EP1943040A2 - Method of producing multiple microstructure components - Google Patents
Method of producing multiple microstructure componentsInfo
- Publication number
- EP1943040A2 EP1943040A2 EP06825557A EP06825557A EP1943040A2 EP 1943040 A2 EP1943040 A2 EP 1943040A2 EP 06825557 A EP06825557 A EP 06825557A EP 06825557 A EP06825557 A EP 06825557A EP 1943040 A2 EP1943040 A2 EP 1943040A2
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- ingot
- microstructure
- powder alloy
- component
- ksi
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01D—NON-POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, e.g. STEAM TURBINES
- F01D25/00—Component parts, details, or accessories, not provided for in, or of interest apart from, other groups
- F01D25/005—Selecting particular materials
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F5/00—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the special shape of the product
- B22F5/009—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the special shape of the product of turbine components other than turbine blades
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F7/00—Manufacture of composite layers, workpieces, or articles, comprising metallic powder, by sintering the powder, with or without compacting wherein at least one part is obtained by sintering or compression
- B22F7/06—Manufacture of composite layers, workpieces, or articles, comprising metallic powder, by sintering the powder, with or without compacting wherein at least one part is obtained by sintering or compression of composite workpieces or articles from parts, e.g. to form tipped tools
- B22F7/062—Manufacture of composite layers, workpieces, or articles, comprising metallic powder, by sintering the powder, with or without compacting wherein at least one part is obtained by sintering or compression of composite workpieces or articles from parts, e.g. to form tipped tools involving the connection or repairing of preformed parts
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01D—NON-POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, e.g. STEAM TURBINES
- F01D5/00—Blades; Blade-carrying members; Heating, heat-insulating, cooling or antivibration means on the blades or the members
- F01D5/02—Blade-carrying members, e.g. rotors
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F3/00—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the manner of compacting or sintering; Apparatus specially adapted therefor ; Presses and furnaces
- B22F3/24—After-treatment of workpieces or articles
- B22F2003/248—Thermal after-treatment
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F2998/00—Supplementary information concerning processes or compositions relating to powder metallurgy
- B22F2998/10—Processes characterised by the sequence of their steps
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
- F05D—INDEXING SCHEME FOR ASPECTS RELATING TO NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, GAS-TURBINES OR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
- F05D2230/00—Manufacture
- F05D2230/40—Heat treatment
Definitions
- the present invention relates to turbine disks and, more particularly, to turbine disks that are multiple microstructure components.
- a disk that supports a plurality of turbine blades typically rotates at high speeds in a high temperature environment.
- a hub portion of the disk is exposed to temperatures of about 1000° F, while a rim portion of the disk is exposed to higher temperatures, such as about 1500° F or higher.
- the hub and rim are preferably formed of alloys having different properties.
- hubs have been formed from alloys having high tensile strength and high resistance to low cycle fatigue, while rims have been formed from alloys having high stress rupture and creep resistance.
- one technique includes metallurgically bonding an inner hub preform to a rim preform and isothermally forging the two together. Although such a technique yields acceptable disks, only one disk may be produced from the two preforms.
- Another technique involves forming a disk preform having a first grain structure and using specialized equipment to heat an outer periphery of the disk structure to obtain a second grain microstructure. However, such equipment is relatively expensive and thus, the technique is costly to implement.
- Still another technique uses a conventionally cast ingot that is extruded or hot isostatically pressed to yield an ingot having an inner and an outer region, each having a different grain microstructure.
- the boundary, location, and shape of the first and second regions may be imprecise.
- the present invention provides methods for manufacturing turbine disks each having a hub surrounded by a rim, the hub having a first microstructure and the rim having a second microstructure that is coarser than the first microstructure, the method employing a first powder alloy having a first gamma prime solvus temperature and a second powder alloy having a second gamma prime solvus temperature that is less than the first gamma prime solvus temperature.
- the method includes the steps of forming an ingot from the first and second powder alloys, the ingot having an inner section having the first microstructure and an outer section having a microstructure that is less coarse than the second microstructure, and exposing the ingot to a temperature between the first and second gamma prime solvus temperatures while forming the ingot into a plurality of turbine disks to transform the microstructure of the outer section into the second microstructure.
- a method for manufacturing a turbine disk having a hub surrounded by a rim, the hub having a first microstructure and the rim having a second microstructure that is coarser than the first microstructure, the method employing a first powder alloy having a first gamma prime solvus temperature and a second powder alloy having a second gamma prime solvus temperature that is less than the first gamma prime solvus temperature.
- the method comprises the steps of forming an ingot from the first and second powder alloys, the ingot having an inner section having the first microstructure and an outer section having the second microstructure, and exposing the ingot to a temperature below the first gamma prime solvus temperature while forming the ingot into a plurality of turbine disks.
- FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of an exemplary turbine disk
- FIG.2 is a cross-sectional view of an ingot that may be used in a process for manufacturing the turbine disk depicted in FIG. 1;
- FIGs. 3-7 are flow diagrams of exemplary methods by which to manufacture the exemplary turbine disk depicted in FIG. 1
- the turbine disk 100 includes a hub 102 and a rim 104, each having different material properties.
- the hub 102 is configured to have high tensile strength and high resistance to low cycle fatigue.
- the hub 102 preferably has a fine-grained microstructure comprising grains that are between about 5 microns and about 10 microns in size.
- the rim 104 is configured to have high stress rupture and creep resistance and preferably has a coarse-grained microstructure.
- the coarse-grained microstructure preferably has grains that are between about 15 microns and about 30 microns in size.
- the ingot 200 is formed and sliced into disks, and the disk is then machined into the turbine disk 100.
- the ingot 200 includes an inner section 202 having a first material property and an outer section 204 having a second material property.
- the inner section 202 is a solid rod, while the outer section is an annular cylinder.
- the inner section 202 has a fine-grained microstructure and the outer section 204 has a coarse-grained structure, and the two sections 202, 204 are metallurgically bonded to each other.
- the ingot 200 and turbine disk 100 may be formed using any one of the following methods. It will be appreciated that in each of the following methods, two powder alloys are used. Each powder alloy includes a gamma phase component and a gamma prime phase component, where the gamma phase component is a metal matrix and the gamma prime phase component is a precipitate that is held in solution within the metal matrix when the first powder alloy phase changes into a solid. Each gamma prime phase component preferably has a different temperature at which it enters into solution, and heat treatment above that temperature results in grain growth.
- a gamma prime solvus temperature T A of the first powder alloy is greater than a gamma prime solvus temperature T B of the second powder alloy.
- any one of numerous suitable powder alloys conventionally used in the formation of turbine disks may be employed.
- two chemical variations of a single alloy, such as Alloy 10 produced by Honeywell, Inc. of Morristown, NJ may be used.
- a first variation may include 18.5 wt. % Cr
- a second variation may includes 19.5 wt % Cr.
- Other suitable powder alloys that include, but are not limited to Rene 95, low carbon Astroloy, and Alloy 720 may alternatively be used.
- One exemplary method 300 includes the steps of depositing the first powder alloy into a first volume, step 302.
- the first powder alloy is pressurized at a temperature below T A to form a first component, step 304.
- a second powder alloy is deposited into a second volume configured to be adjacent the first section, step 306.
- the second powder alloy is pressurized at a temperature above T B to form a second component, step 308.
- the first and second components are containerized, step 310, and pressurized at a temperature below T A , to form the ingot 200, step 312.
- the ingot 200 is processed at a temperature below T A to form the turbine disk 100, step 314.
- the first powder alloy is deposited into a first volume, step 302.
- the first volume is configured to have the shape of the inner section 202 of the ingot 200 and is contained in a suitably shaped space of a container.
- the container maybe a hollow cylinder.
- the container is preferably constructed of any one of numerous suitable materials capable of withstanding temperatures of at least 2000 0 F to allow the first powder alloy to solidify into a desired shape.
- the first powder alloy is then pressurized at a temperature below its gamma prime solvus temperature, T A , step 304.
- the powder alloy is pressurized at a pressure of between about 10 ksi and about 30 ksi. Consequently, the first powder alloy transforms into the first component having a fine grain microstructure, where each grain size is between about 5 microns and about 10 microns.
- the first section is formed into a solid rod.
- the second powder alloy is deposited into a second volume, step 306.
- the second volume is contained in a container shaped similarly to the outer section 204 of the ingot 200.
- the container may be an annular tube having an outer annular space separated from an inner space sized to receive the first component.
- the container has any shape.
- the second powder alloy is pressurized at a temperature above its gamma prime solvus temperature, T B , step 308, to form the second component.
- the powder alloy is pressurized at a pressure of between about 10 ksi and about 30 ksi.
- the second powder alloy transforms into a solid having a coarse grain microstructure with grain sizes of between about 15 microns and about 30 microns.
- the first and second components are containerized in a single container, step 310.
- the first and second components are machined into appropriate shapes before containerization. If needed, the first component is machined into the shape of the ingot inner section 202, for example, a rod, while the second section is formed into the shape of the ingot outer section 204, for example, an annular cylinder having a suitably sized rod-shaped shape therein. During containerization, the first component is nested in the space of the second component.
- the first and second components are pressurized at a temperature below T A , step 312. During this step, the first and second components are subjected to a pressure of between about 10 ksi and about 30 ksi and are metallurgically bond to each other to form the ingot 200. While maintaining a temperature below T A , the ingot 200 is then processed to form the turbine disk 100, step 314. Specifically, the ingot 200 is sliced, machined, and/or heat-treated. [0024] It will be appreciated that although these steps 302, 304, 306, 308, 310, 312, 314 are discussed above in a specific sequence, they may be performed in any other suitable sequence.
- FIG. 4 Another exemplary method 400 for forming the turbine disk 100, is depicted in FIG. 4.
- the first and second powder alloys are first deposited into a container containing the first and second volumes, respectively, step 402.
- the container includes a generally cylindrical outer wall that defines a space therein and a generally cylindrical inner wall that divides the space into an outer section and an inner section.
- the inner wall may have any one of numerous suitable configurations.
- the inner wall is an interleaf.
- the first powder alloy is deposited in the inner section of the container, and the second powder alloy is deposited in the outer section.
- the interleaf is removed after the container is sufficiently filled.
- the powder alloys in the container are pressurized at a temperature below T B , step 404.
- the powder alloys are pressurized at a pressure of between about 10 ksi and about 30 ksi.
- the first and second powder alloys solidify and metallurgically bond together to form the inner and outer sections 202, 204 of the ingot 200, respectively.
- the inner and outer sections 202, 204 each have a fine-grained microstructure. It will be appreciated that the pressurization of the powder alloys may be performed in any one of numerous manners.
- the powder alloys may be extruded from a container having a first diameter through a container having a second, smaller diameter, step 406.
- the ingot 200 is further processed, for example, sliced, machined, and/or heat treated to form the turbine disk 100 at a temperature that is between T A and T B , step 408. Consequently, grain growth occurs in the outer section 204, but does not occur in the inner section 202 to thereby yield a coarse-grained microstructure and finegrained microstructure, respectively.
- the powder alloys in the container are pressurized at a temperature that is between T A and T B , step 410.
- the powder alloys are pressurized at a pressure of between about 10 ksi and about 30 ksi.
- the first and second powder alloys solidify to form the inner and outer sections 202, 204 of the ingot 200, respectively, where the inner section 202 has a fine-grained microstructure and the outer section 204 has a coarse-grained microstructure.
- the inner and outer sections 202, 204 are metallurgically bonded to form the ingot 200.
- the ingot 200 is further processed, for example, sliced, machined, and/or heat treated, step 412.
- the processing is performed at a temperature that is below T A to maintain the fine-grained microstructure of the inner section 202 and the coarsegrained microstructure of the outer section 204.
- FIG. 5 shows another exemplary method 500 for forming the turbine disk 100.
- the first powder alloy is deposited into a container that contains the first volume, step 502.
- the first powder alloy is then pressurized at a temperature below T A , step 504, preferably, at a pressure of between about 10 ksi and about 30 ksi. Consequently, the first powder alloy solidifies and forms a first component having a fine-grained microstructure.
- the first component is machined into an appropriate shape, for example, into a rod, step 506.
- the second powder alloy and the first component are containerized, step 508.
- the first component is placed into substantially the middle of a container, and the second powder alloy is deposited into the container around the first component.
- the containerized first component and second powder alloy are pressurized at a temperature below T B , step 510.
- pressurization occurs at between about 10 ksi and about 30 ksi.
- the second powder alloy solidifies and forms the second component.
- the second component which surrounds the first component, metallurgically bonds thereto to form the ingot 200. Additionally, the second component transforms into a fine-grained microstructure.
- the ingot 200 is then further processed into the turbine disk 100 at a temperature between T A and T B , step 512. Consequently, the outer section 204 experiences grain growth to form a coarse-grained microstructure, while the inner section 202 maintains a fine-
- the containerized first component and second powder alloy are pressurized at a temperature between T A and T B , step 514, after the containerization step 508.
- pressurization occur at between about 10 ksi and about 30 ksi.
- the second powder alloy solidifies and forms the second component, and the first and second components metallurgically bond to form the ingot 200 having the inner and outer sections 202, 204.
- the inner section 202 has a fine-grained microstructure
- the outer section 204 has a coarse-grained microstructure.
- the ingot 200 is then processed into the turbine disk 100 at a temperature that is below T A , step 516, so that the microstructures of the inner and outer sections 202, 204 are maintained.
- FIGs. 6 and 7 each illustrate other methods 600, 700 for manufacturing the ingot 200, where the second powder alloy is solidified before the first powder alloy.
- the second powder alloy is first deposited into a suitably shaped container containing the second volume, step 602. Then, the second powder alloy is pressurized at a temperature below T B , step 604, so that the formed second component has a fine-grained microstructure. Preferably, pressurization occurs at a pressure that is between about 10 ksi and about 30 ksi. If needed, the second component is then machined, step 606, into a shape similar to that of the ingot outer section 204 (i.e., a hollow cylinder having a space in the middle thereof).
- the first powder alloy and the second component are containerized, step 608.
- the second component is placed into a container and the first powder alloy is deposited into the space of the second component.
- the containerized second component and first powder alloy are pressurized at a temperature between T A and T B , step 610.
- pressurization occurs at a pressure that is between about 10 ksi and about 30 ksi.
- the first powder alloy solidifies and forms the first component having a coarse-grained microstructure.
- the second component maintains a fine-grained microstructure.
- the first and second components metallurgically bond to each other and form the ingot 200.
- the ingot 200 is then processed, for example, sliced, machined, and/or heat- treated, at a temperature that is below T B to form the turbine disk 100, step 612.
- the containerized second component and first powder alloy are pressurized at a temperature below T B , step 614.
- pressurization occurs at a pressure that is between about 10 ksi and about 30 ksi.
- the first powder alloy phase changes into a solid first component and metallurgically bonds to the second component to form the ingot 200.
- both the ingot inner and outer sections 202, 204 have fine-grained microstructures.
- the ingot 200 is processed at a temperature of between T A and T B , step 616, and as a result, the inner section 202 maintains a fine-grained microstructure, while the outer section 204 experiences grain growth and forms a coarse-grained microstructure.
- FIG. 7 shows still yet another method 700 for forming the turbine disk 100.
- the second powder alloy is deposited into a suitably shaped container containing the second volume, step 702.
- the second powder alloy is pressurized at a temperature above T B , step 704, causing the second powder alloy to solidify and form a second component having a coarsegrained microstructure.
- pressurization occurs at a pressure that is between about 10 ksi and about 30 ksi.
- the second component is then machined into the shape of the ingot outer section 204, step 706.
- the second component is machined into a hollow cylinder.
- the second component and first powder alloy are containerized, step 708.
- the second component is positioned in a suitable container and the first powder alloy is deposited into the hollow section of the second component.
- the containerized second component and first powder alloy are pressurized at a temperature between T A and T B , step 710.
- pressurization occurs at a pressure that is between about 10 ksi and about 30 ksi.
- the first powder alloy solidifies to form the first component and the first and second components metallurgically bond to each other to form the ingot 200.
- the pressurization step causes the grains in the ingot outer section 204 to grow into a coarse-grained microstructure, while the ingot inner section 202 has a fine-grained microstructure.
- the ingot 200 is further processed into the turbine disk 100 at a temperature below T A , step 712.
- T A a temperature below T A
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Composite Materials (AREA)
- Powder Metallurgy (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US11/249,115 US20070081912A1 (en) | 2005-10-11 | 2005-10-11 | Method of producing multiple microstructure components |
PCT/US2006/039147 WO2007047160A2 (en) | 2005-10-11 | 2006-10-05 | Method of producing multiple microstructure components |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP1943040A2 true EP1943040A2 (en) | 2008-07-16 |
Family
ID=37911219
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP06825557A Withdrawn EP1943040A2 (en) | 2005-10-11 | 2006-10-05 | Method of producing multiple microstructure components |
Country Status (4)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US20070081912A1 (en) |
EP (1) | EP1943040A2 (en) |
CA (1) | CA2625792A1 (en) |
WO (1) | WO2007047160A2 (en) |
Families Citing this family (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US20080237403A1 (en) * | 2007-03-26 | 2008-10-02 | General Electric Company | Metal injection molding process for bimetallic applications and airfoil |
US8187724B2 (en) * | 2009-02-24 | 2012-05-29 | Honeywell International Inc. | Method of manufacture of a dual alloy impeller |
US20100233504A1 (en) * | 2009-03-13 | 2010-09-16 | Honeywell International Inc. | Method of manufacture of a dual microstructure impeller |
FR3008144B1 (en) * | 2013-07-03 | 2017-08-25 | Snecma | TURBOMACHINE COMPRESSOR DISK AND METHOD OF MANUFACTURING SUCH A DISK |
RU2676121C2 (en) * | 2016-12-28 | 2018-12-26 | Открытое акционерное общество "Всероссийский институт легких сплавов" (ОАО "ВИЛС") | Powdered heat-resistant alloys for producing bimetallic articles and composite disc made of these alloys |
FR3066936B1 (en) * | 2017-06-01 | 2019-11-01 | Safran | IMPROVED CO-CLEANING WELDING PROCESS |
EP3441166A1 (en) * | 2017-08-08 | 2019-02-13 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Improvements relating to components manufactured from metal alloys |
CN112705713B (en) * | 2020-12-16 | 2023-03-28 | 北京钢研高纳科技股份有限公司 | Dual-performance turbine disc and preparation method thereof |
Family Cites Families (15)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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US4479293A (en) * | 1981-11-27 | 1984-10-30 | United Technologies Corporation | Process for fabricating integrally bladed bimetallic rotors |
US4680160A (en) * | 1985-12-11 | 1987-07-14 | Trw Inc. | Method of forming a rotor |
US4769087A (en) * | 1986-06-02 | 1988-09-06 | United Technologies Corporation | Nickel base superalloy articles and method for making |
JPS6314802A (en) * | 1986-07-03 | 1988-01-22 | Agency Of Ind Science & Technol | Production of turbine disk or the like made of powder ni superalloy |
JPS6447828A (en) * | 1987-08-12 | 1989-02-22 | Agency Ind Science Techn | Turbin disk by super plastic forging of different alloys |
US5100050A (en) * | 1989-10-04 | 1992-03-31 | General Electric Company | Method of manufacturing dual alloy turbine disks |
US5161950A (en) * | 1989-10-04 | 1992-11-10 | General Electric Company | Dual alloy turbine disk |
US5527402A (en) * | 1992-03-13 | 1996-06-18 | General Electric Company | Differentially heat treated process for the manufacture thereof |
US5273708A (en) * | 1992-06-23 | 1993-12-28 | Howmet Corporation | Method of making a dual alloy article |
US5358584A (en) * | 1993-07-20 | 1994-10-25 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of Commerce | High intermetallic Ti-Al-V-Cr alloys combining high temperature strength with excellent room temperature ductility |
US5571345A (en) * | 1994-06-30 | 1996-11-05 | General Electric Company | Thermomechanical processing method for achieving coarse grains in a superalloy article |
US6059904A (en) * | 1995-04-27 | 2000-05-09 | General Electric Company | Isothermal and high retained strain forging of Ni-base superalloys |
US6623690B1 (en) * | 2001-07-19 | 2003-09-23 | Crucible Materials Corporation | Clad power metallurgy article and method for producing the same |
US6660110B1 (en) * | 2002-04-08 | 2003-12-09 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Administrator Of The National Aeronautics And Space Administration | Heat treatment devices and method of operation thereof to produce dual microstructure superalloy disks |
US7967924B2 (en) * | 2005-05-17 | 2011-06-28 | General Electric Company | Method for making a compositionally graded gas turbine disk |
-
2005
- 2005-10-11 US US11/249,115 patent/US20070081912A1/en not_active Abandoned
-
2006
- 2006-10-05 EP EP06825557A patent/EP1943040A2/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2006-10-05 CA CA002625792A patent/CA2625792A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2006-10-05 WO PCT/US2006/039147 patent/WO2007047160A2/en active Application Filing
Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
---|
See references of WO2007047160A3 * |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
CA2625792A1 (en) | 2007-04-26 |
WO2007047160A2 (en) | 2007-04-26 |
WO2007047160A3 (en) | 2007-11-15 |
US20070081912A1 (en) | 2007-04-12 |
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