Classifications

• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
  • H04N7/00—Television systems
  • H04N7/14—Systems for two-way working
  • H04N7/15—Conference systems
  • H04N7/152—Multipoint control units therefor
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
  • H04N19/00—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals
  • H04N19/30—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using hierarchical techniques, e.g. scalability
  • H04N19/31—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using hierarchical techniques, e.g. scalability in the temporal domain
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
  • H04N19/00—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals
  • H04N19/65—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using error resilience
  • H04N19/66—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using error resilience involving data partitioning, i.e. separation of data into packets or partitions according to importance
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
  • H04N19/00—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals
  • H04N19/70—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals characterised by syntax aspects related to video coding, e.g. related to compression standards
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
  • H04N19/00—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals
  • H04N19/85—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using pre-processing or post-processing specially adapted for video compression
  • H04N19/89—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using pre-processing or post-processing specially adapted for video compression involving methods or arrangements for detection of transmission errors at the decoder

Definitions

• the present invention relates to multimedia technology and telecommunications.
• the invention relates to the communication or distribution of audio and video data for person-to-person and multiparty conferencing applications. More specifically, the present invention is directed to implementations of person-to-person or multiparty conferencing applications in which some participants may only be able to support reception of a video bitstream corresponding to a single picture, encoded using scalable video coding techniques.
• the present invention is also directed towards implementation of such systems over communication network connections that can provide different levels of quality of service (QoS), and in environments in which end-users may access the conferencing applications using devices and communication channels of differing capabilities.
• QoS quality of service
• Videoconferencing systems allow two or more remote participants/endpoints to communicate video and audio with each other in real-time using both audio and video.
• direct transmission of communications over suitable electronic networks between the two endpoints can be used.
• a Multipoint Conferencing Unit or bridge, is commonly used to connect all the participants/endpoints.
• the MCU mediates communications between the multiple participants/endpoints, which may be connected, for example, in a star configuration. It is noted that even when only two participants are involved, it may still be advantageous to utilize an MCU between the two participants.
• the participants/endpoints or terminals are equipped with suitable encoding and decoding devices.
• An encoder formats local audio and video output at a transmitting endpoint into a coded form suitable for signal transmission over the electronic network.
• a decoder processes a received signal, which has encoded audio and video information, into a decoded form suitable for audio playback or image display at a receiving endpoint.
• an end-user's own image is also displayed on his/her screen to provide feedback (to ensure, for example, proper positioning of the person within the video window).
• the quality of an interactive videoconference between remote participants is determined by end-to-end signal delays.
• End-to-end delays of greater than 200ms prevent realistic live or natural interactions between the conferencing participants.
• Such long end-to-end delays cause the videoconferencing participants to unnaturally restrain themselves from actively participating or responding in order to allow in-transit video and audio data from other participants to arrive at their endpoints.
• the end-to-end signal delays include acquisition delays (e.g., the delay corresponding to the time it takes to fill up a buffer in an A/D converter), coding delays, transmission delays (e.g., the delay corresponding to the time it takes to submit a packet of data to the network interface controller of an endpoint), and transport delays (the delay corresponding to the time it takes a packet to travel from endpoint to endpoint over the network). Additionally, signal-processing times through mediating MCUs contribute to the total end-to-end delay in the given system.
• acquisition delays e.g., the delay corresponding to the time it takes to fill up a buffer in an A/D converter
• transmission delays e.g., the delay corresponding to the time it takes to submit a packet of data to the network interface controller of an endpoint
• transport delays the delay corresponding to the time it takes a packet to travel from endpoint to endpoint over the network.
• signal-processing times through mediating MCUs contribute to the total end-to-end delay in the given system
• An MCU' s primary tasks are to mix the incoming audio signals so that a single audio stream is transmitted to all participants, and to mix video frames or pictures transmitted by individual participants/endpoints into a common composite video frame stream, which includes a picture of each participant.
• frame and picture are used interchangeably herein, and further that coding of interlaced frames as individual fields or as combined frames (field-based or frame- based picture coding) can be incorporated as is obvious to persons skilled in the art.
• the MCUs which are deployed in conventional communication network systems, only offer a single common resolution (e.g., CIF or QCIF resolution) for all the individual pictures mixed into the common composite video frame distributed to all participants in a videoconferencing session.
• conventional communication network systems do not readily provide customized videoconferencing functionality, which enables a participant to view other participants at different resolutions.
• the customized functionality may, for example, enable the participant to view another specific participant (e.g., a speaking participant) in CIF resolution, and to view other silent participants in QCIF resolution.
• the MCUs in a network can be configured to provide such customized functionality by repeating the video mixing operation as many times as the number of participants in a videoconference.
• the MCU operations introduce considerable end-to-end delays.
• the MCU must have sufficient digital signal processing capability to decode multiple audio streams, mix, and re-encode them, and also to decode multiple video streams, composite them into a single frame (with appropriate scaling as needed), and re-encode them again into a single stream.
• Video conferencing solutions (such as the systems commercially marketed by Polycom Inc., 4750 Willow Road, Desion, CA 94588, and Tandberg, 200 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10166) must use dedicated hardware components to provide acceptable quality and performance levels.
• the full resolution signal when for an encoded video signal a lower spatial resolution or lower bit rate is required compared to the originally encoded spatial resolution or bit rate, the full resolution signal must be received and decoded, potentially downscaled, and re-encoded with the desired spatial resolution and bit rate.
• the process of decoding, potentially downsampling, and re-encoding requires significant computational resources and typically adds significant subjective distortions to the video signal and delay to the video transmission.
• the standard video codecs for video communications are based on "single-layer" coding techniques, which are inherently incapable of exploiting the differentiated QoS capabilities provided by modern communication networks.
• An additional limitation of single-layer coding techniques for video communications is that even if a lower spatial resolution display is required or desired in an application, a full resolution signal must be received and decoded with downscaling performed at a receiving endpoint or MCU. This wastes bandwidth and computational resources.
• two or more bitstreams are generated for a given source video signal: a base layer and one or more enhancement layers.
• the base layer may be a basic representation of the source signal at a minimum quality level.
• the minimum quality representation may be reduced in the quality (i.e. signal to noise ratio ("SNR")), spatial, or temporal resolution aspects or a combination of these aspects of the given source video signal.
• the one or more enhancement layers correspond to information for increasing the quality of the SNR, spatial, or temporal resolution aspects of the base layer.
• Scalable video codecs have been developed in view of heterogeneous network environments and/or heterogeneous receivers.
• Scalable coding has been a part of standards such as ITU-T Recommendation H.262
• ISO/IEC 13818-2 MPEG-2 Video
• practical use of such "scalable" video codecs videoconferencing applications has been hampered by the increased cost and complexity associated with scalable coding, and the lack of widespread availability of high bandwidth IP -based communication channels suitable for video.
• Desirable conference server architectures will support desirable video conferencing features such as continuous presence, personal view or layout, rate matching, error resilience, and random entry, and will avoid the complexity and delay overhead of the conventional MCU.
• Each video conferencing participant transmits coded data bitstreams to a conferencing bridge MCU or server.
• the coded data bitstreams may be single-layer or scalable video coded (SVC) data and/or scalable audio coded (SAC) data bitstreams from which multiple qualities can be derived.
• the MCU or server e.g., hereinafter "a compositing scalable video coding server” (CSVCS)
• a compositing scalable video coding server (CSVCS)
• the CSVCS is particularly configured to compose the output video signal pictures without decoding, rescaling, and re-encoding the input signals, thereby introducing little or no end-to- end delay. This "zero-delay" architecture of the CSVCS advantageously enables their use in cascading configurations.
• the composited output bitstream of the CSVCS is such that a single video decoder can decode it.
• each participant transmits a scalable data bitstream having multiple layers (e.g., a base layer and one or more enhancement layers, which are coded using SVC) to the CSVCS over a corresponding number of physical or virtual channels.
• Some participants may also transmit single-layer bitstreams.
• the CSVCS may select parts of the scalable bitstream from each participant according to requirements that are based on properties and/or settings of a particular receiving participant. The selection may be based on, for example, the particular receiving participant's bandwidth and desired video resolutions.
• the CSVCS composes the selected input scalable bitstream parts into one (or more) output video bitstreams that can be decoded by one (or more) decoders.
• SVC is used for the output video bitstream
• the compositing is accomplished by assigning each input video signal to a slice of a different slice group of the output video signal, together with possible generation of supplemental layer data so that the output stream is a valid SVC bitstream.
• the CSVCS is configured to generate the composite output video signals with no or minimal signal processing.
• the CSVCS may, for example, be configured to read packet headers of the incoming data so that it can selectively multiplex the appropriate packets into the access units of the output bitstream to compose the output signals, and to then transmit the composed output signals together with any generated layer data, to each of the participants.
• the input video signal contents may or may not be sufficient to cover all areas of a picture in the output bitstream at a given instant in time.
• the insufficiency may be due to, for example, a different temporal resolution of the input video signals, a shift between the temporal sampling of the input video signals, and an incomplete filling of the output video signal.
• the CSVCS may be configured to remedy the problem of insufficient picture area coverage by generating a higher temporal resolution of the output video signal to minimize end-to- end delay or minimize other problems caused by late arriving input video signals.
• CSVCS may be configured to insert pre-coded slices retrieved from an accessible storage medium for those parts of the output video signal for which input video signal content is not present or available.
• the pre-coded slices may consist of headers and coded slice data that may be computed or pre-computed by the CSVCS according to the particular layout of the output picture.
• the CSVCS may process the input video signals at a higher temporal resolution by inserting coded picture data that instruct the receiving endpoint to simply copy a previously coded picture.. It should be noted that such coded picture data has extremely small length, in the order of several bytes.
• An exemplary embodiment of a videoconferencing system may include communication network connections on which differentiated Quality of Service (QoS) is provided (i.e., provide a high reliability transmission channel for some portion of the required total bandwidth, a video codec, a CSVCS, and end-user terminals.
• QoS Quality of Service
• the video codec for transmitting participants is either single-layer video, or scalable video such that it offers scalability both in terms of temporal, quality, or spatial resolution at different transmission bandwidth levels.
• the video codec for at least one of the receiving participants supports scalable video decoding.
• the end-user terminals used by the transmitting and receiving participants may be either dedicated hardware systems or general purpose PCs, which are capable of running multiple instances of video decoders and at least one instance of a video encoder.
• An implementation of the exemplary system may combine the functionality of traditional MCUs and/or the functionality of other conferencing servers (such as the SVCS described in No. PCT/US06/28366) with that of a CSVCS described herein.
• MCU, SVCS, and CSVCS functions may be selectively used, individually or in combination, to service different portions or entities in a videoconferencing session.
• the functionality of a CSVCS can complement the functionality of a SVCS.
• the CSVCS may be configured to have some or all of the functionality and advantages of the SVCS.
• the CSVCS will differ from the SVCS at least in that instead of sending multiple SVC streams to each endpoint like the SVCS does, the CSVCS will encapsulate or compose the individual streams in a single output SVC stream in which the individual streams are assigned to different slice groups.
• the CSVCS can then be considered for all purposes to be an SVCS in which the output stage further includes the additional process of slice-group-based assignment, together with generation of additional layer data that may be needed to ensure that the output bitstream is compliant.
• FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of a video conferencing system in which a Compositing Scalable Video Conferencing Server (CSVCS) is configured to deliver scalable video and audio data from an endpoint transmitter to client receivers, in accordance with the principles of the present invention
• CVCS Compositing Scalable Video Conferencing Server
• FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustrating an exemplary partitioning of an output video picture into slice groups, in accordance with the principles of the present invention
• FIG. 3 is a block diagram illustrating an exemplary assignment of input videos to the various slice groups in an output video picture, in accordance with the principles of the present invention
• FIG. 4 is a block diagram illustrating an exemplary layered picture coding structure for temporal layers, in accordance with the principles of the present invention
• FIG. 5 is a block diagram illustrating an exemplary layered picture coding structure for SNR or spatial enhancement layers, in accordance with the principles of the present invention.
• FIG. 6 is a block diagram illustrating an exemplary layered picture coding structure for the base, temporal enhancement, and SNR or spatial enhancement layers with differing prediction paths for the base and enhancement layers, in accordance with the principles of the present invention.
• FIG. 7 is a block diagram illustrating an exemplary partitioning of an output video picture into slice groups in a slice-group based composition process, in accordance with the principles of the present invention.
• FIG. 8 is a block diagram illustrating an exemplary structure for the construction of artificial layers in the composition of the output video signal transmitted from a CSVCS in which different spatial scalability ratios are combined, in accordance with the principles of the present invention.
• the present invention provides systems and methods for implementing videoconferencing systems that use scalable video coding with servers that provide compositing of pictures in the coded domain.
• the systems and methods deliver video and audio data, which is encoded by transmitting videoconferencing participants using either single-layer coding or scalable coding techniques.
• Scalable video coding techniques encode the source data into a number of different bitstreams (e.g., base layer and enhancement layer bitstreams), which in turn provide representations of the original signal in various temporal resolutions, quality resolutions (i.e. in terms of SNR), and, in the case of video, spatial resolutions.
• Receiving participants are able to decode bitstreams, which are encoded using scalable video coding techniques and include multiple slice group features for various input signals.
• a plurality of servers may be present in the communication path between a transmitting participant or endpoint, and a receiving participant or endpoint.
• at least the last server in the path will perform composition of the incoming video pictures from transmitting participants into a single composite output picture coded using scalable video coding techniques, and will transmit the composite output picture to the receiving participant.
• the composition process at or by the server does not require decoding and recoding of the picture data received from transmitting participants, but may require generation of additional layer data to ensure that the output bitstream is compliant to the requirements of a scalable video decoder.
• the base layer bitstream conforms to ITU-T Recommendation H.264
• the enhancement layer bitstreams conform to the scalable extension of ITU-T Recommendation H.264 1 ISO/IEC 14496-10 (MPEG4-AVC) (Annex G 5 Scalable Video Coding, hereinafter "SVC").
• SVC codecs may be beneficial, for example, when varying picture sizes of the input video signals are requested to be present in the output video picture of the MCU.
• H.264 AVC and SVC standards are distinct.
• SVC is a separate Annex of H.264 that will appear in the 2007 edition of H.264.
• H.264 AVC is used for the scalable codec base layer
• H.264 SVC is used for the scalable codec enhancement layer(s).
• H.264 AVC base layer
• H.264 SVC enhancement layers
• FIG. 1 shows an exemplary system 100, which may be implemented in an electronic or computer network environment, for compositing pictures in multipoint and point-to-point conferencing applications.
• System 100 uses one or more networked servers (e.g., a Compositing Scalable Video Conferencing Server (CSVCS) server 110) to coordinate the delivery of customized data to conferencing participants or clients 120, 130, and 140.
• CSVCS 110 may, for example, coordinate the delivery of a video stream generated by endpoint 140 for transmission to other conference participants.
• video stream 150 first is suitably coded or scaled down into a multiplicity of data components or layers.
• the multiple data layers may have differing characteristics or features (e.g., spatial resolutions, frame rates, picture quality, signal-to-noise ratios (SNR) 5 etc.).
• the differing characteristics or features of the data layers may be suitably selected in consideration, for example, of the varying individual user requirements and infrastructure specifications in the electronic network environment (e.g., CPU capabilities, display size, user preferences, and bit rates).
• CSVCS 110 may have scalable video signal processing features similar to those of the scalable video conference servers (SVCS) and scalable audio conference servers (SACS) described in International patent application No. PCT/US06/028366. However, CSVCS 110 is, in particular, further configured to use the H.264 AVC and H.264 SVC codecs for compositing multiple input video signals into one output video signal using multiple slice groups.
• SVCS scalable video conference servers
• SACS scalable audio conference servers
• clients 120, 130 and 140 each may use a terminal suitable for interactive conferencing.
• the terminal may include human interface input/output devices (e.g., a camera, a microphone, a video display and a speaker) and other signal processing components such as an encoder, a decoder, a multiplexer (MUX) and a demultiplexer (DEMUX).
• human interface input/output devices e.g., a camera, a microphone, a video display and a speaker
• other signal processing components such as an encoder, a decoder, a multiplexer (MUX) and a demultiplexer (DEMUX).
• the camera and microphone are designed to capture participant video and audio signals, respectively, for transmission to other conferencing participants.
• the video display and speaker are designed to display and play back video and audio signals received from other participants, respectively.
• the video display may also be configured to optionally display a participant/terminal's own video.
• the cameras and microphones in the terminals may be coupled to analog-to-digital converters (AD/C), which in turn are coupled to their respective encoders.
• the encoders compress the local digital signals in order to minimize the bit rate necessary for transmission of the signals.
• the output data of the encoders may be "packetized" in RTP packets (e.g., by a Packet MUX) for transmission over an IP-based network.
• the Packet MUX may perform traditional multiplexing using the RTP protocol, and also may implement any needed QoS- related protocol processing.
• QoS support may be provided by positive and/or negative acknowledgments, coupled with marking of the packets essential for decoding of at least the lowest temporal level of the base layer for reliable delivery.
• Each stream of data of a terminal may be transmitted in its own virtual channel, or port number in IP terminology.
• system 100 exploits the properties of multiple splice groups in compositing output pictures by using AVC or SVC codecs for the input bitstreams to the CSVCS, and SVC for the output video bitstreams from CSVCS 110.
• the audio signals in system 100 may be encoded using any suitable technique known in the art, for example, a technique described in ITU-T Recommendation G.711, or ISO/IEC 11172-3 (MPEG- 1 Audio), independent of the compositing of output pictures.
• FIG. 2 shows an exemplary output video picture 200 provided by CSVCS 110, which is a composite of multiple slice groups (e.g., slice groups 1, 2, 3, 4).
• the partitioning or boundaries between the slice groups are indicated in FIG. 2 by dashed lines.
• Slice groups 1, 2, 3, 4 may be a syntax structure in ITU-T Recommendation H.264
• a particular slice group assignment for a picture may be specified in the bitstream on a picture-by-picture basis in the Picture Parameter Set (PPS) of the ITU-T Recommendation H.264 1 ISO/IEC 14496-10 bitstream.
• the PPS may be conveyed in-band or out-of-band as part of the bitstream.
• Conveying the PPS in-band will require that the PPS be multiplexed into the access units of the bitstream. Conversely, conveying the PPS out-of-band may require that a separate transmission channel be used for PPS transmission, or that the PPS be implemented into the decoder prior to using the decoder in a transmission scenario.
• the use of up to 256 different PPS is possible.
• the signaling of which PPS must be used for a picture may be indicated in the slice header through a number reference.
• FIG. 3 shows an exemplary assignment of input video signals or pictures to slice groups of output video picture 200 (FIG. 2) generated by CSVCS 110.
• the assignment of the input video signals may be accomplished in the compressed domain by modifying slice headers and assigning them to the slice groups of the output video. For example, in the assignment shown in FIG. 3, input video signal 0 is assigned to slice group 0, input video signal 1 is assigned to slice group 1 , input video signal 2 is assigned to slice group 2, and input video signals 3 and 4 are both assigned to slice group 3.
• the assignment may be carried out by mapping the input video signals to slices of a slice group in the output picture. This manner of mapping may result in both assigned and unassigned portions and areas 310 in a particular slice group (FIG. 3).
• CSVCS 110 is configured to create coded slice data for the unassigned areas while compositing the pictures.
• the coded slice data may contain skip macroblock data or Intra-coded macroblock data.
• the latter data may be needed to create content for the unassigned areas of the output pictures.
• the Intra-coded data may have any suitable content.
• the content may, for example, describe picture signals that can be transmitted with small bit rates such as flat gray or black textures.
• the content may describe the addition of user information, graphical annotation, and MCU control features such as conference control features.
• the conference control features may be activated in response to simple signaling or request by a client/participant (e.g., signaling by the client/participant pointing to specific coordinates or areas on video display image screen).
• CSVCS 110 is configured to translate the signals to actions represented by the specific coordinates or areas on the video display image screen (e.g., with image regions depicting and acting as buttons for initiating certain actions).
• the signaling by the client can be performed, for example, using HTTP techniques, in which the CSVCS provides an HTTP interface for receiving such signals, similar to a web server.
• CSVCS 110 may be configured to have multiple versions of coded slice data bits stored on a storage medium accessible to it and/or to generate such coded slice data bits on the fly with minimal complexity according to the conference context in which it is operating.
• System 100 may be configured to advantageously minimize the end-to- end delay performance parameters in videoconferencing applications.
• the input video signals to the CSVCS 110 may have a different temporal resolution or have a shift between the temporal sampling of the pictures.
• the arrival times at CSVCS 110 of input video signals that form the output video signal may vary.
• CSVCS 110 may be configured to address the varying arrival times by generating an output picture triggered by the input video signal arrival times. This may result in a higher temporal resolution of the output video signal, and minimize end-to-end delays and other problems caused by late arriving input video signals.
• CSVCS 110 may be configured to insert pre-coded slices from an accessible storage medium for those parts of a video signal for which no content is present.
• skipped pictures i.e. a copy of all the picture content from the previous frame
• low-bit rate coded slices may be used to represent the output picture content that is unchanged.
• the receiving video conference participants will be able to access the correct reference pictures (i.e., the pictures that were originally intended by the sending participant's encoder to be used as reference pictures) by operating their terminal decoders using the ref_pic_list_reordering syntax structure of ITU-T Recommendation H.264
• CSVCS 110 may be suitably configured to modify the reference picture list reordering.
• a similar treatment or procedure may be used for any other temporal layering structure that is employed.
• the input video signals may be coded at increased temporal resolution.
• the increase in temporal resolution may be achieved by transmitting additional pictures that are copies of the previously coded pictures (i.e., skipped pictures).
• additional pictures Independent of the picture resolution, the number of bytes for a skipped CIF picture is 2-3 bytes for the picture/slice header and 2-3 bytes for the skip signaling for the macroblocks. It is noted that this bit rate is negligible.
• the coded representations of the additional pictures can be stored on a storage medium accessible to the sending participant, or be generated on the fly with minimal complexity and inserted into the bitstream.
• this increase in transmitted macroblocks per second need not adversely affect processing power at the receiving endpoint, as a special provisioning can be implemented to efficiently handle skipped slices.
• the H.264 MaxStaticMBPS processing rate parameter (called MaxStaticMBPS in ITU-T Recommendation H.241) can be used to adjust the ITU-T Recommendation H.264
• CSVCS 110 Given the higher temporal resolution of the input video signals, CSVCS 110 can be operated at that higher temporal resolution.
• CSVCS 110 may be further configured to decide to include arriving pictures from the input video signals according to a given schedule and to use the non-reference pictures that are inserted as skipped pictures to compensate for arrival jitter. This compensation may be accomplished by replacing the skipped picture with late-arrived coded pictures.
• the sending participants will be able to utilize the correct reference pictures (i.e., the reference pictures that were originally intended to be used by the sending participant's encoder) by operating their encoders using the ref_pic_list_reordering syntax structure of ITU-T Recommendation H.264
• FIG. 4 shows an exemplary layered threading temporal prediction structure 400 for a video signal with multiple temporal resolution pictures LO, Ll , L2.
• the pictures labeled as L2 in FIG. 4 are not used as reference pictures for inter prediction.
• the pictures labeled as LO, and LO and Ll form prediction chains.
• spatial-temporal error propagation can introduce subjective visual distortions.
• pictures labeled as L2 sent as input signals to CSVCS 110 may be marked as "not-used-for-reference".
• the same L2 pictures When transmitted by the CSVCS as components of the composite output picture, the same L2 pictures have to be marked as "used-for-reference,” if other components of the composite picture are marked as used-for-reference.
• This is in contrast to their utility in the S VCS-based video conferencing system described in International patent application Nos. PCT/US06/28365 and PCT/US06/28366 in which the L2 pictures do not have to be marked as used-for-reference.
• ISO/IEC 14496-10 does not allow pictures to be a composite of reference and non-reference slices, but only a composite of one or the other.
• ISO/IEC 14496-10 if the multiple input video signals to CSVCS 110 at the same time instant contain reference and non-reference slices, they cannot be mixed into the same output picture. Therefore, to mix a non-reference L2 picture into the output stream in the operation of system 100, CSVCS 110 labels and uses the picture L2 as a reference picture.
• Picture L2 may be coded as a normal-coded picture requiring a similar amount of bits as the pictures LO or Ll and be inserted into the output picture directed toward a receiving participant who has requested the particular (L2) resolution.
• CSVCS 110 may be configured to replace the bits received for the L2 pictures from the corresponding input video signal by the bits corresponding to a skipped picture.
• sending participants will be able to utilize the correct reference pictures for pictures LO and L2 (i.e., the pictures that were originally intended by the sending participant's encoder to be used for reference) by operating their encoders using the ref_pic_list_reordering syntax structure of ITU-T Recommendation H.264 1 ISO/IEC 14496-10.
• This process can be further extended to Ll pictures, and can be used for rate matching and statistical multiplexing purposes, similar to an SVCS.
• FIG. 5 shows an exemplary layered structure 500, which is suitable for spatial scalable prediction, alternately an SNR scalable prediction, or a mix of these predictions that may be used in the operation of system 100.
• the base layer for prediction is labeled LO.
• Two enhancement layers are labeled as SO and QO. SO does not depend on QO and vice versa. However, there may be other layers that depend on SO or QO through prediction.
• LO may be a QCIF picture
• QO may be a 3/2 QCIF picture or a CIF picture.
• only one receiving participant may request the 3/2 QCIF picture while all the other participants may request the CIF or the QCIF pictures.
• the sending participant in addition to generating the QCIF and CIF pictures, may also generate the 3/2 QCIF picture for overall system efficiencies in transmission.
• CSVCS 110 may be suitably configured to forward the bits needed to decode the signals at a respective receiving participant's resolution.
• the sending participant may label the parts of the bitstream that are not designated or used for prediction with a discardable flag, which is described, for example, in International patent application Nos. PCT/US06/28365.
• FIG. 6 shows a further layer picture coding structure 600, which combines the temporal layering structure (FIG. 4) and spatial scalable layering structure (FIG. 5).
• the combined structure can be used in the operation of system 100.
• system 100 is configured so that the conferencing entities (i.e., the sending participants each running a scalable video encoder, CSVCS 110, and the receiving participants each running a scalable video decoder) maintain bi-directional control channels between each other.
• the control channels from a sending participant to CSVCS 110 and from CSVCS 110 to a receiving participant may be referred to herein as the forward control channels.
• control channels from the receiving participant to CSVCS 110 and from CSVCS 110 to a sending participant may be referred to herein as the backward control channels.
• a capability exchange may be conducted over the control channels.
• the capability exchange may include the signaling of the ranges of spatial and temporal video resolutions that are supported by each sending participants.
• the range of sender participant capabilities is conveyed to each receiving participant, who then can accordingly choose or limit his or her requests for video features from the senders.
• CSVCS 110 is configured to respond to a receiving participant's request by modifying the slice group boundaries for the output picture sent to the receiving participant.
• CSVCS 110 may through its backward control channel notify the scalable video encoder whether it needs to support or generate another spatial resolution to satisfy the receiving participant's request.
• PCT/US06/28366 describes a scalable video conferencing server (SVCS) designed to process the coding structure, which is described, for example, in International patent application No. PCT/US06/028365.
• the SVCS described in the former application has various features designed for multipoint conferencing, based on its ability to manipulate video quality, resolution, and bit rate using scalable video coding.
• the described SVCS assumes that a conference participant's endpoint will deploy several decoders in order to provide the end user with multiple participant views ("continuous presence"). However, in some conferencing situations, it may be advantageous or necessary to run only a single decoder in an endpoint.
• the described SVCS may be further configured or modified to have and apply the compositing functionality of the CSVCS described herein.
• the modified SVCS may utilize the CSVCS 110 functionality after utilizing some or all functionality of the unmodified SVCS.
• the CSVCS in manner similar to that of a SVCS, can respond to changing network conditions (e.g., congestion), by selectively eliminating enhancement layer data from the composite output video stream.
• Statistical multiplexing techniques used by a SVCS can also be used by the CSVCS, so that temporal alignment of pictures in the composite output video stream is performed in a manner such that only a subset of the component pictures received from the transmitting endpoints are allowed to significantly exceed their long-term average size.
• the CSVCS can also feature audio capability with scalable coded audio streams, in a manner similar to that of an SVCS.
• SVCSs can be deployed together with CSVCSs in a cascade arrangement linking the one or more transmitting endpoints and receiving endpoints. If a composite output picture is required by a receiving endpoint, then it will be advantageous to position a CSVCS as the last server in the cascade arrangement, and to position the SVCSs in other higher positions in the cascade arrangement. It is further noted that the trunking design described in International patent application No. PCT/US06/028367 can be applied to CSVCS/SVCS cascade arrangements, in the same manner as SVCS cascade arrangements.
• jitter reduction techniques for SVCS systems described in International patent application No. PCT/US06/027368 can be applied directly to a CSVCS, where any enhancement layer data that is not transmitted may be replaced by suitable artificial layer data, in accordance with the principles of the present invention.
• each slice group data in a CSVCS context is equivalent to the picture data of a transmitting participant in an SVCS context, and observing that, first, in both cases only packet header data may be different and, second, that additional artificial layer data may be generated by a CSVCS, it is seen that the same error resilience and random access protection techniques can be applied in the output packets of an CSVCS.
• marking of picture data for reliable transmission in the CSVCS environment can be performed in same manner as in an SVCS environment (e.g., via RTP header extension, RNACKs via RTCP feedback, etc.).
• the concept of an R picture in an SVCS environment translates to that of an R slice group in the CSVCS environment.
• Caching of R pictures, use of periodic intra macroblocks at the encoders of the transmitting endpoints, and fast-forward decoding and at a receiving endpoint can also be applied within the context of individual slice groups in the CSVCS environment.
• Layer switching techniques useful in the SVCS environment can also be used in the same fashion.
• the concept of server-based intra frames for error recovery or to support new participants can be applied to slice groups in the CSVCS environment.
• the CSVCS will have to decode part of the incoming video data from the transmitting participants, and particularly at least the lowest temporal level of the base layer, and be equipped to re-encode the decoded picture data as intra.
• layer switching is considerably simplified, as with an SVCS, since the server does not have to supply intra data.
• the rate control techniques described in U.S. provisional patent application Nos. 60/778,760 and 60/787,031, the stream thinning techniques described in U.S. provisional patent application No. 60/774,094, and the multicast SVCS techniques described in U.S. provisional patent application No. 60/ 827,469 are also directly applicable to a CSVCS.
• the technique described in provisional patent application No. 60/787,031 whereby an S2 picture is concealed at the decoder by using the coded information of the base layer (mode, motion vectors, etc.), appropriately scaled, can be applied to data within a particular slice group in the CSVCS environment.
• the same concealment effect can be realized by replacing the S2 picture at the CSVCS, and inserting in its place in the composite output picture coded data that instruct the decoder to use the base layer information.
• a benefit of this approach is the receiving endpoint does not require any special support, and hence any SVC-compliant decoder will operate correctly.
• CSVCS 110 may be configured to straightforwardly extract these individual bitstreams from a composited bitstream and re-insert them into a different composited bitstream.
• This configuration of CSVCS 110 will enable a cascaded CSVCS 110 to provide full remultiplexing of constituent streams according to the preferences of the participants or downstream servers.
• CSVCS 110 with remultiplexing capability can fully support the cascading and distributed operation features of extended videoconferencing systems, which are described, for example, in International patent application No. PCT/US06/28366.
• System 100 can be further configured, according to the present invention, to convey signal source identification information or other useful information (e.g., directory information, on screen help, etc.) to the individual participants and/or slice groups so that the source identification or other information can be displayed on the participants' display screens.
• This configuration of system 100 will allow participants to identify the sources of the streams contained in the composite pictures.
• the identification information may include identifying text strings or pre-composed slice data that are displayed alongside the slice groups that correspond to individual participant's video signals.
• the identification information may include text strings identifying a participant by name (e.g., "John Smith"), or by location (e.g., "Dallas, Room A").
• the identification information or other conveyed information may be overlaid on the individual pixels of each participant, or may be displayed in the unassigned image regions (e.g., unassigned areas 310, FIG. 3) that surround image areas assigned to the individual participants.
• the identification information may be transmitted either out- of-band or in-band as private data.
• the description of the SVC embodiment of the invention hereinafter, relates to the specific mechanism of composition using slice groups, as well as to the generation of additional layer data, when necessary to ensure that the output bitstreams is compliant to a scalable video decoder.
• the CSVCS uses a map that describes the layout of the slice groups in the composite picture.
• this map denoted henceforth MapOfMbsToSliceGroups, provides an association between the macroblocks comprising the composite picture of the output bitstream and the slice groups that identify the input bitstreams.
• map 700 A possible map MapOfMbsToSliceGroups (map 700) is shown in FIG. 7.
• slice group 705 indexed with 0 corresponds to the QCIF stream
• slice groups 1 and 2 ((710 and 720, respectively) correspond to the CIF streams.
• the unassigned area 730 in the picture also has a slice group index (e.g., 3 in this case).
• map MapOfMbsToSliceGroups (e.g., map 700) is not unique, and that there can be multiple ways of laying out the different slice groups in the composite picture.
• a specific layout could be obtained by specific requests by users, and be automatically computed by the CSVCS, or any other suitable technique.
• the specific numbering of slice groups can be obtained using any suitable technique, for example, in one technique by indexing the incoming bitstreams, and then locating the corresponding slice groups according to their index, from smallest to largest, in a raster scan, left to right, top to bottom in the composite picture.
• MapOfMbsToSliceGroups may be required to transmit the map MapOfMbsToSliceGroups to the participant receiving the composite video signal, in order to be able to properly decode it. Such transmission may be accomplished by incorporating MapOfMbsToSliceGroups in the Picture Parameter Set for the composite signal, through the slice group identification syntax, as specified in subclauses 7.3.2.2 and 7.4.2.2 of H.264.
• This additional map is a correspondence map between the macroblock (MB) indices of the individual streams and the MB indices of the composite signal.
• macroblock index 0 of stream 1 (710 in FIG. 7) corresponds to MB index 22 in the composite picture.
• MapMbIndex[ I][O] 22.
• the CSVCS procedure is as follows:
• the index of the first MB in this slice should correspond to the location of the first unassigned MB in the composite picture (in the example above this is 11).
• I_16xl6_Q_0_0 vertical prediction from the MB above it
• I_16xl6_l_0_0 horizontal prediction from the MB left to it
• I_l6xl6_2_0_0 DC prediction when no neighbors are available
• I_16xl6_0_0 or I_16xl6_l_0_0 mb_type values when CAVLC is used.
• preference is given to I_16xl6_2_0_0 and this value of mbjype to be equal for all macroblocks in the slice so that CABAC can efficiently code it.
• the index of the first MB in this slice should correspond to the location of the first unassigned MB in the composite picture (in the example of FIG. 7 this is 11)
• composite output picture must have the same values in the temporal_id and dependencyjd parameters of the NAL unit header, across all slices and slice groups.
• temporal__id The assignment of temporal__id is obtained as follows:
• the output picture is assigned the same values of temporal_id as those assigned to the corresponding input pictures. This is a preferred mode of operation.
• the output video is operated as the input videos when it comes to temporal layering and error resilience handling.
• the CSVCS can track the temporal dependency structures of the various input bitstreams. Since slices (and, as a result, slice groups) are transmitted in separate packets, error resilience mechanisms that involve packet-based retransmission, forward error correction, and in general any technique designed for an SVCS can be applied to slices, and thus to slice groups, in a CSVCS system.
• dependency_id differs
• the dependency_id values of the input bitstreams are adjusted so that, for each layer of the composite output picture, they are equal across slice groups. This may require an increase on dependency_id value of some of the input signals and addition of extra base layers.
• two CIF signals (slice group 1 710 and 2 720) and one QCIF input signal (slice group 0 705) are composed into a 4CIF output picture.
• each of the CIF signals is coded with spatial scalability and that a base layer with QCIF resolution is provided for each signal.
• the QCIF input signal (slice group 0 705) has no base layer.
• the further description herein relates to the synchronization of the incoming pictures received from transmitting endpoints to the composite output signal that is transmitted to the one or more receiving endpoints.
• the CSVCS needs to flag every outgoing composite picture as a reference picture in the outgoing bitstream. Furthermore, since incoming picture data from the one or more transmitting endpoints arrives asynchronously at the • CSVCS, it is possible to have different frame numbers for the same pictures in an incoming bitstream and in the composite outgoing bitstream. This may cause discrepancies when the composite pictures are decoded at the receiving participant, as the proper references to prior pictures in the respective slice groups may not be established properly.
• the CSVCS needs to address two issues. First, creating a composite picture when the frames of the different incoming streams arrive at the CSVCS temporally unsynchronized. Second, making sure that the pictures comprising the slice groups maintain the proper references for prediction (relative to the composite signal that is sent out).
• Synchronization of pictures may be performed by one of the following two techniques:
• Update maps MapOriglnd and MapCompInd for this stream relate to the problem of maintaining the correct reference picture data in the composite output picture and are described herein.
• the ref_ ⁇ ic_list_reordering() syntax provided in the slice header and the maps MapOriglnd and MapCompInd are employed to create an appropriate reference picture list whenever new content arrives at the server.
• the CSVCS needs to keep track of how the original reference picture indices for a slice group (incoming video stream) are mapped to outgoing composite picture indices.
• MapOriglndex the original reference picture index for a slice group (incoming video stream) are mapped to outgoing composite picture indices.
• MapCompIndex maps
• PredOrigPic Map ⁇ riglnd[n] [index] - ( abs_diff_pic_num_minusl +
• PredOrigPic Map ⁇ riglnd[n] [index] + ( abs_diff_pic_num_minusl +
• the CSVCS needs to register its index (if it is a reference picture) in the maps MapOriglnd and MapCompInd so the picture can be used in the operations that follow. In particular, the following operations are performed.
• the CSVCS extracts the original frame number ("orig_frame_num") from any slice header of the new picture data for stream n.
• Map ⁇ riglnd[n] [index]) MapOriglnd [n][index-l])
• the CSVCS can create artificial temporal layer L2' for the second participant, and proceed to construct the composite output picture such that the LO, Ll, and L2 pictures of the first participant are composed in the same output pictures as the LO, Ll, and L2' pictures of the second participant, respectively. This allows the preservation of the threading pattern within the composite output video picture.
• the CSVCS can also perform switching of spatial resolutions, up sampling, as well as shifting of input signals in the composite output video signal.
• Up sizing (by 1 layer) is realized by sending intra macroblocks within I slices for all layers, i.e., for the corresponding slice group. All intra is needed, because the value of de ⁇ endency_id needs to be adjusted as described above and motion compensation across different dependency__id values is not allowed in SVC compliant decoders.
• the corresponding slice group then covers a larger area of the composite output picture. Other slice groups within the composite output picture may need to be shifted for that.
• the intra data may be computed at the CSVCS itself, in which case it has to at least decode the lowest temporal level of the base layer, or can be produced by the endpoints upon request from the CSVCS. Down-sizing is performed in the same way as up-sizing.
• Up sampling of a particular video signal received from a transmitting endpoint can be performed by inserting an additional enhancement layer generated at the CSVCS, where all macroblocks are encoded so that content is simply copied from the lower layer macroblocks.
• Inclusion of an additional layer in the video signal of a participant may require reorganization of the entire scalability structure of the composite output picture, using the techniques that are described herein.
• Shifting an input signal is preferably done by multiples of macroblocks.
• the receiver may shift a picture using a user interface request (for example, a mouse drag).
• the CSVCS accounts for the shift by adjusting the motion vectors accordingly (add/subtract multiples of 16 integer-sample positions).
• motion vectors are typically coded differentially, and in this case it is most likely that only the value of the first motion vector needs to be changed.
• the systems and methods of the present invention can be implemented using any suitable combination of hardware and software.
• the software i.e., instructions for implementing and operating the aforementioned systems and methods can be provided on computer-readable media, which can include without limitation, firmware, memory, storage devices, microcontrollers, microprocessors, integrated circuits, ASICS, on-line downloadable media, and other available media.

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