EP2019808B1 - Lifting member with load and/or stress measuring means - Google Patents

Lifting member with load and/or stress measuring means Download PDF

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Publication number
EP2019808B1
EP2019808B1 EP07734655A EP07734655A EP2019808B1 EP 2019808 B1 EP2019808 B1 EP 2019808B1 EP 07734655 A EP07734655 A EP 07734655A EP 07734655 A EP07734655 A EP 07734655A EP 2019808 B1 EP2019808 B1 EP 2019808B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
lifting member
lifting
load
optical
longitudinal
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Not-in-force
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EP07734655A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP2019808A1 (en
Inventor
Beat Zwygart
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Lasstec
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Lasstec
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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B66—HOISTING; LIFTING; HAULING
    • B66C—CRANES; LOAD-ENGAGING ELEMENTS OR DEVICES FOR CRANES, CAPSTANS, WINCHES, OR TACKLES
    • B66C1/00—Load-engaging elements or devices attached to lifting or lowering gear of cranes or adapted for connection therewith for transmitting lifting forces to articles or groups of articles
    • B66C1/10—Load-engaging elements or devices attached to lifting or lowering gear of cranes or adapted for connection therewith for transmitting lifting forces to articles or groups of articles by mechanical means
    • B66C1/62—Load-engaging elements or devices attached to lifting or lowering gear of cranes or adapted for connection therewith for transmitting lifting forces to articles or groups of articles by mechanical means comprising article-engaging members of a shape complementary to that of the articles to be handled
    • B66C1/66—Load-engaging elements or devices attached to lifting or lowering gear of cranes or adapted for connection therewith for transmitting lifting forces to articles or groups of articles by mechanical means comprising article-engaging members of a shape complementary to that of the articles to be handled for engaging holes, recesses, or abutments on articles specially provided for facilitating handling thereof
    • B66C1/663—Load-engaging elements or devices attached to lifting or lowering gear of cranes or adapted for connection therewith for transmitting lifting forces to articles or groups of articles by mechanical means comprising article-engaging members of a shape complementary to that of the articles to be handled for engaging holes, recesses, or abutments on articles specially provided for facilitating handling thereof for containers
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B66—HOISTING; LIFTING; HAULING
    • B66C—CRANES; LOAD-ENGAGING ELEMENTS OR DEVICES FOR CRANES, CAPSTANS, WINCHES, OR TACKLES
    • B66C13/00—Other constructional features or details
    • B66C13/16—Applications of indicating, registering, or weighing devices
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B66—HOISTING; LIFTING; HAULING
    • B66C—CRANES; LOAD-ENGAGING ELEMENTS OR DEVICES FOR CRANES, CAPSTANS, WINCHES, OR TACKLES
    • B66C1/00—Load-engaging elements or devices attached to lifting or lowering gear of cranes or adapted for connection therewith for transmitting lifting forces to articles or groups of articles
    • B66C1/10—Load-engaging elements or devices attached to lifting or lowering gear of cranes or adapted for connection therewith for transmitting lifting forces to articles or groups of articles by mechanical means
    • B66C1/22—Rigid members, e.g. L-shaped members, with parts engaging the under surface of the loads; Crane hooks
    • B66C1/34—Crane hooks
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B66—HOISTING; LIFTING; HAULING
    • B66C—CRANES; LOAD-ENGAGING ELEMENTS OR DEVICES FOR CRANES, CAPSTANS, WINCHES, OR TACKLES
    • B66C1/00—Load-engaging elements or devices attached to lifting or lowering gear of cranes or adapted for connection therewith for transmitting lifting forces to articles or groups of articles
    • B66C1/10—Load-engaging elements or devices attached to lifting or lowering gear of cranes or adapted for connection therewith for transmitting lifting forces to articles or groups of articles by mechanical means
    • B66C1/22—Rigid members, e.g. L-shaped members, with parts engaging the under surface of the loads; Crane hooks
    • B66C1/34—Crane hooks
    • B66C1/40—Crane hooks formed or fitted with load measuring or indicating devices
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B66—HOISTING; LIFTING; HAULING
    • B66C—CRANES; LOAD-ENGAGING ELEMENTS OR DEVICES FOR CRANES, CAPSTANS, WINCHES, OR TACKLES
    • B66C1/00—Load-engaging elements or devices attached to lifting or lowering gear of cranes or adapted for connection therewith for transmitting lifting forces to articles or groups of articles
    • B66C1/10—Load-engaging elements or devices attached to lifting or lowering gear of cranes or adapted for connection therewith for transmitting lifting forces to articles or groups of articles by mechanical means
    • B66C1/62—Load-engaging elements or devices attached to lifting or lowering gear of cranes or adapted for connection therewith for transmitting lifting forces to articles or groups of articles by mechanical means comprising article-engaging members of a shape complementary to that of the articles to be handled
    • B66C1/66—Load-engaging elements or devices attached to lifting or lowering gear of cranes or adapted for connection therewith for transmitting lifting forces to articles or groups of articles by mechanical means comprising article-engaging members of a shape complementary to that of the articles to be handled for engaging holes, recesses, or abutments on articles specially provided for facilitating handling thereof

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to lifting members for transmitting all or part of a lifting force between a lifting device and a load to be lifted.
  • lifting devices are commonly used in fields such as civil engineering or port handling.
  • the "spreaders” or gripping and lifting frames which include a plurality of rotary locks for engaging and locking on the load complementing forms.
  • "Spreaders” are used in particular for lifting and handling of port containers by engaging latches in oblong holes arranged at the four upper corners of the containers. Depending on the state of wear of the container and shocks, the oblong holes can be deformed and no longer allow locking. Lifting is then performed with only part of the lifting members, which can lead to overloading and breaking them.
  • Such a stress sensor makes it possible to monitor the loading of the lifting member and to monitor the stress induced by the load lifted in the lifting member by measuring the pressure in the compression chamber.
  • a first problem proposed by the invention is to accurately measure a load and / or induced stresses in a lifting member when lifting a load.
  • the invention seeks to achieve this measurement closer to the lifting member, to minimize the risk of errors that may result from approximations by calculation.
  • the invention aims to design a measuring device having a high durability, capable of withstanding shocks, insensitive to electromagnetic fields, and requiring no voluntary recalibration operation to compensate for temperature variations.
  • the invention also seeks to design a device for measuring the weight of a load lifted by a lifting member and / or constraints induced by the lifting of a load, which has a high reactivity and a high speed, allowing a real time measurement.
  • the invention aims to provide a compact measuring device, easily adaptable to most existing lifting devices and commonly used in the field of lifting, the adaptation can be achieved without detectable changes in the properties of organs lifting.
  • optical stress sensor allows a high reactivity as well as a high accuracy in the measurement of the load and / or the stresses induced by the lifting of the load in the lifting member.
  • the optical stress sensor is fixed to the side wall of the longitudinal channel in at least a first and a second attachment zone located at a distance from each other in the longitudinal direction of the longitudinal channel.
  • the longitudinal section of the lifting member When lifting a load, the longitudinal section of the lifting member will elongate elastically under the action of the lifting force. This lengthening of the longitudinal section will vary the distance between the two attachment zones, which will cause a variation of the signals of the optical stress sensor, which variation will directly deduce the state of stress induced by the load on the lifting member and / or the weight of the load lifted by the lifting member.
  • the first and second attachment zones may be arranged in a zone of constant diameter of the longitudinal section of the lifting member.
  • the longitudinal channel may be disposed in the middle of the cross section of the longitudinal section of the lifting member.
  • the optical stress sensor is thus inserted into the neutral fiber of the longitudinal section of the lifting member.
  • the stress measured by the optical stress sensor will thus be a pure axial stress.
  • the measurement will not be parasitized by any bending of the lifting member that would distort the calculation of the weight of the load raised.
  • optical strain sensors can be used, provided that they can be housed at least partly in the longitudinal channel of the lifting member.
  • the optical stress sensor may be an optical fiber optical sensor, said optical fiber being made integral with the side wall of the longitudinal channel according to the first and second attachment zones.
  • Such a structure is compact and robust, and it can be connected by the same optical fiber to reception and analysis means placed at a distance.
  • the optical fiber may advantageously be glued in a metal tube itself glued in the longitudinal channel.
  • the optical constraint sensor may comprise a laser distance sensor, capable of producing an image signal of the extension of the longitudinal section of the lifting member.
  • the distal portion of the lifting member may be shaped hook.
  • the distal portion of the lifting member may be shaped as "T".
  • one or more lifting members according to the invention may be provided on a frame for gripping and lifting loads.
  • the load and / or stress spectrum makes it possible to estimate the state of fatigue of the lifting member. It is thus possible to safely provide for the replacement of the lifting member.
  • the device for measuring and analyzing a load can be used on a lifting device such as a gantry crane, a container crane, a crane, a mobile crane, or a stacker or industrial truck. with fork carriage.
  • a lifting device such as a gantry crane, a container crane, a crane, a mobile crane, or a stacker or industrial truck. with fork carriage.
  • the longitudinal section 1c of the lifting member 1 comprises a blind longitudinal channel 1d, extending from the proximal portion 1a.
  • An optical stress sensor 2 is inserted into the longitudinal channel 1d and is attached to the side wall of the longitudinal channel 1d. The attachment to the side wall of the optical stress sensor 2 can be performed using a common epoxy resin.
  • the longitudinal channel 1d is blind and extends from the proximal portion 1a of the lifting member 1. Such a configuration makes it possible not to affect the distal portion 1b which is the "active" part of the lifting member 1 which allows the attachment of the load.
  • the longitudinal channel 1d may be through to facilitate, for example, the introduction and / or extraction of the optical stress sensor 2.
  • Linking means 3 are provided for transmitting the signals of the optical stress sensor 2 to means for receiving and analyzing the signals of the optical stress sensor 2.
  • the optical stress sensor 2 is fixed to the side wall of the longitudinal channel 1d in two attachment zones 5a and 5b located at a distance from each other in the longitudinal direction of the longitudinal channel 1d.
  • the longitudinal portion 1c elastically elongate under the lifting force.
  • the optical stress sensor 2 being attached to the side wall of the longitudinal channel 1d according to the attachment areas 5a and 5b, will also undergo a variation in length. This variation in length will vary the signals of the optical stress sensor 2 sent to the reception and analysis means 4 by the connecting means 3. The variation of the signals of the optical stress sensor 2 is directly related to the elongation undergone by the optical stress sensor 2.
  • the lifting member 1 thus becomes itself a means of measuring the weight of the load. An internal measurement of the stresses induced in the lifting member is thus performed, as close as possible to them, which limits the risk of error that may occur during approximations by calculation.
  • optical strain sensor 2 it is advantageous to use, according to a first embodiment of the invention, an optical fiber optic stress sensor 2.
  • the optical fiber is made integral with the side wall of the longitudinal channel 1 d according to the first 5a and the second 5b attachment zones, an intermediate section of optical fiber being situated between the two fixing zones 5a and 5b.
  • an elongation under load of the longitudinal section 1c of the lifting member 1 the same elongation of the optical fiber intermediate section occurs, and this elongation produces a corresponding variation in the optical properties of the optical fiber.
  • By sending in the optical fiber a suitable light wave it is possible to detect, by the analysis of the reflected wave, this variation in length of the longitudinal section 1c of the lifting member 1, and to deduce the load borne by the lifting member.
  • the optical fiber may extend beyond the lifting member 1, to a housing containing both the light source and means for receiving and analyzing the signals of the optical stress sensor.
  • the optical fiber may have a diameter of about 0.2 mm, and may be protected by a layer of wax wrapped in a layer of rubber, itself wrapped in a metal braid also wrapped in a layer rubber, the assembly having a diameter of about 5 mm.
  • Such a fiber can be flexed to possible radii of about 10 cm, which allows to associate it in parallel with other connection means such as electrical cables and flexible hydraulic supply tubes.
  • the housing can be deported 5 to 10 m away from the lifting member, without loss of efficiency of the load measuring means.
  • the optical fiber may be glued into a metal tube itself adhered in the longitudinal channel 1d.
  • the optical fiber with a diameter of 0.2 mm for example, can be glued into a metal tube whose inside diameter is approximately 0.6 mm and the outside diameter about 3 mm, the tube itself being glued into the longitudinal channel 1 d.
  • an optical fiber optical stress sensor 2 it is possible to use, for example, a Bragg grating optical fiber elongation optical sensor. It is a sensor in which a single mode optical fiber comprises a section whose refractive index has been modulated periodically at a determined pitch along the optical fiber by intense ultraviolet radiation. The fiber section with periodically modulated refractive index is called the Bragg grating. This Bragg grating produces a reflection of the light waves traveling through the optical fiber, at a wavelength called the Bragg wavelength, which is substantially equal to twice the modulation step of the refractive index along the fiber. optical in the Bragg network.
  • the wavelength of light reflected by the Bragg grating is substantially proportional to the distance between two refractive index variations in the optical fiber, and any variation in this distance, as a result of an elongation, for example , can be detected by measuring the wavelength of reflected light.
  • optical fiber elongation sensors may however be used, for example a Fabry-Perot interferometer sensor.
  • optical fiber optic stress sensor 2 makes it possible to carry out a rapid measurement with high reliability. This measurement can also be made independent of temperature differences in a simple way using mathematical formulas, as indicated in the document WO 86/01303 . Alternatively, one can consider using an optical fiber strain sensor additional optical stress free and not subject to a load, to use its signal to compensate for temperature changes.
  • an optical stress sensor 2 it is possible to use a laser distance sensor capable of producing an image signal of the elongation of the longitudinal section 1 c of the lifting member 1
  • a laser diode emits at the input of the longitudinal channel 1d. pulses of light which are reflected near the bottom of the channel 1d, and a sensor receives the reflected wave. We then measure the transit time of the light back and forth in the longitudinal channel 1d, to deduce its length and its possible elongation under the action of a load.
  • Such a laser distance sensor may be similar to those commonly used for measuring short distances.
  • an optical stress sensor 2 makes it possible, by virtue of its reactivity and speed of measurement, to measure high transient stresses that can appear very briefly during shocks and vibrations occurring during a lifting operation, and without the optical stress sensor 2 being damaged by these shocks or vibrations. This allows to better know the state of fatigue of the lifting member 1, and to provide preventive replacement if it has been or may have been damaged by previous lifting operations. It is indeed possible to know in real time the state of charge and / or constraints of the lifting member 1, and thus establish accurately and reliably its load spectrum and / or constraints.
  • the optical stress sensor 2 is directly integrated in the lifting member 1, which is not modified in its functional external form.
  • the lifting members 1 shown on the figures 1 and 2 thus remain adaptable to all the lifting gear to which they were originally intended.
  • An optical fiber optical stress sensor 2 has a very small diameter d, so that the lifting member 1 is not or very little affected in its mechanical strength by the presence of the longitudinal channel 1d.
  • the attachment zones 5a and 5b are arranged in a zone of constant diameter of the longitudinal section 1c of the lifting member 1.
  • the optical stress sensor 2 extends in the same way as the area of the lifting member 1 between the first attachment zone 5a and the second attachment zone 5b. Since this zone has a constant diameter D, it extends linearly as a function of the load attached to the distal portion 1b of the lifting member 1.
  • the longitudinal channel 1d is disposed in the middle of the cross section of the longitudinal section 1c of the lifting member 1.
  • the optical stress sensor 2 is thus housed in the neutral fiber of the longitudinal section 1c of the lifting member 1. This makes it possible to measure a pure axial stress exerted on the lifting member 1. The measurement is thus not not by the possible bending effects of the lifting member 1. Otherwise, in the case of an off-center position of the optical stress sensor 2, bending effects could reduce or increase the stress calculated by the receiving means and analysis 4 from the signals given by the optical stress sensor 2.
  • the distal end 1b of the lifting member 1 is shaped as "T".
  • the distal portion 1b of the lifting member 1 is shaped hook.
  • the lifting member 1 shown on the figure 2 is commonly used in many lifting devices such as cranes in the field of civil engineering.
  • This device 9 for measuring and analyzing the load can also be connected to a safety device (not shown) provided on the hoisting apparatus, intended to cut off the power supply of the hoisting apparatus in the case where the device 9 for measuring and analyzing the load would detect a load greater than the maximum load that can be raised by the lifting member 1, or greater than the maximum load that can safely lift the hoist.
  • a safety device not shown
  • Such a device 9 for measuring and analyzing the load also makes it possible to monitor the state of fatigue and stress of the lifting member 1. It will thus be possible to easily identify any residual stresses in the lifting member 1, or non-elastic behaviors of the longitudinal section 1 c, indicating a beginning of plastic deformation of the lifting member 1 can lead to breaking.
  • FIG. 3 there is shown a gripping and lifting frame 6 comprising four lifting members 1 according to the embodiment illustrated in FIG. figure 1 .
  • the lifting members 1 are arranged at the four corners of the frame 6, which frame 6 can be used indifferently with a handling crane 7 or a crane as shown in FIG. figure 4 , or with a fork pallet stacker 8 as shown on the figure 5 .
  • the lifting members 1 are all provided with optic optical fiber optical sensors themselves connected by the connecting means 3 by optical fiber sheathed to the same reception and analysis means 4 which analyze in sequence the signals of the sensors optic optical fiber constraints (not shown) contained in the lifting members 1.
  • the reception and analysis means 4 scan the light waves reflected by the optical fibers, and deduce the elongation of each lifting member 1 and therefore the value of the load that it supports.
  • gripping and lifting frame 6 shown on the Figures 3 to 5 it comprises only four lifting members 1, it is possible to envisage a larger number of lifting members 1, arranged differently for the simultaneous lifting of several containers.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Forklifts And Lifting Vehicles (AREA)
  • Length Measuring Devices By Optical Means (AREA)
  • Investigating Strength Of Materials By Application Of Mechanical Stress (AREA)
  • Maintenance And Inspection Apparatuses For Elevators (AREA)
  • Light Guides In General And Applications Therefor (AREA)
  • Force Measurement Appropriate To Specific Purposes (AREA)
  • Load-Engaging Elements For Cranes (AREA)
  • Control And Safety Of Cranes (AREA)
  • Measuring Instrument Details And Bridges, And Automatic Balancing Devices (AREA)

Abstract

The unit (1) has a proximal part (1a) fixed to a lifting apparatus and a distal part (1b) connected to a load to be lifted. A longitudinal section (1c) is developed from the proximal part in a direction of the distal part and is elastically elongated under an action of a part of lifting effort. An optical fiber stress sensor (2) having reduced diameter is inserted into a longitudinal channel (1d) of the section and is fixed to a lateral wall of the channel. A connector (3) transmits signals from the sensor to a sensor signal reception and analyzing unit (4).

Description

DOMAINE TECHNIQUE DE L'INVENTIONTECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION

La présente invention concerne les organes de levage, destinés à transmettre tout ou partie d'un effort de levage entre un appareil de levage et une charge à lever. De tels organes de levage sont d'utilisation courante dans des domaines tels que le génie civil ou encore la manutention portuaire.The present invention relates to lifting members for transmitting all or part of a lifting force between a lifting device and a load to be lifted. Such lifting devices are commonly used in fields such as civil engineering or port handling.

Une grande partie des accidents survenus lors du levage de charges est due au fait que les utilisateurs cherchent, par manque d'information, à lever une charge excessive et supérieure à la charge maximale qu'il est possible de lever avec leur engin de levage.A large part of the accidents that occur during the lifting of loads is due to the fact that the users seek, for lack of information, to lift an excessive load and higher than the maximum load that it is possible to raise with their lifting gear.

Pour éviter de tels accidents, on a déjà imaginé d'effectuer des mesures sur les actionneurs des engins de levage, sur des vérins hydrauliques par exemple, et d'obtenir indirectement par calcul le poids de la charge soulevée par l'engin de levage.To avoid such accidents, it has already been imagined to make measurements on the actuators of the lifting gear, on hydraulic cylinders for example, and indirectly obtain by calculation the weight of the load lifted by the hoist.

De telles méthodes indirectes se sont cependant avérées dangereuses, puisque mettant en oeuvre des méthodes utilisant des approximations, et ne tenant pas suffisamment compte de l'état de la structure de l'engin de levage.Such indirect methods have, however, proved dangerous, since they employ methods that use approximations and do not sufficiently take into account the state of the structure of the hoist.

Dans le cas d'engins de levage utilisant simultanément plusieurs organes de levage, de nombreux accidents se sont également produits du fait d'un levage de la charge par une partie seulement des organes de levage. On peut citer comme exemple les « spreaders » ou cadres de préhension et de levage, qui comportent une pluralité de verrous rotatifs destinés à s'engager et à se verrouiller sur la charge par complément de formes. Les « spreaders » sont notamment utilisés pour le levage et la manutention de conteneurs portuaires par engagement de verrous tournants dans des trous oblongs disposés aux quatre coins supérieurs des conteneurs. Selon l'état d'usure du conteneur et les chocs subis, les trous oblongs peuvent être déformés et ne plus permettre ainsi le verrouillage. Le levage s'effectue alors avec une partie seulement des organes de levage, ce qui peut conduire à la surcharge et à la rupture de ceux-ci.In the case of hoisting machines simultaneously using several lifting members, many accidents have also occurred due to a lifting of the load by only part of the lifting members. As an example, the "spreaders" or gripping and lifting frames, which include a plurality of rotary locks for engaging and locking on the load complementing forms. "Spreaders" are used in particular for lifting and handling of port containers by engaging latches in oblong holes arranged at the four upper corners of the containers. Depending on the state of wear of the container and shocks, the oblong holes can be deformed and no longer allow locking. Lifting is then performed with only part of the lifting members, which can lead to overloading and breaking them.

Le document EP 1 236 980 décrit un capteur de contraintes pour organes de levage, comprenant :

  • un corps de support et un chapeau d'appui qui définissent ensemble au moins une chambre de compression d'un fluide et qui sont destinés à être interposés entre l'organe de levage et l'organe d'accrochage,
  • des moyens de mesure de la pression au sein de la chambre de compression.
The document EP 1 236 980 discloses a strain sensor for lifting members, comprising:
  • a support body and a support cap which together define at least one compression chamber of a fluid and which are intended to be interposed between the lifting member and the attachment member,
  • means for measuring the pressure within the compression chamber.

Un tel capteur de contraintes permet de surveiller la mise sous charge de l'organe de levage et de surveiller la contrainte induite par la charge levée dans l'organe de levage par la mesure de la pression dans la chambre de compression.Such a stress sensor makes it possible to monitor the loading of the lifting member and to monitor the stress induced by the load lifted in the lifting member by measuring the pressure in the compression chamber.

La mesure de contraintes via une mesure de pression s'avère cependant peu précise, peu réactive, et sensible aux variations de température.The measurement of stresses via a pressure measurement proves, however, to be inaccurate, unreactive, and sensitive to temperature variations.

La faible réactivité de ce type de capteur de contraintes ne permet pas la mesure des contraintes induites dans un organe de levage lors de chocs ou de brusques accélérations se produisant lors du levage de la charge. Il en est de même lorsqu'il se produit des vibrations au cours de l'opération de levage et de manutention de la charge.The low reactivity of this type of stress sensor does not allow the measurement of the stresses induced in a lifting member during shocks or sudden accelerations occurring during the lifting of the load. The same is true when vibrations occur during the lifting and handling of the load.

Une telle mesure de contraintes est nécessairement déportée à l'écart de l'organe de levage lui-même, et il en résulte un manque de précision dans la connaissance de la contrainte réellement supportée par l'organe de levage.Such a measurement of constraints is necessarily deported away from the lifting member itself, and this results in a lack of precision in the knowledge of the stress actually supported by the lifting member.

En outre, un tel capteur de contraintes nécessite l'ajout d'éléments rapportés sur l'organe de levage, éléments qui s'avèrent fort encombrants et difficiles à adapter sur tous les engins de levage et de manutention couramment utilisés.In addition, such a stress sensor requires the addition of inserts on the lifting member, elements that are very bulky and difficult to adapt to all commonly used lifting and handling equipment.

EXPOSE DE L'INVENTIONSUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Un premier problème proposé par l'invention est de mesurer de façon précise une charge et/ou des contraintes induites dans un organe de levage lors du levage d'une charge.A first problem proposed by the invention is to accurately measure a load and / or induced stresses in a lifting member when lifting a load.

Simultanément, l'invention cherche à réaliser cette mesure au plus près de l'organe de levage, afin de limiter au maximum les risques d'erreurs pouvant résulter d'approximations par calcul.Simultaneously, the invention seeks to achieve this measurement closer to the lifting member, to minimize the risk of errors that may result from approximations by calculation.

Selon un autre aspect, l'invention vise à concevoir un dispositif de mesure présentant une haute durabilité, capable d'endurer des chocs, insensible aux champs électromagnétiques, et ne nécessitant aucune opération volontaire de recalibrage pour compenser les variations de température.According to another aspect, the invention aims to design a measuring device having a high durability, capable of withstanding shocks, insensitive to electromagnetic fields, and requiring no voluntary recalibration operation to compensate for temperature variations.

L'invention cherche en outre à concevoir un dispositif de mesure du poids d'une charge levée par un organe de levage et/ou des contraintes induites par le levage d'une charge, qui ait une haute réactivité et une grande rapidité, permettant une mesure en temps réel.The invention also seeks to design a device for measuring the weight of a load lifted by a lifting member and / or constraints induced by the lifting of a load, which has a high reactivity and a high speed, allowing a real time measurement.

Selon un autre aspect, l'invention vise à réaliser un dispositif de mesure peu encombrant, facilement adaptable à la plupart des organes de levage existants et couramment utilisés dans le domaine du levage, l'adaptation pouvant être réalisée sans modification décelable des propriétés des organes de levage.According to another aspect, the invention aims to provide a compact measuring device, easily adaptable to most existing lifting devices and commonly used in the field of lifting, the adaptation can be achieved without detectable changes in the properties of organs lifting.

Pour atteindre ces objets ainsi que d'autres, l'invention propose un organe de levage, destiné à transmettre tout ou partie de l'effort de levage entre un appareil de levage et une charge à lever, comportant :

  • une partie proximale conformée pour être fixée à l'appareil de levage,
  • une partie distale adaptée pour être reliée à la charge,
  • un tronçon longitudinal, se développant depuis la partie proximale en direction de la partie distale, et apte à s'allonger élastiquement sous l'action de la partie de l'effort de levage,
dans lequel :
  • le tronçon longitudinal de l'organe de levage comprend au moins un canal longitudinal,
  • un capteur optique de contraintes est inséré dans ledit au moins un canal longitudinal et est fixé à la paroi latérale dudit au moins un canal longitudinal,
  • des moyens de liaison sont prévus pour transmettre les signaux du capteur optique de contraintes à des moyens de réception et d'analyse des signaux du capteur optique de contraintes.
To achieve these objects as well as others, the invention proposes a lifting member, intended to transmit all or part of the lifting force between a lifting device and a load to be lifted, comprising:
  • a proximal portion shaped to be attached to the hoist,
  • a distal portion adapted to be connected to the load,
  • a longitudinal section, developing from the proximal part towards the distal part, and able to lengthen elastically under the action of the part of the lifting force,
in which :
  • the longitudinal section of the lifting member comprises at least one longitudinal channel,
  • an optical strain sensor is inserted into said at least one longitudinal channel and is attached to the side wall of said at least one longitudinal channel,
  • connecting means are provided for transmitting the signals of the optical stress sensor to means for receiving and analyzing the signals of the optical stress sensor.

L'utilisation d'un capteur optique de contraintes permet une grande réactivité ainsi qu'une grande précision dans la mesure de la charge et/ou des contraintes induites par le levage de la charge dans l'organe de levage.The use of an optical stress sensor allows a high reactivity as well as a high accuracy in the measurement of the load and / or the stresses induced by the lifting of the load in the lifting member.

Avantageusement, le capteur optique de contraintes est fixé à la paroi latérale du canal longitudinal selon au moins une première et une seconde zones de fixation situées à distance l'une de l'autre selon la direction longitudinale du canal longitudinal.Advantageously, the optical stress sensor is fixed to the side wall of the longitudinal channel in at least a first and a second attachment zone located at a distance from each other in the longitudinal direction of the longitudinal channel.

Lors du levage d'une charge, le tronçon longitudinal de l'organe de levage s'allongera élastiquement sous l'action de l'effort de levage. Cet allongement du tronçon longitudinal fera varier l'écart entre les deux zones de fixation, ce qui provoquera une variation des signaux du capteur optique de contraintes, laquelle variation permettra d'en déduire directement l'état de contrainte induit par la charge sur l'organe de levage et/ou le poids de la charge levée par l'organe de levage.When lifting a load, the longitudinal section of the lifting member will elongate elastically under the action of the lifting force. This lengthening of the longitudinal section will vary the distance between the two attachment zones, which will cause a variation of the signals of the optical stress sensor, which variation will directly deduce the state of stress induced by the load on the lifting member and / or the weight of the load lifted by the lifting member.

De préférence, les première et seconde zones de fixation peuvent être disposées dans une zone de diamètre constant du tronçon longitudinal de l'organe de levage.Preferably, the first and second attachment zones may be arranged in a zone of constant diameter of the longitudinal section of the lifting member.

Une telle disposition permet d'éviter toute approximation à effectuer par calcul pour évaluer les contraintes et/ou le poids de la charge à partir des signaux du capteur de contraintes à fibre optique. On évite ainsi d'avoir à effectuer un calcul prenant en considération les allongements respectifs de différents tronçons de sections différentes qui subiront un allongement différent sous une même charge. Ces calculs ne sont en outre souvent qu'une simple approximation en fonction de la géométrie de l'organe de levage et des tronçons de raccordement entre les différents tronçons de sections différentes. Il peut cependant en outre se produire des phénomènes de concentration de contraintes qui pourront difficilement être pris en compte dans les calculs, et dont on s'affranchit efficacement par la disposition particulière des première et seconde zones de fixation.Such an arrangement makes it possible to avoid any approximation to be made by calculation to evaluate the stresses and / or the weight of the load from the signals of the optical fiber stress sensor. This avoids having to perform a calculation taking into account the respective elongations of different sections. of different sections that will undergo different elongation under the same load. These calculations are moreover often only a simple approximation as a function of the geometry of the lifting member and the connection sections between the different sections of different sections. However, it can also occur stress concentration phenomena that can hardly be taken into account in the calculations, and which is effectively overcome by the particular arrangement of the first and second fixing areas.

Avantageusement, le canal longitudinal peut être disposé au milieu de la section transversale du tronçon longitudinal de l'organe de levage.Advantageously, the longitudinal channel may be disposed in the middle of the cross section of the longitudinal section of the lifting member.

Le capteur optique de contraintes est ainsi inséré dans la fibre neutre du tronçon longitudinal de l'organe de levage. La contrainte mesurée par le capteur optique de contraintes sera ainsi une contrainte axiale pure. La mesure ne sera ainsi pas parasitée par une quelconque flexion de l'organe de levage qui viendrait fausser le calcul du poids de la charge soulevée.The optical stress sensor is thus inserted into the neutral fiber of the longitudinal section of the lifting member. The stress measured by the optical stress sensor will thus be a pure axial stress. The measurement will not be parasitized by any bending of the lifting member that would distort the calculation of the weight of the load raised.

Plusieurs types de capteurs optiques de contraintes peuvent être utilisés, pour autant qu'ils puissent être logés au moins en partie dans le canal longitudinal de l'organe de levage.Several types of optical strain sensors can be used, provided that they can be housed at least partly in the longitudinal channel of the lifting member.

Selon une première possibilité, le capteur optique de contraintes peut être un capteur optique à fibre optique, ladite fibre optique étant rendue solidaire de la paroi latérale du canal longitudinal selon la première et la seconde zones de fixation. Une telle structure est peu encombrante et robuste, et elle peut être reliée par la même fibre optique à des moyens de réception et d'analyse placés à distance.According to a first possibility, the optical stress sensor may be an optical fiber optical sensor, said optical fiber being made integral with the side wall of the longitudinal channel according to the first and second attachment zones. Such a structure is compact and robust, and it can be connected by the same optical fiber to reception and analysis means placed at a distance.

La fibre optique peut avantageusement être collée dans un tube métallique lui-même collé dans le canal longitudinal.The optical fiber may advantageously be glued in a metal tube itself glued in the longitudinal channel.

Pour réaliser et utiliser un tel capteur de contraintes à fibre optique, on pourra utilement se référer aux enseignements du document WO 86/01303 , concernant un capteur à fibre optique à réseau de Bragg.To realize and use such a fiber optic stress sensor, it will be useful to refer to the teachings of the document WO 86/01303 , concerning a Bragg grating fiber optic sensor.

On pourra également se référer de façon utile aux enseignements du document WO 2004/056017 qui décrit l'utilisation et le fonctionnement de moyens de réception et d'analyse des signaux d'un tel capteur de contraintes à fibre optique.We can also refer in a useful way to the teachings of the document WO 2004/056017 which describes the use and operation of means for receiving and analyzing the signals of such an optical fiber stress sensor.

Selon une seconde possibilité, le capteur optique de contraintes peut comprendre un capteur de distance à laser, apte à produire un signal image de l'allongement du tronçon longitudinal de l'organe de levage.According to a second possibility, the optical constraint sensor may comprise a laser distance sensor, capable of producing an image signal of the extension of the longitudinal section of the lifting member.

Selon un premier mode de réalisation de l'invention, la partie distale de l'organe de levage peut être conformée en crochet.According to a first embodiment of the invention, the distal portion of the lifting member may be shaped hook.

Selon un second mode de réalisation de l'invention, la partie distale de l'organe de levage peut être conformée en « T ».According to a second embodiment of the invention, the distal portion of the lifting member may be shaped as "T".

On réalise ainsi l'adaptation de l'invention aux organes de levage les plus couramment utilisés dans le domaine du génie civil ou dans le domaine de la manutention portuaire.Thus the adaptation of the invention to the lifting devices most commonly used in the field of civil engineering or in the field of port handling.

Avantageusement, un ou plusieurs organes de levage selon l'invention peuvent être prévus sur un cadre de préhension et de levage de charges.Advantageously, one or more lifting members according to the invention may be provided on a frame for gripping and lifting loads.

Selon un autre aspect, l'invention propose un dispositif de mesure et d'analyse d'une charge, comportant au moins un organe de levage tel qu'il a été expliqué ci-dessus, dans lequel les moyens de réception et d'analyse peuvent traiter les signaux du capteur optique de contraintes pour déterminer l'un ou plusieurs des paramètres suivants :

  • le poids soulevé par ledit au moins un organe de levage,
  • l'état de contrainte dudit au moins un organe de levage,
  • la durée d'application des charges et leur intensité,
  • le nombre de cycles accomplis par ledit au moins un organe de levage,
  • le spectre de charge et/ou de contraintes dudit au moins un organe de levage.
According to another aspect, the invention proposes a device for measuring and analyzing a load, comprising at least one lifting member as explained above, in which the receiving and analyzing means can process the optical constraint sensor signals to determine one or more of the following parameters:
  • the weight lifted by said at least one lifting member,
  • the state of stress of said at least one lifting member,
  • the duration of the charges and their intensity,
  • the number of cycles performed by said at least one lifting member,
  • the load and / or stress spectrum of said at least one lifting member.

Le spectre de charge et/ou de contraintes permet d'estimer l'état de fatigue de l'organe de levage. On peut ainsi prévoir en toute sécurité le remplacement de l'organe de levage.The load and / or stress spectrum makes it possible to estimate the state of fatigue of the lifting member. It is thus possible to safely provide for the replacement of the lifting member.

De préférence le dispositif de mesure et d'analyse d'une charge peut comporter plusieurs organes de levage pour la préhension simultanée d'une même charge et les moyens de réception et d'analyse peuvent traiter les signaux de plusieurs capteurs otiques de contraintes pour déterminer en outre l'un ou plusieurs des paramètres suivants :

  • la localisation du centre de gravité de la charge,
  • la force de levage exercée par chaque organe de levage.
Preferably, the device for measuring and analyzing a load may comprise several lifting members for simultaneous gripping of the same load and the receiving and analyzing means may process the signals of several otic stress sensors to determine in addition one or more of the following parameters:
  • the location of the center of gravity of the load,
  • the lifting force exerted by each lifting member.

Avantageusement, le dispositif de mesure et d'analyse d'une charge peut être utilisé sur un appareil de levage tel qu'un portique de manutention, un portique à conteneurs, une grue, une grue mobile, ou encore un gerbeur ou chariot de manutention à tablier porte-fourche.Advantageously, the device for measuring and analyzing a load can be used on a lifting device such as a gantry crane, a container crane, a crane, a mobile crane, or a stacker or industrial truck. with fork carriage.

DESCRIPTION SOMMAIRE DES DESSINSSUMMARY DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

D'autres objets, caractéristiques et avantages de la présente invention ressortiront de la description suivante de modes de réalisation particuliers, faite en relation avec les figures jointes, parmi lesquelles :

  • la figure 1 est une vue en perspective d'un premier mode de réalisation d'organe de levage selon l'invention ;
  • la figure 2 est une vue schématique de côté d'un second mode de réalisation d'un organe de levage selon l'invention ;
  • la figure 3 est une vue en perspective d'un cadre de préhension et de levage d'une charge comportant plusieurs organes de levage ; et
  • les figures 4 et 5 illustrent différentes utilisations possibles du dispositif de la figure 3.
Other objects, features and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the following description of particular embodiments, with reference to the accompanying figures, in which:
  • the figure 1 is a perspective view of a first embodiment of lifting member according to the invention;
  • the figure 2 is a schematic side view of a second embodiment of a lifting member according to the invention;
  • the figure 3 is a perspective view of a frame for gripping and lifting a load having a plurality of lifting members; and
  • the figures 4 and 5 illustrate different possible uses of the device of the figure 3 .

DESCRIPTION DES MODES DE REALISATION PREFERESDESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

Les figures 1 et 2 représentent un organe de levage 1 comportant :

  • une partie proximale 1a conformée pour être fixée à l'appareil de levage,
  • une partie distale 1 b adaptée pour être reliée à la charge,
  • un tronçon longitudinal 1 c, se développant depuis la partie proximale 1a en direction de la partie distale 1b. et apte à s'allonger élastiquement sous l'action d'un effort de levage de la charge.
The figures 1 and 2 represent a lifting member 1 comprising:
  • a proximal portion 1a shaped to be fixed to the hoist,
  • a distal portion 1b adapted to be connected to the load,
  • a longitudinal section 1c, developing from the proximal portion 1a towards the distal portion 1b. and able to elongate elastically under the action of a load lifting effort.

Le tronçon longitudinal 1c de l'organe de levage 1 comprend un canal longitudinal 1d borgne, s'étendant depuis la partie proximale 1 a. Un capteur optique de contraintes 2 est inséré dans le canal longitudinal 1d et est fixé à la paroi latérale du canal longitudinal 1 d. La fixation à la paroi latérale du capteur optique de contraintes 2 peut s'effectuer à l'aide d'une résine époxy d'usage courant.The longitudinal section 1c of the lifting member 1 comprises a blind longitudinal channel 1d, extending from the proximal portion 1a. An optical stress sensor 2 is inserted into the longitudinal channel 1d and is attached to the side wall of the longitudinal channel 1d. The attachment to the side wall of the optical stress sensor 2 can be performed using a common epoxy resin.

Le canal longitudinal 1d est borgne et s'étend depuis la partie proximale 1a de l'organe de levage 1. Une telle configuration permet de ne pas affecter la partie distale 1 b qui est la partie « active » de l'organe de levage 1 qui permet l'accrochage de la charge. En alternative, le canal longitudinal 1d peut être traversant afin de faciliter, par exemple, l'introduction et/ou l'extraction du capteur optique de contraintes 2.The longitudinal channel 1d is blind and extends from the proximal portion 1a of the lifting member 1. Such a configuration makes it possible not to affect the distal portion 1b which is the "active" part of the lifting member 1 which allows the attachment of the load. Alternatively, the longitudinal channel 1d may be through to facilitate, for example, the introduction and / or extraction of the optical stress sensor 2.

Des moyens de liaison 3 sont prévus pour transmettre les signaux du capteur optique de contraintes 2 à des moyens de réception et d'analyse 4 des signaux du capteur optique de contraintes 2.Linking means 3 are provided for transmitting the signals of the optical stress sensor 2 to means for receiving and analyzing the signals of the optical stress sensor 2.

Dans les modes de réalisation illustrés sur les figures 1 et 2, le capteur optique de contraintes 2 est fixé à la paroi latérale du canal longitudinal 1d selon deux zones de fixation 5a et 5b situées à distance l'une de l'autre selon la direction longitudinale du canal longitudinal 1 d.In the embodiments illustrated on the figures 1 and 2 , the optical stress sensor 2 is fixed to the side wall of the longitudinal channel 1d in two attachment zones 5a and 5b located at a distance from each other in the longitudinal direction of the longitudinal channel 1d.

Lors du levage d'une charge accrochée à la partie distale 1 b de l'organe de levage 1, le tronçon longitudinal 1c s'allongera élastiquement sous l'effort de levage.When lifting a load attached to the distal portion 1b of the lifting member 1, the longitudinal portion 1c elastically elongate under the lifting force.

Le capteur optique de contraintes 2, étant fixé à la paroi latérale du canal longitudinal 1d selon les zones de fixation 5a et 5b, subira également une variation de longueur. Cette variation de longueur fera varier les signaux du capteur optique de contraintes 2 envoyés aux moyens de réception et d'analyse 4 par les moyens de liaison 3. La variation des signaux du capteur optique de contraintes 2 est directement liée à l'allongement subi par le capteur optique de contraintes 2.The optical stress sensor 2, being attached to the side wall of the longitudinal channel 1d according to the attachment areas 5a and 5b, will also undergo a variation in length. This variation in length will vary the signals of the optical stress sensor 2 sent to the reception and analysis means 4 by the connecting means 3. The variation of the signals of the optical stress sensor 2 is directly related to the elongation undergone by the optical stress sensor 2.

A partir de la variation des signaux du capteur optique de contraintes 2, on peut en déduire l'allongement subi par ce capteur optique de contraintes 2, et cet allongement est considéré comme sensiblement égal à l'allongement élastique subi par le tronçon longitudinal 1c entre les zones de fixation 5a et 5b. En connaissant le matériau qui constitue l'organe de levage 1 et ses caractéristiques mécaniques, il est possible d'en déduire de façon simple, par un calcul bien connu de l'homme du métier, les contraintes induites par la charge dans l'organe de levage 1. Ces contraintes sont directement liées au poids de la charge fixée à la partie distale 1b de l'organe de levage 1. Il est ainsi possible de connaître également le poids de la charge soulevée par l'organe de levage 1.From the variation of the signals of the optical stress sensor 2, it is possible to deduce the elongation undergone by this optical stress sensor 2, and this elongation is considered to be substantially equal to the elastic elongation undergone by the longitudinal section 1c between fixing areas 5a and 5b. Knowing the material that constitutes the lifting member 1 and its mechanical characteristics, it is possible to deduce in a simple way, by a calculation well known to those skilled in the art, the stresses induced by the load in the body. 1. These constraints are directly related to the weight of the load attached to the distal portion 1b of the lifting member 1. It is thus possible to know also the weight of the load raised by the lifting member 1.

L'organe de levage 1 devient ainsi lui-même un moyen de mesure du poids de la charge. On réalise ainsi une mesure interne des contraintes induites dans l'organe de levage, au plus proche de celles-ci, ce qui limite le risque d'erreur pouvant se produire lors d'approximations par calcul.The lifting member 1 thus becomes itself a means of measuring the weight of the load. An internal measurement of the stresses induced in the lifting member is thus performed, as close as possible to them, which limits the risk of error that may occur during approximations by calculation.

Comme capteur optique de contraintes 2, on peut avantageusement utiliser, selon un premier mode de réalisation de l'invention, un capteur optique de contraintes 2 à fibre optique.As optical strain sensor 2, it is advantageous to use, according to a first embodiment of the invention, an optical fiber optic stress sensor 2.

Dans un tel capteur optique de contraintes 2 à fibre optique, la fibre optique est rendue solidaire de la paroi latérale du canal longitudinal 1 d selon la première 5a et la seconde 5b zones de fixation, un tronçon intermédiaire de fibre optique étant situé entre les deux zones de fixation 5a et 5b. Lors d'un allongement sous charge du tronçon longitudinal 1c de l'organe de levage 1, il se produit un même allongement du tronçon intermédiaire de fibre optique, et cet allongement produit une variation correspondante des propriétés optiques de la fibre optique. En envoyant dans la fibre optique une onde lumineuse appropriée, on peut déceler, par l'analyse de l'onde réfléchie, cette variation de longueur du tronçon longitudinal 1c de l'organe de levage 1, et en déduire la charge supportée par l'organe de levage.In such an optical fiber optical stress sensor 2, the optical fiber is made integral with the side wall of the longitudinal channel 1 d according to the first 5a and the second 5b attachment zones, an intermediate section of optical fiber being situated between the two fixing zones 5a and 5b. During an elongation under load of the longitudinal section 1c of the lifting member 1, the same elongation of the optical fiber intermediate section occurs, and this elongation produces a corresponding variation in the optical properties of the optical fiber. By sending in the optical fiber a suitable light wave, it is possible to detect, by the analysis of the reflected wave, this variation in length of the longitudinal section 1c of the lifting member 1, and to deduce the load borne by the lifting member.

En pratique, la fibre optique peut s'étendre au-delà de l'organe de levage 1, jusqu'à un boîtier contenant à la fois la source lumineuse et des moyens de réception et d'analyse des signaux du capteur optique de contraintes.In practice, the optical fiber may extend beyond the lifting member 1, to a housing containing both the light source and means for receiving and analyzing the signals of the optical stress sensor.

Dans le cas d'un organe de levage destiné à être déplacé, on peut avantageusement utiliser une fibre optique protégée par une gaine. Par exemple, la fibre optique peut avoir un diamètre d'environ 0,2 mm, et peut être protégée par une couche de cire enveloppée d'une couche de caoutchouc, elle-même enveloppée d'une tresse métallique également enveloppée d'une couche de caoutchouc, l'ensemble ayant un diamètre d'environ 5 mm. Une telle fibre peut être fléchie jusqu'à des rayons possibles d'environ 10 cm, ce qui permet de l'associer parallèlement à d'autres moyens de connexion tels que des câbles électriques et des tubes flexibles d'alimentation hydraulique. Le boîtier peut être déporté de 5 à 10 m à l'écart de l'organe de levage, sans perte d'efficacité des moyens de mesure de charge.In the case of a lifting member intended to be displaced, it is advantageous to use an optical fiber protected by a sheath. For example, the optical fiber may have a diameter of about 0.2 mm, and may be protected by a layer of wax wrapped in a layer of rubber, itself wrapped in a metal braid also wrapped in a layer rubber, the assembly having a diameter of about 5 mm. Such a fiber can be flexed to possible radii of about 10 cm, which allows to associate it in parallel with other connection means such as electrical cables and flexible hydraulic supply tubes. The housing can be deported 5 to 10 m away from the lifting member, without loss of efficiency of the load measuring means.

Dans la zone destinée à être insérée dans l'organe de levage, la fibre optique peut être collée dans un tube métallique lui-même collé dans le canal longitudinal 1 d.In the area intended to be inserted into the lifting member, the optical fiber may be glued into a metal tube itself adhered in the longitudinal channel 1d.

Dans le tronçon longitudinal 1c de l'organe de levage 1, la fibre optique, de diamètre de 0,2 mm par exemple, peut être collée dans un tube métallique dont le diamètre intérieur est d'environ 0,6 mm et le diamètre extérieur d'environ 3 mm, le tube étant lui-même collé dans le canal longitudinal 1 d.In the longitudinal section 1c of the lifting member 1, the optical fiber, with a diameter of 0.2 mm for example, can be glued into a metal tube whose inside diameter is approximately 0.6 mm and the outside diameter about 3 mm, the tube itself being glued into the longitudinal channel 1 d.

Comme capteur optique de contraintes 2 à fibre optique, on peut utiliser par exemple un capteur optique d'allongement à fibre optique à réseau de Bragg. Il s'agit d'un capteur dans lequel une fibre optique à mode unique comporte un tronçon dont l'indice de réfraction a été modulé périodiquement selon un pas déterminé le long de la fibre optique par un rayonnement ultraviolet intense. Le tronçon de fibre à indice de réfraction modulé périodiquement est appelé réseau de Bragg. Ce réseau de Bragg produit une réflexion des ondes lumineuses parcourant la fibre optique, à une longueur d'ondes appelée longueur d'ondes de Bragg, qui est sensiblement égale au double du pas de modulation de l'indice de réfraction le long de la fibre optique dans le réseau de Bragg. Par conséquent, la longueur d'ondes de lumière réfléchie par le réseau de Bragg est sensiblement proportionnelle à la distance entre deux variations d'indice de réfraction dans la fibre optique, et toute variation dans cette distance, par suite d'un allongement par exemple, peut être détectée par la mesure de la longueur d'onde de lumière réfléchie.As an optical fiber optical stress sensor 2, it is possible to use, for example, a Bragg grating optical fiber elongation optical sensor. It is a sensor in which a single mode optical fiber comprises a section whose refractive index has been modulated periodically at a determined pitch along the optical fiber by intense ultraviolet radiation. The fiber section with periodically modulated refractive index is called the Bragg grating. This Bragg grating produces a reflection of the light waves traveling through the optical fiber, at a wavelength called the Bragg wavelength, which is substantially equal to twice the modulation step of the refractive index along the fiber. optical in the Bragg network. Consequently, the wavelength of light reflected by the Bragg grating is substantially proportional to the distance between two refractive index variations in the optical fiber, and any variation in this distance, as a result of an elongation, for example , can be detected by measuring the wavelength of reflected light.

D'autres types de capteurs d'allongement à fibre optique peuvent toutefois être utilisés, par exemple un capteur à interféromètre de Fabry-Perot.Other types of optical fiber elongation sensors may however be used, for example a Fabry-Perot interferometer sensor.

L'utilisation d'un capteur optique de contraintes 2 à fibre optique permet de réaliser une mesure rapide et de haute fiabilité. Cette mesure peut également être rendue indépendante des écarts de température de façon simple à l'aide de formules mathématiques, comme il est indiqué dans le document WO 86/01303 . En alternative, on peut envisager d'utiliser un capteur optique de contraintes à fibre optique supplémentaire, libre de toute contrainte et non soumis à une charge, afin de se servir de son signal pour compenser les variations de température.The use of an optical fiber optic stress sensor 2 makes it possible to carry out a rapid measurement with high reliability. This measurement can also be made independent of temperature differences in a simple way using mathematical formulas, as indicated in the document WO 86/01303 . Alternatively, one can consider using an optical fiber strain sensor additional optical stress free and not subject to a load, to use its signal to compensate for temperature changes.

Selon un autre mode de réalisation de l'invention, comme capteur optique de contraintes 2, on peut utiliser un capteur de distance à laser, apte à produire un signal image de l'allongement du tronçon longitudinal 1 c de l'organe de levage 1. Dans ce cas, une diode laser émet, à l'entrée du canal longitudinal 1d. des impulsions de lumière qui sont réfléchies au voisinage du fond du canal 1d, et un capteur reçoit l'onde réfléchie. On mesure alors le temps de transit de la lumière en aller-retour dans le canal longitudinal 1d, pour en déduire sa longueur et son allongement éventuel sous l'action d'une charge.According to another embodiment of the invention, as an optical stress sensor 2, it is possible to use a laser distance sensor capable of producing an image signal of the elongation of the longitudinal section 1 c of the lifting member 1 In this case, a laser diode emits at the input of the longitudinal channel 1d. pulses of light which are reflected near the bottom of the channel 1d, and a sensor receives the reflected wave. We then measure the transit time of the light back and forth in the longitudinal channel 1d, to deduce its length and its possible elongation under the action of a load.

Comme dans le mode de réalisation précédent, on peut prévoir un tube borgne collé dans le canal longitudinal, le trajet de lumière s'effectuant à l'intérieur du tube borgne.As in the previous embodiment, there can be provided a blind tube stuck in the longitudinal channel, the light path being effected inside the blind tube.

Un tel capteur de distance à laser peut être similaire de ceux couramment utilisés pour la mesure de courtes distances.Such a laser distance sensor may be similar to those commonly used for measuring short distances.

L'utilisation d'un capteur optique de contraintes 2 permet, de par sa réactivité et sa rapidité de mesure, de mesurer des contraintes transitoires élevées pouvant apparaître très brièvement lors de chocs et de vibrations se produisant au cours d'une opération de levage, et sans que le capteur optique de contraintes 2 ne soit détérioré par ces chocs ou vibrations. Ceci permet de mieux connaître l'état de fatigue de l'organe de levage 1, et de prévoir son remplacement préventif si celui-ci a été ou risque d'avoir été endommagé par les opérations de levage antérieures. Il est en effet possible de connaître en temps réel l'état de charge et/ou de contraintes de l'organe de levage 1, et d'établir ainsi de façon exacte et fiable son spectre de charge et/ou de contraintes.The use of an optical stress sensor 2 makes it possible, by virtue of its reactivity and speed of measurement, to measure high transient stresses that can appear very briefly during shocks and vibrations occurring during a lifting operation, and without the optical stress sensor 2 being damaged by these shocks or vibrations. This allows to better know the state of fatigue of the lifting member 1, and to provide preventive replacement if it has been or may have been damaged by previous lifting operations. It is indeed possible to know in real time the state of charge and / or constraints of the lifting member 1, and thus establish accurately and reliably its load spectrum and / or constraints.

Comme on le voit sur les figures 1 et 2, le capteur optique de contraintes 2 est directement intégré dans l'organe de levage 1, qui n'est pas modifié dans sa forme extérieure fonctionnelle. Les organes de levage 1 représentés sur les figures 1 et 2 restent ainsi adaptables à tous les engins de levage auxquels ceux-ci étaient destinés à l'origine.As we see on the figures 1 and 2 , the optical stress sensor 2 is directly integrated in the lifting member 1, which is not modified in its functional external form. The lifting members 1 shown on the figures 1 and 2 thus remain adaptable to all the lifting gear to which they were originally intended.

Un capteur optique de contraintes 2 à fibre optique présente un diamètre d très faible, de sorte que l'organe de levage 1 n'est pas ou très peu affecté dans sa résistance mécanique par la présence du canal longitudinal 1d.An optical fiber optical stress sensor 2 has a very small diameter d, so that the lifting member 1 is not or very little affected in its mechanical strength by the presence of the longitudinal channel 1d.

Sur les figures 1 et 2, les zones de fixation 5a et 5b sont disposées dans une zone de diamètre constant du tronçon longitudinal 1c de l'organe de levage 1.On the figures 1 and 2 , the attachment zones 5a and 5b are arranged in a zone of constant diameter of the longitudinal section 1c of the lifting member 1.

Le capteur optique de contraintes 2 s'allonge de la même façon que la zone de l'organe de levage 1 comprise entre la première zone de fixation 5a et la seconde zone de fixation 5b. Cette zone ayant un diamètre constant D, elle s'allonge de façon linéaire en fonction de la charge fixée à la partie distale 1b de l'organe de levage 1.The optical stress sensor 2 extends in the same way as the area of the lifting member 1 between the first attachment zone 5a and the second attachment zone 5b. Since this zone has a constant diameter D, it extends linearly as a function of the load attached to the distal portion 1b of the lifting member 1.

On connaît ainsi aisément la contrainte induite dans l'organe de levage 1, et le poids de la charge, sans calcul supplémentaire et donc sans risque d'erreurs par calculs approximatifs.The constraint induced in the lifting member 1 and the weight of the load are thus easily known without any additional calculation and therefore without risk of errors by approximate calculations.

Dans les modes de réalisation illustrés sur les figures 1 et 2, le canal longitudinal 1d est disposé au milieu de la section transversale du tronçon longitudinal 1 c de l'organe de levage 1.In the embodiments illustrated on the figures 1 and 2 , the longitudinal channel 1d is disposed in the middle of the cross section of the longitudinal section 1c of the lifting member 1.

Le capteur optique de contraintes 2 est ainsi logé dans la fibre neutre du tronçon longitudinal 1c de l'organe de levage 1. Ceci permet de mesurer une contrainte axiale pure s'exerçant sur l'organe de levage 1. La mesure n'est ainsi pas parasitée par les éventuels effets de flexion de l'organe de levage 1. A défaut, dans le cas d'une position décentrée du capteur optique de contraintes 2, des effets de flexion pourraient diminuer ou augmenter la contrainte calculée par les moyens de réception et d'analyse 4 à partir des signaux donnés par le capteur optique de contraintes 2.The optical stress sensor 2 is thus housed in the neutral fiber of the longitudinal section 1c of the lifting member 1. This makes it possible to measure a pure axial stress exerted on the lifting member 1. The measurement is thus not not by the possible bending effects of the lifting member 1. Otherwise, in the case of an off-center position of the optical stress sensor 2, bending effects could reduce or increase the stress calculated by the receiving means and analysis 4 from the signals given by the optical stress sensor 2.

Dans le premier mode de réalisation illustré sur la figure 1, l'extrémité distale 1b de l'organe de levage 1 est conformée en « T ».In the first embodiment illustrated on the figure 1 , the distal end 1b of the lifting member 1 is shaped as "T".

Il s'agit d'un verrou tournant, plus communément appelé « twistlock » en anglais, utilisé couramment dans les appareils de manutention portuaire pour le levage et la manutention de conteneurs.This is a rotating lock, more commonly known as "twistlock" in English, commonly used in port handling equipment for lifting and handling containers.

Dans le mode de réalisation illustré sur la figure 2, la partie distale 1 b de l'organe de levage 1 est conformée en crochet. L'organe de levage 1 représenté sur la figure 2 est couramment utilisé dans de nombreux appareils de levage comme par exemple dans des grues dans le domaine du génie civil.In the embodiment illustrated on the figure 2 , the distal portion 1b of the lifting member 1 is shaped hook. The lifting member 1 shown on the figure 2 is commonly used in many lifting devices such as cranes in the field of civil engineering.

Sur les figures 1 et 2, l'organe de levage 1 et les moyens de réception et d'analyse 4 constituent un dispositif 9 de mesure et d'analyse d'une charge. Ce dispositif 9 de mesure et d'analyse de charge permet de déterminer au choix l'un ou plusieurs des paramètres suivants :

  • le poids soulevé par l'organe de levage 1,
  • l'état de contrainte de l'organe de levage 1,
  • la durée d'application des charges et leur intensité,
  • le nombre de cycles accomplis par l'organe de levage 1.
On the figures 1 and 2 , the lifting member 1 and the receiving and analyzing means 4 constitute a device 9 for measuring and analyzing a load. This device 9 for measuring and analyzing the load makes it possible to determine one or more of the following parameters:
  • the weight lifted by the lifting member 1,
  • the state of stress of the lifting member 1,
  • the duration of the charges and their intensity,
  • the number of cycles performed by the lifting member 1.

Il est ainsi possible d'effectuer un diagnostic fiable de l'organe de levage 1, et de prévoir son remplacement avant que celui-ci ne vienne à se rompre par une utilisation excessive ou inadaptée en établissant le spectre de charge et/ou de contraintes de l'organe de levage 1.It is thus possible to perform a reliable diagnosis of the lifting member 1, and to provide for its replacement before it is broken by excessive or inappropriate use by establishing the load spectrum and / or constraints of the lifting device 1.

Ce dispositif 9 de mesure et d'analyse de charge peut également être relié à un dispositif de sécurité (non représenté) prévu sur l'appareil de levage, destiné à couper l'alimentation en puissance de l'appareil de levage dans le cas où le dispositif 9 de mesure et d'analyse de charge détecterait une charge supérieure à la charge maximale qui peut être soulevée par l'organe de levage 1, ou supérieure à la charge maximale que peut soulever sans danger l'appareil de levage.This device 9 for measuring and analyzing the load can also be connected to a safety device (not shown) provided on the hoisting apparatus, intended to cut off the power supply of the hoisting apparatus in the case where the device 9 for measuring and analyzing the load would detect a load greater than the maximum load that can be raised by the lifting member 1, or greater than the maximum load that can safely lift the hoist.

Un tel dispositif 9 de mesure et d'analyse de charge permet également de surveiller l'état de fatigue et de contraintes de l'organe de levage 1. On pourra ainsi repérer aisément toutes contraintes résiduelles dans l'organe de levage 1, ou des comportements non élastiques du tronçon longitudinal 1 c, indiquant un début de déformation plastique de l'organe de levage 1 pouvant le conduire à se rompre.Such a device 9 for measuring and analyzing the load also makes it possible to monitor the state of fatigue and stress of the lifting member 1. It will thus be possible to easily identify any residual stresses in the lifting member 1, or non-elastic behaviors of the longitudinal section 1 c, indicating a beginning of plastic deformation of the lifting member 1 can lead to breaking.

Sur la figure 3 est représenté un cadre de préhension et de levage 6 comportant quatre organes de levage 1 selon le mode de réalisation illustré sur la figure 1. Les organes de levage 1 sont disposés aux quatre coins du cadre 6, lequel cadre 6 peut être utilisé indifféremment avec un portique de manutention 7 ou une grue comme illustré sur la figure 4, ou avec un gerbeur à tablier porte-fourche 8 comme illustré sur la figure 5.On the figure 3 there is shown a gripping and lifting frame 6 comprising four lifting members 1 according to the embodiment illustrated in FIG. figure 1 . The lifting members 1 are arranged at the four corners of the frame 6, which frame 6 can be used indifferently with a handling crane 7 or a crane as shown in FIG. figure 4 , or with a fork pallet stacker 8 as shown on the figure 5 .

Dans le cadre 6 illustré sur la figure 3, les organes de levage 1 sont tous munis de capteurs optiques de contraintes à fibre optique eux-mêmes reliés par les moyens de liaison 3 par fibre optique gainée à des mêmes moyens de réception et d'analyse 4 qui analysent en séquence les signaux des capteurs optiques de contraintes à fibre optique (non représentés) contenus dans les organes de levage 1. Les moyens de réception et d'analyse 4 scrutent les ondes lumineuses réfléchies par les fibres optiques, et en déduisent l'allongement de chaque organe de levage 1 et donc la valeur de la charge qu'il supporte.In frame 6 illustrated on the figure 3 , the lifting members 1 are all provided with optic optical fiber optical sensors themselves connected by the connecting means 3 by optical fiber sheathed to the same reception and analysis means 4 which analyze in sequence the signals of the sensors optic optical fiber constraints (not shown) contained in the lifting members 1. The reception and analysis means 4 scan the light waves reflected by the optical fibers, and deduce the elongation of each lifting member 1 and therefore the value of the load that it supports.

Les moyens de réception et d'analyse 4 peuvent ainsi traiter les signaux des capteurs optiques de contraintes à fibre optique (non représentés) contenus dans les organes de levage 1 pour déterminer au choix l'un ou plusieurs des paramètres suivants :

  • le poids soulevé par chaque organe de levage 1,
  • l'état de contrainte de chaque organe de levage 1,
  • le nombre de cycles accomplis par chaque organe de levage 1,
  • la localisation du centre de gravité de la charge.
The reception and analysis means 4 can thus process the signals of the optic optical fiber optical sensors (not shown) contained in the lifting members 1 to determine one or more of the following parameters:
  • the weight lifted by each lifting member 1,
  • the state of stress of each lifting member 1,
  • the number of cycles performed by each lifting member 1,
  • the location of the center of gravity of the load.

En connaissant le poids soulevé par chaque organe de levage 1, on peut en déduire la localisation précise du centre de gravité de la charge, ce qui permet de prévenir tout accident pouvant provenir d'une localisation excentrée du centre de gravité de la charge lors du levage de celle-ci. On prévient ainsi tout risque de basculement intempestif d'un appareil de levage dû au levage d'une charge dont le poids, bien qu'inférieur à la limite maximale de l'appareil, comporte un centre de gravité excentré.Knowing the weight lifted by each lifting member 1, we can deduce the precise location of the center of gravity of the load, which prevents any accident that may come from an eccentric location of the center of gravity of the load during the lifting it. This prevents any risk of inadvertent tipping of a lifting device due to lifting a load whose weight, although below the maximum limit of the device, has an eccentric center of gravity.

De la même façon, le fait de connaître le poids soulevé par chaque organe de levage 1 permet de savoir si chacun des organes de levage 1 est effectivement sous charge et participe au levage de la charge. On pourra ainsi stopper toute tentative de levage d'une charge si l'un quelconque des organes de levage 1 ne participe pas ou trop peu, et si les autres organes de levage 1 supportent une charge excessive. On accroît ainsi efficacement la sécurité des appareils de levage et du personnel évoluant dans l'environnement immédiat de l'appareil.In the same way, knowing the weight lifted by each lifting member 1 makes it possible to know if each of the lifting members 1 is actually under load and participates in lifting the load. It will thus be possible to stop any attempt to lift a load if any one of the lifting members 1 does not participate or too little, and if the other lifting members 1 support an excessive load. This effectively increases the safety of lifting devices and personnel operating in the immediate environment of the device.

Bien que le cadre de préhension et de levage 6 représenté sur les figures 3 à 5 ne comporte que quatre organes de levage 1, il est possible d'envisager un nombre plus grand d'organes de levage 1, agencés différemment pour le levage simultané de plusieurs conteneurs.Although the gripping and lifting frame 6 shown on the Figures 3 to 5 it comprises only four lifting members 1, it is possible to envisage a larger number of lifting members 1, arranged differently for the simultaneous lifting of several containers.

La présente invention n'est pas limitée aux modes de réalisation qui ont été explicitement décrits, mais elle en inclut les diverses variantes et généralisations contenues dans le domaine des revendications ci-après.The present invention is not limited to the embodiments which have been explicitly described, but it includes the various variants and generalizations thereof within the scope of the claims below.

Claims (15)

  1. Lifting member (1) intended to transmit all or a portion of the lifting force between a lifting device and a load to be lifted, including:
    - a proximal portion (1a) conformed to be fixed to the lifting device,
    - a distal portion (1b) adapted to be connected to the load,
    - a longitudinal portion (1c), extending from the proximal portion (1a) in the direction of the distal portion (1b), and adapted to be stretched elastically by the portion of the lifting force,
    characterized in that:
    - the longitudinal portion (1c) of the lifting member (1) includes at least one longitudinal passage (1d),
    - an optical stress sensor (2) is inverted into said at least one longitudinal passage (1d) and is fixed to the lateral wall of said at least one longitudinal passage (1d),
    - connecting means (3) are provided for transmitting the signals from the optical stress sensor (2) to means (4) for receiving and analyzing the signals from the optical stress sensor (2).
  2. Lifting member (1) according to claim 1, characterized in that the optical stress sensor (2) is fixed to the lateral wall of the longitudinal passage (1d) in at least a first fixing area (5a) and a second fixing area (5b) situated at a distance from each other in the longitudinal direction of the longitudinal passage (1d).
  3. Lifting member (1) according to claim 2, characterized in that the first fixing area (5a) and the second fixing area (5b) are in an area of constant diameter (D) of the longitudinal portion (1c) of the lifting member (1).
  4. Lifting member (1) according to any one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that the longitudinal passage (1d) is blind, extends from the proximal portion (1a), and is disposed at the centre of the cross-section of the longitudinal portion (1c) of the lifting member (1).
  5. Lifting member according to any one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that the optical stress sensor (2) is an optical fiber optical sensor, the optical fiber being fastened to the lateral wall of the longitudinal passage (1d) in the first fixing area (5a) and the second fixing area (5b).
  6. Lifting member according to claim 5, characterized in that the optical fiber is bonded into a metal tube itself bonded into the longitudinal passage (1d).
  7. Lifting member according to any one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that the optical stress sensor (2) includes a laser rangefinder adapted to produce a signal imaging the stretching of the longitudinal portion (1c) of the lifting member (1).
  8. Lifting member (1) according to any one of claims 1 to 7, characterized in that the distal portion (1b) is hook-shaped.
  9. Lifting member (1) according to any one of claims 1 to 7, characterized in that the distal portion (1b) is "T-shaped".
  10. Holding and lifting frame (6), characterized in that it includes at least one lifting member (1) according to any one of claims 1 to 9.
  11. Device (9) for measuring and analyzing a load, characterized in that it includes at least one lifting member (1) according to any one of claims 1 to 9 and the receiving and analyzing means (4) process the signals coming from the optical stress sensor (2) to determine one or more of the following parameters:
    - the weight lifted by said at least one lifting member (1),
    - the stress state of said at least one lifting member (1),
    - the duration of application of the loads and their intensity,
    - the number of cycles performed by said at least one lifting member (1),
    - the load and/or stress spectrum of said at least one lifting member (1).
  12. Device (9) according to claim 11, characterized in that it includes a plurality of lifting members (1) for handling the same load simultaneously and the receiving and analyzing means (4) process the signals coming from a plurality of optical stress sensors (2) to determine one or both of the following parameters:
    - the location of the center of gravity of the load,
    - the lifting force exerted by each lifting member (1).
  13. Device according to either of claims 11 or 12, characterized in that the lifting device is a handling gantry (7).
  14. Device according to either of claims 11 or 12, characterized in that the lifting device is a crane.
  15. Device according to either of claims 11 or 12, characterized in that the lifting device is a front loader with a forklift frame (8).
EP07734655A 2006-05-24 2007-05-24 Lifting member with load and/or stress measuring means Not-in-force EP2019808B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR0651916A FR2901548B1 (en) 2006-05-24 2006-05-24 LIFTING MEMBER WITH MEANS OF MEASURING LOAD AND / OR CONSTRAINTS
PCT/IB2007/001349 WO2007138418A1 (en) 2006-05-24 2007-05-24 Lifting member with load and/or stress measuring means

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EP2019808A1 EP2019808A1 (en) 2009-02-04
EP2019808B1 true EP2019808B1 (en) 2011-08-17

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EP (1) EP2019808B1 (en)
JP (1) JP4972686B2 (en)
KR (1) KR101391272B1 (en)
CN (1) CN101454235B (en)
AT (1) ATE520618T1 (en)
AU (1) AU2007266739B2 (en)
CA (1) CA2653832C (en)
DK (1) DK2019808T3 (en)
ES (1) ES2371681T3 (en)
FR (1) FR2901548B1 (en)
MY (1) MY146747A (en)
PT (1) PT2019808E (en)
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KR20090027661A (en) 2009-03-17
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ATE520618T1 (en) 2011-09-15
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US8276461B2 (en) 2012-10-02
WO2007138418A1 (en) 2007-12-06
DK2019808T3 (en) 2011-12-05
TW200815275A (en) 2008-04-01
EP2019808A1 (en) 2009-02-04
CN101454235B (en) 2013-05-15
AU2007266739A1 (en) 2007-12-06
JP4972686B2 (en) 2012-07-11
KR101391272B1 (en) 2014-05-02
US20100037700A1 (en) 2010-02-18
CA2653832A1 (en) 2007-12-06

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