Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61N—ELECTROTHERAPY; MAGNETOTHERAPY; RADIATION THERAPY; ULTRASOUND THERAPY
  • A61N1/00—Electrotherapy; Circuits therefor
  • A61N1/18—Applying electric currents by contact electrodes
  • A61N1/32—Applying electric currents by contact electrodes alternating or intermittent currents
  • A61N1/36—Applying electric currents by contact electrodes alternating or intermittent currents for stimulation
  • A61N1/372—Arrangements in connection with the implantation of stimulators
  • A61N1/37211—Means for communicating with stimulators
  • A61N1/37252—Details of algorithms or data aspects of communication system, e.g. handshaking, transmitting specific data or segmenting data
  • A61N1/37282—Details of algorithms or data aspects of communication system, e.g. handshaking, transmitting specific data or segmenting data characterised by communication with experts in remote locations using a network
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
  • A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
  • A61B5/0002—Remote monitoring of patients using telemetry, e.g. transmission of vital signals via a communication network
  • A61B5/0004—Remote monitoring of patients using telemetry, e.g. transmission of vital signals via a communication network characterised by the type of physiological signal transmitted
  • A61B5/0006—ECG or EEG signals
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
  • A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
  • A61B5/24—Detecting, measuring or recording bioelectric or biomagnetic signals of the body or parts thereof
  • A61B5/316—Modalities, i.e. specific diagnostic methods
  • A61B5/369—Electroencephalography [EEG]
  • A61B5/384—Recording apparatus or displays specially adapted therefor
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
  • A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
  • A61B5/24—Detecting, measuring or recording bioelectric or biomagnetic signals of the body or parts thereof
  • A61B5/316—Modalities, i.e. specific diagnostic methods
  • A61B5/389—Electromyography [EMG]
  • A61B5/395—Details of stimulation, e.g. nerve stimulation to elicit EMG response
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
  • A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
  • A61B5/02—Detecting, measuring or recording pulse, heart rate, blood pressure or blood flow; Combined pulse/heart-rate/blood pressure determination; Evaluating a cardiovascular condition not otherwise provided for, e.g. using combinations of techniques provided for in this group with electrocardiography or electroauscultation; Heart catheters for measuring blood pressure
  • A61B5/021—Measuring pressure in heart or blood vessels
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
  • A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
  • A61B5/24—Detecting, measuring or recording bioelectric or biomagnetic signals of the body or parts thereof
  • A61B5/316—Modalities, i.e. specific diagnostic methods
  • A61B5/318—Heart-related electrical modalities, e.g. electrocardiography [ECG]
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
  • A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
  • A61B5/24—Detecting, measuring or recording bioelectric or biomagnetic signals of the body or parts thereof
  • A61B5/316—Modalities, i.e. specific diagnostic methods
  • A61B5/369—Electroencephalography [EEG]
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
  • A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
  • A61B5/24—Detecting, measuring or recording bioelectric or biomagnetic signals of the body or parts thereof
  • A61B5/316—Modalities, i.e. specific diagnostic methods
  • A61B5/389—Electromyography [EMG]
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
  • A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
  • A61B5/72—Signal processing specially adapted for physiological signals or for diagnostic purposes
  • A61B5/7232—Signal processing specially adapted for physiological signals or for diagnostic purposes involving compression of the physiological signal, e.g. to extend the signal recording period

Definitions

• the invention relates to a device for the transmission of physiological signals of a carrier.
• these physiological signals can be transmitted to an analysis device either by a wireless path or by a wired path.
• a sensor that can be positioned on the wearer so as to capture physiological signals
• wireless transmission means arranged to transmit physiological data representative of the physiological signals by a wireless channel.
• the wearer can be an animal or a human.
• the invention aims to overcome this drawback.
• the problem solved by the invention is therefore to be able to perform simultaneous measurements of several physiological signals.
• the senor is identified by a unique identifier
• the transmission means comprise formatting means arranged to format said physiological signals in a data format defined by frames. having a payload, the formatting means being further arranged to insert said unique identifier in said payload so as to form said physiological data.
• the physiological data transmitted comprise, within the frame, an identifier of a sensor that has generated the physiological signal.
• the physiological data transmitted comprise, within the frame, an identifier of a sensor that has generated the physiological signal.
• the device may comprise a plurality of sensors, each of the sensors of the plurality of sensors being identified by a unique identifier.
• the identifier of each sensor is then advantageous in this case even in the context of the use of a single device according to the invention.
• the senor is associated with a sampling frequency according to the unique identifier of the sensor and the formatting means are arranged to insert the sampling frequency into the payload. This allows to acquire in parallel signals with different frequency contents and different natures.
• the senor may comprise an amplifier having a gain depending on the unique identifier of the sensor and the formatting means may be arranged to insert the gain in the payload. This makes it possible to acquire signals of different types requiring different gains.
• the above-mentioned device may also comprise a clock associated with the formatting means, the formatting means being arranged to insert into the payload the start time and the end time of capture by the sensor. This makes it possible to resynchronize the physiological data in case of loss of certain data.
• the invention also relates to a system comprising:
• control station can be arranged to transmit control data to the device.
• the control data may include the sampling frequency and / or the gain. This allows in particular to set the data of the frame that will be transmitted by the device.
• the device may also be arranged to apply a stimulation signal in response to the control data.
• a stimulation signal in response to the control data.
• the invention also relates to a method for transmitting physiological signals of a carrier comprising steps in which: a sensor captures physiological signals; physiological data representative of the physiological signals are transmitted by a wireless channel; characterized in that the sensor is identified by a unique identifier and wherein the method comprises steps wherein: - said physiological signals are formatted in a data format defined by frames having a payload; said unique identifier is inserted into said payload so as to form said physiological data.
• the measuring instrument :
• the first aspect of the present invention is to provide a medical measuring instrument for the collection and electrical stimulation of cellular electrophysiological activity of deep organic structures. It can also achieve the acquisition of biological signals such as EEG (ElectroEncephaloGramme), EMG (ElectroMyoGramme), ECG (ElectroCardioGramme), arterial pressure reading, ...
• EEG ElectroEncephaloGramme
• EMG ElectroMyoGramme
• ECG ElectroCardioGramme
• arterial pressure reading ...
• This instrument with implantable and / or surface sensors can be used for any physiological analysis such as:
• eye movements ... in humans for clinical research and analysis and in animals for basic research. It can also be used to monitor the evolution of a physiological signal (eg epilepsy) or to stimulate certain structures for a therapeutic purpose such as in Parkinson's disease for example.
• a physiological signal eg epilepsy
• a therapeutic purpose such as in Parkinson's disease for example.
• the wireless transmission system includes
• the second aspect of the present invention relates to a telemetry device for transmitting biological signals by radio frequency (RF) waves operating in a frequency band specific to ISM, UNII, 802.16, etc. applications.
• RF radio frequency
• the principle of the present invention uses the basics of communication protocols of wireless networks dedicated to few immobile devices that require high bandwidth.
• a device is a system: *> in humans and animals: o equipped with 1 or more sensors by transceiver, o 1 or more devices that can be connected on the same subject.
• the telemetry device is integrated in the measuring instrument and communicates with a control station (a computer for the visual analysis of biological signals).
• a control station a computer for the visual analysis of biological signals.
• the whole formed by the system and the telemetry system does not require additional devices to communicate with the remote control station. Only software is needed on the latter for visualization and control of signal measurement parameters.
• the control station has a wireless connection through an access point.
• the transceiver is easily concealed as it benefits from the latest advances in microelectronics integration.
• the present patent application covers virtually all possibilities and solutions for achieving a medical measuring instrument and wireless transmitter for the collection and electrical stimulation of cellular electrophysiological activity of deep organic structures. It can also achieve the acquisition of biological signals such as EEG (ElectroEncephaloGramme), EMG (ElectroMyoGramme), ECG (ElectroCardioGramme), arterial pressure reading, ...
• EEG ElectroEncephaloGramme
• EMG ElectroMyoGramme
• ECG ElectroCardioGramme
• arterial pressure reading ...
• the signal After being collected by a sensor, the signal must be: ⁇ * amplified (variable gain from 100 to 1000000),
• modulated (the modulations used are those defined in the software layers of wireless networks),
• the control station performs, after reception via the access point, the reverse operations and displays on a screen the appearance of the signals collected.
• a tranceiver can group several sensors of different nature or not, but it can also have only one sensor. Whatever the number, a sensor is either surface or depth, that is to say within physiological structures.
• a transceiver may have sensors both surface and / or depth.
• the link between the transceiver and the access point is "full duplex", which allows complete management by the control station: the communication protocol, the standby or the activation of a transceiver - for each transceiver: o gains, o sampling, o bandwidth, o transmission times, o the nature of the transmission (pulsed or continuous), but also the sending of more or less complex stimuli of physiological structures.
• the transmission protocol complies with the standards in force and will adapt to future standards so as to always offer the highest throughput.
• the communication frequencies are those defined for wireless applications operating at least 2GHz, examples of networks to date, WLAN, HIPERLAN, UWB. But the invention can adapt to any new standard.
• the access mode adapted for our transmission is based on the permanent listening of the medium (transmission channel) of any connection point (transceiver).
• the collisions are avoided (CSMA / CA for example) and by using mechanisms of reservation of the medium (RTS ⁇ CTS, for example) and mechanisms of acknowledgments, each transceiver can transmit data by calculating a random delay (algorithm used in Ethernet frames).
• RTS ⁇ CTS mechanisms of reservation of the medium
• acknowledgments each transceiver can transmit data by calculating a random delay (algorithm used in Ethernet frames).
• the physical layer uses the FEC mechanism (Forward Error Correction) based on sending a duplicate data. Coding may also be implemented, such as for example Huffman, Hamming or Reed Solomon encodings, or any other suitable coding.
• This mode was chosen, following a theoretical study relating the different transmission standards and their feasibility to transmit biological data. It has been validated on a real transmission EEG signals that used WIFI equipment for the general public.
• the physical layer of the standards we use provides us with a variety of transmission types that vary flow and power according to the environment in order to maintain communication in as many configurations as possible.
• all known and future digital modulations for RF transmission can be used (examples: DBPSK, DQPSK, QAM).
• DBPSK, DQPSK, QAM digital modulations for RF transmission
• the bit rate can vary according to the modulation to adapt to the environment.
• It is also possible to remedy the channel fading problem by using techniques such as spectrum spreading (barker code and CCK) or OFDM found in the CDMA access mode (which uses the same principle that barker and CCK codes) used in GSM and EDGE.
• the MAC layer of the network provides an error control mechanism (CRC) for verifying the integrity of the frames.
• CRC error control mechanism
• *> controls the transmit power of the transceiver, *> sends control bursts to each connected transceiver to prevent simultaneous transmission of two transceivers.
• FIG. 1 is a diagram of the transmitter - receiver (transceiver) and access point;
• FIG. 2 represents an exemplary frame transmitted from the transceiver according to one embodiment of the invention;
• FIGS. 3A to 3C show examples of frames transmitted from a control station to the transceiver according to one embodiment of the invention
• Figure 4 shows the frame used in detail
• Figure 5 illustrates the frame in the animal
• - Figure 6 illustrates the frame in humans.
• the transceiver is composed of the different parts shown in Figure 1.
• 100 It is the sensor that converts our physical quantity into an electrical signal that can be processed by the transmitter. It is either placed on the surface of the body or introduced deep into the cell tissues.
• the impedance of the sensors used in the system according to the present invention varies from a few k ⁇ to several M ⁇ depending on their type.
• the sensor 100 is directly connected to one of the differential inputs which is a very low noise preamplifier. Pre-amplification is done in differential mode, either between two active sensors, or between an active sensor and a reference.
• the input noise level of the preamplifier is at least less than one tenth of the lowest signal that can be collected in electrophysiology.
• TRMC common mode rejection rate
• the output of the preamplifier 101 is directly connected to a bandpass filter which may or may not be broken down into two filters: a high pass filter 102 and a low pass filter 103. These elements allow the adjustment and selection of a frequency band of the specific signal. This is a solution to the problem of noise from the environment and other biological signals.
• the high pass filter of course eliminates all the BF therefore the offset voltage from the preamplifier. Its lower limit is given by the spectral content at low frequency of the signal collected.
• the low pass filter allows to eliminate all the HF, its upper limit is given by the high frequency spectral content of the collected signal.
• the output of the low pass filter 103 is connected to the input of a low noise amplifier with adjustable adjustable gain, the gain control is done digitally from the remote control station.
• 106 It's a processor in the broad sense of the word. It manages the bidirectional communication, controls the active components (101, 102, 103, 104, 107, 108, 109) and the synchronization between the different tasks performed on the transmitter board as well as the data backup in the mass memory and sending the wireless communication frame. This sending can be continuous or pulsed.
• the sampler is integrated or not into the processor. It can work at a frequency ⁇ 20 kHz, the selection of the sampling frequency is done remotely from the control station.
• the processor 106 adds to each data item the coded identifier of the sensor concerned according to the coding techniques known in the digital transmissions. Any code is eligible, especially if it allows the compression of data and / or the joint coding. In the end, the processor provides the frame containing the data that must be transmitted to the access point.
• the frame sent by 106 is transmitted according to a standard in force by the element 107 also having a processor. Serial or parallel communication is established between the two entities 106 and 107 in order to synchronize the two processors. 107 adds to this frame the preamble and the header used in the standard.
• the complete pattern thus formed is "bleached", using a pseudo random sequence, and then "mapped" by modulation for the header (DBPSK for example) and the preamble is coded (barker for example) to achieve the highest possible rate.
• the data is mapped according to the desired dynamic flow rate, which depends on the environment, then they are coded (barker or CCK for example).
• a digital / analog converter integrated or not integrated in the 107, makes the analog output signal.
• An electronic switch allows the choice of a standard (802.1 1g, 802.1 1a, for example).
• This element transforms an unbalanced signal into a symmetrical signal at the I and Q outputs. This differential signal is connected to the modulator 109.
• 109 It is a modulator which raises the signals of 109 on a carrier frequency defined by the chosen norm.
• the propagation channel is selected here according to the information transmitted by the element 106.
• the output of the 109 is differential, it becomes asymmetrical thanks to the balun 1 10.
• 1 1 1 it is a filter which respects the Nyquist condition, and which limits the signal spectrum at the output of 110 to avoid inter-symbol interference.
• the access point receives and transmits waves. In reception, it converts them into digital data ready to be processed by the control station 115, in transmission, it performs the same operations as those seen previously.
• An interface allows from the control station 1 15 to view and analyze the signals received from each transceiver. Software dedicated to medical applications can be used.
• a man / machine interface gives the possibility to send commands from the access point to all tranceiver, examples: • the change of gain,
• control frame is made from this interface and then sent to the 1 14 which converts it into a frame respecting the mandatory parts that the chosen standard imposes.
• the process for bringing the signal to the antenna of the access point is identical to that described above.
• the bandpass filter 1 1 1 eliminates the BF and the HF at the output of the 116
• the balum 1 10 transmits a symmetrical signal at 109,
• the RF signal is rid of its carrier in 108,
• a serial or parallel synchronization link between 107 and 1 16 makes possible the extraction of the data, the command is then identified, for example: o a sensor impedance test, o a change of gain, o a change of frequency , o a change in bandwidth, o a launch of data acquisition, o a stimulation of a biological zone via a sensor, ...
• the transceiver is ready to transmit or receive information again.
• a guard circuit connects the transceiver to the sensor shield to counteract the common mode voltage of 100 which alters the received signal.
• the transmission protocol used in the present invention complies with the standards in force but changes certain parameters concerning in particular the data frame. In authorized locations, additional information is passed over biological data.
• FIG. 2 illustrates an exemplary frame according to one embodiment of the invention.
• the data shown in FIG. 2 are for example inserted into the payload of a frame in the format corresponding to the transmission protocol used. Formatting is done by the processor at runtime.
• each transmission module according to the invention comprises a radio frequency chip.
• this radiofrequency chip is identified by a MAC address.
• the transceiver module of the invention is therefore identified by this MAC address.
• the MAC address is inserted into the frame transmitted to the control station 1 15.
• this MAC address is a unique identifier of the sensor.
• the variable ENSENS includes the list of sensors 100 activated within the transceiver module.
• the variable Gi corresponds to the gain of the sensor i.
• the data Gi may vary depending on the number of selected sensors.
• the variable Gi is programmable when sending a command frame as will be described in more detail below.
• the index i of the sensor is a unique identifier of the sensor which can be stored in a memory of the transceiver module.
• the values Fj indicate the acquisition frequency of the signal collected on the sensor i. It is therefore possible to acquire, in parallel, signals with different frequency contents, therefore of different natures.
• the values to, ti enable synchronization, at the control station 1 15, of the data acquired on each sensor i for successive data frames. This technique allows the receiver to readjust the signal in case of data loss during the transmission of a frame.
• the fields data i contain the data collected from the sensor i between the time to and ti at the frequency Fi.
• Such a frame is thus formatted at the processor 106 of the transceiver module.
• the format of the frame thus transmitted is recognized so as to reconstruct the different physiological signals sensed by each of the sensors.
• control station 1 15 sends a control frame to the transceiver module to apply the parameters, IDGR, ENSENS, Gi and Fj. It is also possible to activate or pause a transceiver module and send pacing signals.
• the activation of a transceiver module is performed by sending a data frame from the control station 115 to the transceiver module.
• a data frame is illustrated in FIG. 3A. It includes the IDGR ID of the transceiver module group to activate, a command code, and an ON / OFF activation or deactivation command.
• the order code includes for example the stimulation frame code, the type of stimulation, in particular current or voltage, and the shape of the stimulation.
• the parameters of the sensors 100 of a transceiver module according to the invention can be determined by a parameter control control frame as shown in FIG. 3B.
• a parameter control control frame comprises the IDGR ID of the transceiver module group to be set, a control code, an ENSENS variable comprising the list of sensors 100 activated within the transceiver module. It also includes data G 0 , Gi, Gn, and F 0 , Fi, Fn respectively corresponding to the gains and sampling frequencies of the sensors to be adjusted.
• the stimulation is then performed by the transmission of a stimulation frame for example as illustrated in FIG. 3C.
• This frame comprises in particular variables Ai corresponding to the stimulation amplitude of the sensor i, and rcy, corresponding to the duty cycle of the signal on the sensor i.
• the system according to the present invention makes it possible to study several groups (IDGR) of several animals (IDAN), each animal having several sensors (CAPj). We will have at least the information shown in Figure 5. With:
• the system according to the present invention makes it possible to study several persons (IDPA) with several transceivers (IDTR), each transceiver having several sensors (CAPj). We will have at least the information shown in Figure 6.
• parameter frames are sent by the access point to each transceiver to initialize the measurements.
• the times t0 and t1 make it possible to synchronize the signals on the control station and in case of loss of a frame, not to shift the information received.
• the authentication frame makes it possible to establish the connection between each transceiver and the access point, this operation is necessary for the synchronization between the entities of the wireless network. This burst meets the standard used.
• the access point broadcasts regularly (at a rate of about every 0, 1 seconds) a beacon frame (named beacon) giving:
• the transceiver receiving the response can thus see the quality of the signal emitted by the access point. This quality depends on the distance between the transceiver and the access point and properties of the transmission channel.
• the preamble and the header of the system according to the present invention use the frame of the standard used. However, it is conceivable to use only one modulator (DBPSK) to save time in processing the processor.
• DBPSK modulator
• the architecture adopted by the system according to the present invention is the infrastructure mode, where the access point is located at the workstation.
• the uplink and the downlink use the same frequency.
• the physical layer used depends on the standard used (DSSS for 802.1 1g and OFDM for 802.1 1a for example).
• the frame is formatted by the entity 106 and respects: • the whitening of the frame, spread spectrum, adding the header,
• the entity 106 calculates the signal-to-noise ratio (Eb / N) of the received signals and compares it with the threshold (Eb / N) of the modulation used. In the case where the result of the report is less than the threshold value, 106 controls the entity 107 in order to change the modulation used, this is called the dynamic variation of flow. For example, one can switch from DBPSK modulation for a bit rate of 1 Mbps, to DQPKS modulation for a bit rate of 2Mpbs, or by QAM and CCK and Barker modulations to reach a bit rate of 54Mpbs with the OFDM modulation. Entities and their functionality remain unchanged.
• the choice of the channel and the standard is made by the entity 106 by programming the element 109.
• the control of the transmission power is always done by the entity 106 by programming the element 1 14.
• the MAC layer The MAC layer:
• the carrier listening (CCA for the 802.1 1 standard, for example) is done by the entity 106 using the presence of the signal at the output of the entity 109, which also allows it to calculate the ratio (Eb / N) for calculations of the bit error rate and the EVM, two essential criteria for defining the loss of information upon reception of the frames.
• the purpose of the element 106 is to encode the digitized data using data compression and the CRC, since it also manages the interframe spacing mechanism (SIFS, DIFS, PIFS) which are respectively of the order of (10 ⁇ s, 50 ⁇ s, 30 ⁇ s).
• SIFS interframe spacing mechanism
• DIFS DIFS
• PIFS interframe spacing mechanism
• the system according to the present invention uses batteries or accumulators as a source of energy. To save this energy, a bistable magnetic switch can manage the transceiver power supply.
• the transceiver works with batteries, a repackaging of the system is necessary. In the case where the transceiver operates with accumulators, an induction charging can be performed.
• the transmission can be pulsed so that the transceiver does not consume a significant amount of energy permanently.

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