical energy finally converted into usable electrical energy by a converter built into the device.
- Electrical generation may also be envisaged by operating the device according to the invention in series and arranged in such a way that the thermal energy of the environment (solar radiation, thermal energy dissipated by a process) is converted efficiently. in electrical energy.
- the device according to the invention used in cooler mode can be applied to the cooling of electronic computer components that require temperature control.
- the range of temperature difference accessible by the use of a device operating in the Stirling cycle makes it possible to envisage its use in low temperature cooling applications for thermal camera infrared sensors for example.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- Reciprocating Pumps (AREA)
- Compressors, Vaccum Pumps And Other Relevant Systems (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR0651785A FR2901320B1 (fr) | 2006-05-17 | 2006-05-17 | Dispositif miniaturise apte a fonctionner comme moteur ou refroidisseur selon un cycle thermodynamique de stirling |
| PCT/FR2007/051282 WO2007132130A1 (fr) | 2006-05-17 | 2007-05-16 | Dispositif miniaturisé apte à fonctionner comme moteur ou refroidisseur selon un cycle thermodynamique de stirling |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP2019919A1 true EP2019919A1 (fr) | 2009-02-04 |
| EP2019919B1 EP2019919B1 (fr) | 2017-06-07 |
Family
ID=37685182
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP07766056.1A Not-in-force EP2019919B1 (fr) | 2006-05-17 | 2007-05-16 | Dispositif miniaturisé apte à fonctionner comme moteur ou refroidisseur selon un cycle thermodynamique de stirling |
Country Status (5)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US7832209B2 (fr) |
| EP (1) | EP2019919B1 (fr) |
| JP (1) | JP5368297B2 (fr) |
| FR (1) | FR2901320B1 (fr) |
| WO (1) | WO2007132130A1 (fr) |
Families Citing this family (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB201519475D0 (en) | 2015-11-04 | 2015-12-16 | Beckett John | Heat pump and heat engine |
| CN110914610B (zh) | 2017-06-23 | 2021-02-19 | 菲力尔系统公司 | Mems低温冷却器系统和方法 |
| WO2019075122A1 (fr) | 2017-10-11 | 2019-04-18 | Flir Commercial Systems, Inc. | Systèmes et procédés de régulateur de cryoréfrigérateur |
Family Cites Families (12)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3604821A (en) * | 1969-08-13 | 1971-09-14 | Mc Donnell Douglas Corp | Stirling cycle amplifying machine |
| US4350012A (en) * | 1980-07-14 | 1982-09-21 | Mechanical Technology Incorporated | Diaphragm coupling between the displacer and power piston |
| JPS62248857A (ja) * | 1986-04-23 | 1987-10-29 | Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd | フリ−ピストン式スタ−リング機関 |
| US5749226A (en) | 1993-02-12 | 1998-05-12 | Ohio University | Microminiature stirling cycle cryocoolers and engines |
| JPH08507597A (ja) * | 1993-02-12 | 1996-08-13 | オハイオ・ユニバーシテイ | 超小型スターリングサイクルクライオクーラー及びエンジン |
| US5867991A (en) * | 1996-04-03 | 1999-02-09 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Administrator Of The National Aeronautics And Space Administration | Ferroelectric Stirling-cycle refrigerator |
| TNSN97082A1 (fr) * | 1996-05-15 | 2005-03-15 | Bayer Corp | Inhibition des matrices metalloproteases par la substitution des composes phenetyles |
| US6148635A (en) * | 1998-10-19 | 2000-11-21 | The Board Of Trustees Of The University Of Illinois | Active compressor vapor compression cycle integrated heat transfer device |
| US6272866B1 (en) * | 1999-12-08 | 2001-08-14 | Industrial Technology Research Institute | Micro cooling engine array system |
| JP3072982U (ja) * | 2000-01-12 | 2000-11-07 | 財団法人工業技術研究院 | マイクロクーリングエンジンマトリクスシステム |
| US6385973B1 (en) | 2001-07-12 | 2002-05-14 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Administrator Of The National Aeronautics And Space Administration | Micro-scalable thermal control device |
| JP2005002919A (ja) * | 2003-06-12 | 2005-01-06 | Sharp Corp | スターリング機関 |
-
2006
- 2006-05-17 FR FR0651785A patent/FR2901320B1/fr active Active
-
2007
- 2007-05-16 WO PCT/FR2007/051282 patent/WO2007132130A1/fr not_active Ceased
- 2007-05-16 JP JP2009510517A patent/JP5368297B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2007-05-16 EP EP07766056.1A patent/EP2019919B1/fr not_active Not-in-force
-
2008
- 2008-11-10 US US12/267,686 patent/US7832209B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Non-Patent Citations (1)
| Title |
|---|
| See references of WO2007132130A1 * |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| FR2901320B1 (fr) | 2008-07-04 |
| JP5368297B2 (ja) | 2013-12-18 |
| JP2009537783A (ja) | 2009-10-29 |
| WO2007132130A1 (fr) | 2007-11-22 |
| EP2019919B1 (fr) | 2017-06-07 |
| US20090056330A1 (en) | 2009-03-05 |
| US7832209B2 (en) | 2010-11-16 |
| FR2901320A1 (fr) | 2007-11-23 |
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