EP1945022A2 - Polynucleotides, dna constructs and methods for the alteration of plant cellulose content - Google Patents
Polynucleotides, dna constructs and methods for the alteration of plant cellulose contentInfo
- Publication number
- EP1945022A2 EP1945022A2 EP06804587A EP06804587A EP1945022A2 EP 1945022 A2 EP1945022 A2 EP 1945022A2 EP 06804587 A EP06804587 A EP 06804587A EP 06804587 A EP06804587 A EP 06804587A EP 1945022 A2 EP1945022 A2 EP 1945022A2
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- plant
- sucrose synthase
- transgenic plant
- transgenic
- cellulose
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
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- C12N15/79—Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for eukaryotic hosts
- C12N15/82—Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for eukaryotic hosts for plant cells, e.g. plant artificial chromosomes (PACs)
- C12N15/8241—Phenotypically and genetically modified plants via recombinant DNA technology
- C12N15/8242—Phenotypically and genetically modified plants via recombinant DNA technology with non-agronomic quality (output) traits, e.g. for industrial processing; Value added, non-agronomic traits
- C12N15/8243—Phenotypically and genetically modified plants via recombinant DNA technology with non-agronomic quality (output) traits, e.g. for industrial processing; Value added, non-agronomic traits involving biosynthetic or metabolic pathways, i.e. metabolic engineering, e.g. nicotine, caffeine
- C12N15/8255—Phenotypically and genetically modified plants via recombinant DNA technology with non-agronomic quality (output) traits, e.g. for industrial processing; Value added, non-agronomic traits involving biosynthetic or metabolic pathways, i.e. metabolic engineering, e.g. nicotine, caffeine involving lignin biosynthesis
Definitions
- the present invention relates to the field of molecular biology and the regulation of protein synthesis through the introduction of foreign genes into plant cells, preferably into their genomes. More specifically, the method relates to the modification of cellulose content in a plant cell by the introduction of a foreign gene encoding an active sucrose synthase enzyme.
- Sucrose synthase (EC 2.4.1.13) is an enzyme that catalyzes the breakdown of sucrose to UDP-glucose and fructose.
- sucrose synthase is found in sink tissues such as tubers, seeds, fruits, meristems and wood. Subsequent reactions in storage tissues utilize UDP-glucose to generate starch, while in other tissues UDP-glucose and fructose may be accumulated or further converted into other compounds, such as cellulose. Multiple sucrose synthase isoforms have been identified in plants, most of them typically displaying a tissue-specific pattern of expression. Huang et al., Biosci. Biotech. Biochem.
- sucrose synthase isoforms are found predominantly or exclusively in tissues where biomass growth through massive cell division and cell wall deposition take place, such as developing secondary xylem and root nodules. Rouhier & Usuda, Plant Cell Physiol. 42:583-593 (2001); Komina et al., Plant Physiol. 129: 1664-1673 (2002).
- sucrose synthase seems to play a role in nitrogen fixation in specialized structures called heterocysts. Schilling & Ehrnsperger, Z. Naturforsch 40c: 776-779 (1985). It has been suggested that, in these organisms, sucrose synthase is responsible for sucrose synthesis, while its function in plants is sucrose breakdown. Salerno & Curatti, Trends Plant Sd. 8: 63-69 (2003).
- Cellulose is one of the major components of plant cell walls, providing mechanical strength and rigidity. Normally, oven-dry wood contains 30 to 50% cellulose and 20 to 30% hemicellulose, see Higuchi et ah, BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF WOOD, Springer Verlag (1997), although these numbers usually change when the tree is subject to environmental changes. For example, wood under compression stress usually exhibits a marked decrease in cellulose content, while tension wood has more cellulose. Timmell, COMPRESSION WOOD IN GYMNOSPERMS, Springer Verlag (1986).
- Cellulose is a polymer of beta-l,4-linked glucose residues synthesized by one or more cellulose synthase enzymes which catalyze the assembly of UDP-glucose units into cellulose microfibrils in protein complexes known as rosettes at the plasma membrane. Delmer & Amor, Plant Cell 7: 987-1000 (1995). In higher plants, the degree of glucan polymerization varies between primary and secondary cell walls, with secondary walls producing cellulose microfibrils of higher molecular weight. Brown et ah, Trends Plant Sd. 1 : 149-156 (1996). Cell walls in tensioned wood also possess elevated cellulose content and increased polymerization and crystallinity degrees.
- the invention provides a transgenic plant comprising a non- plant sucrose synthase nucleic acid molecule, wherein said plant has altered cellulose content compared with a non-transgenic plant lacking said molecule.
- the transgenic plant is obtained by transforming a plant with an expression vector comprising said non-plant sucrose synthase nucleic acid molecule under the control of a promoter capable of functioning in a plant, hi another embodiment, the nucleic acid molecule is (a) a nucleotide sequence comprising SEQ ID NOs.: 1 or 2; or (b) a nucleotide sequence of (a) with one or more bases deleted, substituted, inserted, or added.
- the transgenic plant has increased cellulose content, hi another embodiment, the transgenic plant has decreased lignin content, hi one embodiment, the transgenic plant is a dicotyledon or a monocotyledon. In another embodiment, the transgenic plant is a gymnosperm. hi a further embodiment, the plant is a woody tree, hi a still further embodiment, the woody tree is a Eucalyptus, Populus, or Pinus plant. In another embodiment, the transgenic plant is selected from the group consisting of a leaf, a stem, a flower, an ovary, a fruit, a seed, and a callus.
- the invention provides a method for producing a transgenic plant with increased cellulose content as compared to a non-transgenic plant, comprising (i) transforming a plant cell with a non-plant sucrose synthase sequence under the control of a promoter capable of functioning in a plant, (ii) culturing said transformed plant cell under conditions that promote growth of a plant, and (iii) selecting a transgenic plant that exhibits increased cellulose content.
- the nucleotide sequence is a sucrose synthase gene comprising: (a) a nucleotide sequence comprising SEQ ID NOs.: 1 or 2; or (b) a nucleotide sequence of (a) with one or more bases deleted, substituted, inserted, or added.
- the transgenic plant is a dicotyledon or a monocotyledon. In another embodiment, the transgenic plant is a gymnosperm.
- the invention provides an isolated polynucleotide sequence comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding a polypeptide that is capable of increasing sucrose synthase and cellulose levels in a plant.
- FIG. 1 illustrates the reaction catalyzed by sucrose synthase in plants and the coupling of UDP-glucose generation with cellulose biosynthesis pathway.
- FIG. 2 schematically illustrates the plant expression plasmidial vector pALELLYX-Susy of the invention comprising a cambium/xylem preferred promoter driving the expression of a sucrose synthase nucleotide sequence of the invention.
- FIG. 3 schematically illustrates the plant expression plasmidial vector pALELLYX-Susy N of the invention comprising a cambium/xylem preferred promoter driving the expression of a native sucrose synthase nucleotide sequence from Anabaena sp.
- FIG. 4 schematically illustrates the plant expression plasmidial vector pALELLYX-Susycu of the invention comprising a cambium/xylem preferred promoter driving the expression of codon usage-adapted nucleotide sequence coding for the Anabaena sp. sucrose synthase enzyme.
- FIG. 5 shows the cellulose content of several transgenic lines transformed with the plant expression plasmidial vector pALELLYX-Susy N of the invention and respective control non-transgenic plant.
- Asterisk denotes statistically significant higher mean cellulose content values (P ⁇ 0.01, t-test).
- FIG. 6 shows the cellulose content of several transgenic lines transformed with the plant expression plasmidial vector pALELLYX-Susycu of the invention and respective control non-transgenic plant.
- Asterisk denotes statistically significant higher mean cellulose content values (P ⁇ 0.05, t-test).
- FIG. 7 shows the cellulose content of the three genotypes of a Tl transgenic plant transformed with the plant expression plasmidial vector pALELLYX-Susycu of the invention.
- Asterisk denotes statistically significant higher mean cellulose content values (PO.05, t-test).
- the present inventors recognized that non-plant sucrose synthases, such as those found in cyanobacteria, might not be regulated by a plant that was genetically engineered to express the enzyme, for reasons that include but are not limited to the absence of regulatory phosphorylation or other allosteric sites such as those usually found in plant sucrose synthases.
- the inventors had the insight that a non-plant sucrose synthase, introduced into such a host plant, could affect sucrose synthesis and yet would not be subject to down-regulation by the host plant.
- the present inventors realized the desirability of transforming woody trees and other cellulose fiber-producing crops with a DNA construct that codes for a non-plant sucrose synthase enzyme.
- the heterologous enzyme would increase the conversion of glucose into UDP-glucose, which then would be used as a building block for cellulose synthesis.
- compositions comprising non- plant sucrose synthase-encoding DNA sequences and sucrose synthase polypeptides.
- nucleotide sequences that encode a sucrose synthase are SEQ ID NOs: 1 and 2.
- a method for modifying the content of cellulose in plant tissues, such as fiber cells of woody angiosperm xylem, tracheid cells of gymnosperm xylem, and fiber cells of cotton seeds, by controlling the activity of sucrose synthase.
- plant cells or whole plants are transformed with a sucrose synthase coding sequence from a non-plant source, preferably an Anabaena sp., which sequence, when expressed in xylary fiber cells of angiosperms, xylary tracheids of gymenosperms, or fiber cells of cotton seeds, causes increased conversion of sucrose into UDP-glucose, leading to increased UDP-glucose availability for cellulose biosynthesis.
- a sucrose synthase coding sequence from a non-plant source, preferably an Anabaena sp., which sequence, when expressed in xylary fiber cells of angiosperms, xylary tracheids of gymenosperms, or fiber cells of cotton seeds, causes increased conversion of sucrose into UDP-glucose, leading to increased UDP-glucose availability for cellulose biosynthesis.
- the present invention provides a means for concurrently reducing lignin deposition.
- the high concentration of lignin in trees presents a significant problem for the paper industry, which must expend considerable resources to separate lignin from cellulose fiber. Accordingly, it is desirable to reduce lignin content in woody plants via genetic engineering.
- Hu et ah, Nature Biotechnology 17: 808-812 (1999) found that suppression of lignin biosynthesis increased cellulose deposition, which suggested an inverse relationship between lignin and cellulose biosynthesis. Because the present inventors have discovered a strategy for increasing cellulose deposition through expression of a non-plant sucrose synthase, concurrent decreases in lignin deposition also may result.
- PCR-primer pairs can be derived from known sequences by known techniques such as using computer programs intended for that purpose, e.g., Primer, Version 0.5, 1991, Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA. Methods for chemical synthesis of nucleic acids are discussed, for example, in Beaucage and Caruthers, Tetra. Letts. 22:1859-1862 (1981), and Matteucci and Caruthers, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 103:3185 (1981).
- encoding and “coding” refer to the process by which a gene, through the mechanisms of transcription and translation, provides information to a cell from which a series of amino acids can be assembled into a specific amino acid sequence to produce an active enzyme. Because of the degeneracy of the genetic code, certain base changes in DNA sequence do not change the amino acid sequence of a protein. It is therefore understood that modifications in the DNA sequence encoding sucrose synthase which do not substantially affect the functional properties of sucrose synthase enzyme are contemplated.
- expression denotes the production of the protein product encoded by a gene.
- “Overexpression” refers to the production of a gene product in transgenic organisms that exceeds levels of production in normal or non-transformed organisms.
- Sucrose synthase genes have been identified in several non-plant species, exemplified by cyanobacteria (Anabeana sp.), proteobacteria (N. europae ⁇ ), cholorophyta (C vulgaris and S. obliquus), and protista (E. gracilis). Accordingly, the phrase "non-plant sucrose synthase” refers here to any nucleic acid, gene, polynucleotide, DNA, RNA, mRNA, or cDNA molecule that is isolated from the genome of a non-plant species that confers sucrose synthase activity.
- a non-plant sucrose synthase suitable for the present invention may be obtained from a myriad of organisms that are characterized by the presence of a sucrose synthase gene that is less regulated by a host plant that contains and expresses the gene.
- plant sucrose synthase sequences contain phosphorylation domains that regulate gene expression, whereas many cyanobacterial sucrose synthase sequences, for instance, lack phosphorylation domains.
- non-plant sucrose synthases are believed to be less subject to negative feedback inhibition in a host plant.
- a non-plant sucrose synthase gene preferably is isolated from a cyanobacterial species. More preferably, a non-plant sucrose synthase gene is isolated from a filamentous and heterocystic cyanobacteria.
- Illustrative cyanbobacterial species are Aphanocapsa sp., Aphanothece sp., Chamaesiphon sp., Chroococcus sp., Chroogloeocystis sp., Crocosphaera sp., Cyanobacterium sp., Cyanobium sp., Cyanothece sp., Dactylococcopsis sp., Gloeocapsa sp., Gloeothece sp., Johannesbaptistia sp., Merismopedia sp., Microcystis sp., Rhabdoderma sp., Synechococcus sp., Synechocystis sp., TJtermosynechococcus sp., An ⁇ baena sp., Anabaenopsis sp., Aphanizomenon sp., Aulosi
- a sucrose synthase gene isolated from Anabaena sp. is a non- plant sucrose synthase and can be used to modify the cellulose content of plant tissues and/or organs, in accordance with the present invention.
- the non-plant sucrose synthase is obtained from Anabaena sp. genomic DNA, such as the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1.
- SEQ ID NO.: 1 represents the sucrose synthase sequence as found in the genomic DNA of Anabaena sp., which is less than 55% identical to plant cDNAs encoding sucrose synthase proteins.
- SEQ ID NO: 1 lacks a conserved phosphorylation site near the N-terminus, which is required for protein phosphorylation in eukaryotic species.
- a non-plant sucrose synthase sequence may be synthesized ab initio as a codon-optimized sequence. See Young and Dong, Nucleid Acids Res 32: e59 (2004).
- SEQ ID NO: 2 provides a DNA sequence encoding a sucrose synthase enzyme in which all codons were chosen to match the average preferred codons used in plants for each amino acid. Accordingly, SEQ ID NO.: 2 is less than 55% identical to plant cDNAs encoding sucrose synthase proteins, but the protein sequence encoded is identical to the protein sequence encoded by the non-codon optimized sequence, and it therefore lacks a conserved phosphorylation site near the N-terminus too.
- the category of suitable non-plant sucrose synthase sequences includes a nucleic acid molecule comprised of a variant of SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 2, with one or more bases deleted, substituted, inserted, or added, which variant codes for a polypeptide with sucrose synthase enzyme activity. Accordingly, sequences having "base sequences with one or more bases deleted, substituted, inserted, or added” retain physiological activity even when the encoded amino acid sequence has one or more amino acids substituted, deleted, inserted, or added. Nucleotide sequences that have such modifications and that code for a sucrose synthase enzyme isoform are included within the scope of the present invention.
- poly A tail or 5' or 3' end nontranslation regions may be deleted, and bases may be deleted to the extent that amino acids are deleted. Bases may also be substituted, as long as no frame shift results. Bases also may be "added” to the extent that amino acids are added. It is essential, however, that any such modification does not result in the loss of sucrose synthase enzyme activity.
- a modified DNA in this context can be obtained by modifying the DNA base sequences of the invention so that amino acids at specific sites are substituted, deleted, inserted, or added by site-specific mutagenesis, for example. Zoller & Smith, Nucleic Acid Res. 10: 6487-6500 (1982).
- a non-plant sucrose synthase sequence can be synthesized ab initio from the appropriate bases, for example, by using the appropriate protein sequence disclosed here as a guide to create a DNA molecule that, though different from the native DNA sequence, results in the production of a protein with the same or similar amino acid sequence.
- This type of synthetic DNA molecule is useful when introducing into a plant a DNA sequence, coding for a heterologous protein, that reflects different (non-plant) codon usage frequencies and, if used unmodified, can result in inefficient translation by the host plant.
- the DNA sequence set forth as SEQ ID NO.: 2 is such a codon usage-optimized molecule, for example.
- the present invention further provides nucleic acid molecules comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ H) NOs.: 1 and 2, which encode an active sucrose synthase enzyme, wherein the enzyme has amino acid sequence that corresponds to SEQ ID NO.: 3 and wherein the protein of the invention encompasses amino acid substitutions, additions and deletions that do not alter the function of the sucrose synthase enzyme.
- SEQ K) NO.: 3 has less than 40% sequence homology on average to the eukaryotic proteins.
- the invention provides nucleic acid molecules likely to cause altered cellulose content in a transformed plant.
- An important aspect of the present invention is the use of DNA constructs wherein a sucrose synthase-encoding nucleotide sequence is operably linked to one or more regulatory sequences, which drive expression of the sucrose synthase-encoding sequence in certain cell types, organs, or tissues so as to alter the cellulose content of a transformed plant without unduly affecting its normal development or physiology.
- the vascular system comprises xylem and phloem tissues and are collectively referred to as "vascular tissue.”
- Vascular system-specific promoters such as xylem-preferred promoters, may be useful for effecting expression of nucleic acid molecules within the invention, specifically in vascular tissue, especially xylem tissue.
- xylem-preferred means that the nucleic acid molecules of the current invention are more active in the xylem than in any other plant tissue.
- the selected promoter should cause the overexpression of the non-plant sucrose synthase, pursuant to the invention, thereby to modify the size of the xylem, to modify the chemical composition of the xylem of the host plant, or both.
- Suitable promoters are illustrated by but are not limited to the xylem- preferred tubulin (TUB) gene promoter, the xylem-preferred lipid transfer protein (LTP) gene promoter, and the xylem-preferred coumarate-4-hydroxylase (C4H) gene promoter.
- TTB tubulin
- LTP xylem-preferred lipid transfer protein
- C4H xylem-preferred coumarate-4-hydroxylase
- the present invention comprehends the genetic manipulation of plants, especially trees and cellulose fiber-producing crops such as cotton, to enchance the activity of sucrose synthase in vascular tissues or fiber cells of seeds via introducing a non-plant sucrose synthase gene, preferably under the control of a xylem-preferred promoter.
- the result is enhanced cellulose synthesis and deposition.
- plant denotes any cellulose-containing plant material that can be genetically manipulated, including but not limited to differentiated or undifferentiated plant cells, protoplasts, whole plants, plant tissues, or plant organs, or any component of a plant such as a leaf, stem, root, bud, tuber, fruit, rhizome, or the like.
- Plants that can be engineered in accordance with the invention include but are not limited to trees, such as Eucalyptus species (E. alba, E. albens, E. amygdalina, E. aromaphloia, E. baileyana, E. balladoniensis, E. bicostata, E. botryoides, E. brachyandra, E. brassiana, E. brevistylis, E. brockwayi, E. camaldulensis, E. ceracea, E. cloeziana, E. coccifera, E. cordata, E. cornuta, E. corticosa, E. crebra, E. croajingolensis, E.
- trees such as Eucalyptus species (E. alba, E. albens, E. amygdalina, E. aromaphloia, E. baileyana, E. balladoniensis, E. bicostata, E. bot
- curtisii E. dalrympleana, E. deglupta, E. delegatensis, E. americana, E. diversicolor, E. diversifolia, E. dives, E. dolichocarpa, E. dundasii, E. dunnii, E. elata, E. erythrocorys, E. erythrophloia, E. eudesmoides, E. falcata, E. gamophylla, E. glaucina, E. globulus, E. globulus subsp. bicostata, E. globulus subsp. globulus, E. gongylocarpa, E.
- E. grandis E. grandis x urophylla, E. guilfoylei, E. gunnii, E. hallii, E. houseana, E. jacksonii, E. lansdowneana, E. latisinensis, E. leucophloia, E. leucoxylon, E. lockyeri, E. lucasii, E. maidenii, E. marginata, E. megacarpa, E. melliodora, E. michaeliana, E. microcorys, E. microtheca, E. muelleriana, E. nitens, E. nitida, E. obliqua, E.
- E. occidentalis E. optima, E. ovata, E. pachyphylla, E. pauciflora, E. pellita, E. perriniana, E. petiolaris, E. pilularis, E. piperita, E. platyphylla, E. polyanthemos, E. populnea, E. schensiana, E. pseudoglobulus, E. pulchella, E. radiata, E. radiata subsp. radiata, E. regnans, E. risdonii, E. robertsonii, E. rodwayi, E. rubida, E. rubiginosa, E. saligna, E.
- Populus species P. alba, P. alba x P. grandidentata, P. alba x P. tremula, P. alba x P. tremula var. glandulosa, P. alba x P. tremuloides, P. balsamifera, P. balsamifera subsp. trichocarpa, P. balsamifera subsp. trichocarpa x P. deltoides, P. ciliata, P. deltoides, P. euphratica, P. euramericana, P. kitakamiensis, P. lasiocarpa, P. laurifolia, P. maximowiczii, P.
- maximowiczii x P. balsamifera subsp. trichocarpa, P. nigra, P. sieboldii x P. grandidentata, P. suaveolens, P. szechuanica, P. tomentosa, P. tremula, P. tremula x P. tremuloides, P. tremuloides, P. wilsonii, P. canadensis, P.
- yunnanensis Conifers such as loblolly pine (Pinus taeda), slash pine (Pinus elliotii), ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa), lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta), and Monterey pine (Pinus radiata); Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii); Western hemlock (Tsuga canadensis); Sitka spruce (Picea glauca); redwood (Sequoia sempervirens); true firs such as silver fir (Abies amabilis) and balsam fir (Abies balsamea); and cedars such as Western red cedar (Thuja plicata) and Alaska yellow-cedar (Chamaecyparis nootkatensis).
- Conifers such as loblolly pine (Pinus taeda), slash pine (Pinus ellioti
- Fibre-producing plants also are included in this context.
- Illustrative crops are cotton (Gossipium spp.), flax (Linum usitatissimum), stinging nettle (Urtica dioica), hop (Humulus lupulus), lime trees (Tilia cordata, T. x. europaea and T. platyphyllus), Spanish broom (Spartium junceum), ramie (Boehmeria nived), paper mulberry (Broussonetya papyrifera), New Zealand flax (Phormium tenax), dogbane (Apocynum cannabinum), Iris species (Z douglasiana, I. macrosiphon and /. purdyi), milkweeds (Asclepia species), pineapple, banana and others.
- forage crops such as alfalfa, lolium, festuca and clover.
- transgenic plant refers to a plant that has incorporated a DNA sequence, including but not limited to genes that are not normally present in a host plant genome, DNA sequences not normally transcribed into RNA or translated into a protein ("expressed"), or any other genes or DNA sequences that one desires to introduce into the non-transformed plant, such as genes that normally may be present in the non-transformed plant but that one desires either to genetically engineer or to have altered expression.
- the "transgenic plant” category includes both a primary transformant and a plant that includes a transformant in its lineage, e.g., by way of standard introgression or another breeding procedure.
- a preferred gene in the regard, pursuant to the present invention, is a non-plant sucrose synthase DNA sequence, particularly one obtained from the cyanobacterial species Anabaena.
- a non-plant sucrose synthase sequence is incorporated into a DNA construct that is suitable for plant transformation.
- a DNA construct can be used to modify sucrose synthase gene expression in plants, as described above.
- DNA constructs that comprise a non-plant sucrose synthase sequence, under the control of a transcriptional initiation region operative in a plant, so that the construct can generate RNA in a host plant cell.
- the transcriptional initiation region is part of a vascular or xylem-preferred promoter, such as any of those mentioned above.
- Recombinant DNA constructs may be made using standard techniques.
- the DNA sequence for transcription may be obtained by treating a vector containing said sequence with restriction enzymes to cut out the appropriate segment.
- the DNA sequence for transcription may also be generated by annealing and ligating synthetic oligonucleotides or by using synthetic oligonucleotides in a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to give suitable restriction sites at each end.
- the DNA sequence then is cloned into a vector containing upstream promoter and downstream terminator sequences.
- the expression vectors of the invention may also contain termination sequences, which are positioned downstream of the nucleic acid molecules of the invention, such that transcription of mRNA is terminated, and polyA sequences added.
- Such terminators are the cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S terminator and the nopaline synthase gene (Tnos) terminator.
- the expression vector may also contain enhancers, start codons, splicing signal sequences, and targeting sequences.
- Expression vectors of the invention may also contain a selection marker by which transformed plant cells can be identified in culture.
- the marker may be associated with the heterologous nucleic acid molecule, i.e., the gene operably linked to a promoter.
- the term "marker” refers to a gene encoding a trait or a phenotype that permits the selection of, or the screening for, a plant or plant cell containing the marker.
- the marker gene will encode antibiotic or herbicide resistance. This allows for selection of transformed cells from among cells that are not transformed or transfected.
- Suitable selectable markers include adenosine deaminase, dihydrofolate reductase, hygromycin-B-phosphotransferase, thymidne kinase, xanthine- guanine phospho-ribosyltransferase, glyphosate and glufosinate resistance and aminoglycoside 3'-O-phosphotranserase (kanamycin, neomycin and G418 resistance). These markers include resistance to G418, hygromycin, bleomycin, kanamycin, and gentamicin.
- the construct may also contain the selectable marker gene Bar that confers resistance to herbicidal phosphinothricin analogs like ammonium gluphosinate. Thompson et ah, EMBO J. 9: 2519-2523 (1987). Other suitable selection markers are known as well.
- Replication sequences may also be included to allow the vector to be cloned in a bacterial or phage host.
- a broad host range prokaryotic origin of replication is used.
- a selectable marker for bacteria may be included to allow selection of bacterial cells bearing the desired construct. Suitable prokaryotic selectable markers also include resistance to antibiotics such as kanamycin or tetracycline.
- T-DNA sequences may be included to facilitate the subsequent transfer to and incorporation into plant chromosomes. Plant Transformation
- Constructs according to the invention may be used to transform any plant cell, using a suitable transformation technique.
- Both monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous angiosperm or gymnosperm plant cells may be transformed in various ways known to the art. For example, see Klein et al, Biotechnology 4: 583-590 (1993); Bechtold et al, C. R. Acad. Sd. Paris 316:1194-1199 (1993); Bent et al, MoI. Gen. Genet. 204:383-396 (1986); Paszowski et al, EMBO J. 3: 2717-2722 (1984); Sagi et al, Plant Cell Rep. 13: 262-266 (1994).
- Agrobacterium species such as A. tumefaciens and A. rhizogenes can be used, for example, in accordance with Nagel et al, Microbiol Lett 61: 325 (1990).
- Agrobacterium may be transformed with a plant expression vector via, e.g., electroporation, after which the Agrobacterium is introduced to plant cells via, e.g., the well known leaf- disk method. Additional methods for accomplishing this include, but are not limited to, electroporation, particle gun bombardment, calcium phosphate precipitation, and polyethylene glycol fusion, transfer into germinating pollen grains, direct transformation (Lorz et al, MoI. Genet. 199: 179-182 (1985)), and other methods known to the art. If a selection marker, such as kanamycin resistance, is employed, it makes it easier to determine which cells have been successfully transformed.
- Transgenic plants of the invention are characterized by increased cellulose content and preferably decreased lignin content.
- Increased cellulose content in the genetically engineered plant is preferably achieved via increase in sucrose synthase activity in the plant tissues wherein cellulose deposition occurs.
- "increased cellulose content” refers to a quantitative augmentation in the amount of cellulose in the plant when compared to the amount of cellulose in a wild-type plant.
- a quantitative increase of cellulose can be assayed by several methods, as for example by quantification based on total sugars after acid hydrolysis of polysaccharides in stem milled wood. Chiang and Sarkanen, Wood Sd. Technol., 17: 217-226 (1983); Davis, J. Wood Chem. Technol, 18: 235-252 (1988).
- the cellulose content in the engineered plant of the invention can be increased to levels of about 105% to about 200%, preferably about 110% to about 175%, even more preferably about 115% to about 150% of the cellulose content of the wild-type plant.
- a most preferred embodiment of the plant of the invention has a cellulose content of about 120% to about 140% of the wild-type cellulose content.
- transgenic plants of the invention may have increase cellulose content and reduced lignin content.
- reduced lignin content and “decreased lignin content” connote a quantitative reduction in the amount of lignin in the plant, when compared to the amount of lignin in a wild-type plant.
- a quantitative reduction of lignin can be assayed by several methods, as for examples the Klason lignin assay (Kirk et ah, Method in Enzymol. 161: 87-101 (1988)) or acetyl bromide assay of lignin (Iiyama et ah, Wood ScL Technol. 22: 271-280 1988)).
- the lignin content in the engineered plant of the invention can be reduced to levels of about 5% to about 90%, preferably about 10% to about 75%, even more preferably about 15% to about 65% of the lignin content of the wild-type plant.
- a most preferred embodiment of the plant of the invention has a lignin content of about 20% to about 60% of the wild-type lignin content.
- Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 was grown in BG-I l medium under constant cold fluorescent light with gentle agitation for one week or until the culture medium showed a green color. Cyanobacterial cells were pelleted and treated with 1% Triton X-100; 1OmM Tris pH 8.0; ImM EDTA pH 8.0 at 95 0 C for 30 min. The lysate was extracted twice with CHCl 3 and the resulting supernatant was used as a source of template genomic DNA for the subsequent PCR reactions.
- a DNA sequence representing the sucrose synthase gene from Anabaena variabilis ATCC 29413 has already been determined and deposited in the GenBank under accession number AJ292758. Based on this sequence, DNA oligomers were synthesized as primers for PCR, including either the region around the first codon ATG or around the termination codon of the main ORF encoding the sucrose synthase enzyme.
- Primers were designed to amplify the entire coding region of the sucrose synthase ORF, i.e., from the ATG through the translation stop codon.
- the sequences of the primers are given below:
- the genomic DNA sample obtained in (a) was used as template, and the primers designed in (b) were used for PCR.
- the PCR steps involved 40 cycles of 1 minute at 94°C, 1 minute at 5O 0 C, and 2 minutes at 72 0 C followed by an extra step of elongation at 72 0 C for 7 minutes.
- the PCR products were isolated by gel electrophoresis on 1.0% agarose followed by ethidium bromide staining of the electrophoresed gel and detection of amplified bands on a UV transilluminator. The detected amplified band was verified and cut out of the agarose gel with a razor.
- the pieces of gel were transferred to 1.5 niL microtubes, and the DNA fragments were isolated and purified using a GFX PCR clean-up and gel band purification kit (Amersham).
- the recovered DNA fragments were subcloned to the pGEM-T cloning vector (Promega), transformed into E. coli, and then used to prepare plasmid DNA in the usual manner, which was then sequenced by the dideoxy method (Messing, Methods in Enzymol. 101: 20-78 (1983)), using BigDye chemistry (Applied Biosystems), to yield the DNA sequence disclosed here as SEQ ID NO. 1, for use pursuant to the present invention.
- the second step four groups of 8 extension reactions each are pooled and subjected to another primer extension reaction, followed by a third PCR reaction with flanking primers to amplify four ⁇ 800bp DNA fragments spanning the whole synthetic DNA sequence. These four fragments are ligated by overlap PCR in a fourth step of amplification, which is also used to include Ndel and Xbal sites at both ends of the DNA molecule.
- sucrose synthase genes obtained in Examples 1 and 2 above were introduced into a plant host to produce transgenic Nicotiana plants.
- Expression constructs can be prepared by cleaving the sucrose synthase genes obtained in Examples 1 and 2 above with suitable restriction enzymes so as to include all of the open reading frame and inserting the gene into the plant transformation vector pALELLYX-Susy (FIG. 2) together with an appropriate promoter.
- the Anabaena sucrose synthase gene obtained in Example 1 was cloned into the aforementioned expression vector downstream to a xylem-preferred tubulin gene (TUB) promoter from Populus deltoides, as set forth in international application PCT/BR2005/000041, filed March 28, 2005 (FIG. 3).
- TAB tubulin gene
- the codon usage- adapted Anabaena sucrose synthase gene obtained in Example 2 was cloned into the aforementioned expression vector downstream to a xylem-preferred tubulin gene (TUB) promoter from Populus deltoides described above (FIG. 4).
- TAB tubulin gene
- the resulting expression constructs were amplified in E. coli, and then transformed by freeze thawing (Nucleic Acid Res. 12, 8711 (1984)) into Agrobacterium tumefaciens LBA4404 strain.
- Transformation of Nicotiana sp. was accomplished using the leaf disk method of Horsch et ah, Science 227: 1229 (1985), using a DNA contract comprising the Anabaena native sucrose synthase gene or the synthetic codon usage-adapted sucrose synthase gene obtained in (a) operably linked to the TUB promoter of a xylem-preferred gene.
- the transformants were selected on Murashige and Skoog medium (Sigma, St. Louis, MO) containing 100 milligrams/liter of BASTA herbicide and 500 mg/L carbenicillin (Sigma).
- the transformed tobacco shoots were allowed to root on the Murashige and Skoog medium, and were subsequently transferred to soil and grown in the greenhouse.
- PCR can be used to verify the integration of the gene construct in the genome of transgenic plants.
- Two specific primers were synthesized for the construct and used to PCR-amplify the corresponding construct from genomic DNA of Nicotiana transformants.
- the PCR reaction mixture contained 100 ng genomic DNA of transformed plant, and 0.2 ⁇ M of each primer, 100 ⁇ M of each deoxyribonucleotide triphosphate, IxPCR buffer and 2.5 Units of AmpliTaq DNA polymerase (Applied Biosystems) in a total volume of 50 ⁇ L.
- the cycling parameters were as follows: 94 0 C. for 1 minute, 50 0 C. for 1 minute and 72 0 C for 3 minutes, for 40 cycles, with 5 minutes at 72°C. extension.
- the PCR products were electrophoresized on an 1% agarose gel.
- cDNA was synthesized from 500 ng of total RNA using Superscript II RNase H- RT (Invitrogen, USA). The primers described above were used along with primers for the constitutive gene encoding glyceraldehyde-3 -phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) as an internal control to normalize the quantity of total RNA used in each sample. PCR was done with a 12.5-fold dilution of the first-strand cDNA under the following conditions: 94°C for 3 min and 27 cycles of 94°C for 1 min, 52 to 60°C for 45 s, and 72 0 C for 1 min and 30 s.
- GPDH glyceraldehyde-3 -phosphate dehydrogenase
- stems of transgenic Nicotiana and control plants were sectioned and fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde for 24hs. Fixed tissues were then sectioned on a microtome (Leica RM2255) and subsequently were stained with astra blue/saffranin. The histologically stained sections were observed under a Leica DMlL inverted microscope using bright- and dark- field illumination.
- Wood mill was vacuum-dried at 45°C and hydrolyzed with H 2 SO 4 . Following high-pH anion-exchange chromatography, glucan and other polysaccharides (hemicelluloses) were quantified based on hydrolysate composition. Chiang & Sarkanen, Wood Sd. Technol. 17: 217-226 (1983); Davis, J. Wood Chem. Technol. 18: 235-252 (1988).
- Transgenic event 25 exhibits 54% cellulose as compared to 48.6% in control plants, representing a significant increase of 11% in cellulose content (P ⁇ 0.01, t- test).
- Transgenic event 53 exhibits 52% cellulose as compared to 48.6% in control plants, representing 7% increase in cellulose content (FIG. 5; P ⁇ 0.01, t-test).
- transgenic line 25 exhibited a marked decrease in lignin content (19, 15% as compared to 23.3% in control plants; PO.01, t-test), as assayed by the Klason gravimetric method.
- Transgenic events BIO92- 51A, BIO92-11C, BIO92-13B, BIO92-29B and BIO92-16A exhibit a significant increase in cellulose content when compared to the mean value of control plants (P ⁇ 0.05, t-test) (FIG.6).
- transgenic event BIO92-51A exhibits 55.28% cellulose as compared to 51.7% in control non-transgenic plants, representing a significant increase of ⁇ 7% in cellulose content.
Abstract
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Title |
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AMOR YEHUDIT ET AL: "A membrane-associated form of sucrose synthase and its potential role in synthesis of cellulose and callose in plants" PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF USA, NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCE, WASHINGTON, DC, US, vol. 92, no. 20, 1 January 1995 (1995-01-01), pages 9353-9357, XP002435928 ISSN: 0027-8424 * |
KONISHI TERUKO ET AL: "Evidence that sucrose loaded into the phloem of a poplar leaf is used directly by sucrose synthase associated with various beta-glucan synthases in the stem." PLANT PHYSIOLOGY (ROCKVILLE), vol. 134, no. 3, March 2004 (2004-03), pages 1146-1152, XP002557652 ISSN: 0032-0889 * |
NAKAI TOMONORI ET AL: "Enhancement of cellulose production by expression of sucrose synthase in Acetobacter xylinum" PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, vol. 96, no. 1, 5 January 1999 (1999-01-05), pages 14-18, XP002557653 ISSN: 0027-8424 * |
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US20120167252A1 (en) | 2012-06-28 |
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