EP1965026B1 - Aubage dans une turbine à gaz - Google Patents

Aubage dans une turbine à gaz Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1965026B1
EP1965026B1 EP08250156.0A EP08250156A EP1965026B1 EP 1965026 B1 EP1965026 B1 EP 1965026B1 EP 08250156 A EP08250156 A EP 08250156A EP 1965026 B1 EP1965026 B1 EP 1965026B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
blades
damping member
shelves
groove
assembly
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Not-in-force
Application number
EP08250156.0A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP1965026A2 (fr
EP1965026A3 (fr
Inventor
Martin David Holmes
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Rolls Royce PLC
Original Assignee
Rolls Royce PLC
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Rolls Royce PLC filed Critical Rolls Royce PLC
Publication of EP1965026A2 publication Critical patent/EP1965026A2/fr
Publication of EP1965026A3 publication Critical patent/EP1965026A3/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP1965026B1 publication Critical patent/EP1965026B1/fr
Not-in-force legal-status Critical Current
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical

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Classifications

    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01DNON-POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, e.g. STEAM TURBINES
    • F01D5/00Blades; Blade-carrying members; Heating, heat-insulating, cooling or antivibration means on the blades or the members
    • F01D5/12Blades
    • F01D5/26Antivibration means not restricted to blade form or construction or to blade-to-blade connections or to the use of particular materials
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01DNON-POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, e.g. STEAM TURBINES
    • F01D11/00Preventing or minimising internal leakage of working-fluid, e.g. between stages
    • F01D11/005Sealing means between non relatively rotating elements
    • F01D11/006Sealing the gap between rotor blades or blades and rotor
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01DNON-POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, e.g. STEAM TURBINES
    • F01D5/00Blades; Blade-carrying members; Heating, heat-insulating, cooling or antivibration means on the blades or the members
    • F01D5/12Blades
    • F01D5/22Blade-to-blade connections, e.g. for damping vibrations
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01DNON-POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, e.g. STEAM TURBINES
    • F01D5/00Blades; Blade-carrying members; Heating, heat-insulating, cooling or antivibration means on the blades or the members
    • F01D5/30Fixing blades to rotors; Blade roots ; Blade spacers
    • F01D5/3007Fixing blades to rotors; Blade roots ; Blade spacers of axial insertion type
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F04POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
    • F04DNON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT PUMPS
    • F04D29/00Details, component parts, or accessories
    • F04D29/66Combating cavitation, whirls, noise, vibration or the like; Balancing
    • F04D29/661Combating cavitation, whirls, noise, vibration or the like; Balancing especially adapted for elastic fluid pumps
    • F04D29/668Combating cavitation, whirls, noise, vibration or the like; Balancing especially adapted for elastic fluid pumps damping or preventing mechanical vibrations
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05DINDEXING SCHEME FOR ASPECTS RELATING TO NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, GAS-TURBINES OR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
    • F05D2230/00Manufacture
    • F05D2230/60Assembly methods
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05DINDEXING SCHEME FOR ASPECTS RELATING TO NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, GAS-TURBINES OR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
    • F05D2250/00Geometry
    • F05D2250/10Two-dimensional
    • F05D2250/12Two-dimensional rectangular
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05DINDEXING SCHEME FOR ASPECTS RELATING TO NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, GAS-TURBINES OR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
    • F05D2250/00Geometry
    • F05D2250/10Two-dimensional
    • F05D2250/18Two-dimensional patterned
    • F05D2250/181Two-dimensional patterned ridged
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05DINDEXING SCHEME FOR ASPECTS RELATING TO NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, GAS-TURBINES OR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
    • F05D2250/00Geometry
    • F05D2250/30Arrangement of components
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05DINDEXING SCHEME FOR ASPECTS RELATING TO NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, GAS-TURBINES OR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
    • F05D2250/00Geometry
    • F05D2250/70Shape
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05DINDEXING SCHEME FOR ASPECTS RELATING TO NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, GAS-TURBINES OR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
    • F05D2260/00Function
    • F05D2260/30Retaining components in desired mutual position
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10STECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S416/00Fluid reaction surfaces, i.e. impellers
    • Y10S416/50Vibration damping features
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10TTECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T29/00Metal working
    • Y10T29/49Method of mechanical manufacture
    • Y10T29/49316Impeller making
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10TTECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T29/00Metal working
    • Y10T29/49Method of mechanical manufacture
    • Y10T29/49316Impeller making
    • Y10T29/4932Turbomachine making
    • Y10T29/49321Assembling individual fluid flow interacting members, e.g., blades, vanes, buckets, on rotary support member

Definitions

  • the invention relates to an aerofoil assembly and a method of assembly of an aerofoil assembly.
  • Aerofoil assemblies such as stages of a gas turbine compressor or turbine typically comprise an array of blades 10 which are located in a supporting disc or drum 12 and have a damping member 14 disposed between the blades 10 in order to achieve a desirable vibration characteristic.
  • a damping member 14 disposed between the blades 10 in order to achieve a desirable vibration characteristic.
  • Figures 1 to 3 PRIOR ART
  • the damping member 14 is located in a compartment 16 formed between adjacent blades 10.
  • the damping member 14 as viewed in Figure 1 , has a "cottage roof” type cross section in that it is part triangular (or “peaked”).
  • Figures 2 and 3 which are sectional views on arrow "A" in Figure 1 (PRIOR ART) the damping member 14 is largely rectangular in cross section.
  • the compartment 16 is formed by the provision of a recess 18 in each blade 14, and a shelf 20 at either end of the recess 18 forms a support structure 22 for the damping member 14.
  • the member 14 is trapped in the compartment 16 by the shelves 20 since the overall span or longitudinal length "x" of the damping member 14 is greater than the distance between edges 24 of the shelves 20.
  • part of the method of assembly requires at least one of the blades 10 to be slid out of the array to allow for a locking member 26 to be inserted in a groove 28, on the rear or forward edge of the blade, in direction B.
  • the damping member 14 must be small enough to allow the blades 10 to move relative to one another to allow access to the groove 28, and yet the damping member 14 must be long enough to stay trapped between the blades 10 when the blades 10 are realigned. Manufacturing tolerances may result in the damping member 14 or support structure 22 being undersize and hence the damping member 14 may fall out. In this eventuality damage may be caused to the blade disc 12 and other components it comes into contact with.
  • EP 1617044 discloses a turbine blade which includes an airfoil, platform, shank, and dovetail.
  • the platform includes a first side disposed along the pressure side of the airfoil, and an opposite second side disposed along the airfoil suction side.
  • the platform second side includes an integral damper keeper disposed below the midchord of the airfoil, and is locally thinner at the forward and aft ends of the platform second side for reducing blade weight.
  • a damper member is installable on the damper keeper.
  • the damping member must be small enough to allow the blades to move relative to one another to allow access, and yet the damping member must be long enough to stay trapped between the blades when the blades are realigned.
  • an aerofoil assembly comprises:
  • the projections of the damping member allow relative axial movement of the blades during assembly, but prevent the damping member from becoming dislodged from the compartment during assembly and/or operation of the assembly.
  • the provision of projections on the damping members means that no modification to any feature of the known rotor blades is required in order to achieve the advantage.
  • This is of benefit as the damping members are much simpler structures than the rotor blades and carry less load. Hence alterations to the design of the damping members impinge less on the integrity of the aerofoil assembly than would alterations to the rotor blades.
  • At least one groove is provided along a leading and/or trailing edge of the stem portion of at least two of the blades and a locking member is located in said groove(s), thereby tying said at least two blades together.
  • the method comprises the further step of translating the locking member in a second direction such that it is inserted into the groove of the previously misaligned rotor blade.
  • the method of assembly using the damping member of the present invention is advantageous as there is a risk with the method of assembly of the prior art that, because of the need to allow relative axial movement of the blades during assembly, the damping member and/or shelves may be undersized. Such under sizing may result in the damping member of the prior art becoming dislodged from the compartment during assembly and/or operation, resulting in damage to engine components.
  • the projections of the damping member of the present invention ensure that the damping member has a longitudinal dimension which is longer than the largest expected distance between the edges of the shelves.
  • FIG. 4 shows a sectional end on view of part of an aerofoil assembly according to the present invention.
  • a disc 30 is provided with retaining slots (mounting features) 32 into which blades 34 are slid and located.
  • Each blade 34 has a root portion 38, a stem portion 40 an aerofoil portion 42, which is defined by a leading edge 44, a trailing edge 46, a pressure surface 48 and a suction surface 50.
  • leading edge leading edge
  • trailing edge a trailing edge
  • pressure surface and “suction surface” will relate to all features of the root 38 and stem 40 portions which share the same edge or side with the aerofoil surface.
  • a damping member 52 is disposed between each of the blades 34 in a compartment or well 60 which is defined by cavities or recesses 62,64 provided on adjacent pressure/suction surfaces 48,50 of stems 40 of the blades 34.
  • the cavities 62,64 provide a support structure 66 for the damping member 52, the support structure taking the form of a shelf 68 which extends from the trailing and leading edge of the recesses 64.
  • the damping member 52 As with the prior art of Figure 1, 2 and 3 , the damping member 52, as viewed in Figure 4 , has a "cottage roof " type cross section in that it is part triangular (or “peaked"). Viewed in direction A (and as more clearly shown in Figures 5 and 6 ) the damping member 52 is largely rectangular in cross section. A first projection or lug 70 is provided on one of the corners of the member 52 and second projection or lug 72 is provided on a diagonally opposite corner, giving the damping member 52 a "stepped" profile. Each projection 70,72 is less than half as wide as the main body of the damping member 52.
  • the "lugs", “steps” or “projections” extend away from the plane edge of the damping member such that the span or overall longitudinal length "y" of the damping member 52 is greater than the distance between the leading and trailing edges 73 of the shelf 68. That is to say, the lugs 70,72 extend beyond the length of the main body of the damping member 52 such that the damping member 52 is longer than the largest distance between edges 73 of the shelves 68 of the support structure 66 when the platforms 40 are assembled and aligned as shown in Figures 4 and 5 .
  • each of the blades 34 and each of the damping members 52 are substantially of the same design.
  • the stepped damping member 52 is present between less than all of the compartments 60 formed between the blades 34.
  • a groove 74 is provided in the trailing edge 46 of each of the stem portions 40.
  • the groove extends circumferentially such that, when the array of blades 34 is assembled and aligned, a continuous groove 74 is formed around the array, which is defined by radially extending parallel walls and an opening which is radially inwards of a closed end.
  • the locking member 76 is a flat strip which has dimensions which correspond with those of the groove 74 such that the member 76 can be slid easily along the groove 74 during assembly but will interfere sufficiently with the groove 74 such that the member 76 maintains its desired circumferential and radial location relative to the groove 74.
  • the strip has sufficient length to tie only two blades 34 together.
  • the strip has sufficient length to tie more than two but less than all of blades 34 together.
  • the strip has sufficient length to tie all of the blades 34 together.
  • the strip may be arcuate and radially outwardly resilient such that it maintains its position in the groove 74.
  • Such an assembly is assembled by the following method.
  • a set of rotor blades 34 are assembled adjacent one another to form a complete array prior to assembly on the disc 30, with a damping member 52 present between at least two adjacent blades 34, the projections 70,72 resting on the support structure 66.
  • the blades 34 are slid as a complete array onto the disc 30 such that the trailing and leading edges of the blades 34 are in alignment with one another.
  • the blades 34 cannot be slid onto the disc 30 one at a time since the shroud (not shown) of the blade 34 has a different stagger angle to that of the retaining slots 32.
  • One of the blades 34 which part-houses the damping member 52, is axially displaced relative to the others to allow access to the groove 74 as shown in Figure 6 .
  • Sliding the blade 34 in this way disengages the projections 70,72 of the damping member 52 from the shelves 68 and engages the other corners of the damping member 52 (those without lugs/projections) with the support structure 66.
  • a locking member 76 is then inserted in the groove 74 in a first direction B along the length of the groove 74 (as shown in Figure 6 ), thereby tying at least two adjacent blades together.
  • each locking member 76 is inserted into groove 74 to tie the remaining blades 34 together. If more than one locking strip is inserted into groove 74, each locking member 76 is pushed along the groove 74 by the insertion of a further locking member 76. When the locking strip(s) 76 is/are fully inserted, the misaligned rotor blade 34 is brought back into alignment (as shown in Figure 5 ). Thus the projections 70,72 are engaged with the shelves 68 and the other corners of the damping member 52 (those without lugs/projections) are disengaged with the shelves 68.
  • a locking member 76 which is already inserted into the groove 74 of the adjacent blade 34 is then slid into the groove 74 of the platform 40 of the previously misaligned blade 34, thereby tying these two blades 34 together.
  • several blades 34 of the array are misaligned in order to insert locking members 76 at different positions around the array.
  • a specially shaped separate locking member (not shown) is inserted in the groove 74 of the previously misaligned blade 34 and the adjacent blade 34 in order to tie them together.
  • the stepped damper 52 cannot fall out of its retaining compartment 50 because the longitudinal length "y" of the damper 52 is greater than the distance largest between the edges 73 of the shelves 68.

Claims (6)

  1. Ensemble de surface portante pour une turbine à gaz, comprenant :
    une pluralité de pales rotatives (34) ; et
    un élément d'amortissement (52) disposé entre deux des pales (34), chacune des au moins deux pales (34) comportant une partie de surface portante (42), une partie de tige (40) et une partie d'emplanture (38) ;
    un évidement (62,64) étant prévu sur deux parties de tige en coopération (40) ; un premier rayon (68) s'étendant depuis un bord d'attaque de chaque évidement (62,64) ; et un second rayon (68) s'étendant depuis un bord de fuite de chaque évidement (62, 64) pour définir un compartiment (60), caractérisé en ce que l'élément d'amortissement (52) est muni d'une première saillie (70) au niveau d'un coin et d'une seconde saillie (72) sur un coin diagonalement opposé, la distance longitudinale entre les extrémités des première et seconde saillies (70,72) étant supérieure à la distance entre les bords des premier et second rayons (68), de sorte que lorsque les pales (34) sont alignées l'élément d'amortissement (52) est maintenu à l'intérieur du compartiment (60) par l'engagement des première et seconde saillies (70, 72) avec les rayons (68).
  2. Ensemble de surface portante selon la revendication 1, dans lequel au moins une rainure (74) est prévue le long d'un bord d'attaque et/ou de fuite de la partie de tige (40) d'au moins deux des pales (34) et un élément de verrouillage (76) est situé dans la ou lesdites rainure(s) (74), liant de la sorte lesdites au moins deux pales (34) l'une avec l'autre.
  3. Ensemble de surface portante selon la revendication 1 ou 2, dans lequel chaque saillie (70, 72) a une largeur de moins de la moitié de la largeur de l'élément d'amortissement (52).
  4. Ensemble de surface portante selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, dans lequel l'ensemble de surface portante comprend une pluralité d'éléments d'amortissement, et dans lequel chacune des pales (34) et chacun des éléments d'amortissement (52) ont sensiblement la même conception.
  5. Procédé d'assemblage d'un ensemble de surface portante pour une turbine à gaz selon l'une quelconque des revendications 2 à 4, comprenant les étapes consistant à :
    a) assembler la pluralité de pales de rotor (34) adjacentes les unes aux autres dans une configuration circulaire de manière à ce que les pales (34) soient en alignement les unes avec les autres, avec un élément d'amortissement (52) disposé à l'intérieur du compartiment (60) d'une paire de pales (34) ;
    b) déplacer axialement une pale de rotor (34) qui isole l'élément d'amortissement (52) par rapport aux autres pales alignées (34) pour permettre l'accès à la rainure (74), désengageant de la sorte les saillies (70,72) de l'élément d'amortissement (52) des rayons (68) et engageant les autres coins de l'élément d'amortissement (52) avec les rayons (68) ;
    c) insérer un élément de verrouillage (76) dans une première direction dans la ou les rainure(s) (74) d'au moins deux pales alignées (34) liant de la sorte au moins deux des pales (34) l'une à l'autre ;
    d) ramener la pale de rotor désalignée (34) en alignement avec les autres pales de rotor (34) engageant de la sorte les saillies (70, 72) avec les rayons (68) et désengageant les autres coins de l'élément d'amortissement (52) des rayons (68),
    emprisonnant de la sorte l'élément d'amortissement (52) sur un côté des rayons (68) à l'intérieur du compartiment (60).
  6. Procédé selon la revendication 5, comprenant en outre l'étape consistant à coulisser l'élément de verrouillage (76) dans une seconde direction de manière à ce qu'il soit inséré dans la rainure (74) de la pale de rotor précédemment désalignée (34).
EP08250156.0A 2007-02-21 2008-01-12 Aubage dans une turbine à gaz Not-in-force EP1965026B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB0703426A GB2446812A (en) 2007-02-21 2007-02-21 Damping member positioned between blades of an aerofoil assembly

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP1965026A2 EP1965026A2 (fr) 2008-09-03
EP1965026A3 EP1965026A3 (fr) 2012-08-08
EP1965026B1 true EP1965026B1 (fr) 2016-06-08

Family

ID=37945527

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP08250156.0A Not-in-force EP1965026B1 (fr) 2007-02-21 2008-01-12 Aubage dans une turbine à gaz

Country Status (3)

Country Link
US (1) US8066489B2 (fr)
EP (1) EP1965026B1 (fr)
GB (1) GB2446812A (fr)

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US9022727B2 (en) * 2010-11-15 2015-05-05 Mtu Aero Engines Gmbh Rotor for a turbo machine
US9279332B2 (en) 2012-05-31 2016-03-08 Solar Turbines Incorporated Turbine damper
FR2991372B1 (fr) * 2012-06-04 2014-05-16 Snecma Roue de turbine dans une turbomachine
WO2014164252A1 (fr) * 2013-03-13 2014-10-09 United Technologies Corporation Répartition de poids d'amortisseur ayant pour objet d'empêcher la rotation de l'amortisseur
EP2971555B1 (fr) * 2013-03-13 2021-04-28 Raytheon Technologies Corporation Ensemble rotor avec joint amortisseur entre les aubes
EP3438410B1 (fr) 2017-08-01 2021-09-29 General Electric Company Système d'étanchéité pour machine rotative
US11486261B2 (en) 2020-03-31 2022-11-01 General Electric Company Turbine circumferential dovetail leakage reduction

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US3930751A (en) * 1974-07-05 1976-01-06 Carrier Corporation Bucket locking mechanism
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US7121800B2 (en) * 2004-09-13 2006-10-17 United Technologies Corporation Turbine blade nested seal damper assembly
US7322797B2 (en) * 2005-12-08 2008-01-29 General Electric Company Damper cooled turbine blade

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
US20080206054A1 (en) 2008-08-28
EP1965026A2 (fr) 2008-09-03
GB2446812A (en) 2008-08-27
US8066489B2 (en) 2011-11-29
EP1965026A3 (fr) 2012-08-08
GB0703426D0 (en) 2007-04-04

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